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Journal articles on the topic 'United States Germany (West) Germany (West)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Lakishyk, Dmytro. "German Question in the Foreign Policy Strategy of the USA in the Second Half of the 1940s – 1980s." European Historical Studies, no. 16 (2020): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.16.6.

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The article examines US policy towards West Germany after World War II, covering a historical span from the second half of the 1940s to the 1980s. It was US policy in Europe, and in West Germany in particular, that determined the dynamics and nature of US-German relations that arose on a long-term basis after the formation of Germany in September 1949. One of the peculiarities of US-German relations was the fact that both partners found themselves embroiled in a rapidly escalating international situation after 1945. The Cold War, which broke out after the seemingly inviolable Potsdam Accords,

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2

Hofhansel, Claus. "Explaining Foreign Economic Policy: A Comparison of U.S and West German Export Controls." Journal of Public Policy 10, no. 3 (1990): 299–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00005845.

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ABSTRACTThis article analyzes differences between United States and West German export controls. It shows that United States controls are more extensive and stricter than controls in West Germany. Three possible explanations for this variation in policy are considered. First, these two states differ in regard to their positions in the international system and in their choice of economic strategies. Second, the extent of domestic political support for strict export control policies varies between the two countries. Finally, West Germany lacks the institutional framework to adequately control it

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Weiss, Jana, and Heike Bungert. "The Relevance of the Concept of Civil Religion from a (West) German Perspective." Religions 10, no. 6 (2019): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10060366.

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The paper argues for the continued importance and usefulness of the term “civil religion” in light of the (West) German discussion and the situation in Europe. For non-Americans, and especially for Germans for whom terms like “political religion” are tied to the National Socialist past, the concept of civil religion helps explain the relationship of religion and politics, both in modern democracies in general and in Germany and the United States in particular.

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4

Eckert, Astrid M. "The Transnational Beginnings of West German Zeitgeschichte in the 1950s." Central European History 40, no. 1 (2007): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938907000283.

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The study of Zeitgeschichte, or contemporary history, was not an invention of the postwar era. But it was in the wake of the Second World War that it carved out a space in the historical professions of the United States, Great Britain and, most pronouncedly, West Germany. In each country, it came with similar definitions: in West Germany as “the era of those living, and its scholarly treatment by academics”; in the United States as “the period of the last generation or two”; and in Britain as “Europe in the twentieth century” or “the histories of yesterday which are being written today.” Such

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Sivak, Michael, Paul L. Olson, and Kristine A. Zeltner. "Effect of Prior Headlighting Experience on Ratings of Discomfort Glare." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 31, no. 4 (1989): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872088903100403.

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This study investigated the effects of prior headlighting experience on ratings of discomfort glare from headlamps in an actual driving situation. Specifically, discomfort glare ratings given by West Germans who had recently arrived in the United States and were, presumably, used to the relatively low levels of glare associated with head lamps in West Germany were compared with ratings given by U.S.-born subjects. The West German subjects reported significantly more discomfort than did the U.S. subjects. This finding is in agreement with the so-called range effect, in which subjective judgment

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Schaefer, Sagi. "Growing Apart: Farmers and the Division of Germany, 1945–1965." Central European History 50, no. 4 (2017): 493–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938917000929.

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AbstractA variety of external forces led to the division of Germany after 1945, and, almost three decades after the fall of the Berlin Wall, division continues to persist as a social, economic, and political factor in united Germany. This article contributes to scholarly efforts aimed at delineating the ways in which division became a component in the self-perception of many Germans. Focusing on farmers, it shows that their attachment to the land was one such path. At the same time, it argues that farmers were among the first to contend with division in 1945 and, as the most numerous participa

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7

Roayaei, Abbas J. "Hyperinflation in the United States, West Germany, and France." Atlantic Economic Journal 15, no. 4 (1987): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02304212.

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8

BERNARDINI, GIOVANNI. "Principled Pragmatism: The Eastern Committee of German Economy and West German–Chinese relations during the early Cold War, 1949–1958." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 1 (2016): 78–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000329.

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AbstractThis article focuses on the interplay between the political authorities and economic actors in the Federal Republic of Germany in the process of establishing relations with the People's Republic of China after 1949. Within this framework, the article will assess the role played by the Ost-Ausschuss der Deutschen Wirtschaft (Eastern Committee of German Economy), a semi-official organization recognized by the West German government. Both the ability of German economic actors and China's urgent need for economic contact with the West caused German-Chinese trade relations to circumvent the

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9

Puaca, Brian M. "Navigating the Waves of Change: Political Education and Democratic School Reform in Postwar West Berlin." History of Education Quarterly 48, no. 2 (2008): 244–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2008.00142.x.

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In the aftermath of the Second World War, Germany found itself defeated, destroyed, occupied, and ultimately divided. The eastern portion of Germany fell under Soviet administration, while the western part came under joint occupation by the three victorious western Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom, and France). Recognizing at an early date that rebuilding Germany would promote political stability, economic growth, and peace in central Europe, the western Allies set out to reconstruct the defeated nation. The schools were an important part of this project. Many observers argued tha

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10

Zagel, Hannah, and Richard Breen. "Family demography and income inequality in West Germany and the United States." Acta Sociologica 62, no. 2 (2018): 174–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699318759404.

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Income inequality has grown in many countries over the past decades. Single country studies have investigated how trends in family demography, such as rising female employment, assortative mating and single parenthood, have affected this development. But the combined effects have not been studied sufficiently, much less in a comparative perspective. We apply decomposition and counterfactual analyses to Luxembourg Income Study data from the 1990s and 2000s for West Germany and the USA. We counterfactually analyse how changes in the distribution of men’s and women’s education, employment and chi

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11

Ferree, Myra Marx, Hanno Balz, John Bendix, et al. "Book Reviews." German Politics and Society 36, no. 4 (2018): 98–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2018.360405.

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Ann Taylor Allen, The Transatlantic Kindergarten: Education and Women’s Movements in Germany and the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).Christoph Becker-Schaum, Philipp Gassert, Martin Klimke, Wilfried Mausbach, and Marianne Zepp, ed., The Nuclear Crisis. The Arms Race, Cold War Anxiety, and the German Peace Movement of the 1980s (New York: Berghahn Books, 2016).Armin Grünbacher, West German Industrialists and the Making of the Economic Miracle: A History of Mentality and Recovery (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017).Dan Bednarz, East German Intellectuals and The Unification

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12

Leonov, E. S. "The Origin of German-American Relations as a Partnership of Unequal Parties." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(45) (December 28, 2015): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-6-45-15-22.

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Abstract: Despite the high technological effectiveness of today’s German economy which serves as the «engine» of Europe and the core of the European integration processes, Germany, however, possesses a limited foreign policy leverage in the modern international relations. Gradual restriction of the sovereignty of Germany began during the post-war period due to the strengthening of the European track of U.S. foreign policy. For instance, at this stage Washington takes the responsibility on restoration of the German economic welfare, filling of legal vacuum in West Germany and also initiates cul

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13

Huebenthal, Jan. "The Case of Linwood Boyette and Transatlantic Imaginaries of AIDS, Race, and Carcerality." Radical History Review 2021, no. 140 (2021): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-8841754.

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Abstract In November 1987, Linwood Boyette, an African American man and retired US army sergeant, became one of the first people in West Germany to be jailed for alleged HIV transmission, following charges brought under a legal Maßnahmenkatalog (catalog of measures) in the state of Bavaria. Boyette stood accused of having knowingly exposed three white male sexual partners to HIV and bringing them into “danger of death.” Boyette’s racial and national “otherness” underscored the widespread West German perception of AIDS as a racialized threat linked to the United States. With his example, this a

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Kaviaka, Iryna. "German Question, 1945–1990, in Anglo-American Historiography: Key Aspects of the Problem Study." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 4 (2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640013665-9.

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Understanding and, after the unification of Germany in 1990, rethinking the process of evolution of the German Question, in particular its main components, is an important scholarly task. The origins of the modern power of Germany, its desire to establish itself as a world power, were formed in 1945–1990 with the active participation of the United States and Great Britain. Therefore, the assessment of the development of the German Question by researchers from these countries is important for its understanding. The study of the problem contributes to a comprehensive analysis of the post-war int

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15

Bomhoff, Eduard J., and Peter C. Schotman. "The term structure in the United States, Japan, and West Germany." Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 28 (March 1988): 269–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(88)90027-9.

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16

Grilli, Vittorio U. "The term structure in the United States, Japan, and West Germany." Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 28 (March 1988): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(88)90028-0.

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17

Steen, Shannon. "Ethnic Drag: Performing Race, Nation, Sexuality in West Germany." Theatre Survey 47, no. 1 (2006): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557406250099.

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Here's a familiar story: a white director produces a play with black and Middle Eastern characters. Director decides to cast white actors in those roles, controversy ensues. To American readers of Ethnic Drag, this controversy will seem so routine as to be nearly unremarkable. What makes this rendition of the story interesting is that it takes place not in the United States, but in Germany.

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18

Geschwind, Carl-Henry. "The Beginnings of Microscopic Petrography in the United States, 1870-1885." Earth Sciences History 13, no. 1 (1994): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.13.1.x3888321461141qu.

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In the 1860's and 70's, microscopic petrography flourished in Germany, where descriptions and classifications of rocks were highly valued for their own sake. American geologists, however, were more interested in stratigraphical correlations and had relatively little use for petrographical details. Thus, such Americans as George Hawes and Alexis Julien, who attempted to introduce the microscope for purely petrographical work in the early 1870's, had great difficulties in finding an audience. During the late 1870's, however, a number of American geologists-including federal geologists working am

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19

Kreutzer, Susanne. "Nursing Body and Soul in the Parish: Lutheran Deaconess Motherhouses in Germany and the United States." Nursing History Review 18, no. 1 (2010): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1062-8061.18.134.

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In Lutheran Germany, parish nursing traditionally constituted the deaconesses’ principal work. As “Christian mothers of the parish” they were charged with a wide spectrum of tasks, including nursing, social service, and pastoral care. At the center of the Christian understanding of nursing was the idea of nursing body and soul as a unity. This article analyzes the conception and transformation of Protestant parish nursing in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Germany and the United States, which developed very differently. In West Germany, parish nursing proved surprisingly resistant to

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20

Campbell, Nigel C. G., John L. Graham, Alain Jolibert, and Hans Gunther Meissner. "Marketing Negotiations in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States." Journal of Marketing 52, no. 2 (1988): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200204.

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The determinants of marketing negotiations in four cultures are investigated in a laboratory simulation. One hundred thirty-eight businesspeople from the United States, 48 from France, 44 from West Germany, and 44 from the United Kingdom participated in two-person, buyer-seller negotiation simulations. The American process of negotiation is found to be different from that of the Europeans in several respects.

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21

Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, and Martin P. Wattenberg. "Decaying Versus Developing Party Systems: A Comparison of Party Images in the United States and West Germany." British Journal of Political Science 22, no. 2 (1992): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400006311.

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This article examines citizens' attitudes towards the two major parties in the United States since 1952 and in West Germany since 1969 employing open-ended data from each country's National Election Study time series. Despite similar declining trends in party identification in the two countries, it is found that the patterns of change in party images are markedly different. In the United States it is shown that voters have become increasingly neutral towards the two parties as the focus has turned more and more towards the candidates. In contrast, in West Germany voters have come to have a mor

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22

Goldmann, K. "The treasure of the Berlin State museums and its allied capture: remarks and questions." International Journal of Cultural Property 7, no. 2 (1998): 308–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739198770377.

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Following the disclosure of archives in the former Soviet Union detailing art works taken from Germany at the end of World War II, it is now possible to reconstruct more accurately a history of those objects removed from Germany but never returned. Inconsistencies in the documentary evidence concerning both the location of objects sent West from Berlin and other repositories (particularly in the last few months of the war) and the number of objects returned to Germany indicate that the United States may have been involved in an unofficial policy of claiming as war booty art treasures form the

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23

Glatzer, Wolfgang, and Heinz-Herbert Noll. "Social Indicators and Social Reporting in Germany." Journal of Public Policy 9, no. 4 (1989): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x0000828x.

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Social indicators research developed in the United States at the end of the 1960s and the principal ideas and approaches were received by West German social scientists soon thereafter. It became common usage to speak of a social indicators movement, an expression which is rather unusual in regard to a scientific approach.

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24

Smyer, W. R. "Restive Partners: West Germany and the United States Face a New Era." Washington Quarterly 13, no. 1 (1990): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01636609009477529.

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25

Rippl, Susanne, and Klaus Boehnke. "Authoritarianism: Adolescents from East and West Germany and the United States compared." New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 1995, no. 70 (1995): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cd.23219957006.

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26

Plett, Konstanze. "Civil Justice and Its Reform in West Germany and the United States." Justice System Journal 13, no. 2 (1988): 186–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23277556.1989.10871096.

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27

Buscher, Frank M. "The U.S. High Commission and German Nationalism, 1949–52." Central European History 23, no. 1 (1990): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900021075.

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The recent revolutionary changes in Eastern Europe represent a mixed blessing for the United States and the western alliance as a whole. On the one hand, the West has had good reason to rejoice, witnessing the triumph of democracy and economic liberalism after more than forty years of Cold War tensions. On the other hand, the fall of the Eastern European communist governments in 1989, including that of the German Democratic Republic, once again brought the German question to the forefront. The Bush administration approached the issue of German reunification in a very cautious manner, insisting

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28

Gross, Stephen G. "Making Space for Sanctions: The Economics of German Natural Gas Imports from Russia, 1982 and 2014 Compared." German Politics and Society 34, no. 3 (2016): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2016.340301.

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This article explores the economic context behind Germany’s decision to impose sanctions on Russia in 2014 in response to the Ukraine crisis, through the lens of energy and natural gas. It does so by comparing 2014 with another moment in German-Russian relations when questions of energy, economics, sanctions, and transatlantic politics converged—the Yamal natural gas pipeline in 1982. Then, West Germany had little economic latitude to disrupt trade with Russia because of its high unemployment rate, its balance of payments problems, and the large investments major German corporations had made i

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Diebold, William, and H. Richard Friman. "Patchwork Protectionism: Textile Trade Policy in the United States, Japan, and West Germany." Foreign Affairs 69, no. 4 (1990): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20044524.

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Dominick, R. "The roots of the Green Movement in the United States and West Germany." Environmental History Review 12, no. 3 (1988): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3984283.

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Busse, Thomas V., Gisela Dahme, Harald Wagner, and Wilhelm Wieczerkowski. "Teacher Perceptions of Highly Gifted Students in the United States and West Germany." Gifted Child Quarterly 30, no. 2 (1986): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001698628603000202.

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Fraedrich, John Paul, Neil C. Herndon, and O. C. Ferrell. "A Values Comparison of Future Managers from West Germany and the United States." Journal of International Consumer Marketing 4, no. 1-2 (1992): 7–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j046v04n01_02.

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Bueche, Maria N. "Maternal-Infant Health Care: A Comparison Between the United States and West Germany." Nursing Forum 25, no. 4 (1990): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.1990.tb00862.x.

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34

Greive Smith, John. "Innovation and industrial strength in the U.K., West Germany, United States and Japan." Long Range Planning 23, no. 3 (1990): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(90)90062-9.

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Willett, Thomas D. "Patchwork protectionism: Textile trade policy in the United States, Japan and West Germany." Journal of International Economics 32, no. 3-4 (1992): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(92)90029-j.

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36

Kokeev, A. "Trans-Atlantic Relations in Germany's Foreign Policy." World Economy and International Relations 59, no. 11 (2015): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-59-11-38-46.

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Relations between Germany, the US and NATO today are the core of transatlantic links. After the Cold War and the reunification of Germany, NATO has lost its former importance to Germany which was not a "frontline state" anymore. The EU acquired a greater importance for German politicians applying both for certain political independence and for establishing of a broad partnership with Russia and China. The task of the European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) development has been regarded by Berlin as a necessary component of the NATO's transformation into a “balanced Euro-Americ

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Cooke, L. P. "Policy, Preferences, and Patriarchy: The Division of Domestic Labor in East Germany, West Germany, and the United States." Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 13, no. 1 (2006): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxj005.

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38

Fitzpatrick, Matthew P. "Colonialism, Postcolonialism, and Decolonization." Central European History 51, no. 1 (2018): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000092.

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In the past two decades, colonial studies, the postcolonial turn, the new imperial history, as well as world and global history have made serious strides toward revising key elements of German history. Instead of insisting that German modernity was a fundamentally unique, insular affair that incubated authoritarian social tendencies, scholars working in these fields have done much to reinsert Germany into the broader logic of nineteenth-century global history, in which the thalassocratic empires of Europe pursued the project of globalizing their economies, populations, and politics. During thi

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Bruns, Florian. "Vom Chirurgen zum Verleger – Das Jahrhundertleben des Gottfried Bermann Fischer (1897–1995)." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 143, no. 25 (2018): 1866–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0630-4437.

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AbstractGottfried Bermann Fischer was a German-Jewish physician and publisher who dedicated his life to the S. Fischer publishing company which ranks among the most significant German-language publishers in the 20th century. In 1925 Bermann left his position as a surgeon and married Brigitte Fischer, daughter of the company’s founder Samuel Fischer. Now called Bermann Fischer he became a passionate publisher and steered the company through the Weimar Republic and Nazi years, publishing authors like Hermann Hesse, Thomas Mann, and Alfred Döblin. Fearing the Nazi terror Bermann-Fischer left Germ

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Gunlicks, Arthur B. "Campaign and Party Finance in the West German “Party State”." Review of Politics 50, no. 1 (1988): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500036123.

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In contrast to the United States, where there is little or no public financing of parties and candidates below the presidential level, the German “party state” grants generous subsidies in a variety of forms to the political parties, though not to individual candidates. The German Basic Law (constitution), various laws passed by the national and Land (state) parliaments, and the Federal Constitutional Court have been important factors in the development of a complex and costly system of public financing for election campaigns, parliamentary parties and party foundations and for free television

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El Khalfi, Mohamad Amine. "AGREEMENT ON THE JOINT COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF ACTION (JCPOA) BETWEEN IRAN AND THE UNITED STATES." Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 7, no. 2 (2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jph.v7i2.11296.

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Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) is the result of diplomatic negotiations reached by the United States, Britain, France, Russia, China, Germany and Iran in 2015 regarding the Iran Nuclear Agreement. The emergence of this agreement was due to Iran's actions abusing its nuclear development to serve as a weapon of mass destruction in 2011. In response to this, Western countries imposed economic sanctions on Iran in the hope of weakening Iran's position so that it does not have the ability to continue its nuclear weapons program. In fact, these sanctions succeeded in weakening the Irania

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Creswell, Michael, and Marc Trachtenberg. "France and the German Question, 1945–1955." Journal of Cold War Studies 5, no. 3 (2003): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039703322286746.

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This article challenges the traditional view that France was “obsessed” with the German threat in the decade after World War II and that French leaders only grudgingly accepted the policy that the United States and Britain had decided to pursue. The official rhetoric of the postwar period should not to be taken at face value. In reality, French leaders understood the logic of the “western strategy” for Germany and at a basic level endorsed it. Even on the question of West German rearmament—a critical issue in 1950—the French government was not nearly as opposed to moving ahead as many scholars

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Borhi, László. "Secret Peace Overtures, the Holocaust, and Allied Strategy vis-à-vis Germany: Hungary in the Vortex of World War II." Journal of Cold War Studies 14, no. 2 (2012): 29–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00220.

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This article explores how the U.S. and British governments' wartime strategy against Germany affected their policies toward Hungary, a country that had allied itself with Germany when World War II began. U.S. and British leaders wanted to facilitate an Allied landing on the French coast by diverting German troops to other theaters, thinning them out as much as possible. To this end, the United States and Britain were cool toward Hungary's peace overtures in 1943 and were willing to brook Germany's military incursions into Hungary and Romania in 1944 because German troops operating there could

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Roos, Julia. "An Afro-German Microhistory: Gender, Religion, and the Challenges of Diasporic Dwelling." Central European History 49, no. 2 (2016): 240–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938916000340.

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AbstractThis article traces the biography of an Afro-German woman born during the 1920s Rhineland occupation to examine the peculiarities of the black German diaspora, as well as potential connections between these peculiarities and larger trends in the history of German colonialism and racism. “Erika Diekmann” was born in Worms in 1920. Her mother was a German citizen, her father a Senegalese French soldier. Separated from her birth mother at a young age, Erika spent her youth and early adulthood in a school for Christian Arab girls in Jerusalem run by the Protestant order of the Kaiserswerth

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Neumaier, Christopher. "Technological Solutions and Contested Interpretations of Scientific Results: Risk Assessment of Diesel Emissions in the United States and in West Germany, 1977–1995." NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 28, no. 4 (2020): 547–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00048-020-00276-2.

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Abstract This article traces the different classifications of diesel emissions either as “safe” or as “hazardous” in the US and in West Germany between 1977 and 1995. It argues that the environmental regulation of diesel emissions was a political threshold. It contributes to our general understanding of how politicians, environmental lobbyists, scientists, and engineers constructed the standards and norms that defined the “safe” limit of environmental pollutants. After discussing how diesel emissions came under review as a potential carcinogen, I will show that the coding as “safe” or as “haza

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Gerzhoy, Gene. "Alliance Coercion and Nuclear Restraint: How the United States Thwarted West Germany's Nuclear Ambitions." International Security 39, no. 4 (2015): 91–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00198.

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When does a nuclear-armed state's provision of security guarantees to a militarily threatened ally inhibit the ally's nuclear weapons ambitions? Although the established security model of nuclear proliferation posits that clients will prefer to depend on a patron's extended nuclear deterrent, this proposition overlooks how military threats and doubts about the patron's intentions encourage clients to seek nuclear weapons of their own. To resolve this indeterminacy in the security model's explanation of nuclear restraint, it is necessary to account for the patron's use of alliance coercion, a s

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Buchmann, Marlis, and Jutta Allmendinger. "Career Mobility Dynamics: A Comparative Analysis of the United States, Norway, and West Germany." Contemporary Sociology 20, no. 4 (1991): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2071785.

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Waltman, Jerold. "Communities in Conflict: The School Prayer in West Germany, the United States and Canada." Canadian journal of law and society 6 (1991): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100001903.

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Abstract:

AbstractThree remarkably similar court cases involving prayers in public schools have been decided in Germany, the United States, and Canada, all of which illustrate the issue of communities in conflict. Comparing these cases is especially pertinent for Canadian jurisprudence inasmuch as community has been trumpeted as important for giving life to the Charter. Developing four options for religiously plural federal societies, this article shows how these three countries each choose different routes, and how these choices relate to history and culture. Further, it points out that an emphasis on

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Blendon, Robert J., Karen Donelan, Robert Leitman, et al. "Physicians' Perspectives on Caring for Patients in the United States, Canada, and West Germany." New England Journal of Medicine 328, no. 14 (1993): 1011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199304083281407.

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SLATER, FRANCES. "RESOURCES FOR TEACHING FROM THE NETHERLANDS, WEST GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." New Zealand Journal of Geography 69, no. 1 (2008): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1980.tb00126.x.

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