Relevant bibliographies by topics / United States. Patent Office. Library

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'United States. Patent Office. Library'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "United States. Patent Office. Library"

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Harwell, Kevin R. "United States Patent and Trademark Office." Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship 8, no. 1 (February 2002): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j109v08n01_05.

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Myers, Jane. "‘A survey of missing patents at the United States Patent Office’ 1993." World Patent Information 16, no. 1 (March 1994): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0172-2190(94)90191-0.

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Park, Jinseok. "Has Patentable Subject Matter Been Expanded? -A Comparative Study on Software Patent Practices in the European Patent Office, the United States Patent and Trademark Office and the Japanese Patent Office." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 13, no. 3 (2005): 336–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eai019.

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Bernholz, Charles D., Linda G. Novotny, and Ana L. Gomez. "American Indians and the United States patent and trademark office: The Native American Tribal Insignia database." Government Information Quarterly 26, no. 1 (January 2009): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2008.04.003.

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Kazenske, Edward R. "The future of prior art searching at the United States patent and trademark office." World Patent Information 25, no. 4 (December 2003): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2003.07.001.

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Wada, Tetsuo. "When do the USPTO examiners cite as the EPO examiners? An analysis of examination spillovers through rejection citations at the international family-to-family level." Scientometrics 125, no. 2 (September 14, 2020): 1591–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03674-4.

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AbstractThis paper empirically examines coincidences between “rejection citations” (i.e., those cited as grounds for rejections) added by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and “X/Y patent citations,” which are also added as grounds for rejections at the European Patent Office (EPO) within the same patent family, based on more than forty thousand families of triadic application sample. We consider the release timing of European search reports and the timing of rejection actions by the USPTO for the same family of patent applications. We find that the frequency of rejection (X/Y-equivalent) citation coincidences between the USPTO and the EPO according to family-to-family citation criteria increases after the release of search reports by the EPO. It suggests that the US examiners capture spillovers of search efforts from the EPO, namely, the USPTO examiners rely on prior art information collected and disclosed by the EPO. The results also reveal that International Search Reports (ISRs) prepared for Patent Corporation Treaty (PCT) applications, as well as applicant-submitted citations, play important roles for the convergence of rejection citations between the two patent offices. We furthermore find that the US examiners are less likely to add the same patent citations as the EPO examiners when rejections are persistently repeated at the USPTO. The methodology in this paper introduces the novel use of patent examiner citations to compare examiners’ citing behavior across jurisdictions.
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REIS, José Maciel Caldas dos, Maurício Fortuna PINHEIRO, André Takashi OTI, Denilson José Silva FEITOSA-JUNIOR, Mauro de Souza PANTOJA, and Rui Sérgio Monteiro BARROS. "TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION REGARDING PREBIOTICS AND PROBIOTICS NUTRITION VERSUS THE PATENT REGISTERS: WHAT IS NEW?" ABCD. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo) 29, no. 4 (December 2016): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-6720201600040016.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Food is a key factor both in prevention and in promoting human health. Among the functional food are highlighted probiotics and prebiotics. Patent databases are the main source of technological information about innovation worldwide, providing extensive library for research sector. Objective: Perform mapping in the main patent databases about pre and probiotics, seeking relevant information regarding the use of biotechnology, nanotechnology and genetic engineering in the production of these foods. Method: Electronic consultation was conducted (online) in the main public databases of patents in Brazil (INPI), United States (USPTO) and the European Patent Bank (EPO). The research involved the period from January 2014 to July 2015, being used in the title fields and summary of patents, the following descriptors in INPI "prebiotic", "prebiotic" "probiotics", "probiotic" and the USPTO and EPO: "prebiotic", "prebiotics", "probiotic", "probiotics". Results: This search haven't found any deposit at the brazilian patents website (INPI) in this period; US Patent &Trademark Office had registered 60 titles in patents and the European Patent Office (EPO) showed 10 documents on the issue. Conclusion: Information technology offered by genetic engineering, biotechnology and nanotechnology deposited in the form of titles and abstracts of patents in relation to early nutritional intervention as functional foods, has increasingly required to decrease the risks and control the progression of health problems. But, the existing summaries, although attractive and promising in this sense, are still incipient to recommend them safely as a therapeutic tool. Therefore, they should be seen more as diet elements and healthy lifestyles.
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Soares, Iraíldo Francisco, Michele Alves de Lima, Luan Ícaro Freitas Pinto, Daniel Rocha Cardoso, and Robson Alves da Silva. "Technological and scientific prospecting of sugar cane bagasse flour (saccharum officinarum l.)." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 7 (May 23, 2020): e503974385. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i7.4385.

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Sugar cane bagasse flour (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a promising product and has great market potential with application in human food. With the help of technological and scientific prospecting, it is possible to guide and cover the view on research about the use of this material in the area of food science. With that, the objective was to investigate the existence of the development of sugarcane bagasse flour in technological and scientific databases. The patent bases analyzed were the National Institute of Industrial Property (NIIP), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the Espacenet Patent Search database. The scientific platforms analyzed were Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Web of Science, Pubmed and Portal Periódicos Capes (Brazil). Brazil has made progress in intellectual production on patent bases, however, no technological and / or scientific record has been identified regarding the use of flour for human consumption in the analyzed period. From this, it is necessary, then, to carry out research on the food potential of this flour, mainly in Brazil, since the country is considered the largest producer of sugarcane, having a vast material to be explored, developing functionality in the development of new products and increasing intellectual property in the area.
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Tavakolizadeh-Ravari, Mohammad, Faramarz Soheili, Fatemeh Makkizadeh, and Fatemeh Akrami. "A study on first citations of patents through a combination of Bradford’s distribution, Cox regression and life tables method." Journal of Information Science 46, no. 4 (May 8, 2019): 496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551519845848.

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The current research employs two survival analysis methods: Cox regression and life tables. The first determines the effect of inventor, assignee and country for receiving the first citation by patents. Life tables concern the time-lag between the dates of granting and receiving the first citation by patents. Bradford’s method is also established as a technique for categorization of patents, inventors, assignees and countries as a prerequisite for survival analysis. The research materials consist of 2837 patents in the area of ‘purification, separation, or recovery of hydrocarbon components’ which were classified under the classes 585/800 and 585/868 by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The findings showed that Bradford’s method complies with the distribution of citations of patents, first inventors and assignees. It means that Bradford’s distribution is well suited for determination of key patents, inventors and assignees in an area too. Cox regression revealed that only the inventors’ variable decides for receiving the first citation in terms of frequency, degrees of their inventions and citations. Life table data revealed that one half of the first citations were received in the first 10 years. As a conclusion, survival analysis methods provide the possibility for deciding technology lifetime and for predicting the determinants for the flow of knowledge through citation analysis.
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Han, Hongqi, Yongsheng Yu, Lijun Wang, Xiaorui Zhai, Yaxin Ran, and Jingpeng Han. "Disambiguating USPTO inventor names with semantic fingerprinting and DBSCAN clustering." Electronic Library 37, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-12-2018-0232.

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PurposeThe aim of this study is to present a novel approach based on semantic fingerprinting and a clustering algorithm called density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN), which can be used to convert investor records into 128-bit semantic fingerprints. Inventor disambiguation is a method used to discover a unique set of underlying inventors and map a set of patents to their corresponding inventors. Resolving the ambiguities between inventors is necessary to improve the quality of the patent database and to ensure accurate entity-level analysis. Most existing methods are based on machine learning and, while they often show good performance, this comes at the cost of time, computational power and storage space.Design/methodology/approachUsing DBSCAN, the meta and textual data in inventor records are converted into 128-bit semantic fingerprints. However, rather than using a string comparison or cosine similarity to calculate the distance between pair-wise fingerprint records, a binary number comparison function was used in DBSCAN. DBSCAN then clusters the inventor records based on this distance to disambiguate inventor names.FindingsExperiments conducted on the PatentsView campaign database of the United States Patent and Trademark Office show that this method disambiguates inventor names with recall greater than 99 per cent in less time and with substantially smaller storage requirement.Research limitations/implicationsA better semantic fingerprint algorithm and a better distance function may improve precision. Setting of different clustering parameters for each block or other clustering algorithms will be considered to improve the accuracy of the disambiguation results even further.Originality/valueCompared with the existing methods, the proposed method does not rely on feature selection and complex feature comparison computation. Most importantly, running time and storage requirements are drastically reduced.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "United States. Patent Office. Library"

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Parisi, Joel A. "The United States department of housing and urban development, office of inspector general, office of investigation an examination into why the agency should create a separate division to investigate gun and drug related violent crime in and around public and assisted housing developments /." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 2004. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

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Thesis (M.P.A. )--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 2004
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2955. Typescript. Abstract precedes thesis as 4 preliminary leaves (ii- v). Includes bibliographical references ( leaves 108-111).
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Sandhu, Tahir S. Drake Frederick D. "Beyond American Memory technologies of library and office automation and their impact on multimedia computing for public education in the United States, 1963-present /." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p3006627.

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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 2001.
Title from title page screen, viewed April 18, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Frederick D. Drake (chair), Lawrence McBride, John B. Freed. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 351-398) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Lussky, Joan Patricia Drott M. Carl. "Bibliometric patterns in an historical medical index: using the newly digitized Index Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, United States Army /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2005. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/487.

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Books on the topic "United States. Patent Office. Library"

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks. The Copyright Reform Act of 1993: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on S. 373 ... October 19, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks. The Copyright Reform Act of 1993: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on S. 373 ... October 19, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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Office, General Accounting. Intellectual property: Information on the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's past and future operations : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (441 G St. NW, Washington, 20548-0001): United States General Accounting Office, 2002.

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United States. Patent and Trademark Office. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1995.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks. Copyright Fees and Technical Amendments Act, and Copyright Royalty Tribunal Reform Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on S. 1271 ... and S. 1272 ... July 12, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks. Copyright Fees and Technical Amendments Act, and Copyright Royalty Tribunal Reform Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on S. 1271 ... and S. 1272 ... July 12, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United, States Congress Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Patents Copyrights and Trademarks. Copyright Fees and Technical Amendments Act, and Copyright Royalty Tribunal Reform Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on S. 1271 ... and S. 1272 ... July 12, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Office, General Accounting. Intellectual property: Enhancements needed in computing and reporting patent examination statistics : report to the Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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Office, General Accounting. Intellectual property: Comparison of patent examination statistics for fiscal years 1994 and 1995 : report to the Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.

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Office, General Accounting. Intellectual property: State immunity in infringement actions : report to the honorable Orrin G. Hatch, ranking minority member, Committee on the Judiciary, U. S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "United States. Patent Office. Library"

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Zuse, Konrad. "End of the war — Refugees in Hinterstein — The Plankalkül — The computing universe — Automation and self-reproducing systems — A logarithmic computing machine — Computer development in Germany and the United States — Move to Hopferau near Füssen — The mill of the Patent Office." In The Computer — My Life, 95–112. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02931-2_6.

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"United States Patent and Trademark Office." In Federal Regulatory Guide, 663–66. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: CQ Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781544377230.n59.

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Mossinghoff, Hon Gerald J. "The Evolution of Gene Patents Viewed from the United States Patent Office." In Advances in Genetics Volume 50, 13–21. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2660(03)50002-5.

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Zingg, Raphael. "Foundational Patents in Artificial Intelligence." In Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property, 75–98. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870944.003.0005.

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Despite advocating openness, technology leaders have been patenting artificial intelligence (AI) inventions at an exponentially increasing rate. Patents on foundational techniques with broad applications have the potential to deter innovation in the field, should the privatization of key components of artificial intelligence be used to exclude third-party innovators. This chapter studies patent applications in the US and demonstrates the extent to which the field has grown over the last twenty years. It then seeks to explore foundational patents by focusing on triadic patents: patents filed jointly with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the European Patent Office, and the Japanese Patent Office. The results of this chapter indicate an increasingly globalized AI field. A proverbial land grab seems to be occurring; an increase in AI patenting, particularly the protection of triadic patents, illustrates industry players aggressively attempting to own the building blocks of a rapidly emerging market. A number of policy levers are presented, highlighting how the patent offices and courts can counter the patenting of foundational patents by relying on strict and narrow patentability standards.
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Wu, Jiangning, Shu Wang, and Donghua Pan. "Evaluation of Technological Influence Power of Enterprises through the Enterprise Citation Network." In Multidisciplinary Studies in Knowledge and Systems Science, 34–44. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-3998-0.ch003.

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As an important source for discovering new competitive technological intelligence involved in enterprises, patents can be analyzed to identify the technological strategy and the potential competitors. Based on the patent citation information, the weighted and directed enterprise citation network is established. Based on the modified PageRank algorithm, a novel method is provided to evaluate the technological influence power of enterprises. Experiments with this method have been done using the patent dataset in the field of fluid-pressure and analogous brake systems during the 25-year period from 1975 to 1999 from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Compared with the traditional assessment indicator based on the citation count method, the proposed method is more reasonable in identifying the technological influential enterprises, as it gives a comprehensive consideration of the amount of citing enterprises, the influence of citing enterprises and the citation strength between them. This study helps enterprises discover potential technological competitors, which take the lead in the industry.
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Ponce, Pedro, Ken Polasko, and Arturo Molina. "Neuro-Model for Improving the University-Industry Collaboration and Intellectual Property." In Handbook of Research on Strategic Innovation Management for Improved Competitive Advantage, 163–91. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3012-1.ch010.

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Some universities in the United States are leading technology transfer by their many close partnerships with government and industry. This has benefited them financially and by enhancing their research reputation. Patent-based intellectual property is a determinant factor, so an adequate cost-aware model must be derived to understand the process completely. This chapter presents the design and results of an artificial neural network (ANN) which relates the patent cost and the primary inputs of the process to model performance. Such inputs are invention disclosure, new patents issued, U. S. patents issued, licenses and optional executed, and other major agreements. A prediction of patent's cost could help a technology transfer office decide over the research to be patented but also to evaluate cost benefits. In addition, an integral solution is proposed where the positions of doctoral students and postdocs are defined. Overall, generating high quality invention disclosures is improved based on a more effective relationship between universities and industries.
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Brown, Jeannette E. "Chemists Who Work for the National Labs or Other Federal Agencies." In African American Women Chemists in the Modern Era. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190615178.003.0009.

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Dr. Patricia Carter Sluby (Fig. 5.1) is a primary patent examiner retired from the US Patent and Trademark Office and formerly a registered patent agent. She is also the author of three books about African American inventors and their patented inventions. Patricia’s father is William A. Carter Jr., and her mother is Thelma LaRoche Carter. Her father was the first black licensed master plumber in Richmond, VA, and his father also had the same distinction in Columbus, OH, years earlier. Her father was born in Philadelphia, PA, and attended college. Her grandfather went from Virginia to look for work in Canada and became a stonemason. Later he relocated back to the United States, where he soon married in Boston, MA, and several of his children were born there. Later, the family moved to Philadelphia where Patricia’s father was born. Her mother, who attended Hampton Institute, taught school and later managed the office for Patricia’s father’s business. Patricia’s mother was born and raised in Richmond, as were most of her maternal relatives. Patricia had three brothers. They were all born during segregation in Richmond, the former capital of the Confederacy. Patricia was born on February 15, in Richmond. She attended kindergarten through eighth grade in segregated schools that were within walking distance of home. In school, they studied from hand-me-down books, but her black teachers were well trained and well informed. They had bachelor’s degrees; some had master’s or even PhD degrees. To go to high school, Patricia took a city bus across to the east side of town, to the newly built school for black students, which incorporated eighth grade through twelfth grade. Her teachers were excellent instructors who lived in her neighborhood and knew her parents quite well. The teachers looked out for the neighborhood kids and acted as surrogate parents out­side the confines of the home. Teachers and principals were also great mentors, dedicated to their craft; they encouraged students to understand the world and function as responsible adults. Patricia excelled in science and math.
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Adams, Jonathan S., and Dennis H. Grossman. "More than the Sum of the Parts: Diversity and Status of Ecological Systems." In Precious Heritage. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195125191.003.0013.

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On July 5, 1803, Captain Meriwether Lewis of the First Infantry left Washington, D.C., and headed west. His destination was St. Louis, Missouri, where he was to take command, with his good friend William Clark, of the aptly named Corps of Discovery. President Thomas Jefferson had long dreamed of exploring the West, and on the day before Lewis set out from the capital, Jefferson doubled the size of the country, purchasing 820,000 square miles from France for 3 cents an acre. Jefferson planned the expedition partly to expand commerce in the young nation—he sought the “Northwest Passage,” a water route from coast to coast—but, just as important, to further scientific understanding. Lewis shared with his commander in chief a deep curiosity about the natural world, and the expedition set out with a presidential charge to discover the flora and fauna of the United States. Jefferson, as talented a scientist as has ever held the office of president, introduced Lewis to the leading natural scientists of the day, and they trained him to collect samples of plants and animals. Jefferson instructed the two commanders to record everything they could about the countryside—“the soil and face of the country, its growth and vegetable productions . . . the animals of the country . . . the remains and accounts of any which may be deemed rare or extinct,” he said. And so they did, plainly but accurately. Jefferson’s personal library, one of the largest collections in the country and later the nucleus of the Library of Congress, included copies of works by Linnaeus and John Bartram, along with many other scientific texts. Meriwether Lewis served as Jefferson’s private secretary for two years before leading the expedition west, and Jefferson undoubtedly introduced his protégé to those works. The Corps of Discovery, like the Bartrams and Peter Kalm, played an important role in the ongoing effort to document the natural heritage of the United States.
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Hardy, Lawrence Harold. "A History of Computer Networking Technology." In Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 613–18. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch082.

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The computer has influenced the very fabric of modern society. As a stand-alone machine, it has proven itself a practical and highly efficient tool for education, commerce, science, and medicine. When attached to a network—the Internet for example—it becomes the nexus of opportunity, transforming our lives in ways that are both problematic and astonishing. Computer networks are the source for vast amounts of knowledge, which can predict the weather, identify organ donors and recipients, or analyze the complexity of the human genome (Shindler, 2002). The linking of ideas across an information highway satisfies a primordial hunger humans have to belong and to communicate. Early civilizations, to satisfy this desire, created information highways of carrier pigeons (Palmer, 2006). The history of computer networking begins in the 19th century with the invention of the telegraph, the telephone, and the radiotelegraph. The first communications information highway based on electricity was created with the deployment of the telegraph. The telegraph itself is no more than an electromagnet connected to a battery, connected to a switch, connected to wire (Derfler & Freed, 2002). The telegraph operates very straightforwardly. To send a message (electric current), the telegrapher rapidly opens and closes the telegraph switch. The receiving telegraph uses the electric current to create a magnetic field, which causes an observable mechanical event (Calvert, 2004). The first commercial telegraph was patented in Great Britain by Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke in 1837 (The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2007). The Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph required six wires and five magnetic needles. Messages were created when combinations of the needles were deflected left or right to indicate letters (Derfler & Freed, 2002). Almost simultaneous to the Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph was the Samuel F. B. Morse Telegraph in the United States in 1837 (Calvert, 2004). In comparison, the Morse Telegraph was decidedly different from its European counterpart. First, it was much simpler than the Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph: to transmit messages, it used one wire instead of six. Second, it used a code and a sounder to send and receive messages instead of deflected needles (Derfler & Freed, 2002). The simplicity of the Morse Telegraph made it the worldwide standard. The next major change in telegraphy occurred because of the efforts of French inventor Emile Baudot. Baudot’s first innovation replaced the telegrapher’s key with a typewriter like keyboard. His second innovation replaced the dots and dashes of Morse code with a five-unit or five-bit code—similar to American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) or extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC)—he developed. Unlike Morse code, which relied upon a series of dots and dashes, each letter in the Baudot code contained a combination of five electrical pulses. Eventually all major telegraph companies converted to Baudot code, which eliminated the need for a skilled Morse code telegrapher (Derfler & Freed, 2002). Finally, Baudot, in 1894, invented a distributor which allowed his printing telegraph to multiplex its signals; as many as eight machines could send simultaneous messages over one telegraph circuit (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia , 2006). The Baudot printing telegraph paved the way for the Teletype and Telex (Derfler & Freed, 2002). The second forerunner of modern computer networking was the telephone. It was a significant advancement over the telegraph for it personalized telecommunications, bringing the voices and emotions of the sender to the receiver. Unlike its predecessor the telegraph, telephone networks created virtual circuit to connect telephones to one another (Shindler, 2002). Legend credits Alexander Graham Bell as the inventor of the telephone in 1876. He was not. Bell was the first to patent the telephone. Historians credit Italian- American scientist Antonio Meucci as the inventor of the telephone. Meucci began working on his design for a talking telegraph in 1849 and filed a caveat for his design in 1871 but was unable to finance commercial development. In 2002, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution recognizing his accomplishment to telecommunications (Library of Congress, 2007).
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Hardy, Lawrence Harold. "A History of Computer Networking Technology." In Networking and Telecommunications, 26–32. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-986-1.ch003.

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The computer has influenced the very fabric of modern society. As a stand-alone machine, it has proven itself a practical and highly efficient tool for education, commerce, science, and medicine. When attached to a network—the Internet for example—it becomes the nexus of opportunity, transforming our lives in ways that are both problematic and astonishing. Computer networks are the source for vast amounts of knowledge, which can predict the weather, identify organ donors and recipients, or analyze the complexity of the human genome (Shindler, 2002). The linking of ideas across an information highway satisfies a primordial hunger humans have to belong and to communicate. Early civilizations, to satisfy this desire, created information highways of carrier pigeons (Palmer, 2006). The history of computer networking begins in the 19th century with the invention of the telegraph, the telephone, and the radiotelegraph. The first communications information highway based on electricity was created with the deployment of the telegraph. The telegraph itself is no more than an electromagnet connected to a battery, connected to a switch, connected to wire (Derfler & Freed, 2002). The telegraph operates very straightforwardly. To send a message (electric current), the telegrapher rapidly opens and closes the telegraph switch. The receiving telegraph uses the electric current to create a magnetic field, which causes an observable mechanical event (Calvert, 2004). The first commercial telegraph was patented in Great Britain by Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke in 1837 (The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2007). The Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph required six wires and five magnetic needles. Messages were created when combinations of the needles were deflected left or right to indicate letters (Derfler & Freed, 2002). Almost simultaneous to the Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph was the Samuel F. B. Morse Telegraph in the United States in 1837 (Calvert, 2004). In comparison, the Morse Telegraph was decidedly different from its European counterpart. First, it was much simpler than the Cooke-Wheatstone Telegraph: to transmit messages, it used one wire instead of six. Second, it used a code and a sounder to send and receive messages instead of deflected needles (Derfler & Freed, 2002). The simplicity of the Morse Telegraph made it the worldwide standard. The next major change in telegraphy occurred because of the efforts of French inventor Emile Baudot. Baudot’s first innovation replaced the telegrapher’s key with a typewriter like keyboard. His second innovation replaced the dots and dashes of Morse code with a five-unit or five-bit code—similar to American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) or extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC)—he developed. Unlike Morse code, which relied upon a series of dots and dashes, each letter in the Baudot code contained a combination of five electrical pulses. Eventually all major telegraph companies converted to Baudot code, which eliminated the need for a skilled Morse code telegrapher (Derfler & Freed, 2002). Finally, Baudot, in 1894, invented a distributor which allowed his printing telegraph to multiplex its signals; as many as eight machines could send simultaneous messages over one telegraph circuit (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia , 2006). The Baudot printing telegraph paved the way for the Teletype and Telex (Derfler & Freed, 2002). The second forerunner of modern computer networking was the telephone. It was a significant advancement over the telegraph for it personalized telecommunications, bringing the voices and emotions of the sender to the receiver. Unlike its predecessor the telegraph, telephone networks created virtual circuit to connect telephones to one another (Shindler, 2002). Legend credits Alexander Graham Bell as the inventor of the telephone in 1876. He was not. Bell was the first to patent the telephone. Historians credit Italian- American scientist Antonio Meucci as the inventor of the telephone. Meucci began working on his design for a talking telegraph in 1849 and filed a caveat for his design in 1871 but was unable to finance commercial development. In 2002, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution recognizing his accomplishment to telecommunications (Library of Congress, 2007).
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