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Journal articles on the topic 'United States – Politics and government – 20th century'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Griffin, Stephen M. "Bringing the State into Constitutional Theory: Public Authority and the Constitution." Law & Social Inquiry 16, no. 04 (1991): 659–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1991.tb00864.x.

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This article brings the state into constitutional theory by presenting a theory of the development of the American state from the late 19th century to the present. The focus of the theory is the ability of the national state to exercise sovereignty or public authority over civil society. The main thesis is that the Constitution did not establish a government with a level of public authority adequate to the requirements of a modem democratic state. The result was a mismatch between the demands of civil society and the competence of state institutions, causing a reorganization of the political i

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Makurin, A. I. "WHITE HOUSE AND UNITED STATES CAPITOL: BATTLE FOR THE SUPREME COURT (SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY)." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 2 (61) (2023): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2023-2-84-95.

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The U.S. Constitution requires the President to submit Supreme Court nominees to the Senate for its advice and consent. The appointment of a Supreme Court Justice is an event of major significance in American politics. Since the early 20th century, Presidents have submitted 62 nominations for the Court, including those for the post of Chief Justice. Of this total, 55 were confirmed (seven declined to serve). The article dissects the crucial constitutional disputes between the executive and legislative branches of government from the Eisenhower administration to the end of the Clinton administr

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3

Mari, Marcelo. "Mário Pedrosa’s Turn Point: From the Good Neighbour Policy in the United States to the Brazilian Modern Project (1938–1951)." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, no. 21 (April 15, 2020): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i21.359.

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Mário Pedrosa contributed in a decisive way to the formation and development of Brazilian politics and art in the 20th century. Pedrosa traveled to the United States and started to live in New York at the end of 1938. In the field of the arts, he took a position on the debate between Independent Revolutionary Art and Instrumentalized Art. In the essay “Portinari – from Brodósqui to the murals in Washington” (1942), Pedrosa overcomes the defense of art as a revolutionary weapon, which was his position at the conference on the German artist Käthe Kollwitz, presented at the Club of Modern Artists

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4

Tianzi, Sang. "Some Notes on Sun Yatsen’s “Alliance with Russia” Policy." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 22, no. 4 (April 14, 2023): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-4-140-147.

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Alliances are one of the most effective ways for states to preserve and gain power. The study of alliance formation has long been a prominent issue in international politics. This article examines the factors that influenced the alliance between Sun Yatsen’s regime and the Soviet government through the lens of alliance theory, taking the “alliance with Russia” of the Guangdong government led by Sun Yatsen in the early 20th century as the subject of study. The scientific innovation lies in the analysis of historical events and their causes from the perspective of international relations. Due to

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Shacillo, Vyacheslav. "The First (1895) and the Second (1903) Venezuelan Crises: a Comparative Analysis of Geopolitical Consequences." ISTORIYA 12, no. 12-1 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018150-4.

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The article presents a comparative analysis of the geopolitical consequences of two international crises in Latin America in the end of 19th — the beginning of the 20th century. The first Venezuelan crisis caused by a territorial dispute between Venezuela and the British Empire, worsened also relations between Washington and London. The government of the USA considered that the territorial claims of Great Britain to one of the Latin American countries threatened the vital interests of the United States and were in contradiction with the principles of the Monroe doctrine. Based on such consider

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Martín, William San. "Nitrogen, science, and environmental change: the politics of the Green Revolution in Chile and the global nitrogen challenge." Journal of Political Ecology 24, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20966.

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Abstract The widespread use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers during the second half of the 20th century radically transformed agricultural production and ecosystems on a global scale. Although the "N challenge" or the "N problem" has had limited public attention compared to biodiversity loss and climate change, scientists consider N pollution a leading ecological concern for the 21st century. Accordingly, a major challenge for scientists and policymakers around the world today is how to meet food production demands while also protecting the environment. Using Chile as a case study—one of the highes

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Veselov, V. A. "A Long Shadow of World War II: Development of the National Security Concept in the United States." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 85–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-3-85-130.

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In recent years, the history of World War II has transformed into a battleﬁeld in its own right in the ‘war of memory’. Besides the clear fact that the current attempts to revise the results of this war reﬂect the contemporary international tensions, yet another factor should be noted. The ‘shadow’ of the Second World War appears to be very long. It manifests itself not only in the contemporary system of international relations, but also in the fact that we still view the world around through the prism of concepts that appeared during the state of war and still bear its mark. Particularly, the

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Ибрайымов, Г. В. "Afghanistan and Pakistan in Soviet and American Cold War politics: diplomatic relations and their ideological impact." Historical bulletin 7, no. 3 (May 6, 2024): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.58224/2658-5685-2024-7-3-37-46.

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Афганистан во второй половине XX в. был одним из основных направлений в «холодной войне» СССР и США. Это небольшое государство Центральной Азии оказалось крайне ценным в регионально-стратегическом значении. Активность в Афганистане советских и американских дипломатических миссий вызвана необходимостью склонить афганские политические верхи на одну из сторон. Методы применялись разные, от мощной экономической поддержки до связей с внутренними организациями, нередко находящиеся в оппозиции к власти. Соседний Пакистан также имел серьезную ценность в регионе, поэтому поддержка оказывалась и ему. Пр

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Wijkström, Filip, and Stefan Einarsson. "Comparing Swedish Foundations: A Carefully Negotiated Space of Existence." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 13 (May 20, 2018): 1889–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218773439.

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Foundations and philanthropy currently play a very limited role in the Swedish welfare. The same is true in fields like Culture and Recreation or International Activities. Only in the case of funding of research do Swedish foundations exhibit a role possible to define in terms of substitution rather than weak complementarity in relation to government. Despite marginal positions for philanthropy, Sweden displays a wealthy as well as growing foundation population, which seems like a paradox, at least in comparison to the situation in Germany and the United States where foundations traditionally

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Iskandaryan, Gohar M. "US Leverage Tools in Iran in 1950s - 1960s." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 23, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2023-23-1-116-129.

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The study presents an analysis of American influence in Iran after the World War II. The author describes how American foreign policy concepts worked in Iran, and opened a window into the country for American oil industries. The importance and relevance of the article lie in the fact that the players have not changed significantly, nor have the rules of the game and the actions they evoke changed much. Although the foreign policy toolkit of the US has been modernized, very often old methods are still practiced in the region, thus the study and analysis of those are very valuable today. The aut

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Prudon, Theodore. "Preservation and public housing in the United States." Housing for All, no. 65 (2021): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/65.a.08i5whu3.

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Public housing is an important part of the heritage of the 20th century that deserves preservation, but is in danger of being demolished or unrecognizably altered. The United States, which saw the construction of such government sponsored projects, largely between 1930 and 1975, is no exception. In the last four decades government efforts have continued to shift towards financial incentives for private initiatives for design, construction and property management. This housing legacy, if being preserved, still needs to be improved so it can continue to serve as affordable housing in the 21st ce

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Ramaswamy, Mahesh, and S. Asha. "Caste Politics and State Integration: a Case Study of Mysore State." International Journal of Area Studies 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 195–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijas-2015-0009.

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Abstract The subject of unification is as vibrant as national movement even after 58 years of a fractured verdict. More than to achieve a physical conjugation it was an attempt for cultural fusion. The aspiration for linguistic unification was a part of the national discourse. The movement, which began with mystic originations, later on turned out to become communal. Political changes during 1799 A.D. and 1857 A.D. changed the fortunes of Mysore state and ultimately led to its disintegration and became the reason for this movement. The concept of unification is akin to the spirit of nationalis

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Meynell, Leola. "Aimi Hamraie Building Access: Universal Design and the Politics of Disability." Genealogy 3, no. 1 (February 19, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy3010008.

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Aimi Hamraie’s Building Access: Universal Design and the Politics of Disability (University of Minnesota Press, 2017) critically traces the Universal Design movement in the United States, from its diverse inceptions in the mid-20th century to its broad applications today [...]

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14

Augustine, Acheoah Ofeh. "Second Amendment and the Gun-Control Controversies: A Flaw in Constitutional Framing and an Antinomy of American Conservatism." Addaiyan Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 8 (November 10, 2019): 24–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36099/ajahss.1.8.4.

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This article is a critical input to the national and international debate on Gun Control and the 2nd Amendment to the United States Constitution since 1791. Auspiciously, the paper interrogates the historical, ideological, and socio-cultural roots of the Gun Rights from Medieval Europe to modern America as well as its implications for homeland security in 21st Century American society. The whole legalistic, philosophical and socio-cultural rationale for and against the Gun Control Question in mainstream American politics elicits many questions: Why has it been legislatively infeasible to addre

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Navdaeva, M. E. "Conceptualisation of Sea Power in Global Politics." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Political Science and Religion Studies 47 (2024): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3380.2024.47.80.

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The article studies the formation of the sea power theory and its influence on world politics. Although seas influenced the rise and fall of states since ancient times, they acquired strategic importance only after the beginning of the Age of Discovery. From that moment, sea turned into a global transport network and also became a political instrument for transforming the balance of power in the world. After that the formation of the sea power of states began, which led to the rise of the British colonial empire. The research of the success of Great Britain formed the theory of sea power, whic

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Schmidt, Josef M. "Die Entwicklung der Homöopathie in den Vereinigten Staaten." Gesnerus 51, no. 1-2 (November 27, 1994): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0510102007.

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After an enormous spread in the United States of America during the 19th century homeopathy had almost completely vanished from the scene by the beginning of the 20th century. For the past two decades, however, it seems once again to experience a kind of renaissance. Major aspects of this development—in terms of medical and cultural history, sociology, politics, and economics—are illustrated on the basis of a general history of homeopathy in the United States. Using original sources, a first attempt is made to reconstruct the history of homeopathy in San Francisco which has some institutional

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17

Raja, Muhammad Yasin Sultan, Muhammad Rehan Zafar, and Sidra Sulman Malik. "Dynamics of Sino Russian Cooperation: History and future Prospects." Global International Relations Review V, no. III (September 30, 2022): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(v-iii).05.

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After the end of the cold war international politics had moved from bi-polar to uni-polar resulting in instability. The United States of America to achieve her geo strategic interests took aggressive action which made other states insecure. We have witnessed a rise in the number of wars happened in the last decade of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century. The Middle East is still facing the aftershocks of Arab Spring and the Europe is still divided the way it was during the cold war. To counter the hegemonic designs of the United States of America and its allies Sino Russia

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18

Cortez, Jonathan. "Ruminations on the Camp Space in the United States during the 20th Century." SHS Web of Conferences 136 (2022): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213604002.

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This paper is a brief stream of thought on the function of encampments in the United States during the 20th century. This work derives directly from my still-in-progress dissertation, “The Age of Encampment: Race, Surveillance, and the Power of Spatial Scripts, 19331950.” The dissertation charts a history of the creation of federally-funded camps and their lasting legacies beginning with the creation of New Deal-era liberal policies through the incarceration of enemies of the state during WWII. By revealing the history of federally-funded encampments in the US, I argue that camp spaces were ra

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19

Orren, Karen. "Union Politics and Postwar Liberalism in the United States, 1946–1979." Studies in American Political Development 1 (1986): 215–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00000365.

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It is evident now that the political structures built in the United States over the last half-century depended for their successful functioning on a set of international conditions that no longer exist. The government programs of the 1930s to protect labor organization, promote high agricultural prices, and provide cheap credit would have caused, had the gold standard not been defunct, massive gold outflows, worsening the already severe economic contraction. The postwar offspring of these programs have multiplied under conditions of international trade and finance that in effect permitted the

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Rønnedal, Vibeke Sofie Sandager. "The Politics of Gun Control in the United States." Leviathan: Interdisciplinary Journal in English, no. 5 (August 19, 2019): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/lev.v0i5.115497.

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The discussion of the right to keep and bear arms has been a growing issue in American society during the past two decades. This article examines the origin of the right and whether it is still relevant in contemporary American society. It is found that the Second Amendment was written for two main reasons: to protect the people of the frontier from wildlife and foreign as well as native enemies, and to ensure the citizen militia being armed and ready to fight for a country with a deep-rooted mistrust of a standing army and a strongly centralized government. As neither of these reasons have ap

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Bulkley, J. W. "Entering the 21st Century: Water Quality Issues River Basin Management." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1992): 1857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0630.

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Water quality issues have developed primarily in the 20th century in the United States of America. Historically, the emphasis has been placed upon the protection of human health with the states and local units of government having responsibility for ensuring implementation of programs and activities to provide for maintenance of public health needs. In 1948, legislation established an active role for the federal government in the provision of water quality and protection of public health. In 1972, the federal government initiated a vigorous program aimed to limit both industrial and municipal

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Zhong, Cheng. "A perspective of historically cultural studies on Bob Dylan’s epic “Murder Most Foul”." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 10-1 (October 1, 2022): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202210statyi31.

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Bob Dylan released his newest ballad epic “Murder Most Foul” in the COVID-19 Pandemic 2020. He portrays himself as a poetic singer who cares about the history and destiny of his country and people by narrating the cultural and historical event of the 50s and 60s in the 20th century in the United States in retrospect. This article reflexes the culture, history, politics and globalization process in the pandemic by introducing concepts of collective representations, analogical modes of thinking and totality from a perspective of cultural studies in anticipating a united social community of the U

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Linde, Robyn. "From Rapists to Superpredators: what the practice of capital punishment says about race, rights and the American child." International Journal of Children's Rights 19, no. 1 (2011): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181810x528706.

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AbstractAt the turn of the 20th century, the United States was widely considered to be a world leader in matters of child protection and welfare, a reputation lost by the century's end. This paper suggests that the United States' loss of international esteem concerning child welfare was directly related to its practice of executing juvenile off enders. The paper analyzes why the United States continued to carry out the juvenile death penalty after the establishment of juvenile courts and other protections for child criminals. Two factors allowed the United States to continue the juvenile death

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Blue, Ethan. "National Vitality, Migrant Abjection, and Coercive Mobility: The Biopolitical History of American Deportation." Leonardo 48, no. 3 (June 2015): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01027.

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The United States has one of the world’s most extensive systems of mass removal. Its historical roots draw on 19th century biopolitical traditions of border control and internal anti-immigrant policing. In the early 20th century, rail technologies enabled an economical assemblage of steel and law, of racism and politics, attempting national purification by expelling ‘undesirable aliens.’ The process differentiated between the categories of privileged citizenship and abject alienage. The possibilities of national cleansing through deportation allowed new modes of sovereign governance, defined t

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Yu, Henry. "Reviving a Lost Potential of the Chicago School of Sociology?" Journal of Migration History 1, no. 2 (October 29, 2015): 215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00102004.

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This paper traces the effects of anti-Asian politics and immigration exclusion in shaping early studies of Asian migration in the Pacific region, in particular within the United States, Canada, and Australian. Yu argues that there are collaborative community research approaches that marked early 20th century studies of Asian migrants to North America that should be recovered, a lost potential of early survey research work of the Chicago school of sociology in general.

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Hesser, James E., David Bohlender, and Dennis Crabtree. "Canada's Dominion Astrophysical Observatory and the rise of 20th Century Astrophysics and Technology." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29A (August 2015): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316002520.

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AbstractConstruction of Canada's Dominion Astrophysical Observatory (DAO) commenced in 1914 with first light on 6 May 1918. As distinct from the contemporaneous development with private funding of major observatories in the western United States, DAO was (and remains) funded by the federal government. Canada's initial foray into ‘big science’, creation of DAO during the First World War was driven by Canada's desire to contribute significantly to the international rise of observational astrophysics enabled by photographic spectroscopy. In 2009 the Observatory was designated a National Historic

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MUNG, Duong Thanh. "Trade between the United States and Indochinese Union in the First Half of the 20th Century." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 2 (2024): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080030063-6.

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This article aims to analyze the commercial activities between the Indochinese Union (Indochina) and the United States in the first half of the XX century. The study focuses on three fundamental issues: The US efforts to seek markets in the Indochina region; commercial exchanges between the French-controlled Indochina and the US in the first half of the XX century; and the commercial benefits that the parties obtained. The results show that the commercial exchange between the Indochina and the US was under the strict management and control of the French colonial government. The policies that F

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Subotin, A. "FUTURE OF US HEGEMONY." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 139 (2019): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2019.139.0.4-12.

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Abstract. The demise of the bipolar system of international politics has revived interest in such closely related and contested terms as "superpower", "hegemon", "empire" and "imperialism". This article represents an attempt to define the most probable trend in the future evolution of the international system with regard to the role of the United States of America as the most prominent state power of today's world. This article seeks to analyse the US power posture in today's world politics by comparing its core capabilities to those of the classical empire of the previous century - the Britis

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Muhammad, Fida, Muhammad Ayaz Khan, and Saif Ul Islam. "Role of religion in American politics: An analysis of the influence of Evangelical Church in Israeli Palestinian conflict." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 2, no. 2 (November 23, 2021): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/2.2.12.

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The politics of the Holy land is of crucial importance to the followers of the three Abrahamic religions in terms of religious beliefs, which metamorphosed into military and political significance in the 20th Century. The United States (U.S) support for Israel is especially visible during the republican presidencies. The U.S had five republican presidents from 1980 to 2020, and their evangelical beliefs shaped American foreign policy toward this region, a policy that may loosely be termed as affected by Christian Zionism, which was originally a 16th Century religious Puritan movement, who latt

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Danilov, Alexey Vitalievich. "Retrospective of using the US universities and the Foreign Policy Association as elements of public diplomacy in the United States." RUDN Journal of World History 12, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2020-12-3-286-291.

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The article covers the period of implemetation of the leading US universities and the Foreign Policy Association as elements of US public diplomacy wchich their impact in economic, political and cultural influence all over the world. The author methodically and consistently cites analytical, historical facts proving an indirect and direct impact on the foreign policy of countries. The relevance of the article is due to the high significance and influence of non-state actors on world politics nowdays. The author points out that the political course of the leadership of the United States from th

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MERTON, JOE. "RETHINKING THE POLITICS OF WHITE ETHNICITY IN 1970s AMERICA." Historical Journal 55, no. 3 (August 3, 2012): 731–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1200026x.

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ABSTRACTHistorians have tended to characterize the ‘white ethnic’ identity politics of the 1970s in the United States as a significant feature of the conservative counterrevolution, especially the rise of populist racial conservatism and its splintering of the Democratic New Deal coalition. Seeking to provide a broader, more representative portrait of white ethnic mobilization, activism, and institutionalization in government, with particular focus on the work of Rev. Geno Baroni, the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs, and the Carter administration's Office of Ethnic Affairs, this artic

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Li, Yutong. "Comparing the Efficiency of Gender Policy in Canada and the United States by the Female Employment Rate." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 18, no. 1 (September 13, 2023): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/18/20230068.

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Companies in society began to focus more on gender problems and provide more privileges for women by creating policies that recruit more female employees. The efficiency of this policy differs in various fields in different countries despite almost every company utilizing this policy. By looking at the data about the changes in the number of women employees and women employees-to-all employees ratio from the 20th century to now, this research paper compares the rate of female employment changes in two countries, Canada and the United States. To indicate which country, Canada or the United Stat

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K. Ryan, Mary. "Filming Change: Civil Rights through the Lens of Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner? and To Kill a Mockingbird." [Inter]sections 9, no. 23 (January 4, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/inter.9.23.1.

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The 1960s were a turbulent decade in the United States. Significant social changes, especially in the realm of antiracism and antisexism, were afoot. Concurrently, in an echo to such dramatic social change, popular culture was also evolving. This article examines two relevant films to evaluate their ability to perform a moral critique of gender and racial politics in the 1960s. Alongside an analysis of social and political trends and Supreme Court cases, I compare two critically acclaimed industry films, To Kill a Mockingbird (1962) and Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner (1967), to better understand

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Hartmann, Betsy. "Population Control I: Birth of an Ideology." International Journal of Health Services 27, no. 3 (July 1997): 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/bl3n-xajx-0yqb-vqbx.

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Population control, as a major international development strategy, is a relatively recent phenomenon. However, its origins reach back to social currents in the 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in an organized birth control movement in Europe and the United States. The conflicts and contradictions in that movement's history presage many of today's debates over population policy and women's rights. Eugenics had a deep influence on the U.S. birth control movement in the first half of the 20th century. After World War II private agencies and foundations played an important role in legiti

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Malatsai, I. "MIGRATION FROM HUNGARY TO AMERICA IN THE LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE "COLLECTION OF CONSULAR REPORTS")." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 147 (2020): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.147.5.

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The article is devoted to the study of the problem of migration processes in the late 19th – early 20th centuries from the territory of Austria-Hungary to America. Demand for workers in the United States, which has been active since the mid-19th century and exacerbation of socio-economic contradictions in Austria-Hungary in the second half of the 19th century, caused the intensification of migration flows between the two continents. Among the emigrants were all the nations who inhabited the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. But the population of the north-eastern regions of the country prevailed. At

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Vaillancourt, François, and Robert D. Ebel. "The Size, Growth, and Composition of Government: Analysis and Evidence for Canada and the United States." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 70, Supp (2022): 5–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2022.70.supp.vaillancourt.

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The topic of measuring the growth and size of government, on which there is now a robust literature and policy debate, held little interest for economists in the 18th and 19th centuries and throughout much of the 20th century. Although it is a bit dangerous to date when perceptions of the importance of the topic began to shift, a good place to start is with Richard Bird's research for the Canadian Tax Foundation in 1970 on the growth of government spending in Canada. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review what Bird recognized is an evolutionary process, and then to examine the manner i

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Williams, Brian. "“That we may live”: Pesticides, plantations, and environmental racism in the United States South." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 1, no. 1-2 (March 2018): 243–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848618778085.

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This article situates pesticides as technologies marked by both continuities and discontinuities from previous modes of agrarian racism in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta, a plantation region of the United States South. Attention to the historical-geographical specificity of pesticide intensification, I argue, provides the means to understand pesticide intensification as a mode of what I term agro-environmental racism. Anti-Black racism shaped the politics of pesticides, underpinning policies and material practices that were destructive of both the environment and human welfare in the Delta and be

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Zhao, Jialin, and Rainer Feldbacher. "Reflection of Sexual Morality in Literature and Art." Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 1, no. 3 (August 21, 2020): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v1i3.32.

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Tocqueville, in his book “Democracy in America”, talked about the concept of sexual morality, introduced it into his newpolitical science, and reflected on the situation of social morality before and after the French Revolution with the help of hisinvestigation of American social morality. From the end of the 19th century to late 20th century, the development of sexualmorality in the US and France has undergone different changes. In France before and after the Revolution, sexual ethicsshowed a very different picture, from palace porn culture and pornography before the Revolution to revolutiona

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Forbath, William E. "Courts, Constitutions, and Labor Politics in England and America: A Study of the Constitutive Power of Law." Law & Social Inquiry 16, no. 01 (1991): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1991.tb00282.x.

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For most of the 19th century, the labor movements of England and America seemed to be developing along similar lines. Then, in the decades around the turn of the century, both movements were embroiled in a common battle over the political soul of trade unionism. In England, the champions of broad, class-based social and industrial reforms prevailed. In the United States, they lost, and the winners were the voluntarists, who held that labor should steer clear of politics as much as possible. This article suggests that the key reasons for the divergence lie not in the sociology of the working cl

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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 60, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1986): 55–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002066.

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-John Parker, Norman J.W. Thrower, Sir Francis Drake and the famous voyage, 1577-1580. Los Angeles: University of California Press, Contributions of the UCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies Vol. 11, 1984. xix + 214 pp.-Franklin W. Knight, B.W. Higman, Trade, government and society in Caribbean history 1700-1920. Kingston: Heinemann Educational Books, 1983. xii + 172 pp.-A.J.R. Russel-Wood, Lyle N. McAlister, Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492-1700. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion Volume III, 1984. xxxi + 585 pp.-Tony M

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Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Peverill Squire. "The Politics of Institutional Choice: Presidential Ballot Access for Third Parties in the United States." British Journal of Political Science 25, no. 3 (July 1995): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400007274.

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During the nineteenth century, a presidential voter actually selected a party-prepared candidate list, casting it in full view of others. The ‘Australian’ ballot, adopted in nearly all states by 1900, took away party preparation of the ballot. State officials now prepared overall candidate lists from which the voter picked in secret. The introduction of the Australian ballot was heralded as a blow against political corruption and for ‘good government’. But practical questions arose. With the state itself responsible for the ballot, how should it decide which candidates to list? Some barriers t

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Gratton, Brian. "Race or Politics? Henry Cabot Lodge and the Origins of the Immigration Restriction Movement in the United States." Journal of Policy History 30, no. 1 (December 19, 2017): 128–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030617000410.

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Abstract:This article addresses the origins of the immigration restriction movement in the late 19th century United States, a movement that realized its aims in the early 20th. It critiques the dominant scholarly interpretation, which holds that the movement sprang from a racism that viewed the new immigrants of this period as biologically inferior. It argues first that activists did not have at hand a biological theory sufficient to this characterization and did not employ one. It argues second that the movement arose as an adroit political response to labor market competition. The Republican

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Ade-Ibijola, Aderemi Opeyemi, and Bheki Richard Mngomezulu. "The East-West Ideological Struggle and the Politics of African Decolonization in the United Nations: Historical Analysis." Issues in Social Science 8, no. 2 (December 5, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/iss.v8i2.18067.

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The history of African decolonization discourses in the United Nations (UN) in the 20th century was replete with vested interests under the guise of moral concerns. This interest was occasioned mainly by the prevalence of the Ideological struggles better known as the ‘Cold War’ between West which the United States led, and the East which was led by the then Soviet Union and allies respectively. Against this background, this paper argues based on the preponderance of archival documents and relevant scholarly resources that the deep-rooted worldwide rivalry for world dominance which ensued betwe

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CALCAGNO, PETER T., and EDWARD J. LÓPEZ. "Informal norms trump formal constraints: the evolution of fiscal policy institutions in the United States." Journal of Institutional Economics 13, no. 1 (November 3, 2016): 211–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137416000321.

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AbstractTwo shifts of informal rules occurred in the decades around the turn of the 20th century that continue to shape U.S. fiscal policy outcomes. Spending norms in the electorate shifted to expand the scope of the government budget to promote economic security and macroeconomic stability. Simultaneously, norms for elected office shifted to careerism. Both norms were later codified into formal rules as legislation creating entitlement programs, macroeconomic responsibility, and organizational changes to the fiscal policy process. This institutional evolution increased demand for federal expe

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Korunova, Evgenia. "From Eventual Neutrality to Non-Aligned Policy at the Initial Stage of the Cold War: the Swedish Experience." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016461-6.

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This article is devoted to the shaping of a new security doctrine in Sweden after World War II, its evolving from eventual neutrality to a deliberate avoidance of military-political alliances, meaning non-alliance politics. Later this concept was called “freedom from alliances in peacetime in order to maintain neutrality in the times of war”. The author of the article focuses on establishing of Sweden&apos;s non-alliance politics, which took place at the time of the antagonism gaining between the United States and the USSR in the late 1940s — early 1950s, describes the main difficulties th

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Sheffield, Rebecca M., Frances M. D’Andrea, Valerie Morash, and Sarah Chatfield. "How Many Braille Readers? Policy, Politics, and Perception." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 116, no. 1 (January 2022): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x211071125.

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Introduction This study involved a systematic literature review to document the sources behind publications and citations that comprise knowledge about rates of braille usage/literacy among people with visual impairments in the United States. Methods Predefined search criteria were used to extract publications that potentially mentioned claims about braille literacy and usage rates, dating back as far as the early 20th century. Systematic analyses narrowed the set of publications to a collection of 95 articles and manuscripts that made specific statements about the prevalence of braille reader

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Gill, Timothy M. "From Promoting Political Polyarchy to Defeating Participatory Democracy: U.S. Foreign Policy towards the Far Left in Latin America." Journal of World-Systems Research 24, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 72–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2018.750.

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During the 1980s, the United States initiated an explicit policy of democracy promotion throughout the world. William Robinson (1996) more accurately described this initiative as “promoting polyarchy,” whereby the United States supported moderate elite actors that promoted neoliberal economic policies to displace both right-wing and communist despots, such as General Augusto Pinochet in Chile and Soviet rulers in Eastern Europe. While much of Latin America remained characterized by polyarchies throughout the late 20th Century, Latin American citizens began to reject these political arrangement

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Ros, Jaime. "Free Trade Area or Common Capital Market? Notes on Mexico-US Economic Integration and Current NAFTA Negotiations." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 34, no. 2 (1992): 53–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166029.

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This Article addresses some of the key issues involved in understanding current trade negotiations between Mexico and the United States, as well as their significance for the process of economic integration in North America. These issues derive from the new setting produced by (a) Mexico's trade and investment liberalization in the 1980s, (b) the incentives which underlie the drive towards integration, as well as (c) those factors which will condition the final content of the current negotiating process.A free trade agreement (FTA) with the United States could be seen as the logical conclusion

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Kinnersley, Randall L. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOTALS COLUMN ON THE COMBINED BALANCE SHEET FOR STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES DURING THE 20th CENTURY." Accounting Historians Journal 43, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.43.1.33.

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This study examines the historical development during the 20th century of the totals column reported on the financial statement that reported assets, liabilities, and equity for all funds of state and local governments (SLGs) within the United States. This research documents the evolution of accounting standards that addressed the totals column. SLG accounting professionals and standards-setters debated whether it was appropriate for SLGs to report a combined totals column throughout the century. The totals column was optional or forbidden in some reporting standards. Other SLG standards permi

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Rogaski, Ruth. "The Manchurian Plague and COVID-19: China, the United States, and the “Sick Man,” Then and Now." American Journal of Public Health 111, no. 3 (March 2021): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305960.

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In this article, I explore the historical resonances between China’s 1911 pneumonic plague and our current situation with COVID-19. At the turn of the 20th century, China was labeled “the Sick Man of the Far East”: a once-powerful country that had become burdened by opium addiction, infectious disease, and an ineffective government. In 1911, this weakened China faced an outbreak of pneumonic plague in Manchuria that killed more than 60 000 people. After the 1911 plague, a revolutionized China radically restructured its approach to public health to eliminate the stigma of being “the Sick Man.”

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