Academic literature on the topic 'United States. Public Roads Bureau'
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Journal articles on the topic "United States. Public Roads Bureau"
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Zhang, Licheng, Mingzhou Jin, Zhirui Ye, Haodong Li, David B. Clarke, and Yanyan Wang. "Macrolevel Classification Yard Capacity Modeling." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2608, no. 1 (2017): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2608-14.
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Classification yards play a significant role in railroad freight transportation and are often considered bottlenecks for railroad networks. Based on a generic yard simulation model, the model in the presented study fits the Bureau of Public Roads function, which is widely used in highway capacity to represent the volume–dwell time relationship. The proposed analytical model incorporates major features of rail yards, such as the number and capacity of tracks in each area, the number of engines and humps, the humping speed, and the assemble rate. The model is validated by historical data from 16 classification yards of Class I railroads in the United States. The results show that the proposed model can generate precise capacity data of rail yard, as well as the dwell time of rail cars in yards. The dwell time increases sharply when the volume is greater than the capacity of a rail yard. The identified relationship may help a railroad analyze its network at the macro level and therefore improve the systemwide capacity and efficiency.
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Ngai, Mae M. "The Strange Career of the Illegal Alien: Immigration Restriction and Deportation Policy in the United States, 1921–1965." Law and History Review 21, no. 1 (2003): 69–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3595069.
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In January 1930 officials of the Bureau of Immigration testified about the Border Patrol before a closed session of the House Immigration Committee. Henry Hull, the commissioner general of immigration, explained that the Border Patrol did not operate “on the border line” but as far as one hundred miles “back of the line.” The Border Patrol, he said, was “a scouting organization and a pursuit organization…. [Officers] operate on roads without warrants and wherever they find an alien they stop him. If he is illegally in the country, they take him to unit headquarters.”
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Gransberg, Douglas D. "Chip Seal Program Excellence in the United States." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1933, no. 1 (2005): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193300109.
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A survey of U.S. public highway and road agencies that use chip seals as a part of their roadway maintenance program was developed and conducted to identify best practices in chip seal design and construction. A total of 72 individual responses from 42 U.S. states and 12 U.S. cities and counties were received; of those, nine respondents reported that they were getting excellent results from their chip seal programs. Those responses were grouped together and analyzed by the case study method to identify trends that lead to consistently excellent chip seal results. The study found that the successful chip seal programs had much in common. They use chip seals as a preventive maintenance tool, applying them to roads before distress levels were classified as moderate. They require their contractors to use the latest technology, and they exploit advances in material science such as the use of modified binders. And most of them use chip seals on both high- and low-volume roads.
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Bednarczuk, Michael. "Ideology, Vote Choice, and Bureaucracy Across Time: A Longitudinal Test of the Bureau Voting Model in the United States." Administration & Society 50, no. 6 (2015): 812–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399715598342.
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How applicable is the bureau voting model to the United States? Although the literature suggests that government employees are more liberal and vote more Democratic, these findings have recently become inconsistent stateside. In addition, there are strong counterarguments to the premises of the bureau voting model. It is hypothesized that bureaucrats are neither more likely to support Democrats nor more liberal. Using data from the American National Election Studies covering a 30-year period, probit and generalized ordered logit models support these new hypotheses. These results suggest that the bureau voting model may need to be refined for the United States.
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Smith, Bryant Walker. "Automated Vehicles Are Probably Legal in the United States." Texas A&M Law Review 1, no. 3 (2014): 411–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v1.i3.1.
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This article provides the most comprehensive discussion to date of whether so-called automated, autonomous, self-driving, or driverless vehicles can be lawfully sold and used on public roads in the United States. The short answer is that the computer direction of a motor vehicle’s steering, braking, and accelerating without real-time human input is probably legal. The long answer, which follows, provides a foundation for tailoring regulations and understanding liability issues related to these vehicles. The article’s largely descriptive analysis, which begins with the principle that everything is permitted unless prohibited, covers three key legal regimes: the 1949 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic, regulations enacted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and the vehicle codes of all fifty U.S. states.
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Baker, Marissa G. "Nonrelocatable Occupations at Increased Risk During Pandemics: United States, 2018." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 8 (2020): 1126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305738.
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Objectives. To characterize which occupations in the United States could likely work from home during a pandemic such as COVID-19. Methods. I merged 2018 US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) national employment and wage data with measures ranking the importance of computer use at work and the importance of working with or performing for the public from the BLS O*NET survey. Results. Approximately 25% (35.6 million) of US workers are employed in occupations (such as technology, administrative, financial, and engineering) that could be done from home; the remaining 75% work in occupations (including health care, manufacturing, retail, and food services) that are challenging to do from home. Conclusions. Most US workers are employed in occupations that cannot be done at home, putting 108.4 million workers at increased risk for adverse health outcomes related to working during a pandemic. These workers tend to be lower paid. The stress experienced by lower-income groups, coupled with job insecurity, could result in a large burden of mental health disorders in the United States in addition to increased cases of COVID-19 from workplace transmission.
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B., Z. "A new causative agent of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis. As reported by the Bureau of the Public Health Service." Kazan medical journal 32, no. 1 (2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj80373.
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According to the Bureau of the Public Health Service (Washington), over the past five years, the number of diseases in the United States has been epidemic. cerebrospin. meningitis was very high (numbers not indicated), exceeding the number of diseases in the period since the beginning of the worlds, war.
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Nicholas, Phil, and Andrew Churchill. "The Federal Bureau of Narcotics, the States, and the Origins of Modern Drug Enforcement in the United States, 1950–1962." Contemporary Drug Problems 39, no. 4 (2012): 595–640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145091203900402.
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Over one million drug arrests occur in the United States each year, the vast majority of which are made at the state and local levels. This study examines the time period when state and local governments began to aggressively police illegal drugs, and we seek to determine the extent Harry Anslinger, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics Commissioner, actively encouraged these governments to expand drug enforcement and adopt more punitive sentences. The study found that although Anslinger and his agency worked to influence state and local drug policy in the United States, they enjoyed varying levels of success from state to state. By the mid-1950s, a new intergovernmental enforcement regime had emerged where the federal, state, and local governments adopted punitive drug laws and invested resources in policing drugs. Drug enforcement remains the dominant policy approach in the United States.
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Renzulli, Linda A. "Entrepreneurial Ambitions in the Public Sector." education policy analysis archives 10 (April 10, 2002): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v10n19.2002.
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In this article, I study charter schools as social innovations within the population of established public educational institutions. I begin by briefly outlining the history of public schools in the United States. Organizational theories are applied to explain the perpetuation of the structure of public schools since World War II. Next, I delineate the characteristics of educational reform movements in the United States by focusing on the charter school movement. Then, I use an evolutionary approach to study the environmental characteristics that drive the perceived need for innovation and the promotion of experimentation. Using data compiled from the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, the Census Bureau, and North Carolina State Data Center, I examine the characteristics of the local environment that promotes the submission of charter school applications in North Carolina over a three-year period, 1996-1998. It is shown that school districts in need of school choice do have a higher mean charter school submission rate. Also, some community characteristics and available resources are important for the initial stage of charter school formation.
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Morris, Hugh, and John Decicco. "Extent to Which User Fees Cover Road Expenditures in the United States." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1576, no. 1 (1997): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1576-07.
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The extent to which road users pay, through user fees, the full cost of the infrastructure and services they consume has been an issue for several decades. In contrast to most previous studies, a recent American Petroleum Institute (API) report concludes that payments by road users exceed direct government road expenditures by 50 percent. The API study points out that conventional accounts of road finance data report only revenues used for highways, thereby excluding funds from other automobile-related transactions (such as vehicle sales taxes) that are not specifically spent on roads. Two major issues with the accounting methodology used by API are identified: incorrect attribution of general taxes as user fees and neglect of various road-related costs. Combined, these shortcomings inflate the revenue side of the ledger and hold down the expenditure side. A more detailed accounting of the revenues generated by road users as well as the public costs, both direct and indirect, that are attributable to the road system and its use is presented. Reexamination of the 1992 accounts indicates that total public expenditures on road-related items were $97.2 billion, whereas public revenues specifically raised from road users amounted to $75.5 billion. The result is a gap of $21.7 billion that was spent on road-related items that were not covered by road user fees. Thus, road user fees covered only 78 percent of public road-related costs in the United States in 1992.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "United States. Public Roads Bureau"
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Banis, David. "The Wilderness Problem: A Narrative of Contested Landscapes in San Juan County, Utah." PDXScholar, 2004. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1972.
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Wilderness preservation has been at the center of debates about public land policy for almost half a century, and nowhere has the controversy been more intractable than in Utah. Despite its vast expanses of unsetded and undeveloped red rock desert, managed primarily by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Utah has less designated wilderness than in any other state in the West. In this study, I focus on San Juan County in southeast Utah to study the conflict over the designation of wilderness. The controversy pits local residents and state politicians against state and national environmental groups, with the BLM shifting positions in between.
I analyze and interpret the wilderness debate from three different perspectives. The fIrst explores the history of the Utah wilderness debate from the first BLM wilderness inventory in the 1970's through its re-inventory in the 1990's. I examine the influence of national, regional, and local forces such as institutional change within the BLM, in-fIghting among Utah-based environmental interest groups, and the sagebrush rebellion and county supremacy movements. The second perspective incorporates the spatial analytical techniques of geographical information systems to provide a relatively objective view of landscape characteristics used to defIne wilderness. I interpret the landscape as a continuum of varying degrees of wildness, a product of inherent naturalness and the influences of human impacts. Lastly, I examine the personal views of the meaning of wilderness through the words of actual participants in the debate. In an analysis of the statements of both county residents as well as the Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance, I explore the mental images and ideas that influence the ways in which people value and understand the desert environment.
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Kimball, Marilynn Jean. "Major crime victim's perceptions of the San Bernardino County District Attorney's Office." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2532.
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The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of perceptions crime victims have of the San Bernardino County District Attorney's Office. This project focused on crime victims' perceptions of communication channels and service delivery at the San Bernardino County District Attorney's Office. This research is based on a victim survey used for primary data collection.
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Stultz, Henry Eugene. "An analysis of the Federal and California False Claims Acts and the implications for the California Department of Transportation." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2562.
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The construction of state highway projects is bid out each year at approximately three billion dollars. Claims from contractors for additional compensation are common. This paper investigates the policies and procedures for handling claims and explores the False Claims Act case law and its implications for the Department of Transportation's contract administration.
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Smith, William S. II. "Send in the...Scholars?: The History of the Fulbright Program from 1961-1970." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1305116307.
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Berrios-Ayala, Mark. "Brave New World Reloaded: Advocating for Basic Constitutional Search Protections to Apply to Cell Phones from Eavesdropping and Tracking by Government and Corporate Entities." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1547.
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Imagine a world where someone’s personal information is constantly compromised, where federal government entities AKA Big Brother always knows what anyone is Googling, who an individual is texting, and their emoticons on Twitter. Government entities have been doing this for years; they never cared if they were breaking the law or their moral compass of
human dignity. Every day the Federal government blatantly siphons data with programs from the original ECHELON to the new series like PRISM and Xkeyscore so they can keep their tabs on issues that are none of their business; namely, the personal lives of millions. Our allies are taking note; some are learning our bad habits, from Government Communications Headquarters’ (GCHQ) mass shadowing sharing plan to America’s Russian inspiration, SORM. Some countries are following the United States’ poster child pose of a Brave New World like order of global events. Others like Germany are showing their resolve in their disdain for the rise of tyranny. Soon, these new found surveillance troubles will test the resolve of the American Constitution and its nation’s strong love and tradition of liberty. Courts are currently at work to resolve how current concepts of liberty and privacy apply to the current conditions facing the privacy of society. It remains to be determined how liberty will be affected as well; liberty for the United States of America, for the European Union, the Russian Federation and for the people of the World in regards to the extent of privacy in today’s blurred privacy expectations.B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
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Hardin, Travis L. "A comparative study of Native American student academic achievement in public and Bureau of Indian Education schools." 2012. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1697793.
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This research utilized data from the 2009 National Assessment of Educational
Progress to examine the relationship between demographic variables and academic
achievement. Previous studies have demonstrated the influences of race, poverty, English language proficiency, and school racial composition on academic performance, and this research sought to understand these relationships in students from racial minority groups, particularly Native American students. Additionally, the relationship between attendance in public versus Bureau of Indian Education schools and test scores was examined. Results highlighted the achievement gap between White students and those from racial
minority groups, including Native American students, and revealed negative relationships
between the demographic variables and academic performance. Students in poverty,
English language learners, those who attended schools with higher proportions of
minority students, and those who attended BIE schools scored lower than their
counterparts in all grade levels and subjects. Implications for improving Native American student performance are discussed, including the need for culturally relevant curricula, the possibility of instruction in Native languages, and further examination into factors that facilitate academic achievement in BIE schools. Future directions for research also are discussed, including the use of survey research methods with and the use of qualitative research to understand the educational experiences of Native American students.Department of Educational Psychology
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Ogren, Kimberly. "An investigation and analysis of the incentives and disincentives for conflict prevention and mitigation in the Bureau of Reclamation's water management." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/30150.
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This study addresses the question: "What are the incentives and disincentives for conflict prevention and mitigation in the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), and how do they factor into Reclamation's management of water in the western United States?" Incentives and disincentives for conflict prevention (i.e., actions taken to avoid conflict) and mitigation (i.e., actions taken to resolve, manage, or temper a conflictive situation after conflict has occurred) are identified through a survey and focus groups of Reclamation employees. The two dominant disincentives identified are a lack of resources and Reclamation's organizational culture--specifically its reliance on crisis management, water delivery tunnel vision, and being slow to change. Other disincentives include a lack of forward planning, the existence of an acceptable bandwidth or level of conflict, a perception that conflict is unavoidable or entrenched, politics, and limits on acceptable actions associated with the legal authorization of Reclamation projects. Fewer incentives for conflict prevention and mitigation were identified, but include, pressure from higher management, the promotion of collaboration within the Bureau, and a desire to avoid litigation. The institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework offers some insight into how these incentives and disincentives factored into the implementation of the Water2025 Initiative, and Reclamation’s experience with the Middle Rio Grande silvery minnow and the Endangered Species Act. As attributes of the community and rules-in-use, incentives and disincentives such as organizational culture, politics, funding availability, the desire to avoid litigation, the promotion of collaboration within the agency, and a lack of planning effort offer possible explanations of why Reclamation chose to act as it did.Graduation date: 2012
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Torres, Tami McMillen. "Cultural identity and resident perceptions of recreational boating and the BLM : a case study from a gateway community." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/10430.
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Conflict among residents of a gateway community regarding the breadth of perceptions of
impacts from commercial whitewater rafting and the need for mitigating policies persists
despite an intensive planning process and implementation of policies to mitigate negative
effects. With an overarching purpose of exploring the nature of conflict, specific study
objectives are 1) to characterize Pilar resident perceptions of recreation and the BLM, 2) to
describe how Pilar as a community adjusts to recreation, and 3) to characterize Pilar resident
expectations of BLM regarding recreation impacts. Methods include coding interview
transcriptions, participant observation summaries, meeting minutes, and public comments
on an environmental impact statement. Findings suggest that perceptions of recreational
boating are influenced by factors such as occupation and place attachment and that these
factors also determine group interaction and reactions to commercial boating and BLM
policies.Graduation date: 2002
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Severns, Christopher Ray. "A comparison of geocoding baselayers for electronic medical record data analysis." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3841.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Identifying spatial and temporal patterns of disease occurrence by mapping the residential locations of affected people can provide information that informs response by public health practitioners and improves understanding in epidemiological research. A common method of locating patients at the individual level is geocoding residential addresses stored in electronic medical records (EMRs) using address matching procedures in a geographic information system (GIS). While the process of geocoding is becoming more common in public health studies, few researchers take the time to examine the effects of using different address databases on match rate and positional accuracy of the geocoded results. This research examined and compared accuracy and match rate resulting from four commonly-used geocoding databases applied to sample of 59,341 subjects residing in and around Marion County/ Indianapolis, IN. The results are intended to inform researchers on the benefits and downsides to their selection of a database to geocode patient addresses in EMRs.
Books on the topic "United States. Public Roads Bureau"
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Building the American highway system: Engineers as policy makers. Temple University Press, 1987.
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United States. Bureau of Land Management. Cody Field Office. Environmental assessment for the McCullough Peaks travel management plan and off-road vehicle (ORV) route designations. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming State Office, 2004.
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Public lands, public debates: A century of controversy. Oregon State University Press, 2012.
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Management, United States Bureau of Land. Public land statistics 2015. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 2003.
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United States. Bureau of the Public Debt. An introduction to the Bureau of the Public Debt. U.S. Dept. of the Treasury, Bureau of the Public Debt, 1988.
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Office, General Accounting. Federal lands: Reasons for and effects of inadequate public access : briefing report to the chairman, Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives. GAO, 1992.
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Boucher, Carla. Public land owner's manual: A private citizen's guide to participating in public land management decision making. United Four Wheel Drive Associations, 2000.
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Colorado. Bureau of Land Management. Bureau of Land Management science strategy. Bureau of Land Management, Printed Materials Distribution Services, 2000.
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Division, United States General Accounting Office Accounting and Information Management. Bureau of Indian Affairs: Use of Highway Trust Fund resources. The Office, 2000.
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Congress in its wisdom: The Bureau of Reclamation and the public interest. Westview Press, 1989.
Book chapters on the topic "United States. Public Roads Bureau"
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"Chapter Two. The Problem Of Power In Modern Public Diplomacy. The Netherlands Information Bureau In World War II And The Early Cold War." In The United States and Public Diplomacy. Brill | Nijhoff, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004176911.i-380.18.
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Wilshire, Howard G., Richard W. Hazlett, and Jane E. Nielson. "Tragedy of the Playground." In The American West at Risk. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142051.003.0016.
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“Recreation” connotes revitalization, the re-creation of spirit. In an increasingly urbanized culture, people recreate in natural settings to lift their spirits and revitalize their outlook and motivation. Public lands in the western United States, which embrace much of the nation’s remaining natural and wild areas, are especially attractive—and most are open for recreation. We authors certainly have found solace from camping, hiking, climbing, and skiing in backcountry areas. But latetwentieth- century American affluence has created a massive and unprecedented invasion of these lands, and particularly an invasion of motorized recreation. All human uses of natural areas can, and generally do, degrade soils, kill plants, and increase erosion rates, with resultant water pollution and ecosystem damage. In small numbers, and spread out widely, recreational disturbances can be minor, but millions of people regularly play on western public lands in mass gatherings that have large cumulative impacts. More now drive vehicles across forested or desert areas than pursue the less-damaging activities of hiking and small-group camping. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service (USFS) oversee the largest amount of western land available for recreation. By law, the agencies must manage public lands for multiple uses and “sustained yield.” Instead, federal land-management agencies are partitioning them to separate incompatible pursuits, including many that consume land. For example, as logging, mining, and grazing pressures ease, recreational pressures are exploding in Colorado’s White River National Forest, a short 50 miles west of Denver on Interstate Highway 70. Along with Denver’s increasing population, snowmobile registrations jumped 70% in Colorado since 1985. Off-road vehicles (ORVs) are everywhere, and mountain bike use has jumped more than 200%. Between 1990 and 2004, all ORV registrations in Colorado increased more than 650%. Ski facilities also burgeoned, along with hiker and equestrian demands for greater backcountry access. The USFS’s efforts to bring the conflicting uses under control is losing ground rapidly.
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Davis, Dána-Ain. "Saving the Babies." In Reproductive Injustice. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479812271.003.0006.
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In the nineteenth century, the United States began to address its embarrassingly high rates of infant and maternal mortality, and later premature birth rates, in earnest. Those efforts have often been racially disparate. Using a critical racial lens, this chapter explores the uneven racial outcomes of the technologies of saving, or strategies used to save infants and mothers. A number of programs, policies, and scientific advancements, including the development of NICUs, have facilitated the development of saving interventions. The exploration of saving begins with the founding of the Children’s Bureau in 1912 and the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1916 and concludes with the use of NICUs. This chapter shows that the interventions have not been as successful for Black as for white infants and mothers, once again illustrating the racial politics of reproduction. Special consideration is given to the critique of NICU technology, about which both medical and public health professionals raise questions concerning how NICUs overshadow other forms of addressing prematurity.
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Gale, William G. "Investing for Growth and Security." In Fiscal Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190645410.003.0011.
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Besides its investment in people, the federal government makes critical investments in infrastructure and research and development. Because federal spending in these areas has fallen significantly in recent years and interest rates are low relative to historical levels, this chapter proposes sizable increases for both categories. The increases in infrastructure spending will provide the resources needed to restore and update aging roads, bridges, and public transit systems, while the increases in research and development will help the United States to explore cutting-edge technologies. Policymakers should also fund the military’s long-term plans through 2032, as outlined by President Obama, and let spending grow modestly afterward. That would allow for a continuing presence overseas. If a new war broke out, policymakers presumably would provide the additional temporary funds to ensure that America achieved its mission and emerged victorious.
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Bonura, Sandra E. "Taking Honolulu by Storm." In Light in the Queen's Garden. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824866440.003.0017.
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Throughout her tenure at Kamehameha Schools, Pope continued her graduate work at the University of Chicago. Pope spent three separate semesters learning the latest educational methods from the most progressive leaders of the time in order to elevate education in Hawaii. She also traveled throughout the United States to consult with the brightest minds in the budding vocational education and social change movement. In turn, the movement’s leaders visited her. She was able to use her experiences to facilitate the first social survey of Honolulu, which contributed to the overhaul of labor laws, vastly improving working conditions for Hawaiian women. In 1910, Pope attended the first National Conference on Vocational Guidance in Boston. Educators, social workers, and corporate figures from 45 cities met to discuss how to improve the lives of immigrants by making sound vocational choices. Conference presenters and attendees included Jane Addams, Homer Folks, G. Stanley Hall, George Mead, Henry Metcalf, and Edward Thorndike. Pope joined these pioneers in the field of education and sociology for two days of stimulating discourse that ultimately ignited a national interest in public school career guidance. Pope advocated for a vocational bureau in Honolulu until her death.
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Porter, Theodore M. "U.S. Army Engineers and the Rise of Cost-Benefit Analysis." In Trust in Numbers. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691208411.003.0008.
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This chapter traces the history of cost–benefit analysis in the United States bureaucracy from the 1920s until about 1960. It is not a story of academic research, but of political pressure and administrative conflict. Cost–benefit methods were introduced to promote procedural regularity and to give public evidence of fairness in the selection of water projects. Early in the century, numbers produced by the Army Corps of Engineers were usually accepted on its authority alone, and there was correspondingly little need for standardization of methods. About 1940, however, economic numbers became objects of bitter controversy, as the Corps was challenged by such powerful interests as utility companies and railroads. The really crucial development in this story was the outbreak of intense bureaucratic conflict between the Corps and other government agencies, especially the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Reclamation. The agencies tried to settle their feuds by harmonizing their economic analyses. When negotiation failed as a strategy for achieving uniformity, they were compelled to try to ground their makeshift techniques in economic rationality. On this account, cost–benefit analysis had to be transformed from a collection of local bureaucratic practices into a set of rationalized economic principles.
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McDonald, Andrew T., and Verlaine Stoner McDonald. "The Reluctant Warrior." In Paul Rusch in Postwar Japan. University Press of Kentucky, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813176079.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 describes Rusch’s experience from the time of his repatriation to the United States to his service as a personnel officer for the Military Intelligence Service Language School. Rusch’s task was to recruit Japanese Americans for the U.S. Army, where they would learn Japanese to serve the war effort. Rusch was also part of a speaker’s bureau, through which he would appear at public functions to discuss Japan’s military capabilities. On some occasions, before audiences of the Protestant Episcopal Church, Rusch spoke against America’s policy of interning Japanese Americans. But more often than not, Rusch’s remarks mirrored American policy and sentiments of the day, calling for the fiery destruction of Japan’s militarist regime, which he acknowledged would require the killing of Japanese civilians. At other times, Rusch used his position to implore army officers to treat Nisei soldiers as individuals, not as members of another race. Occasionally, Rusch spoke of World War II in terms of a race war, of Japanese leaders bent on expelling Caucasians from Asia, casting Americans in the role of the fearless pioneers who fought off Native Americans to secure their westward expansion. Rusch remained committed to returning to help Japan rebuild after the war.
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Wilshire, Howard G., Richard W. Hazlett, and Jane E. Nielson. "No Habitat but Our Own." In The American West at Risk. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142051.003.0013.
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Americans tend to think of the western United States as open spaces and the east coast as urban and crowded. After all, the northeast corridor from Washington, DC to Boston, Massachusetts, exempli- es the modern “mega-conurbations” of cultural historian Lewis Mumford—”nearly unbroken belt[s] of residential and commercial development, dotted with isolated parklands but little actual countryside.” Ironically, the eastern urban centers melded together in imitation of Los Angeles, California, that haphazard collection of zoning-de- ant industrial-residential-commercial melanges. By now, Los Angeles’s cement-and-asphalt environment has become the very model of a modern human habitat and the nation’s poster child for suburban sprawl. In an attempt to emulate its glittery lifestyle, every prosperous American town has snaked strip developments out along major highways, spraying cheap commercial-residential urban–suburban developments in all directions. Supported and encouraged by enormous public investment in roads, highways, and other infrastructure, the sprawl constantly expands until it displaces all other land uses and human habitat becomes the dominant or only habitat. We seem to have little concept that clean environments, and clean air and water in particular, support the physical, mental, and economic health of human societies (see chapter 1). This is why environmental guru Paul Hawken and co-authors termed them “natural capital.” Sprawling urban–suburban habitats are not very healthy because they foul the air and make numerous contributions to water pollution. Developments are dominated by gas-belching automobiles, gas stations with leaky underground storage tanks, and asphalt roads and parking lots. Residential suburbs shed megatons of lawn fertilizers and pesticides into local streams and lakes. All these relatively uncontrolled chemical releases make cities and suburbs into sources of land, water, and air pollution, which damage both human health and livelihoods. Urban wastes come back to haunt us through our air and water and also come floating onto our beaches. Urban and suburban areas depend on nonurban areas for food, clean water and air, and raw and manufactured materials. Our Earth simply cannot support human life if urban growth continues wiping out all its agricultural land, isolating wildlife in limited preserves, taking clean water from rural areas, and spreading pollution from the mountains to the shore. All of these habitats people need for survival.
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Wilshire, Howard G., Richard W. Hazlett, and Jane E. Nielson. "Once and Future Trees." In The American West at Risk. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142051.003.0006.
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Along the Colorado Plateau’s high-standing Mogollon Rim in northern Arizona’s Coconino National Forest stands a small patch of big trees that matured well before Europeans came to North America. Massive ponderosa pines, and even pinyon pines and western junipers, tower above the forest floor, shutting out all but the most shade-tolerant competitors. Few places like this one still exist anywhere in the United States, even on national forest lands. A tourist hoping to see all the diversity that earliest European arrivals found commonplace in the western landscape must seek out a wide scattering of isolated enclaves across the region. Western forests no longer contain the grand glades and lush thickets that our forerunners encountered because most woodlands, especially those owned by the public, largely serve a wide variety of human purposes, as campsites or home sites, board-feet of lumber, potential jobs, recreational playgrounds, and even temples of the spirit. We also rely on forests to maintain habitat for endangered species and seed banks for restoring depleted biodiversity—and to provide us with clean air and water, stable hillside soils, and flood control in wet years. Forests must perform these roles while being consumed, fragmented by roads, and heavily eroded. But there is no guarantee that these most beloved and iconic of natural resources can sustain such a burden. Federal, state, and local government agencies oversee and regulate western U.S. forest lands and their uses, trying to manage the complex and only partly understood biological interactions of forest ecology to serve public needs. But after nine decades of variable goals, and five decades of encroaching development, western woodlands are far from healthy. Urban pollution and exotic tree diseases, some brought by humans, are killing pines, firs, and oaks. Loggers have more than decimated the oldest mountainside forests—most valuable for habitat and lumber alike—with clearcutting practices that induce severe soil erosion. Illegal clearings for marijuana farms are increasing.
Conference papers on the topic "United States. Public Roads Bureau"
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Allison, Edith. "United States Experience Regulating Unconventional Oil and Gas Development." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2573582-ms.
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ABSTRACT In the midst of aggressive anti-drilling campaigns by environmental organizations and well-publicized complaints by citizens unaccustomed to oil and gas operations, rigorous studies of unconventional oil and gas development show that there are no widespread or systemic impacts on drinking water resources in the United States. In addition, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions have significantly declined with the growth in natural gas production and its use in power generation. Furthermore, induced seismicity from subsurface waste disposal has plummeted in response to industry initiatives and new regulations. This record of environmental protection reflects the fact that U.S. hydraulic fracturing, like other oil and gas operations, is highly regulated by the states. In addition, air emissions, operations on federal lands, and subsurface injection are subject to federal regulation. Academic and government researchers have documented that chemicals and gas produced by hydraulic fracturing are not contaminating drinking water. However, as an added complication, methane occurs naturally in drinking water aquifers in some producing areas. In 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) completed a four-year study of potential aquifer contamination from hydraulic fracturing and associated industry operations. The report found some impacts on drinking water including contamination of drinking water wells; however, the number of cases was small compared to the number of wells hydraulically fractured. The scientific peer-review and public critique of the study, which continues after more than a year, may recommend additional research. The emotionally charged, anti-fracking campaigns provided important lessons to U.S. operators: pre-drilling, baseline data on water and air quality are essential to answering public concerns; infrastructure issues such as increased truck traffic on small, local roads are important to residents; and the initial failure to disclose the composition of hydraulic fracturing fluid intensified public concern.
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Nieves-Zárate, Margarita. "Ten Years After the Deepwater Horizon Accident: Regulatory Reforms and the Implementation of Safety and Environmental Management Systems in the United States." In SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204056-ms.
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Abstract The Deepwater Horizon accident is one of the major environmental disasters in the history of the United States. This accident occurred in 2010, when the Deepwater Horizon mobile offshore drilling unit exploded, while the rig's crew was conducting the drilling work of the exploratory well Macondo deep under the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Environmental damages included more than four million barrels of oil spilled into the Gulf of Mexico, and economic losses total tens of billions of dollars. The accident brought into question the effectiveness of the regulatory regime for preventing accidents, and protecting the marine environment from oil and gas operations, and prompted regulatory reforms. Ten years after the Deepwater Horizon accident, this article analyzes the implementation of Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS) as one of the main regulatory reforms introduced in the United States after the accident. The analysis uses the theory of regulation which takes into account both state and non-state actors involved in regulation, and therefore, the shift from regulation to governance. The study includes regulations issued after the Deepwater Horizon accident, particularly, SEMS rules I and II, and reports conducted by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Commission on the BP Oil Spill, the Center for Offshore Safety, the Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, and the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE). The article reveals that though offshore oil and gas operators in the U.S. federal waters have adopted SEMS, as a mechanism of self-regulation, there is not clarity on how SEMS have been implemented in practice towards achieving its goal of reducing risks. The BSEE, as the public regulator has the task of providing a complete analysis on the results of the three audits to SEMS conducted by the operators and third parties from 2013 to 2019. This article argues that the assessment of SEMS audits should be complemented with leading and lagging indicators in the industry in order to identify how SEMS have influenced safety behavior beyond regulatory compliance. BSEE has the challenge of providing this assessment and making transparency a cornerstone of SEMS regulations. In this way, the lessons of the DHW accident may be internalized by all actors in the offshore oil and gas industry.
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Donohue, Brian P. "Railway Project Integration Engineering: New Methodology." In 2013 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2013-2542.
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In November, 2005 before an assembly of rail transit managers and engineers, keynote speaker Tom Prendergast — then Vice President, Parsons Brinckerhoff T&RS — declared that the next frontier of railway engineering would be not in the “Big Four” engineering disciplines of Civil, Mechanical, Electrical or even Computer Engineering, but in “Integration Engineering.” Years have passed and while Tom’s words have not yet been fully realized by the transit industry, change is happening. Today, railway construction projects that have had major construction issues include the now beleaguered Edinburgh, Scotland “Edinburgh Tram” and the recently opened Hampton Roads Transit “Tide” Light Rail. Both projects have suffered from major cost overruns, work stoppages and legal entanglements, much of which can be attributed to a lack of scope clarity, especially utility identification & interfaces, and utility relocations. The lack of coordination for both projects can be traced back to the preliminary engineering level and continued, unchecked through final design and into construction where the lack of coordination and planning was realized too late. [1,2] Given the complexities of modern railway systems and the well-developed urban and suburban infrastructure where they are typically built, proper integration engineering is essential from the earliest phases of a project and should be carried through to the start of revenue operations and maintenance. There are however, examples of recently completed railway projects that have addressed project integration engineering successfully, finishing ahead of schedule, ahead of budget, or both. This paper is a continuation in a short series of presentations and papers that will address Railway Project Integration Engineering as a topic and recommend the integration tasks deemed critical to a successful project. The primary subject matter will be the Denver Eagle P3 — the first rail transit Public Private Partnership (P3) in the United States that has recently completed final design and is currently under construction. The materials and techniques to be presented are relatively new, and have already been used successfully in Europe. Should they prove successful with the Eagle P3, this could lower both cost and risk for future North American rail projects. This first paper will discuss the topic, review modeling techniques that were used to define the project integration process, and will capture the results of final design integration with both successes and difficulties. This paper will also cover the early stages of the Eagle P3 project construction, tie into the model, and attempt to project likely results when construction concludes and testing begins with the ultimate goal of meeting an ambitious schedule and budget when operations commence in January, 2016.
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Biswas, Dipankar, Steven A. Lottes, Pradip Majumdar, and Milivoje Kostic. "Development of an Analysis Methodology for Pressure Flow Scour Under Flooded Bridge Decks Using Commercial CFD Software." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37198.
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Bridges are a significant component of the ground transportation infrastructure in the United States. With about sixty percent of bridge failures due to hydraulic causes, primarily scour, application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis techniques to the assessment of risk of bridge failure under flood conditions can provide increased accuracy in scour risk assessment at a relatively low cost. The analysis can be used to make optimum use of limited federal and state funds available to maintain and replace bridges and ensure public safety while traveling on the nation’s roads and highways during and after floods. Scour is the erosion of riverbed material during high flow conditions, such as floods. When scouring of the supporting soil around the piers and abutments of bridges takes place, risk of bridge failure increases. A simulation methodology to conservatively predict equilibrium shape and size of the scour hole under pressure flow conditions for flooded bridge decks using commercial CFD software was developed. The computational methodology has been developed using C++ to compute changes in the bed contour outside of the CFD software and generate a re-meshing script to change the bed boundary contour. STAR-CD was used to run the hydrodynamic analysis to obtain bed shear stress, and a BASH script was developed to automate cycling between computing bed shear stress with the CFD software and computing changes in the bed contour due to scour predicted using the computed shear stress for the current bed contour. A single-phase moving boundary formulation has been developed to compute the equilibrium scour hole contour that proceeds through a series of quasi-steady CFD computations. It is based on CFD analysis of the flow fields around the flooded bridge deck and shear stress computed at the bed modeled as a rough wall. A high Reynolds number k-ε turbulence model with standard wall functions, based on a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence model, was used to compute bed shear stress. The scour sites on the bed were identified as those sites where the computed shear stress exceeded the critical shear stress computed from a published correlation for flat bed conditions. Comparison with experimental data obtained from the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC), McLean, VA, USA, revealed larger discrepancies than anticipated between the bridge inundation ratio and the scour hole depth. Although scour hole slopes were small for the cases tested, a correction to critical shear stress to account for bed slope was also tested. It did not significantly improve the correlation between CFD prediction and experimental observations. These results may be a consequence of using only excess shear stress above critical as a criteria for scour when other physical mechanisms also contribute to the initiation of scour. Prediction of scour depth using federal guidelines over predicts scour depth by as much as an order of magnitude in some cases. Over prediction is acceptable for purposes of ensuring bridge safety. CFD methods for scour prediction can be a significant improvement of current methods as long as under prediction of scour depth is avoided. Conservative scour prediction using CFD methods can be achieved by using conservative values of parameters such as critical shear stress and effective bed roughness.