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Journal articles on the topic 'United States. United States. African American soldiers United States'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Adeshkin, Ilya Nikolaevich. "The participation of African Americans in the American Expeditionary Forces during the World War I." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 5 (May 2021): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.5.35717.

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This article examines the participation of African Americans in the World War I in the ranks of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during the 1917 – 1918. The author studies the attitude of the African-American community towards participation in the World War I, describes the peculiarities of military service of African American soldiers in the American Expeditionary Forces, and reveals the manifestations of racial discrimination. The article also reviews the attitude of French soldiers and officers towards African American soldiers of the U. S. Army, analyzes the impact of the acquired combat experience and sociocultural interaction with foreign soldiers upon the activity of African American population in fighting for their rights and freedoms in the United States. In Russian historiography, the participation of African Americans in the American Expeditionary Forces during the World War I, peculiarities of their service, and the impact of war on self-consciousness of this category of military servicemen have not previously become the subject of special research. Based on the article. The conclusion is made that the attitude of African American community towards participation in the World War I was quite ambiguous. Their soldiers faced different forms of discrimination during their military service: they could not serve in the Marine Corps and other elite units, and most of the time were engaged in the rear. A different experience received African American soldiers from the units transferred under the leadership of the French Army, whose officers treated them with respect; the blood shed for their country, combat experience and respectful of the allies enhanced desire of the African Americans to gain equal civil rights and freedoms in their homeland.

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2

Bolzenius, Sandra. "Asserting Citizenship: Black Women in the Women’s Army Corps (wac)." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 39, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03902004.

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Military service has long been seen as one of the few routes available to African American men to demonstrate their rights to full citizenship. In 1942, the Women’s Army Corps (wac) opened this path for black women. More than 6,500 black Wacs served during the Second World War, yet, marginalized while in uniform and later overshadowed in narratives of black servicemen and white servicewomen, they and their unique experiences remain largely unknown outside of academia. This article examines the multiple subordinate positions to which the United States Army confined black Wacs, as black female soldiers, during the first years of the corps; investigates the army’s gender and racial policies and their civilian and military roots; and forefronts the actions of black Wacs who, by challenging their subordination, laid claim to their full rights as soldiers and as citizens.

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3

Khan, Shaza. "Muslims in the United States." American Journal of Islam and Society 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v22i1.1740.

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Karen Leonard’s book, Muslims in the United States: The State ofResearch, seeks to provide “a useful research tool for exploring” the largebody of social science research that exists on Islam and Muslims in theUnited States (p. ix). As a “non-Muslim secular scholar” and anthropologist(p. xi), she reviews research that examines the lives of all those whoself-identify as Muslim, including those generally excluded from such discussions,such as Ahmedis, Five Percenters, and homosexuals. The varietyof topics explored in this review promises to draw a broad readership.Topics as diverse as immigration and racialization, international conflictsand intra-Muslim tensions, “un-mosqued” Muslims and extremist ideologuesare all covered. Therefore, those interested in sociology, history, religion,and, more specifically, individuals researching Islam and Muslimswill benefit from reading Muslims in the United States.The book is divided into three sections. In part 1, “Historical Overviewof Muslims in the United States,” Leonard briefly introduces Islam’s basictenets and proceeds to discuss the historical and political realities thataffected the growth of African-American, Arab, and South Asian Muslimpopulations in this country. She identifies three sets of issues that have historically arisen in research and theory building on Muslims in the UnitedStates: legitimacy as it relates to African-American Muslim movements,the problem of religious authority in the smaller national-origin and sectariancommunities, and the lack of research on the lives of “un-mosqued,”“invisible,” or secular Muslims ...

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4

Diamond, Jeff. "African-American Attitudes towards United States Immigration Policy." International Migration Review 32, no. 2 (1998): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547191.

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5

Diamond, Jeff. "African-American Attitudes towards United States Immigration Policy." International Migration Review 32, no. 2 (June 1998): 451–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200207.

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6

McFadden, Emily Jean. "Kinship Care in the United States." Adoption & Fostering 22, no. 3 (October 1998): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857599802200303.

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Within the last decade in the United States, kinship care (placement with relatives or those non-related friends of family known as fictive kin) has evolved from an infrequently utilised option for temporary care and/or permanence, to a widely used and often preferred solution for children in need of care. Emily Jean McFadden discusses the background to this development and how it is related to the rising placement of children of colour, particularly African American children and adolescents who are over-represented in the American foster care system. Wide professional recognition of the importance of culture in identity formation and advocacy by professional groups has led to the acknowledgment of kinship care as a preferred placement option; it is now used extensively in many states, both in informal care which takes place outside of court intervention and in the formal foster care system.

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7

Williams, Karen Jaynes, Martha A. Hargraves, and Keith C. Norris. "Book Reviews: African American Health in the United States." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 11, no. 2 (August 2, 2008): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-008-9168-9.

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8

Hall, Melvin E. "Evaluation’s Race Problem in the United States." American Journal of Evaluation 39, no. 4 (October 22, 2018): 569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098214018792624.

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Despite political and rhetorical pronouncements of a reduction in racism, growing inequity in U.S. society continues to feature race as a prominent fault line with no evidence of reduction on the horizon. Of significant concern is the degree to which inequity among racially identified subgroups of the population link to policies and practices of local, state, and federal government and thereby influence the operation and evaluation of important programs and services. Evaluation as a principal tool of knowledge creation on behalf of government and the public trust must examine its role with respect to these alarming trends and potential vulnerability. The author examines how race and racism (particularly as focused on African American communities) may influence the theories, models, practices, and techniques of evaluation and calls for creation of an ongoing forum in the American Journal of Evaluation where these critical issues can receive thoughtful and continuous attention from the field.

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9

Obraztsova, Margarita. "Economic relations between the United States and South Africa." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 2 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760015880-5.

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The article analyses the role of the South African mining sector in the development of long-term relations between the United States and South Africa. Largely with the help of American investments the South African mining industry was formed. Thereby America provided its firms with access to South Africa’s rich resource potential. The increasing dependence of the United States on those types of minerals that are of strategic importance for its defense industry makes relations with South Africa a priority. Therefore, US policy is primarily aimed at ensuring the access of American companies to the South African market.

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10

Furman, Andrew, Tom Lutz, and Susanna Ashton. "These "Colored" United States: African American Essays from the 1920s." MELUS 24, no. 1 (1999): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/467923.

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11

Barber, John T., and Oscar H. Gandy. "Press portrayal of African American and white United States representatives." Howard Journal of Communications 2, no. 2 (March 1990): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10646179009359713.

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12

Rivas, Joseph R. "Canada Serving the African American Population in the United States." Neurosurgery 43, no. 3 (September 1998): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199809000-00217.

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13

Sillah, Mohammed Bassiru. "Islam in the United States of America." American Journal of Islam and Society 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2000): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v17i1.2078.

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Although Islam is the youngest of the three Abrahamic religions, it bas succeededin making breakthroughs in all comers of the globe. Today, it is thefastest growing religion in the world. and its presence has become a recognizedfact in rich industrialized nations like the United States. In the book underreview, Professor Sulayman Nyang examines the arrival and development ofIslam in America and asserts that it will stand permanently side-by-side withChristianity and Judaism and that these religions will co-exist peacefully.In the first chapter. the author tells the story of the African Muslim slaves inNorth America. The discovery of the New World by Columbus resulted in thetransplantation of millions of African slaves to work in the plantations of whitesettler farmers. A large number of slaves were captured in West Africa - aregion where Islam had already become firmly rooted. However, the nature of slavery itself (as it was practiced in America) and the separation of the childrenfrom their Muslim parents impeded the take-off process of Islam in America.These were also critical times for the African Muslim slaves, as they were notallowed to practice their religion freely. This lack of religious tolerance forcedmany of the slaves to convert to Christianity, which was the faith of their "masters."The author also mentions the wave of Muslim immigrants that occurredduring the frrst quarter of the twentieth century and involved people from theMiddle East, North Africa, southern and central Asia, and southern and centralEurope. Some of these immigrants returned home after the war, but manydecided to stay in the United States in order to pursue the American Dream.The next turning point for Islam was the Islamic Revolution, which broke outin Iran in 1979 and had a very strong impact in the United States due to thecountry's close alliance with the ousted Shah ...

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14

Cottrell, David, Michael C. Herron, Javier M. Rodriguez, and Daniel A. Smith. "Mortality, Incarceration, and African American Disenfranchisement in the Contemporary United States." American Politics Research 47, no. 2 (March 23, 2018): 195–237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x18754555.

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On account of poor living conditions, African Americans in the United States experience disproportionately high rates of mortality and incarceration compared with Whites. This has profoundly diminished the number of voting-eligible African Americans in the country, costing, as of 2010, approximately 3.9 million African American men and women the right to vote and amounting to a national African American disenfranchisement rate of 13.2%. Although many disenfranchised African Americans have been stripped of voting rights by laws targeting felons and ex-felons, the majority are literally “missing” from their communities due to premature death and incarceration. Leveraging variation in gender ratios across the United States, we show that missing African Americans are concentrated in the country’s Southeast and that African American disenfranchisement rates in some legislative districts lie between 20% and 40%. Despite the many successes of the Voting Rights Act and the civil rights movement, high levels of African American disenfranchisement remain a continuing feature of the American polity.

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15

Taylor, Cassandra R., Kevin M. Kiesler, Kimberly Sturk-Andreaggi, Joseph D. Ring, Walther Parson, Moses Schanfield, Peter M. Vallone, and Charla Marshall. "Platinum-Quality Mitogenome Haplotypes from United States Populations." Genes 11, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11111290.

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A total of 1327 platinum-quality mitochondrial DNA haplotypes from United States (U.S.) populations were generated using a robust, semi-automated next-generation sequencing (NGS) workflow with rigorous quality control (QC). The laboratory workflow involved long-range PCR to minimize the co-amplification of nuclear mitochondrial DNA segments (NUMTs), PCR-free library preparation to reduce amplification bias, and high-coverage Illumina MiSeq sequencing to produce an average per-sample read depth of 1000 × for low-frequency (5%) variant detection. Point heteroplasmies below 10% frequency were confirmed through replicate amplification, and length heteroplasmy was quantitatively assessed using a custom read count analysis tool. Data analysis involved a redundant, dual-analyst review to minimize errors in haplotype reporting with additional QC checks performed by EMPOP. Applying these methods, eight sample sets were processed from five U.S. metapopulations (African American, Caucasian, Hispanic, Asian American, and Native American) corresponding to self-reported identity at the time of sample collection. Population analyses (e.g., haplotype frequencies, random match probabilities, and genetic distance estimates) were performed to evaluate the eight datasets, with over 95% of haplotypes unique per dataset. The platinum-quality mitogenome haplotypes presented in this study will enable forensic statistical calculations and thereby support the usage of mitogenome sequencing in forensic laboratories.

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16

BOCZAR, DANIEL, DAVID J. RESTREPO, ANDREA SISTI, MARIA T. HUAYLLANI, HUMZA Y. SALEEM, XIAONA LU, GABRIELA CINOTTO, OSCAR J. MANRIQUE, AARON C. SPAULDING, and ANTONIO J. FORTE. "Analysis of Melanoma in African American Patients in the United States." Anticancer Research 39, no. 11 (November 2019): 6333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.13844.

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17

Hamel, Lauren M., Robert Chapman, Mary Malloy, Susan Eggly, Louis A. Penner, Anthony F. Shields, Michael S. Simon, Justin F. Klamerus, Charles Schiffer, and Terrence L. Albrecht. "Critical Shortage of African American Medical Oncologists in the United States." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 32 (November 10, 2015): 3697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.59.2493.

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18

Madigan, Mark. "Richard Wright, Toni Morrison, and United States book clubs." Acta Neophilologica 37, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2004): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.37.1-2.3-8.

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This essay focuses on the influence of commercial book clubs in the United States. It will examine the country's oldest commercial book club, the Book-of-the-Month Club (BOMC), Oprah's Book Club (OBC), which bears the name of its founder, television personality Oprah Winfrey, and their roles in the careers of two African-American authors, Richard Wright and Toni Morrison.

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19

WYSS, MARCO. "THE UNITED STATES, BRITAIN, AND MILITARY ASSISTANCE TO NIGERIA." Historical Journal 61, no. 4 (February 26, 2018): 1065–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x17000498.

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AbstractIn Nigeria, Britain asserted its post-colonial security role during and immediately after the transfer of power, and remained responsible for assisting the Nigerian armed forces. While the Americans recognized Nigeria's potential as an important partner in the Cold War, they preferred to focus on development aid. Washington was thus supposed to complement British assistance, while leaving the responsibility for the security sector to London. But with the escalation of the Cold War in Africa, the Nigerians’ efforts to reduce their dependency on the United Kingdom, and Nigeria's growing significance for the United States in African affairs, this Anglo-American burden-sharing was increasingly questioned in Washington. The United States thus eventually decided to militarize its aid policy towards Nigeria. In analysing the militarization of US aid policy towards Nigeria, this article will, first, assess the Anglo-American relationship in the early 1960s; secondly, position Nigeria in American Cold War policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa; thirdly, question the role of military assistance in Washington's policy towards Nigeria and Africa; and fourthly, discover the regional and local factors that influenced policy-makers in Washington and London.

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20

Boyer, Holly. "The Alert Collector: Hip Hop in the United States." Reference & User Services Quarterly 55, no. 3 (March 24, 2016): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.55n3.215.

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Hip hop is a ubiquitous part of American society in 2015—from Kanye West announcing his future presidential bid to discussions of feminism surrounding Nikki Minaj’s anatomy, to Kendrick Lamar’s concert with the National Symphony Orchestra, to Questlove leading the Tonight Show Band, hip hop has exerted its influence on American culture in every way and form.Hip hop’s origin in the early 1970s in the South Bronx of New York City is most often attributed to DJ Kool Herc and his desire to entertain at a party. In the 1980s, hip hop continued to gain popularity and speak about social issues faced by young African Americans. This started to change in the 1990s with the mainstream success of gangsta rap, where drugs, violence, and misogyny became more prominent, although artists who focused on social issues continued to create. The 2000s saw rap and hip hop cross genre boundaries, and innovative and alternative hip hop grew in popularity.

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21

Prell, Riv Ellen. "Teaching African American-Jewish American Relations in the United States: A Special Section." Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 15, no. 3 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sho.1997.0032.

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22

Watson, James R. "Resuscitation and Surgery for Soldiers of the American Civil War (1861–1865)." Journal of the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine 1, no. 1 (1985): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00032830.

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On June 2, 1862, William A. Hammond, Surgeon General of the United States Army, announced the intention of his office to collect material for the publication of a “Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion (1861–1865)” (1), usually called the Civil War of the United States of America, or the War Between the Union (the North; the Federal Government) and the Confederacy of the Southern States. Forms for the monthly “Returns of Sick and Wounded” were reviewed, corrected and useful data compiled from these “Returns” and from statistics of the offices of the Adjutant General (payroll) and Quartermaster General (burial of decreased soldiers).

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23

Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, Henry Brady, and Norman H. Nie. "Race, Ethnicity and Political Resources: Participation in the United States." British Journal of Political Science 23, no. 4 (October 1993): 453–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400006694.

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This article uses data from the Citizen Participation Study – a large-scale survey of the voluntary activity of the American public designed to oversample African-Americans and Latinos as well as political activists – to inquire about the extent and sources of differences in levels of political activity among African-Americans, Latinos and Anglo-Whites. Considering a variety of political acts, we find that, in the aggregate, African-Americans are slightly, and Latinos are substantially, less active than Anglo-Whites. However, the resources that facilitate participation – some of which, for example, education, are related to social class and others of which, for example, religious preference and activity are associated with race or ethnicity – are distributed very unevenly across the three groups, with Latinos at a particular disadvantage. After accounting for differences in politically relevant resources, there is no significant difference among the three groups in political participation.

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24

FARBER, DAVID. "THINKING AND NOT THINKING ABOUT RACE IN THE UNITED STATES." Modern Intellectual History 2, no. 3 (October 10, 2005): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147924430500051x.

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John Skrentny, The Minority Rights Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002)Richard King, Race, Culture and the Intellectuals, 1940–1970 (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Press, 2004)Since June 1964, all three branches of the federal government have supported the goal of racial justice in the United States. John Skrentny, in The Minority Rights Revolution, explains how that goal and related ones have been implemented over the last sixty years. He argues that key policy developments since that time were driven less by mass movements and much more by elite “meaning entrepreneurs.” Well before the 1964 Civil Rights Act was made law, in the immediate post-World War II years, a bevy of transatlantic intellectuals responded to Nazi race policy by seeking a universalist vision that would unite humanity. Richard King, in Race, Culture and the Intellectuals, explores how intellectuals pursued that anti-racist universalist vision and then how African and African-American intellectuals in the 1960s, in particular, rejected universalism and began, instead, to pursue racial justice through cultural particularism. King's traditional intellectual history, when combined with Skrentny's sociological analysis of how elites managed ideas to pursue specific policies, reveals how American society, in pursuit of racial justice, moved from the simple stated ideals of the 1964 Civil Rights Act—equal opportunity and access—to the complexities of affirmative action and an embrace of “diversity” in American life.

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25

Islam, K. M., Robin High, Veenu Minhas, and Ruth Margalit. "Sexually Transmitted Infections among African-American Population of the Midwest United States." Advances in Infectious Diseases 04, no. 01 (2014): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aid.2014.41009.

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26

Alem, G., MK Maneno, EB Ettienne, and L. Wingate. "Serum Vitamin D Deficiency among African American Women in the United States." Value in Health 19, no. 3 (May 2016): A173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.03.1452.

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27

Isike, Christopher, Ufo Okeke Uzodike, and Lysias Gilbert. "The United States Africa Command: Enhancing American security or fostering African development?" African Security Review 17, no. 1 (March 2008): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2008.9627457.

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28

Long, Charles H. "African American Religion in the United States of America: An Interpretative Essay." Nova Religio 7, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2003.7.1.11.

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This essay addresses the problematical nature of the meaning of religion as it is related to the formation and destiny of peoples of African descent in the United States. Moving beyond a narrow understanding of the nature of religion as expressed in much of Black Theology, for example, this essay proposes a "thick" and complex depiction of religion in the African American context through a recognition of its relationship to the contact and conquest that marked the modern world.

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29

Guerrero, Perla M. "Paul Ortiz. An African American and Latinx History of the United States." American Historical Review 124, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 1470–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz032.

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30

BAILEY, MARTHA J. "Women's Economic Advancement in the Twentieth-Century United States." Journal of Economic History 66, no. 2 (June 2006): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050706240208.

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The integration of women into formal labor markets was one of the most salient changes of the twentieth century. The “female century,” in the words ofThe Economist, witnessed an extraordinary transformation of women's opportunities and outcomes both in and outside the household. My dissertation explores both the causes and the consequences of women's move from home to market in the United States during three episodes of rapid change. It begins by documenting demand-side shifts during the 1940s that increased the earnings and occupational choices of African-American women; then demonstrates the impact of contraceptive technology on the extent and intensity of women's participation in the formal labor market after 1960; and, finally, estimates the consequences of shifts in women's labor supply for the growth of earnings inequality in the United States during the 1980s.

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Bista, Amir, Dipesh Uprety, Yazhini Vallatharasu, Lubina Arjyal, Subash Ghimire, Megha Giri, and Lori Rosenstein. "Systemic Mastocytosis in United States: A Population Based Study." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 1830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-120192.

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Abstract Introduction: Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare hematological disorder characterized by clonal proliferation and activation of abnormal mast cells. It can vary from an indolent form to an aggressive form including progression to leukemia. There is limited data on epidemiology, clinical characteristics and outcome of this disease in population based setting. Till date, a retrospective study by Lim, Ken-Hong, et.al which included 342 patients diagnosed with systemic mastocytosis in Mayo clinic, is the largest series of patient published so far. This study reports the clinical presentation and outcome of patients with SM but there are no population based study in United States so far. We therefore conducted this population based study to determine epidemiology, survival pattern and incidence of second primary malignancy among patients with SM. Methods: We used SEER 18 database (2000-2014) to select all adult patients with age 20 or above with SM. Patient population was divided into various cohorts based on age (20-59, 60-79 and 80+ years), sex, race (Caucasians, African American and Others), area of residence (rural, urban and metropolitan) and annual household income (<$25000, $25000-<$50000 and ≥$50000). Age adjusted incidence rate was calculated using 2000 US standard population using SEER stat rate session. 5-year relative survival (RS) rate was calculated using SEER stat and compared using Z test. Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis of factors associated with relative survival using Cansurv software. MP-SIR session in SEER stat was used to calculate the risk of second primary malignancy. Result: The incidence was found to be 0.046 per 10000 among general population. Incidence was found to be higher among Caucasians compared to African American (0.056 vs. 0.018 per 100000). Median age at diagnosis was 55 years. Of the total 425 patients, majority were Caucasians (92.5%), age <60 years (59.3%) and from metropolitan area (84.7%) but there was equal distribution among male and females. 10 year overall survival was found to be 61.5±3.1% by KM curve. 5-year RS was found to be 74.0±2.7% for the whole population. Females had significantly better survival compared to males, 5-year RS of 84.7±3.1% vs. 62.3±4.3%, P <0.0001. Survival trended to be better for Caucasians compared to African American but didn't reach clinical significance, 74.6±2.8 vs. 50±14.8, p 0.08. Patients <60 years had significant better survival compared to 60 to 79 and 80+ years ( 5-year RS of 88.6±2.4 vs. 58.4±5.2 and 16.0±11.2 respectively with P <0.0001 for both comparison). In multivariate analysis, younger age group, female sex and Caucasian race were found to be independent predictor of better 5 year relative survival with P<0.0001 compared to their counterparts. Patients with systemic mastocytosis were found to have higher risk of developing both solid organ as well as hematological malignancy within 5 years of diagnosis (as shown in table 1). After that the risk decreased and was comparable to general population. Conclusion: Our study shows that systemic mastocytosis is rare disease in general population and survival is better among specific subgroup of patients including females, younger patient and Caucasians. As the majority deaths occurred in first 5 years after diagnosis and as incidence of second primary malignancy is higher in the first 5 years, we recommend close follow up for first five years after diagnosis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Farley, Reynolds, and Richard Alba. "The New Second Generation in the United States." International Migration Review 36, no. 3 (September 2002): 669–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00100.x.

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Immigration to the United States accelerated in the late 1960s. Since many migrants are young people who form families shortly after arrival, there is now a large and rapidly growing second generation - many of them now young adults who recently completed school and started their careers. There is much speculation about whether this second generation will assimilate into the middle class rapidly or form a new urban underclass. The last census to ask parental birthplace questions was 1970, so an absence of data precluded testing hypotheses about the social and economic progress of the new second generation. In 1994, the Census Bureau returned an inquiry about parental birthplace to the Current Population Survey so there is now an annual national sample of about 16,000 second-generation Americans. Data from the 1998 and 2000 surveys were pooled and analyzed. This investigation demonstrates that these comprehensive new data provide valuable descriptive information about today's second generation and permit the cautious testing of hypotheses concerning social and economic assimilation. They reveal a great diversity among the second generation depending upon country of origin but, in most comparisons, today's second generation exceed their first-generation parents in educational attainment, occupational achievement and economic status. In many comparisons, second-generation groups have educational attainments exceeding those of third- and higher-generation whites and African Americans. These data refute the hypothesis that today's second generation will languish in poverty. Nevertheless, intergenerational progress was less for persons of Puerto Rican and Mexican heritage than for those of Asian, European or South American heritage.

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33

Hibbert, Liesel. "English in South Africa: parallels with African American vernacular English." English Today 18, no. 1 (January 2002): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078402001037.

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A comparison between Black English usage in South Africa and the United StatesThere has been a long tradition of resistance in South African politics, as there has been for African-Americans in the United States. The historical links between African Americans and their counterparts on the African continent prompt one to draw a comparison between the groups in terms of linguistic and social status. This comparison demonstrates that Black South African English (BSAfE) is a distinctive form with its own stable conventions, as representative in its own context as African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is in the United States.

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Almaguer, Tomás. "THE LATIN AMERICANIZATION OF RACE RELATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 9, no. 1 (2012): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x1200001x.

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Much has been written lately in both the popular and academic press about the “Browning” of America and the changing nature of race and ethnic relations in the United States. This has been largely the result of the precipitous increase in the Latino population and its profound change on the demographic landscape in the United States. For example, the U.S. Bureau of the Census (2010) has shown the Latino population grew from 35.3 million in 2000 to over 50 million in 2010 (p. 3). The Latino population now represents 16% of the total U.S. population and has surpassed African Americans as the largest racial-ethnic population at the turn of the century. Recent demographic projections calculate that by 2050 the Latino population will increase to an estimated 128 million or 29% of the national total. As Rumbaut (2009) writes, in that year it will exceed the combined total of all other racial minorities (primarily African American and Asian) in the United States (p. 17).

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Monga, Yvette Djachechi. "Dollars and Lipstick: The United States Through the Eyes of African Women." Africa 70, no. 2 (May 2000): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2000.70.2.192.

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AbstractIn their quest for material well-being Cameroonian women see the United States as a country of virtually boundless opportunities. It is Eldorado, offering chances of earning money by selling cosmetics that are guaranteed not to have been tampered with. It is the new frontier, the Far West, where mothers send their children to study in the hope that a job-oriented education will make it easier for them to return home. It is the future, prefigured in the New York skyscrapers; Cameroonian mothers dream of bringing forth American children, and so giving tham a better chance of absorbing this world of the future. When the American dream is not accessible, the United States still offers an imaginary space where women reinvent the conditions of their existence by adopting some of the signs of American culture in their everyday life in the tropics. The use of lipstick thus appears as the symbol of a world-culture behind which hovers the giant image of the United States. The experiences of Cameroonian women can be extended to women in other African countries and, beyond, to the men of Africa, also suffering the precariousness of the present, faced with the same challenges of the future and engaged in the same quest for material well-being.

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Schiel, Rebecca, Jonathan Powell, and Ursula Daxecker. "Peacekeeping Deployments and Mutinies in African Sending States." Foreign Policy Analysis 16, no. 3 (April 23, 2020): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fpa/oraa011.

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Abstract Research on host-country effects of peacekeeping deployments has highlighted destabilizing consequences for contributing states, suggesting that deployments can increase the willingness and ability of soldiers to mutiny or attempt coups. Yet others expect that peacekeeping contributions may bring a variety of benefits, including improved civilian control of the armed forces. We reconcile these conflicting assessments in two ways. First, we identify important differences across peacekeeping organizations. Missions undertaken by the United Nations (UN) are generally better funded and equipped, invoke selection criteria that should produce fewer grievances than missions operated by regional organizations, and may be more risk averse. The benefits or hazards of peacekeeping can thus vary substantially, leading to different consequences for organizations. Second, the pros and cons of peacekeeping can incentivize mutinies and coups differently. When grievances are present, financial incentives of peacekeeping may prompt soldiers to prefer mutiny over coups to avoid being disqualified from future participation. We assess these expectations for African states’ participation in UN and non-UN peacekeeping operations from 1990 to 2011. We find no evidence that UN peacekeeping deployments increase mutiny risk, while non-UN deployments have a positive effect on the occurrence of mutiny. These findings remain robust across a large number of model specifications.

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Thongprayoon, Charat, Tananchai Petnak, Wisit Kaewput, Michael A. Mao, Karthik Kovvuru, Swetha R. Kanduri, Boonphiphop Boonpheng, et al. "Hospitalizations for Acute Salicylate Intoxication in the United States." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 2638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082638.

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Background: The objective of this study was to describe inpatient prevalence, characteristics, outcomes, and resource use for acute salicylate intoxication hospitalizations in the United States. Methods: A total of 13,805 admissions with a primary diagnosis of salicylate intoxication from 2003 to 2014 in the National Inpatient Sample database were analyzed. Prognostic factors for in-hospital mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression. Results: The overall inpatient prevalence of salicylate intoxication among hospitalized patients was 147.8 cases per 1,000,000 admissions in the United States. The average age was 34 ± 19 years. Of these, 35.0% were male and 65.4% used salicylate for suicidal attempts. Overall, 6% required renal replacement therapy. The most common complications of salicylate intoxication were electrolyte and acid-base disorders, including hypokalemia (25.4%), acidosis (19.1%), and alkalosis (11.1%). Kidney failure (9.3%) was the most common observed organ dysfunction. In-hospital mortality was 1.0%. Increased in-hospital mortality was associated with age ≥30, Asian/Pacific Islander race, diabetes mellitus, hyponatremia, ventricular arrhythmia, kidney failure, respiratory failure, and neurological failure, while decreased in-hospital mortality was associated with African American and Hispanic race. Conclusion: hospitalization for salicylate intoxication occurred in 148 per 1,000,000 admissions in the United States. Several factors were associated with in-hospital mortality.

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Nettles, Michael T. "History of Testing in the United States: Higher Education." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 683, no. 1 (May 2019): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716219847139.

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Since the founding of Harvard College, colleges and universities have used many types of examinations to serve multiple purposes. In the early days of student assessment, the process was straightforward. Each institution developed and administered its own unique examination to its own students to monitor their progress and to prospective students who applied for admission. Large-scale standardized tests emerged in the twentieth century in part to relieve the burden placed upon high schools of having to prepare students to meet the examination requirements of each institution to which a student applied. Up to that point, local communities of tutors and teachers were attempting to prepare students to succeed on each higher education institution’s unique examination. Large-scale standardized tests have enjoyed more than a century of popularity and growth, and they have helped higher education institutions to solve problems in admissions and placement, and to measure learning outcomes. Over time, they have also become controversial, especially pertaining to race and class. This article is a historical view of educational testing in U.S. higher education, linking its development with past and present societal challenges related to civil rights laws, prominent higher education policies, and the long struggle of African American people in the United States.

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Jackson, Sherman A. "Muslims, Islamic Law, and the Sociopolitical Reality in the United States." American Journal of Islam and Society 17, no. 2 (July 1, 2000): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v17i2.2060.

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Native born African-American Muslims and the Immigrant Muslimcommunity foxms two important groups within the American Muslimcommunity. Whereas the sociopolitical reality is objectively the samefor both groups, their subjective responses are quite different. Both arevulnerable to a “double Consciousness,” i.e., an independently subjectiveconsciousness, as well as seeing oneself through the eyes of theother, thus reducing one’s self-image to an object of other’s contempt.Between the confines of culture, politics, and law on the one hand andthe “Islam as a way of life” on the other, Muslims must express theircultural genius and consciously discover linkages within the diverseMuslim community to avoid the threat of double consciousness.

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Bogan, Vicki, and William Darity. "Culture and entrepreneurship? African American and immigrant self-employment in the United States." Journal of Socio-Economics 37, no. 5 (October 2008): 1999–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2007.10.010.

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Steinberg, Stephen. "Just Neighbors?: Research on African American and Latino Relations in the United States." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 42, no. 4 (July 2013): 625–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306113491549zz.

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Fry, Carla A., Erin P. Silverman, and Sarah Miller. "Addressing Pneumococcal Vaccine Uptake Disparities among African-American Adults in the United States." Public Health Nursing 33, no. 4 (April 22, 2016): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phn.12257.

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Cyrus, Elena, Rachel Clarke, Dexter Hadley, Zoran Bursac, Mary Jo Trepka, Jessy G. Dévieux, Ulas Bagci, et al. "The Impact of COVID-19 on African American Communities in the United States." Health Equity 4, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0030.

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MOSELEY, KATHRYN L., and DAVID B. KERSHAW. "African American and White Disparities in Pediatric Kidney Transplantation in the United States." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 21, no. 3 (May 25, 2012): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180112000072.

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Adams, Eugene W. "A Historical Overview of African American Veterinarians in the United States: 1889–2000." Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 31, no. 4 (December 2004): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.31.4.409.

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Lichter, Daniel T. "Just neighbors? Research on African American and Latino relations in the United States." Ethnic and Racial Studies 37, no. 5 (November 12, 2013): 905–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.854923.

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Curtis, Edward E., and Sylvester A. Johnson. "The Transnational and Diasporic Future of African American Religions in the United States." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 87, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 333–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfz018.

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Qiao, Shan, LaDrea Ingram, Morgan L. Deal, Xiaoming Li, and Sharon B. Weissman. "Resilience resources among African American women living with HIV in Southern United States." AIDS 33 (June 2019): S35—S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0000000000002179.

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Kendall-Tackett, Kathleen, Zhen Cong, and Thomas Hale. "Factors That Influence Where Babies Sleep in the United States." Clinical Lactation 7, no. 1 (2016): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2158-0782.7.1.18.

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Overview: Bedsharing is common in the United States in spite of numerous public health campaigns telling parents not to do it. This suggests that generic, never-bedshare messaging does not result in safe-sleep behavior. It also suggests we know little about the characteristics of mothers who bedshare. This study addresses this gap by examining demographic characteristics of mothers including race/ethnicity, income, education, partner status, and maternal age.Sample: The sample was the U.S. cohort (N = 4,789) of the Survey of Mothers’ Sleep and Fatigue.Results: Consistent with previous findings, we found that African American and American Indian mothers were more likely to bedshare, as were lower income and single mothers. We also found that bedsharing mothers were more likely to have lower education levels, be younger age at first birth, and were less likely to be currently employed. There were also striking racial/ethnic differences on location of night feeds, where mothers think babies should sleep, and their reasons for engaging in their nighttime parenting practices.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the mothers’ demographics are related to bedsharing practices. Furthermore, simply describing bedsharing in terms of “cultural differences” oversimplifies a complex set of behaviors and beliefs. Safe sleep messaging, including safe bedsharing, needs to be tailored to address the various subgroups of mothers living in the United States.

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Sikder, Sujan. "Who Uses Ride-Hailing Services in the United States?" Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 12 (June 25, 2019): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119859302.

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Over the past few years, ride-hailing services have rapidly gained in popularity and grown extensively in the United States (U.S.). Using data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey, this paper investigates the socio-demographic and land use factors that affect the adoption and frequency of use of ride-hailing services in the U.S.A. First, a comprehensive literature review is carried out to identify the gaps in the literature. Next, a detailed descriptive analysis is conducted to understand the key socio-demographic characteristics of the ride-hailing service users. Finally, an ordered logit (ORL) model is estimated to investigate the socio-demographic and land use factors that affect the adoption and frequency of use of ride-hailing services. Results suggest that racial differences exist in the adoption and frequency of use. Specifically, African American individuals are less likely than others to adopt and frequently use these services. People who work full time but with flexible schedules are more likely than other workers and non-workers to adopt and frequently use these services. The tendency to adopt and frequently use these services is higher among individuals in insufficient vehicle households (i.e., households with more workers than vehicles) than other individuals. The presence of children, elderly persons, or both, in the household is likely to have a negative effect on the adoption and frequency of use. Further, these services appear to have a complementary effect on public transit, indicating that collaboration efforts between transit agencies and ride-hailing service providers may help develop an integrated transportation system.

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