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Journal articles on the topic 'United States - Visitor's guides'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Soler Gallego, Silvia. "Audio descriptive guides in art museums." Translation and Interpreting Studies 13, no. 2 (October 12, 2018): 230–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tis.00013.sol.

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Abstract Audio description is increasingly used by museums to improve access to their collections by visually impaired visitors. However, research in this field is still very limited. This paper aims to report on a descriptive study of artwork audio description as a modality of intersemiotic translation from images into words. A corpus comprising audio descriptive guides from art museums in the United Kingdom and the United States was compiled and analyzed following a corpus-based methodology. Existing audio descriptions of art museum exhibits were shown to comply with existing guidelines regarding the type of visual information conveyed, the level of detail offered, and the point of view used. These results are discussed in relation to the communication context to contribute to the discussion of current practices and their implications for visually impaired people’s access to visual art.

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Tolvaisas, Tomas. "Cold War “Bridge-Building”: U.S. Exchange Exhibits and Their Reception in the Soviet Union, 1959–1967." Journal of Cold War Studies 12, no. 4 (October 2010): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00068.

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Following the presentation of the American National Exhibition in Moscow in 1959, nine exhibits organized by the United States Information Agency traveled in the Soviet Union from 1961 to 1967. This article discusses the aims, preparation, content, and reception of these exhibits, which attracted more than five million visitors and provoked diverse reactions. The exhibitions and their guides served as a unique form of communication with Soviet citizens, informing them about U.S. achievements and freedoms and the American way of life. The initiatives offset Soviet Communist propaganda, advanced popular understanding of the United States, and promoted popular goodwill toward Americans. The low-key interactions between the guides and the visitors shed valuable light on the mindset and experiences of ordinary citizens in the USSR, who were a major target audience of these exhibitions, and also, more broadly, on U.S. public diplomacy during the Cold War.

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de Rosa, Annamaria Silvana, and Laura Dryjanska. "Visiting Warsaw for the first time: imagined and experienced urban places." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 11, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-07-2016-0074.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on social representations of Warsaw (Poland) as a tourist destination of 210 first visitors from seven EU and extra-EU countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland, United Kingdom and United States of America) interviewed before and after their visit. In the framework of the social representations theory, the “cultural baggage”, rooted in the collective and social memory, forms anticipatory representations of the imagined places that may undergo transformations after the visit. How does this transformation occur? Design/methodology/approach The authors consider the transformation of social representations as detected by means of a self-administered questionnaire that comprised the following tools: scales to measure the strength of various information sources about Warsaw (school, literature, movies, songs, internet, press, tourist guides, documentaries, interpersonal communication and other); associative networks (de Rosa, 2002) with the stimulus word “Warsaw”; a list of adjectives describing the city and its centre, as well as a list of the most important places in Warsaw. The questionnaires were coded to ensure anonymity of participants while enabling the researcher to administer them for the second time (after the visit). According to the modelling approach to social representations (de Rosa, 2013a), the research was guided by three related hypotheses concerning transformation of social representations of Warsaw. Findings The results confirmed the hypotheses of potential changes in the representations that shift the focus from Warsaw as “communist” to “green” capital city, and of the role of the Polish language as a “communicative barrier” for recalling specific names of city-places after their visit. Research limitations/implications Social representations exist in people’s minds, and they include images that are further interpreted (Howarth, 2011). Especially when visitors are asked about places, it is likely that they recall specific images, but not their names. Since the questionnaires required them to write down the answers, words often did not correspond to the volatile and dynamic images that the human mind creates. In spite of recalling a specific park or fountain, participants resorted to general categories and simply wrote “park” or “fountain”. However, this limitation is familiar to the majority of social psychological researchers and very difficult, if not impossible, to overcome. The new research directions launched to integrate the research line of field studies with investigations based on new media offer complementary insights and opportunities (de Rosa and Bocci, 2014). Practical implications Destination branding has numerous practical implications. According to Ekinci and Hosany (2006), developing efficient communication methods is crucial to launching a distinctive and attractive destination personality. Hosany et al. (2006) have demonstrated that personality traits are ubiquitous in consumers’ evaluations of tourism destinations and therefore promotional campaigns should emphasize the distinctive personality of tourism destinations, based on the emotional components of destination image. European capital cities compete for visitors in the mature and saturated market, where brand strength is positively related to tourism intensity (Mikulić et al., 2016). Originality/value Examining how social representations of a city are transformed by the visit from the perspective of the supra-disciplinary theory of Moscovici constitutes an original way to link imagery and tourist practices. The major cultural issues, such as history, language, art and traditions affect the theory and practice of urban tourism. For the first time, this theoretical framework is being used in case of a post-communist European destination such as Warsaw.

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Morgan, Mark, and Cara Walker. "A Descriptive Study of Guided Tours at Mammoth Cave National Park." Journal of Interpretation Research 16, no. 1 (April 2011): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109258721101600103.

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For most visitors, guided tours are the only way to experience a cave. Since few studies have been conducted in these settings, there is no explanation for a recent decline in attendance at many well-known caves and caverns across the United States. A mail-back survey was administered to 660 visitors at Mammoth Cave National Park to learn more about the social aspects of visitation, focusing on those who took at least one guided tour. Results showed a low level of crowding, along with high approvals and value for the fee paid. Some possible strategies were mentioned to reverse the decline in cave tour attendance.

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WELSH, SUSAN, CAROLE DAVIS, and ANNE SHAW. "A Brief History of Food Guides in the United States." Nutrition Today 26, no. 6 (November 1992): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00017285-199211000-00004.

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Dott, Robert. "Lyell in America—His Lectures, Field Work, and Mutual Influences, 1841-1853." Earth Sciences History 15, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 101–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.15.2.b4n1102556ju6736.

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Charles Lyell visited North America four times in the twelve years from 1841 to 1853. Except for the last visit, he both lectured and travelled widely to study geology. In 1841 he opened the second season of Lowell Lectures in Boston, and in early 1842 he gave essentially the same lectures again at Philadelphia and New York. In 1845 and 1852, Lyell lectured only at Boston. In 1853, he returned briefly as a British representative at the New York Industrial Fair. The New York lectures were published verbatim, and Lyell's incomplete notes for his lectures, newspaper accounts, and his wife Mary's correspondence from America provide some insight about the others. During 25 months of travel spanning a dozen years, the Lyells saw more of the United States and southeastern Canada—from the Atlantic coast to the lower Mississippi and Ohio Rivers and from the St. Lawrence Valley to the Gulf Coast—than had most citizens of the New World. After the first two visits, Lyell published two travel journals, which contain much material about American geology, geologists, and general natural history, as well as perceptive commentaries upon most aspects of life in the two young nations. The lectures and journals together provide important insights into the development of geology in America and of Lyell's thinking. In spite of the fact that Lyell was a poor speaker, the lectures were great successes with the public. American geologists, however, gave more qualified assessments. Major topics covered by the lectures, which reflected the major current issues of the science, included during an eleven-year span: Crustal movements and the earth's interior; Uniformity of processes through geologic time; Coral reefs; Carboniferous conditions and coal formation, as well as the early appearance of land animals; Origin of the drift and the Sinking and submergence of land; Biogeography; and the Uniformity of an organic plan, including negative commentary about progression and transmutation. Lyell's use of examples from both America and abroad gave the subject a cosmopolitan aspect, and his use of many large diagrams was much acclaimed. Geology was becoming well established in the New World, and Lyell participated in the third annual meeting of the American Association of Geologists and Naturalists in 1842. For field work, he followed his well-honed tactic of seeking experts as guides for efficient learning about local geology and grilling them incessantly. Although initially enthused and open, American geologists soon became apprchensive about Lyell's acquisitiveness for their data. Eventually Lyell's bibliography was enhanced by more than 30 titles on American geology in addition to two travel books, the first of which included a colored geologic map of most of the then United States and adjacent Canada. His other books, Principles of Geology and Elements of Geology, also benefited from countless American examples and from the publication of American editions. Lyell's reputation was enhanced by his American adventures, for, like Darwin and Murchison before, his travels attracted much attention both in the London Geological Society and in the British press. But the visits also enhanced the stature of geology in the New World, and Lyell made several significant original contributions to the understanding of American geology. Moreover, the visits by Charles and Mary Lyell produced a positive impression of America abroad, for they were very captivated by their friendly and industrious hosts and spoke well of them in Britain. On balance, it would seem that the visitors and hosts benefitted about equally.

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Ranavaya, Mohammed I., and Christopher R. Brigham. "International Use of the AMA Guides® to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment." Guides Newsletter 25, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2020.marapr01.

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Abstract Since its inception more than six decades ago, the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, (AMA Guides), has become internationally accepted as a global benchmark and is used in the United States, Canada, certain European countries, the Middle East, Australia, New Zealand, and Southern Africa, as well as by the United Nations. When the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, adopted the terminology and conceptual framework of disablement developed by the World Health Organization, this paradigm shift let to an increase in the worldwide influence and use of the AMA Guides. In the United States, the AMA Guides is used primarily in state and federal workers’ compensation systems and sometimes in automobile casualty and personal injury arenas. Most workers’ compensation jurisdictions across Canada use the AMA Guides formally by statute or regulation, or they accept its use informally as a standard tool to rate impairment. In Australia, the AMA Guides is used in both federal and individual state or territory compensation schemes for personal injuries that arise from work, as well as motor vehicle accidents (a table presents uses of the AMA Guides in Australian jurisdictions). New Zealand uses the AMA Guides, Fourth Edition, and the ACC User Handbook to the AMA “Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment,” Fourth Edition. The AMA Guides is used in Hong Kong to evaluate all types of damages for personal injury claims and also is referenced in Southern Africa, Europe, and countries in the Middle East.

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Ranavaya, Mohammed I., and James B. Talmage. "Impairment and Disability Compensation Systems in the United States." Guides Newsletter 4, no. 6 (November 1, 1999): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1999.novdec01.

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Abstract Although several states use the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) when they evaluate individuals with impairments and disabilities, various disability systems exist in the United States. Disability and compensation systems have arisen to ensure that disadvantaged members of society with a medically determinable impairment, which may lead to a disability, have recourse to compensation from various sources, including state and federal workers’ compensation laws, veterans’ benefits, social welfare programs, and legal avenues. Each of these has differing definitions of disability, entitlement, benefits, procedures of claims application, adjudication, and the roles and relative weights assigned to medical vs administrative deliberations. Workers’ compensation statutes were enacted because of inadequacies of recovery from claims for injured workers under common law. Workers’ compensation is a no-fault system adopted to resolve the dilemmas of tort claims by providing automatic coverage to employees injured during the course of employment; in exchange for coverage, employees forego the right to sue the employer except for wanton neglect. Other workers’ compensation programs in the United States include the Federal Employees Compensation Act; the Federal Employers Liability Act (railroads); the Jones Act (Merchant Marine Act); the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act; the Department of Veterans Affairs; Social Security; and private, long-term disability insurance.

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Wallace, George, Pat Reed, and John McKean. "The Impact of External Development on the Economic and Aesthetic Values of Theodore Roosevelt National Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 14 (January 1, 1990): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1990.2909.

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Theodore Roosevelt National Park (TRNP), the only national park and wilderness in the United States, to represent a "mixed grass prairie ecosystem, has considerable external development near its boundaries. Park managers have wanted to know to what extent such development was affecting park values and the visitor's experience. They also wanted a better estimate of the park's contribution to the local and state economy so that changes in visitation might be viewed in economic terms. Additional information about visitor perceptions, preferences, and characteristics was also requested.

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Lundestad, Ingrid, and Øystein Tunsjø. "The United States and China in the Arctic." Polar Record 51, no. 4 (May 16, 2014): 392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247414000291.

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ABSTRACTUS-China relations represent the most central bilateral relationship in the world, but few studies investigate the two countries’ approaches to the Arctic. This article explores the geopolitical shifts in the Arctic, and compares and contrasts American and Chinese policy in the region. The article examines to what extent the two have common or conflicting interests, and discusses the potential for US-China friction and rivalry. Some alarmist writers suggest that the future Arctic is set for confrontation. This article, however, argues that the current stakes in the circumpolar Arctic region are not sufficiently high to warrant confrontation between the two states. Cooperation predominantly guides their policies and activities. While they play different roles and increasingly seek to demonstrate their influence, there are common interests, such as in the freedom of the seas, in resource extraction and in developing infrastructure in the region.

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Ranavaya, Mohammed, and Christopher R. Brigham. "International Use of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment." Guides Newsletter 16, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2011.mayjun01.

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Abstract In the United States, the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) is used in state and federal workers’ compensation systems and in automobile casualty and personal injury arenas. The AMA Guides is used in similar ways internationally. Most workers’ compensation jurisdictions in Canada use the AMA Guides formally by statute or regulation or accept its use informally as a standard tool to rate impairment. In Australia, the AMA Guides is used in both federal (Australian Commonwealth) and individual states’ (or territories’) compensation schemes; two tables show how almost all states in Australia have legislated various editions of the AMA Guides for use in workers’ compensation and motor traffic accident compensation schemes. New Zealand's Accident Compensation Commission (ACC) previously used the AMA Guides, Fourth Edition; beginning in July 2011 ACC uses the sixth edition. Hong Kong uses the AMA Guides as a reference in evaluating workers’ compensation and motor vehicle claims; Malaysia uses the AMA Guides officially in adjudication; and impairment rating in Asian countries such as Taiwan, Korea, and Singapore are influenced by the philosophy and principles of the AMA Guides. South Africa uses the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, to determine serious injury, and other editions are used in South Africa's workers’ compensation schemes. Many countries in Europe and the Middle East use the AMA Guides as a reference for determining impairment and in workers’ compensation and social welfare schemes.

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Jorge, Maria Fabiana. "It is time to change US trade policy to foster access to medicines." Generics and Biosimilars Initiative Journal 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5639/gabij.2020.0901.005.

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While Americans are deeply concerned about drug prices, the United States Trade Representative (USTR) continues to negotiate agreements like the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) that put at risk the sustainability of the generics industry and undermine the development of biosimilars that play a critical role in access to medicines. It is time to restore some balance to US trade policy.

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Giel, Kimberly E., and Yolonda Youngs. "Oral histories of Exum Mountain Guides who began guiding between 1947 and 1965." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 40 (December 15, 2017): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2017.5587.

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Exum Mountain Guides is the oldest climbing guide service in North America. Exum guides have been integral to the growth of guiding as a profession as well as mountaineering in Grand Teton National Park, across the United States, and internationally. However, no comprehensive history of the guides and the guide service exists, nor have individual stories been consistently captured. This project conducted oral histories with guides, clients, and staff of Exum Mountain Guides, and then used those interviews to look at the pathways taken to become a guide, common experiences and characteristics between the guides, and what guiding life was like for those guides who began guiding prior to 1965. Future research is needed to collect additional oral histories and analyze the histories of guides who began guiding after 1965, as well as those of office staff, clients, and others and investigate changes that have occurred over time. Featured photo from Figure 1 in report.

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Bauer, John T. "Navigating Without Road Maps: The Early Business of Automobile Route Guide Publishing in the United States." Proceedings of the ICA 1 (May 16, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-7-2018.

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In the United States, automobile route guides were important precursors to the road maps that Americans are familiar with today. Listing turn-by-turn directions between cities, they helped drivers navigate unmarked, local roads. This paper examines the early business of route guide publishing through the Official Automobile Blue Book series of guides. It focuses specifically on the expansion, contraction, and eventual decline of the Blue Book publishing empire and also the work of professional “pathfinders” that formed the company’s data-gathering infrastructure. Be- ginning in 1901 with only one volume, the series steadily grew until 1920, when thirteen volumes were required to record thousands of routes throughout the country. Bankruptcy and corporate restructuring in 1921 forced the publishers to condense the guide into a four-volume set in 1922. Competition from emerging sheet maps, along with the nationwide standardization of highway numbers, pushed a switch to an atlas format in 1926. Blue Books, however, could not remain competitive and disappeared after 1937. “Pathfinders” were employed by the publishers and equipped with reliable automobiles. Soon they developed a shorthand notation system for recording field notes and efficiently incorporating them into the development workflow. Although pathfinders did not call themselves cartographers, they were geographical data field collectors and considered their work to be an “art and a science,” much the same as modern-day cartographers. The paper concludes with some comments about the place of route guides in the history of American commercial cartography and draws some parallels between “pathfinders” and the digital road mappers of today.

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Haffner, Marlene E. "Orphan Drugs: The United States Experience." Drug Information Journal 33, no. 2 (April 1999): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286159903300226.

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Bowen, Debra. "Nonprescription Drug Regulation in the United States." Drug Information Journal 34, no. 1 (January 2000): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286150003400141.

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Lea, Randall, and William Shaw. "Tools and Resources: Lower Extremity Conditions: Combination vs Duplication." Guides Newsletter 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1998.janfeb02.

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Abstract This article discusses uses of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) in Australia and New Zealand. In addition to its use in the United States, the AMA Guides also is used in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and some European countries such as Ireland, the Netherlands, and Norway. Use of the AMA Guides varies from country to country, depending on local workers’ compensation or personal injury legislation. In Australia, the AMA Guides is used in various state systems, but the editions used or recommended may differ. Often, cases in which the impairment predates December 1988 (when the current Commonwealth Workers’ Compensation Act became effective) are assessed in terms of the AMA Guides, Fourth Edition. Although many physicians use the Fourth Edition, others refer to the Table of Disabilities (Div 4/S66 of the New South Wales Workers’ Compensation Act) and Victoria prefers the AMA Guides, Second Edition. At the federal level, Australia has adopted the Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment (1989 but under revision at the time of writing). In New Zealand, the Accident Compensation Commission officially adopted use of the AMA Guides, Fourth Edition, in 1997.

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Piggush, Yvette R. "“A Very Dangerous Talent”: Wit for Women in Hannah Webster Foster's The Boarding School." New England Quarterly 92, no. 1 (March 2019): 46–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00720.

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Hannah Webster Foster's eighteenth-century novel The Boarding School shows how conduct literature and the republican culture of politeness create gender expectations for women's humor in the early United States. Foster teaches readers about the social effects of wit and guides them in using satire and irony to influence public opinion.

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Colledge, Alan, Bradley Hunter, Larry D. Bunkall, and Edward B. Holmes. "Impairment Rating Ambiguity in the United States: The Utah Impairment Guides for Calculating Workers' Compensation Impairments." Journal of Korean Medical Science 24, Suppl 2 (2009): S232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2009.24.s2.s232.

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O'Connor, Maureen Sarah. "Education in Motion: The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Artmobile, 1953 – 1994." Museum and Society 17, no. 1 (March 10, 2019): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/mas.v17i1.2780.

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This essay explores five exhibitions created for the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Artmobile, the first mobile art museum in the United States. The mission of the Artmobile was to bring works of art directly to citizens throughout the state of Virginia from 1953 to 1994. In analyzing educational and exhibition materials, such as exhibition booklets, audio guide recordings, press releases, and speeches, this research examines the educational philosophies of each exhibition in relation to contemporaneous museum education literature. Applying Tony Bennett’s analysis of the impact of culture on the social to the creation of educational philosophies, this essay argues that while the mission of the Artmobile remained constant, there was a shift in the educational objective from the development of cultured citizens through art appreciation and the improvement of public taste to fostering individual visual literacy and encouraging visitors to make art historical and personal connections.

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Belbase, Shashidhar. "A Comparative Study of Mathematics Education in the United States and Nepal." Mathematics Education Forum Chitwan 4, no. 4 (November 15, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mefc.v4i4.26355.

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The purpose of this paper is to compare four domains of mathematics education-curricular materials, pedagogical process, teacher education, and assessment of students’ learning in the United States of America (USA) and Nepal. I applied categorical thinking for document analysis from the literature to find some key concepts related to the four categories of comparison. The Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM) is a major curriculum standard implemented in many states in the USA, whereas, the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) is the major policy document that guides school mathematics curricula in Nepal. Mostly, classroom practices are student-centred with problem-solving, reasoning and critical thinking in the USA, but it is mostly drill-and-practice in Nepal. Preservice mathematics teacher education in the USA and Nepal are conducted by universities, but there is a vast difference in the courses offered in these countries. Assessment of students’ learning in mathematics is continuously done in classroom activities and exams including some standardized exams in selected grades in the USA, whereas, assessment in Nepal is done with periodic and final exams including standardized district and national tests in selected grades. I discussed some implications of the study.

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Duffield, John W., Chris J. Neher, David A. Patterson, and Aaron M. Deskins. "Effects of wildfire on national park visitation and the regional economy: a natural experiment in the Northern Rockies." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 8 (2013): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12170.

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Federal wildland fire management policy in the United States directs the use of value-based methods to guide priorities. However, the economic literature on the effect of wildland fire on nonmarket uses, such as recreation, is limited. This paper introduces a new approach to measuring the effect of wildfire on recreational use by utilising newly available long-term datasets on the location and size of wildland fire in the United States and observed behaviour over time as revealed through comprehensive National Park Service (NPS) visitor data. We estimate travel cost economic demand models that can be aggregated at the site-landscape level for Yellowstone National Park (YNP). The marginal recreation benefit per acre of fire avoided in, or proximate to, the park is US$43.82 per acre (US$108.29 per hectare) and the net present value loss for the 1986–2011 period is estimated to be US$206 million. We also estimate marginal regional economic impacts at US$36.69 per acre (US$90.66 per hectare) and US$159 million based on foregone non-resident spending in the 17-county Great Yellowstone Area (GYA). These methods are applicable where time-series recreation data exist, such as for other parks and ecosystems represented in the 397-unit NPS system.

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Eiermann, Heinz J. "Regulatory Requirements for Marketing Cosmetics in the United States." Drug Information Journal 21, no. 4 (October 1987): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286158702100403.

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Haffner, Marlene E. "The United States Orphan Drug Act: Challenges and Success." Drug Information Journal 31, no. 1 (January 1997): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286159703100104.

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Stichter, Charlotte. "Rethinking Legal Citation: A Bibliographic Essay." International Journal of Legal Information 44, no. 3 (November 2016): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jli.2016.37.

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AbstractThe easy accessibility of sources via web links and the fluidity of online formats offer an opportunity to revisit the purpose of legal citation and to consider competing citation models from a fresh perspective. This bibliographic article identifies the leading citation guides in use in the United States along a historical continuum and documents selected works that extol, critique, or excoriate—but for the most part continue to recommend adherence to—these guides. Secondary sources are included for the purpose of outlining the scope of the debate concerning which of the many citation guides now in use is preferable, and to help predict the path that legal citation is likely to take in coming years, particularly given the realities of a hyperlinked world and easily accessible source documents. Using these materials as a framework, the article invites the reader to think creatively about the purpose and future of legal citation.

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Haack, Sarah A., and Carmen J. Byker. "Recent population adherence to and knowledge of United States federal nutrition guides, 1992-2013: a systematic review." Nutrition Reviews 72, no. 10 (September 10, 2014): 613–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nure.12140.

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Henderson, Macey L., and Jed Adam Gross. "Living Organ Donation and Informed Consent in the United States: Strategies to Improve the Process." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 45, no. 1 (2017): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110517703101.

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About 6,000 individuals participate in the U.S. transplant system as a living organ donor each year. Organ donation (most commonly a kidney or part of liver) by living individuals is a unique procedure, where healthy patients undergo a major surgical operation without any direct functional benefit to themselves. In this article, the authors explore how the ideal of informed consent guides education and evaluation for living organ donation. The authors posit that informed consent for living organ donation is a process. Though the steps in this process are partially standardized through national health policy, they can be improved through institutional structures at the local, transplant center-level. Effective structures and practices aimed at supporting and promoting comprehensive informed consent provide more opportunities for candidates to ask questions about the risks and benefits of living donation and to opt out voluntarily Additionally, these practices could enable new ways of measuring knowledge and improving the consent process.

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Wilson, Ross J. "Encountering Dinosaurs." Public Historian 42, no. 4 (October 23, 2020): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2020.42.4.121.

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This article examines the potential use of dinosaur parks to reassess the relationship between humans and the environment. These sites have been developed across Europe and the United States over the course of the last century and have been neglected as sites of public history and environmental heritage. Within the guided trails where visitors interact with model or animatronic re-creations of animals that were extinct millions of years ago, a process of transformation takes place as individuals are required to rethink humanity’s place in the vast timescale of the Earth’s history and the fate of our own species in the context of climate change. Methods of affective engagement within the dinosaur parks serve as a tool to understand how natural history can be presented to the wider public as a means of changing attitudes and ideals. As we enter into the Anthropocene and we face environmental threats caused by human activity, it is the confrontation with the dinosaurs that can alter our present and our future on the planet.

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Hibbs, David E., and Gary C. Carlton. "A Comparison of Diameter-and Volume-Based Stocking Guides for Red Alder." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 4, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/4.4.113.

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Abstract Stocking guides based on Reineke's stand density index concept (diameter vs stem density) and on the self-thinning rule (volume vs stem density) are currently in use in the western United States. A self-thinning rule-based guide has been developed for red alder (Alnus rubra). In this paper, we develop a Reineke-type guide for red alder and compare the growth of thinned and self-thinning stands in both systems. Stand density appears to be defined differently in the two systems, leading to differences in density management prescriptions. West. J. Appl. For. 4(4):113-115, October 1989.

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Thompson, Dennis F., and Christopher Rains. "A Comparison of Licensed Indications for Equivalent Drugs in the United Kingdom and the United States." Drug Information Journal 27, no. 2 (April 1993): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286159302700244.

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Rawson, Nigel S. B., Kenneth I. Kaitin, Kate E. Thomas, and Grant Perry. "Drug Review in Canada: A Comparison With Australia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States." Drug Information Journal 32, no. 4 (October 1998): 1133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286159803200433.

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32

Steidle, Gina, and Shawn E. Hodges. "The United States Food and Drug Administration’s Risk Management Framework." Drug Information Journal 36, no. 2 (April 2002): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286150203600212.

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33

Gosse, Marilyn E., and Michael Manocchia. "The First Biopharmaceuticals Approved in the United States: 1980-1994." Drug Information Journal 30, no. 4 (October 1996): 991–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286159603000416.

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34

Murphy, Suzanne P., and Susan I. Barr. "Food Guides Reflect Similarities and Differences in Dietary Guidance in Three Countries (Japan, Canada, and the United States)." Nutrition Reviews 65, no. 4 (June 28, 2008): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00293.x.

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Kantor, Leslie M., and Laura Lindberg. "Pleasure and Sex Education: The Need for Broadening Both Content and Measurement." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 2 (February 2020): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305320.

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Sex education in the United States is limited in both its content and the measures used to collect data on what is taught. The risk-reduction framework that guides the teaching of sex education in the United States focuses almost exclusively on avoiding unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, overlooking other critical topics such as the information and skills needed to form healthy relationships and content related to sexual pleasure. Young people express frustration about the lack of information on sexuality and sexual behavior that is included in sex education programs; sexual and gender minority youths, in particular, feel overlooked by current approaches. International guidance provides a more robust framework for developing and measuring sex education and suggests a number of areas in which US sex education can improve to better meet the needs of youths.

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Curran, Charles F. "The Evolving Role of United States Industry-Based Drug Information Departments." Drug Information Journal 37, no. 4 (October 2003): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286150303700409.

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37

Webber, Keith, and Per Spindler. "Environmental Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals in the United States of America." Drug Information Journal 41, no. 2 (March 2007): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286150704100205.

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Barton, Bette, and Alexander Fleming. "Good Clinical Practice: Are Any Changes Expected in the United States?" Drug Information Journal 28, no. 4 (October 1994): 1115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286159402800433.

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39

Turner, Sean W. D., Wenwei Xu, and Nathalie Voisin. "Inferred inflow forecast horizons guiding reservoir release decisions across the United States." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 1275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1275-2020.

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Abstract. Medium- to long-range forecasts often guide reservoir release decisions to support water management objectives, including mitigating flood and drought risks. While there is a burgeoning field of science targeted at improving forecast products and associated decision support models, data describing how and when forecasts are applied in practice remain undeveloped. This lack of knowledge may prevent hydrological modelers from developing accurate reservoir release schemes for large-scale, distributed hydrology models that are increasingly used to assess the vulnerabilities of large regions to hydrological stress. We address this issue by estimating seasonally varying, regulated inflow forecast horizons used in the operations of more than 300 dams throughout the conterminous United States (CONUS). For each dam, we take actual forward observed inflows (perfect foresight) as a proxy for forecasted flows available to the operator and then identify for each week of the year the forward horizon that best explains the release decisions taken. Resulting “horizon curves” specify for each dam the inferred inflow forecast horizon as a function of the week of the water year. These curves are analyzed for strength of evidence for contribution of medium- to long-range forecasts in decision making. We use random forest classification to estimate that approximately 80 % of large dams and reservoirs in the US (1553±50 out of 1927 dams with at least 10 Mm3 storage capacity) adopt medium- to long-range inflow forecasts to inform release decisions during at least part of the water year. Long-range forecast horizons (more than 6 weeks ahead) are detected in the operations of reservoirs located in high-elevation regions of the western US, where snowpack information likely guides the release. A simulation exercise conducted on four key western US reservoirs indicates that forecast-informed models of reservoir operations may outperform models that neglect the horizon curve – including during flood and drought conditions.

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Mburia-Mwalili, Adel, and Wei Yang. "Birth Defects Surveillance in the United States: Challenges and Implications of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification Implementation." International Scholarly Research Notices 2014 (October 29, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/212874.

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Major birth defects are an important public health issue because they are the leading cause of infant mortality. The most common birth defects are congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, and Down syndrome. Birth defects surveillance guides policy development and provides data for prevalence estimates, epidemiologic research, planning, and prevention. Several factors influence birth defects surveillance in the United States of America (USA). These include case ascertainment methods, pregnancy outcomes, and nomenclature used for coding birth defects. In 2015, the nomenclature used by most birth defects surveillance programs in USA will change from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM. This change will have implications on birth defects surveillance, prevalence estimates, and tracking birth defects trends.

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Brigham, Christopher R. "Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act: Use of AMA Guides." Guides Newsletter 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2003.marapr01.

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Abstract The US Congress passed the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act (LHWCA) in 1927 to provide coverage to longshore laborers working on navigable waters of the United States when no state workers’ compensation law applied. After amendments that extended and standardized the Act, the Longshore Compensation Act provides more than $670 million in monetary, medical, and vocational rehabilitation benefits to more than 72,000 individuals annually. Under the LHWCA, ratings are performed for “scheduled injuries” (ie, a scheduled member of the body), including upper extremity injuries (excluding the shoulder), lower extremity injuries, and hearing loss. Impairment ratings typically are expressed in terms of whole person permanent impairment, but under the LHWCA impairment is expressed in the smallest applicable body part (eg, an injury of two digits is expressed as a hand rating). Definitions of terms such as injury, disability, and impairment are similar in the LHWCA and the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides). Claims examiners are advised to require any physician selected to evaluate permanent medical impairment to use the AMA Guides, where applicable, to be detailed in their assessment report, and to rate and report permanent impairment according to the AMA Guides. Boxes in the article present portions of the LHWCA that address compensation for disability and the basic elements required to evaluate anatomical impairment.

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42

Paleczna, Marta. "Przekład ustny w Państwowym Muzeum Auschwitz -Birkenau (PMAB): warunki pracy, problemy i profil tłumacza." Politeja 16, no. 3(60) (March 1, 2020): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.60.11.

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Interpretation at The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum (ABMM): Working Conditions, Problems and Interpreter’s Profile In 2016 The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum was visited by over 2 million people, of whom over 400 thousand were Polish speakers. The others, over 1.5 million people, heard about the history of the camp from guides speaking their native languages. The largest group consisted of tourists from Great Britain, the United States, Italy, Spain, Israel and Germany. Due to the constantly increasing number of foreign tourists, the ABMM had to face the problem of shortage of guides speaking particular languages. Thus, a more and more popular solution is hiring interpreters who, along with Polish-speaking guides, provide the history of the camp to foreign language tourists. The time of sightseeing the ABMM with a guide is limited, therefore quick decision making regarding the interpretation is of the crucial importance. Basing on surveys carried out among interpreters I would like to present the interpretation at the Auschwitz Museum as an example of intercultural dialogue. Problems which interpreters are faced with and the way these problems are approached have a tremendous impact on the reception of the heard history.

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Klingeman, William E., Juang-Horng Chong, Carrie Harmon, Lisa Ames, Anthony V. LeBude, and Predeesh Chandran. "Scale Insect Records from Ornamental Plants Help to Prioritize Plant Health Resource Development." Plant Health Progress 21, no. 4 (January 1, 2020): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-05-20-0045-s.

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Estimates about which scale insect species are most frequently encountered in U.S. landscapes and commercial production systems are largely anecdotal. This survey of records maintained across about 15 years within the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) National Data Repository (NDR) returned information from 10,671 records of 192 scale insect species and 23 suspected species that were associated with ornamental plants. This broad species diversity challenges our ability to effectively train diagnosticians, can confound species identification accuracy, and impedes outreach efforts and resource development. To help focus future efforts in the development of outreach resources and diagnostic training guides, lists were assembled that identified the 60 top-ranked soft, armored, mealybug, and other scale insect taxa most frequently diagnosed within NDR records. Diagnostic service records from Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee provided more extensive information regarding sites or client types from which submitted samples originated. Results are being used to develop web-based, image-rich guides to key scale insect taxa in the southeastern United States that will explain life cycles, behaviors, and biology for pest species. These web-based guides can be exploited to optimize pest management actions.

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Demeter, Stephen L. "Effects of Aging on Impairment Ratings: Part 2: Internal Medicine Issues." Guides Newsletter 23, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2018.novdec02.

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Abstract This is the second of four articles that explore the effects of age-related changed in impairment evaluations according to the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fifth and Sixth Editions; specifically, this article completes the review of the internal medicine sections. With respect to the digestive system, the normal aging process affects gastrointestinal impairment ratings as found in the AMA Guides, Fifth and Sixth Editions, for gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, pancreatitis, diverticulitis, irritable bowel syndrome, fecal incontinence, and hemorrhoids. Cancers of the digestive system and infectious hepatitis were reviewed by the National Institutes of Health in The Burden of Digestive Diseases in the United States (2008), which should be reviewed when an impairment rating or apportionment is needed or for an individual with these conditions alleged to be the result of a compensable injury or illness. The normal aging process does not significantly affect the impairment ratings for renal disease (upper urinary tract disease), but, for individuals over 70, an age adjustment should be incorporated into the impairment rating. The AMA Guides, Fifth and Sixth Editions, also do not provide age-related modifications for urinary incontinence, but a rating physician may apply a discretionary apportionment. For diseases of the scrotum, testicles, epididymis, and spermatic cord, as well as for prostatic hypertrophy, neither edition of the AMA Guides makes age-related modifications; neither are modifications because of aging are made for the female reproductive tract, although raters are told to consider the physiological differences.

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45

Rowland, Sharon S. "Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy and Medicinal Products in the United States and Europe." Drug Information Journal 35, no. 3 (July 2001): 993–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286150103500337.

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46

Carpenter, Patrick M., and Robyn A. Bruce. "Development of an Established Name: Analyzing Stem Based United States Adopted Naming." Drug Information Journal 41, no. 5 (September 2007): 661–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286150704100513.

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47

O'Neill, Robert T. "Recent Methodological Issues in Drug Evaluation: A Perspective from the United States." Drug Information Journal 29, no. 4 (October 1995): 1357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286159502900440.

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48

Arnold, Renée J. Goldberg, Diana J. Kaniecki, Michael J. Sax, and Roger P. Potyk. "Cost Containment Strategies in the United States: Role of Cost-Effectiveness Research." Drug Information Journal 30, no. 3 (July 1996): 609–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286159603000303.

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49

Curran, Charles F. "An Index of United States Regulations Pertaining to Labeling of Prescription Drugs." Drug Information Journal 31, no. 1 (January 1997): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286159703100109.

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50

Meyers, Abbey S. "Orphan Drugs: The Current Situation in the United States, Europe, and Asia." Drug Information Journal 31, no. 1 (January 1997): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286159703100115.

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