Journal articles: 'United States - West - General'

1

Tanne, J. H. "West Nile virus spreads in United States." BMJ 325, no. 7362 (August 31, 2002): 460b—460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7362.460/b.

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Johnson, Richard T., and David N. Irani. "West Nile virus encephalitis in the United States." Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 2, no. 6 (December 2002): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11910-002-0035-0.

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Rustam, Ismah, Alwafi Ridho Subarkah, and Lalu Puttrawandi Karjaya. "Paradiplomacy of West Nusa Tenggara Province in Achieving Net-Zero Emission." Intermestic: Journal of International Studies 8, no. 2 (June 4, 2024): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v8n2.8.

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This study aims to determine the role of the sub-state in International Relations, namely West Nusa Tenggara (West Nusa Tenggara, NTB), which participated in the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP-26) in Glasgow to reduce carbon emissions or achieve Net Zero Emission (NZE). This research used a conceptual approach that is para-diplomacy and environmental diplomacy. This analysis used a qualitative research method with five stages: data collection, data reduction, data presentation in the form of narratives, graphs, and tables, and the final stage is writing conclusions. This study indicates that sub-states can carry out diplomacy in overcoming global climate problems, West Nusa Tenggara which participated in the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP-26) in Glasgow, was able to have its charm with several countries such as England, Sweden, Denmark, and the United States because NTB is seen to have the potential to develop renewable energy; moreover, it already has Provincial Regulation concerning the General Plan of Regional Energy to achieve the Net Zero Emission and it is in line with the objectives of the COP-26.

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Roayaei, Abbas J. "Hyperinflation in the United States, West Germany, and France." Atlantic Economic Journal 15, no. 4 (December 1987): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02304212.

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Reisen, William K., and Sarah S. Wheeler. "Overwintering of West Nile Virus in the United States." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 6 (September 24, 2019): 1498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz070.

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Abstract The establishment of a tropical virus such as West Nile (WNV; Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) within the temperate latitudes of the continental United States was unexpected and perhaps contingent, in part, upon the ability of this invasive virus to persist during winter when temperatures become too cold for replication and vector mosquito gonotrophic activity. Our Forum article reviews research examining possible overwintering mechanisms that include consistent reintroduction and local persistence in vector mosquitoes and avian hosts, mostly using examples from research conducted in California. We conclude that the transmission of WNV involves so many vectors and hosts within different landscapes that multiple overwintering pathways are possible and collectively may be necessary to allow this virus to overwinter consistently within the United States.

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Mo, Kingtse C., Lindsey N. Long, and Jae-Kyung E. Schemm. "Characteristics of Drought and Persistent Wet Spells over the United States in the Atmosphere–Land–Ocean Coupled Model Experiments." Earth Interactions 16, no. 9 (August 7, 2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2012ei000437.1.

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Abstract Atmosphere–land–ocean coupled model simulations are examined to diagnose the ability of models to simulate drought and persistent wet spells over the United States. A total of seven models are selected for this study. They are three versions of the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS) coupled general circulation model (CGCM) with a T382, T126, and T62 horizontal resolution; GFDL Climate Model version 2.0 (CM2.0); GFDL CM2.1; Max Planck Institute (MPI) ECHAM5; and third climate configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (HadCM3) simulations from the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) experiments. Over the United States, drought and persistent wet spells are more likely to occur over the western interior region, while extreme events are less likely to persist over the eastern United States and the West Coast. For meteorological drought, which is defined by precipitation (P) deficit, the east–west contrast is well simulated by the CFS T382 and the T126 models. The HadCM3 captures the pattern but not the magnitudes of the frequency of occurrence of persistent extreme events. For agricultural drought, which is defined by soil moisture (SM) deficit, the CFS T382, CFS T126, MPI ECHAM5, and HadCM3 models capture the east–west contrast. The models that capture the west–east contrast also have a realistic P climatology and seasonal cycle. ENSO is the dominant mode that modulates P over the United States. A model needs to have the ENSO mode and capture the mean P responses to ENSO in order to simulate realistic drought. To simulate realistic agricultural drought, the model needs to capture the persistence of SM anomalies over the western region.

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El Khalfi, Mohamad Amine. "AGREEMENT ON THE JOINT COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF ACTION (JCPOA) BETWEEN IRAN AND THE UNITED STATES." Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 7, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jph.v7i2.11296.

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Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) is the result of diplomatic negotiations reached by the United States, Britain, France, Russia, China, Germany and Iran in 2015 regarding the Iran Nuclear Agreement. The emergence of this agreement was due to Iran's actions abusing its nuclear development to serve as a weapon of mass destruction in 2011. In response to this, Western countries imposed economic sanctions on Iran in the hope of weakening Iran's position so that it does not have the ability to continue its nuclear weapons program. In fact, these sanctions succeeded in weakening the Iranian economy but were not politically effective enough because the Iranian government remained strong, this led to Iran being still involved in various conflicts in the region and still insisting on developing its uranium enrichment. Iran's tough stance made Western countries choose to bring Iran into the negotiations by making offers that could attract Iran's attention. During the Obama administration, the United States succeeded in bringing Iran into the negotiations. An achievement when the United States together with Britain, France, Russia, China, and Germany succeeded in getting Iran to agree to stop developing its nuclear weapons in exchange for the lifting of sanctions from the West. However, when the Donald Trump administration tensions began to re-emerge with the assassination of one of Iran's war generals that took place in 2020. The United States succeeded in bringing Iran into the talks. An achievement when the United States together with Britain, France, Russia, China, and Germany succeeded in getting Iran to agree to stop developing its nuclear weapons in exchange for the lifting of sanctions from the West. However, when the Donald Trump administration tensions began to re-emerge with the assassination of one of Iran's war generals that took place in 2020. The United States succeeded in bringing Iran into the negotiations. An achievement when the United States together with Britain, France, Russia, China, and Germany succeeded in getting Iran to agree to stop developing its nuclear weapons in exchange for the lifting of sanctions from the West. However, when the Donald Trump administration tensions began to re-emerge with the assassination of one of Iran's war generals that took place in 2020.

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8

Tusting, Paul. "West German Single Action Army-inspired Revolvers in the United States." Armax: The Journal of Contemporary Arms VIII, no. 2 (January 31, 2023): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52357/armax67209.

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After the Second World War, the proliferation of western movies and television shows in the United States drove substantial demand for revolvers styled after the Colt Single Action Army. While domestic companies such as Ruger, Great Western, and Colt themselves provided products to fulfil this demand, there were market opportunities for imported revolvers as well. Today, Italy dominates the U.S. consumer market for imported historical replica firearms, but at one time West Germany—with its still-recovering post-war economy—was a substantial source of inexpensive single-action revolvers. Despite their prevalence, very little has been published on these revolvers. To date, five West German firearms companies have been identified as producing these revolvers for the U.S. consumer market. Prior to the Gun Control Act of 1968, there were limited product marking requirements, which, combined with these revolvers being imported under a wide range of brands, can make identification challenging. This article provides an overview of the broader post-Second World War U.S. market for Colt Single Action replicas, provides a summary of each of the five key West German manufacturers, and presents a straightforward identification schema allowing the reader to differentiate between common makes and models.

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9

Terzi, Alexandra. "D. Biden's foreign policy doctrine and its implementation." nauka.me, no. 2 (2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s241328880022579-0.

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The US change in the White House in 2021 has led to a new foreign policy doctrine, which significantly influenced trends in international relations. The Biden administration's stated struggle between democracy and autocracy characterized the West's geopolitical rivalry with Russia and China, which has taken the form of a developing confrontation around the Russian-Ukrainian crisis. In practice, the United States is now unable to defeat its opponents, the sanctions imposed by them and their allies do not allow them to fulfill the task of embodying a democratic world order. Due to the interconnectedness of economics in the era of globalization, the main European partners of the United States are struggling with the energy crisis, which makes it impossible to concentrate on solving transnational problems, also stated in the doctrine. At this stage, the United States is not able to translate its rhetoric into real political decisions and achieve its goals.

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10

Kim, Soo Yeon, and Bruce Russett. "The new politics of voting alignments in the United Nations General Assembly." International Organization 50, no. 4 (1996): 629–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300033531.

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Voting patterns in the United National General Assembly provide an exceptionally good set of evidence for observing issues and alignments of states in international politics. We analyze those patterns in three post-cold war sessions of the General Assembly and compare them with the alignments and issues that characterized sessions during the cold war. We find new groups and alignments (with most of Eastern Europe now voting with rather than against West European positions) and a new prominence of long-term North-South issues as they now relate to questions of redefining “human security” in the post-cold war world. The predominant General Assembly division is between richer and poorer nations. Key correlates of voting with the North are wealth, democracy, and proportionately low levels of trade with the United States.

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11

Reisen, William K. "Twenty Years of West Nile Virus in the United States: Introduction." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 6 (September 24, 2019): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz130.

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12

Robertson, Frederick N. "Arsenic in ground-water under oxidizing conditions, south-west United States." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 11, no. 3-4 (December 1989): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01758668.

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13

Krebs, John W., Tara W. Strine, Jean S. Smith, Donald L. Noah, Charles E. Rupprecht, and James E. Childs. "Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1995." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209, no. 12 (December 15, 1996): 2031–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1996.209.12.2031.

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Summary In 1995, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 7,877 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nearly 92% (7,247 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8% (630 cases) were domestic species. The total number of reported cases decreased 4.2% from that of 1994 (8,230 cases). Most of the decline was the result of 17.1% fewer reported cases of rabies in raccoons in areas of the Northeast, where rabies is now enzootic rather than epizootic. Exceptions to this decline were detected in states where the virus has only recently entered raccoon populations or where ongoing epizootics persist. States experiencing increasing epizootic activity associated with this variant include Maine (3 cases in 1993 to 101 cases in 1995), North Carolina (9 cases in 1990 to 466 cases in 1995), Rhode Island (1 case in 1993 to 324 cases in 1995), and Vermont (45 cases in 1993 to 179 cases in 1995). The raccoon variant of the rabies virus is now present in Alabama, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia, and all Atlantic Seaboard states from Florida to Maine. In Ohio, this variant, last detected in 1992 as a single case, was again detected in 1996. Epizootics of rabies in foxes in west central Texas and in dogs and coyotes in southern Texas attributable to canine variants continue, with this state reporting 137 rabid foxes, 55 rabid dogs, and 80 of the 83 cases in coyotes during 1995. The number of rabid bats (787) increased by almost 25%, with cases reported by 47 of the 48 contiguous states. Nationally, reported cases of rabies in cattle (136) and cats (288) increased by 22.5 and 7.9%, respectively, whereas cases in dogs (146) decreased by 4.6%. Cats continued to be the domestic animal most frequently reported rabid. The cases of rabies reported in human beings were all caused by viral variants associated with bats. Eighteen states and Puerto Rico reported decreases in rabies in animals in 1995, compared with 28 states and the District of Columbia in 1994. Hawaii was the only state that did not report a case of rabies in 1995.

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14

Reid-Sanden, Frances L., James G. Dobbins, Jean S. Smith, and Daniel B. Fishbein. "Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1989." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 197, no. 12 (December 15, 1990): 1571–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1990.197.12.1571.

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Summary In 1989, 4,808 cases of rabies in animals other than human beings were reported to the Centers for Disease Control, 1.8% more (4,724 to 4,808) than in 1988. Eighty-eight percent (4,224/4,808) of those affected were wild animals and 12% (584/4,808) were domestic animals. Cases were reported from 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico; Hawaii remained rabies-free. Skunks (1,657) continued to be the most commonly reported rabid wild animal. For the second consecutive year, more cats (212) were reported to be infected with rabies virus than any other domestic species. Compared with their 1988 reports, 5 states reported increases of greater than 100% (Alaska, 109%; New Jersey, 233%; Ohio, 133%; Oklahoma, 168%; and Washington, 125%), and 5 states reported decreases of greater than 50% (Connecticut, 63%; Mississippi, 56%; Montana, 67%; Nevada, 55%; and West Virginia, 53%) in 1989.

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15

Voeten, Erik. "Clashes in the Assembly." International Organization 54, no. 2 (2000): 185–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081800551154.

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I apply nominate scaling to analyze a database of Cold War and post–Cold War roll call votes in the United Nations General Assembly. I investigate the dimensionality and stability of global conflict as well as the substantive content of the voting alignments that have replaced the Cold War East-West dimension. I find that post–Cold War conflict in the UN General Assembly is mostly one-dimensional. This single dimension positions countries on a continuum that runs from a group of Western countries at one extreme to a “counterhegemonic” bloc of countries that frequently clashes with the West, and the United States in particular. Levels of democracy and wealth are important independent determinants of the voting behavior of states. The positions of countries along the single dimension are remarkably stable across time, issue area, and issue importance. Except for the Eastern European countries switching sides, they are very similar to the positions on the Cold War East-West dimension. Contrary to expectations, post–Cold War conflict shows little resemblance to Cold War North-South conflict.

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16

Wang, Siqun, Michael Bussieck, Monique Guignard, Alexander Meeraus, and Fred O’Brien. "Term-end exam scheduling at United States Military Academy/West Point." Journal of Scheduling 13, no. 4 (December 17, 2009): 375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10951-009-0153-5.

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17

Koss, Melanie D., and Kathleen A. Paciga. "Curricular Freedom in the Contemporary Sociopolitical Context of the United States." International Journal on Social and Education Sciences 5, no. 4 (October 5, 2023): 760–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/ijonses.594.

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Using a mixed-methods approach, this study uses an Internet survey to investigate the curricular freedom reported by Prekindergarten through Grade 8 teachers in the United States concerning the inclusion of children's literature into their classrooms and curriculum, particularly in the current sociopolitical climate. Drawing upon Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, survey responses were analyzed based on the four levels of the ecological model (micro, meso, exo, and macro systems). To account for regional variations existing at the sociopolitical macro level, the study's findings were organized according to the five geographical regions of the United States: Midwest, Northeast, Southeast, Southwest, and West. Analysis indicated distinct variation in the patterns of the responses across the geographical regions, aligned with the dominant political ideology of their state. Responses of teachers from the Northeast and West were heavily influenced by events and experiences at the national level, whereas teachers from the Southeast and Southwest focused on matters concerning individual, local, and state issues. Teachers from the Midwest, a politically mixed region, least frequently commented on issues related to censorship, a trend noted in the other four regions.

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18

Bedrosian, Sara R., Cathy E. Young, Laura A. Smith, Joanne D. Cox, Craig Manning, Laura Pechta, Jana L. Telfer, et al. "Lessons of Risk Communication and Health Promotion — West Africa and United States." MMWR Supplements 65, no. 3 (July 8, 2016): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.su6503a10.

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19

Murray, Kristy O., Eva Mertens, and Philippe Desprès. "West Nile virus and its emergence in the United States of America." Veterinary Research 41, no. 6 (June 24, 2010): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/vetres/2010039.

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20

Vinokurov, V. I., and A. Dashnyam. "Russian-Chinese relations and the transformation of the world order." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 4 (August 11, 2022): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2204-02.

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The article analyzes the world order and the international policy of states in modern conditions, analyzes the relations of the Russian Federation and China. It is determined that cooperation between Russia and China is an important and necessary direction in the face of an increasing threat from the West. The desire of the United States to strengthen its infl uence in the international arena leads to instability around the world, and to an increase in interstate confl icts. The new world order is necessary for states as a means of protecting against threats and stabilizing relations between states, the question remains: Who should become the new leader on the world stage, and what exactly should the world order be? Chinese scientists are divided in their opinion, some believe that China should take a new course to protect weak states from US policy, others say that China is not capable of changing the world order and challenging the West. In the situation with Ukrainian issues, many states face a choice: — to challenge the United States, to throw off their obsessive policies and create a new world order in which there will be no place for American leadership; — to be afraid of the consequences of the struggle with the United States, and taking their position to challenge Russia, which in turn will also lead the countries of the West and Asia to serious economic problems. The Russian Federation and China are long-standing partners, connected not only by common interests and views on the world order and negatively related to US policy, but also by states that are also connected by membership in international associations of the Asia-Pacifi c region. If Russia calls China its fi rst important trading partner, then in 2022 China called the United States its main trading partner. China is also preparing sanctions against the Russian Federation, as it cannot resist US policy, and is forced to put up with it. The main question remains whether the Russian Federation should be considered the main partner on the world stage, a state that, like many other countries, does not dare to go against the United States.

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21

Patel, Achint, Harshil Shah, Shanti Patel, Girish N. Nadkarni, and Jaime Uribarri. "Geographical Variation in Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Insertion and Initiation within the United States." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 36, no. 6 (November 2016): 691–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00006.

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Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an effective but underutilized renal replacement therapy modality. There are limited data regarding geographical variation in PD catheter insertion and utilization of PD as a first renal replacement therapy in the United States. We explored the variation in catheter insertion and initiation of PD utilizing 2 large, nationally representative databases. The incidence of catheter insertion differed significantly by geographical region, being highest in the South (7.30/100 end-stage renal disease [ESRD] patients; 95% confidence [CI] interval 6.78 – 7.81) and lowest in the West (5.91/100 ESRD patients; 95% CI 5.43 – 6.38). Peritoneal dialysis initiation also differed by region, being highest in the West (7.10/100 ESRD patients; 95% CI 6.83 – 7.30) and lowest in the Northeast (5.12/100 ESRD patients; 95% CI 4.87 – 5.30). Interestingly, the Northeast region, with the lowest rate of PD utilization, had the highest number of nephrologists per population (3.95/100,000 persons), and the West, with the highest PD utilization, had the lowest number of nephrologists (2.54/100,000 persons). Reasons for this variation should be explored further and efforts should be made to standardize PD implementation throughout the United States.

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22

Kurashvili, Tamila. "Relations Between the United States and Russia in the Middle Eastern Region." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 2(528) (May 29, 2023): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2023-2-93-107.

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The main global geopolitical discourse of the 20th century was to divide the world into two parts, the spheres of influence of Soviet and West. The United States was the leader of the West, which was perceived by Russia as a major geopolitical opponent. The political leadership of Russia, at first with inertia, and then thoroughly continued this course of Soviet Union. The US authorities showed a relatively less reactional policy on the Russian Federation than it did to the Soviet Union. However, the final cooperative agreement on the main geopolitical issues has not been reached between the two states. The Persian Gulf and the Middle Eastern region in general have always been a wide area of interest to Russia. Such a persistent interest in the region is due to a very simple reason – the Middle East is the southern flank of Russia's borders. Consequently, Russia's foreign policy will always have a leading influence in the region. Consequently, the US – Russia interests also appear in this region. One of the leading directions in Russia's geopolitics is the United States. Currently, there is a highly tense relationship between the US and Russia due to the Ukrainian war. Nevertheless, both large international actors are more or less aware of how much their relationship depends on the fate of humanity as a whole. Russia and the US were allies in World War II. This historical memory also exists between them, but ideological and civilizational differences have not allowed the parties to lay the groundwork for somewhat peaceful and fair world. Relationships between them are more rivalry than cooperation. At present, Russia has imposed heavy economic sanctions from the US and the West.

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23

COWDEN, BIRTON J., JINTONG TANG, JUN YANG, and YULI ZHANG. "EXPLORING INNOVATIVE NEW VENTURES IN CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 20, no. 02 (June 2015): 1550010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946715500107.

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Data and general observations would indicate that Chinese new ventures are not as innovative as U.S. new ventures. This paper utilizes the Institution-Based View of Entrepreneurship to argue that the varying institutions within the subnational regions influence the innovativeness of new ventures. More specifically, this variation in innovativeness of new ventures is more salient in the Chinese setting than the United States setting because of the unevenness of institutional transitions within Chinese subnational regions. Using a sample of 488 Chinese new ventures and 317 U.S. new ventures, this paper not only shows that region matters beyond individual and industry characteristics, but also shows that China suffers from a weighted averages issue, with Central and West subnational regions of China bringing down its overall innovativeness of new ventures. This provides implications on the appropriateness of making comparisons at a country level.

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24

Hennessy, Eleanor M., Jacques A. de Chalendar, Sally M. Benson, and Inês M. L. Azevedo. "Distributional health impacts of electricity imports in the United States." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 6 (May 19, 2022): 064011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac6cfa.

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Abstract The electric grid is evolving rapidly in response to climate change. As renewables are incorporated, more interconnection of the grid is expected. Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from fossil-fuel generation causes adverse health impacts, including thousands of premature deaths each year in the United States. It is well understood that PM2.5 exposure can occur at great distances from pollutant sources, but insufficient work has been done to understand the role of grid interconnection and trade in causing pollution-related mortality. Regions with clean generation can import electricity from regions with highly polluting generation sources, allowing them to benefit from the electricity consumption while people in other regions suffer the associated health damages. We use flow tracing and consumption-based accounting to characterize the health damages from exposure to PM2.5 from electricity imports. We find that 8% of our estimated premature deaths from electricity consumption in the United States are due to electricity imports. There is large geographic heterogeneity, with the most impacts occurring in the Midwest. While the West Coast has much cleaner generation and lower impacts overall, in many West Coast Balancing Areas, more than 50% of the estimated premature mortality associated with electricity consumption is caused by electricity imports, with some groups experiencing larger impacts than others.

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Rippl, Susanne, and Klaus Boehnke. "Authoritarianism: Adolescents from East and West Germany and the United States compared." New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 1995, no. 70 (1995): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cd.23219957006.

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26

Sheladia, Shyam, and P. Hemachandra Reddy. "Age-Related Chronic Diseases and Alzheimer’s Disease in Texas: A Hispanic Focused Study." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports 5, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/adr-200277.

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The emergence of age-related chronic diseases within the United States has led to the direct increase of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as well as other neurological diseases which ultimately contribute to the development of dementia within the general population. To be specific, age-related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol, diabetes, and kidney disease contribute greatly to the advancement and rapid progression of dementia. Furthermore, unmodifiable risk factors such as advancing age and genetics as well as modifiable risk factors such as socioeconomic status, educational attainment, exercise, and diet further contribute to the development of dementia. Current statistics and research show that minority populations such as Hispanic Americans in the United States face the greatest burden of dementia due to the increase in the prevalence of overall population age, predisposing genetics, age-related chronic diseases, low socioeconomic status, as well as poor lifestyle choices and habits. Additionally, Hispanic Americans living within Texas and the rural areas of West Texas face the added challenge of finding appropriate healthcare services. This article will focus upon the research associated with AD as well as the prevalence of AD within the Hispanic American population of Texas and rural West Texas. Furthermore, this article will also discuss the prevalence of age-related chronic diseases, unmodifiable risk factors, and modifiable risk factors which lead to the progression and development of AD within the Hispanic American population of the United States, Texas, and rural West Texas.

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Volodin, Dmitry. "The boundary dispute between Canada and the U.S. in the Beaufort Sea: problems of regulation." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 4 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760027293-9.

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The dispute between Canada and the United States on the line of demarcation of the water area and the continental shelf in the Beaufort Sea has been ongoing since the mid-1970s. Canada proposes to draw this line along the 141st meridian of the west longitude, and the United States - on the equidistance principle. In the 2000s the subject of the dispute expanded to include also the demarcation of the extended continental shelf of the two countries in the Arctic. Against the backdrop of extremely high oil prices in the late 2000s – mid 2010s attempts by the two countries to resolve this dispute intensified, but the subsequent fall in oil prices reduced the interest of Canada and the United States in resolving this dispute.

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Kennedy, Liam. "Spectres of comparison American studies and the United States of the West." Comparative American Studies An International Journal 4, no. 2 (June 2006): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477570006064535.

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ASNIS, DEBORAH S., RICK CONETTA, GLENN WALDMAN, and ALEX A. TEIXEIRA. "The West Nile Virus Encephalitis Outbreak in the United States (1999-2000)." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 951, no. 1 (January 25, 2006): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02694.x.

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30

John Ojih and Chastity N. Bradford. "Assessing the risks of hypertension amongst West African immigrants in the United States." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 19, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.19.3.0177.

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Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States(US) and Worldwide, and hypertension (HTN) is the main contributing factor. HTN causes a systemic increase in mean arterial pressure, and it occurs in response to both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. HTN is called the “silent killer” due to the absence of obvious signs and symptoms. Increased HTN has been at epic proportions among African-born immigrants(ABI), and African Americans(AA) in the US. Despite the prevalence of HTN among the ABI population, these group of immigrants are unrecognized and underrepresented because of one common racial identifier, AA. Although HTN can be managed, 60% of patients with HTN are not aware they have the condition. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to elucidate the association of length of stay in the US and prevalence of HTN among ABI population in the US. Methods: A secondary dataset was retrieved from the survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Health Institute Survey 2014 (n= 112053). We used descriptive and inferential statistics, binary logistic, and multiple regression analysis to quantitatively test the multiple variables and the hypotheses. Results: There are statistically significant associations between physical inactivity, food insecurity, and length of stay in the US by the ABI population and HTN. Conclusion: Acculturation plays a very critical role in the development of HTN among ABI populations that reside in the US greater than 5 years. HTN is preventable and manageable by adopting positive life-changing behaviors.

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31

Stramer, Susan L., Chyang T. Fang, Gregory A. Foster, Annette G. Wagner, Jaye P. Brodsky, and Roger Y. Dodd. "West Nile Virus among Blood Donors in the United States, 2003 and 2004." New England Journal of Medicine 353, no. 5 (August 4, 2005): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa044333.

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32

Bueche, Maria N. "Maternal-Infant Health Care: A Comparison Between the United States and West Germany." Nursing Forum 25, no. 4 (October 1990): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.1990.tb00862.x.

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33

Krow-Lucal, Elisabeth, Nicole P. Lindsey, Jennifer Lehman, Marc Fischer, and J. Erin Staples. "West Nile Virus and Other Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases — United States, 2015." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 66, no. 02 (January 20, 2017): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6602a3.

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34

Fagre, Anna C., Shelby Lyons, J. Erin Staples, and Nicole Lindsey. "West Nile Virus and Other Nationally Notifiable Arboviral Diseases — United States, 2021." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 72, no. 34 (August 25, 2023): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7234a1.

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35

Schubert, Siegfried D., Yehui Chang, Max J. Suarez, and Philip J. Pegion. "ENSO and Wintertime Extreme Precipitation Events over the Contiguous United States." Journal of Climate 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1705.1.

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Abstract In this study the authors examine the impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on precipitation events over the continental United States using 49 winters (1949/50–1997/98) of daily precipitation observations and NCEP–NCAR reanalyses. The results are compared with those from an ensemble of nine atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations forced with observed SST for the same time period. Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the daily precipitation fields together with compositing techniques are used to identify and characterize the weather systems that dominate the winter precipitation variability. The time series of the principal components (PCs) associated with the leading EOFs are analyzed using generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions to quantify the impact of ENSO on the intensity of extreme precipitation events. The six leading EOFs of the observations are associated with major winter storm systems and account for more than 50% of the daily precipitation variability along the West Coast and over much of the eastern part of the country. Two of the leading EOFs (designated GC for Gulf Coast and EC for East Coast) together represent cyclones that develop in the Gulf of Mexico and occasionally move and/or redevelop along the East Coast producing large amounts of precipitation over much of the southern and eastern United States. Three of the leading EOFs represent storms that hit different sections of the West Coast (designated SW for Southwest coast, WC for the central West Coast, and NW for northwest coast), while another represents storms that affect the Midwest (designated by MW). The winter maxima of several of the leading PCs are significantly impacted by ENSO such that extreme GC, EC, and SW storms that occur on average only once every 20 years (20-yr storms) would occur on average in half that time under sustained El Niño conditions. In contrast, under La Niña conditions, 20-yr GC and EC storms would occur on average about once in 30 years, while there is little impact of La Niña on the intensity of the SW storms. The leading EOFs from the model simulations and their connections to ENSO are for the most part quite realistic. The model, in particular, does very well in simulating the impact of ENSO on the intensity of EC and GC storms. The main model discrepancies are the lack of SW storms and an overall underestimate of the daily precipitation variance.

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36

Zhiltsov, S. S. "Russian Policy in the face of global uncertainty: challenges and opportunit." Post-Soviet Issues 10, no. 1 (July 6, 2023): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2023-10-1-8-16.

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Since February 2022, the foreign policy of the Russian Federation has been carried out in a fundamentally new reality. Contradictions between Russia and Western states have escalated. The reason for the escalation is the policy of the West, which in the last decade has consistently taken steps aimed at changing the current system in the fi eld of maintaining global security and stability in international relations. The United States began to implement a course focused on preserving its dominant position in world politics and the economy. The political leadership of the United States strives to achieve these goals by putting pressure on their partners and geopolitical competitors, primarily Russia and China. Such US aspirations have provoked opposition from Russia, which has faced new challenges since March 2014 following the reunifi cation of Crimea with the Russian state. After that, the West radically revised its political course towards Russia and began to implement the sanctions policy. The pressure on Russia has led to growing tensions with the West, and more recently to open confrontation. The provocative measures taken to preserve the confl ict in the Donbass were supplemented by preparations for an armed confl ict between Ukraine and Russia. Moreover, the West purposefully pushed Kyiv to a military confl ict with the Russian Federation, which after February 2022 was forced to radically revise its approaches to foreign policy. The intensifi ed confrontation with the West has set the task for Russia to revise its foreign policy in many areas. In particular, Russia began to pursue a new energy and economic policy and to expand contacts with non-Western states. At the same time, geopolitical turbulence provides Russia with new opportunities. In the fi eld of international relations, the Russian Federation have a chance to reduce its dependence on the West, which for a long time acted as the main foreign policy partner. In this sense, Russia’s relations with non-Western states open up new opportunities for defending its geopolitical positions.

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37

Atasoy, Filiz Guneysu, Daowei Zhang, and Jeffrey P. Prestemon. "An Examination of Excess Wood Pellet Supply in the United States." Forest Products Journal 73, no. 2 (May 19, 2022): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00066.

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Abstract The US wood pellet exports—mostly to Europe, Japan, and South Korea—comprised 85 percent of its wood pellet production in the past 20+ years. In this article, we estimate the regional excess supply of wood pellets in the United States using annual data from 1996 to 2021.We use Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) analysis in a profit maximization framework for the South, North, and West regions of the United States. We also include some clean energy policies of the European Union (EU) to examine their potential impact on US wood pellet export volume. Our results show that after application of the low-carbon energy target in the EU, the export volume of the United States has increased, especially in the South region. Elasticity of excess wood pellet supply from the United States was approximately 0.15 in all three regions, and interest rates and energy costs have negative impacts on regional excess supply. Therefore, the recent increase in interest rates and energy costs could slow down the growth of excess supply of wood pellets in the United States.

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38

Andersson, Fredrik. "The Drug Lag Issue: The Debate Seen from an International Perspective." International Journal of Health Services 22, no. 1 (January 1992): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/9y32-x86y-m3f0-jqfc.

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This article reviews the literature related to the “drug lag” issue, i.e., the issue of whether important new drugs are introduced relatively late, or, in certain cases, are introduced at all, in a particular country. The literature can be divided into two main parts: studies primarily related to the delay in introduction of new drugs and studies primarily related to the number of introduced new drugs. Most studies have found the United States, Sweden, and Norway to have a long delay in the introduction of new drugs. The United Kingdom and (West) Germany in general have the shortest delay. There are also large differences in the number of introduced new drugs. In most studies, the United States and Norway have introduced far fewer new drugs than any other industrialized country. In general (West) Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy have introduced the largest number of new drugs. One of the reviewed studies presented a relationship between regulatory processing time and delay in introduction. Another study found an increasing influence of regulatory stringency on the number of introduced new drugs in a country. If a country's aim is to decrease the delay in introduction and/or to increase the introduction of important new drugs, a review of the local regulatory agencies and the regulations seems worthwhile.

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39

Dominick, R. "The roots of the Green Movement in the United States and West Germany." Environmental History Review 12, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3984283.

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40

Krebs, John W., Tara W. Strine, Jean S. Smith, Charles E. Rupprecht, and James E. Childs. "Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1994." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 207, no. 12 (December 15, 1995): 1562–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1995.207.12.1562.

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Summary In 1994, 48 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 8,224 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 6 cases in human beings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nearly 93% (7,632 cases) were wild animals, whereas 7% (592 cases) were domestic species. The total number of reported cases decreased 13.4% from that of 1993 (9,498 cases), with most of the decline resulting from 19.2% fewer cases of rabies in raccoons. Two previously described epizootics of rabies involving the raccoon variant of the rabies virus have converged in North Carolina, and the resulting region is now continuous from Alabama and Florida in the South to Maine in the North. Epizootics of rabies in foxes in west central Texas and in dogs and coyotes in southern Texas continue to expand, with this state reporting 144 rabid foxes, 53 rabid dogs, and 77 of the 85 cases in coyotes during 1994. Maine and New Hampshire reported cases of rabies in foxes (6 and 9, respectively) for the first time in 10 years. Nationally, reported cases of rabies in dogs (153) increased by 17.7%, whereas cases in cattle (111) and cats (267) decreased by 14.6 and 8.3%, respectively. Cats continued to be the domestic animal most frequently reported rabid. Twenty-eight states and the District of Columbia reported decreases in rabies in animals in 1994, compared with 22 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico in 1993. Hawaii and Nebraska were the only states that did not report cases of rabies in 1994.

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41

Marasteanu, I. Julia, and Edward C. Jaenicke. "Hot Spots and Spatial Autocorrelation in Certified Organic Operations in the United States." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 45, no. 3 (November 21, 2016): 485–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2016.5.

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This study identifies clusters of certified organic operations in the United States and determines the form of spatial autocorrelation present in the operations’ distribution. We identify large hot spots of organic operations along the West Coast and in the Midwest and Northeast with some variation based on how we define an organic operation. Further analyses suggest that organic operations do not necessarily follow the same geographic patterns as nonorganic agricultural and general business establishments. Spatial autoregressive models confirm the presence of significant spatial dependence in the distribution of certified organic operations for a number of different definitions of an organic operation.

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42

Perrone, Sean T. "“Keeping Tabs”: Spanish Consular Activities in Key West, 1829–70." British Journal of American Legal Studies 12, no. 2 (September 1, 2023): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjals-2023-0027.

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Abstract This essay describes the work of Spain's consuls in Key West between 1829 and 1870. Although Spain sold Florida to the United States in 1821, it retained a keen interest in Key West (primarily due to the city's proximity to Cuba). As their country's “eyes and ears,” Spain's consuls were expected to keep their superiors in Madrid briefed on the latest developments, a task they pursued with vigor.

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43

Mustafabeyli, А. M. "Expansion of the west in the Caspian region." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 4 (August 11, 2022): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2204-03.

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The expansionism of the West, led by the United States in the CIS space, particularly in countries with signifi cant natural resources, is always aimed not only at maximization the use of their wealth but also at neutralization the infl uence of Russia. The energy reserves of the Caspian territories and their geography since olden times attracted Westerners, primarily Americans and British. The oil boom in the second half of the 19th century led to the introduction of the largest Western companies such as the American giant «Standard Oil», «French House of Rothschild», and the Anglo-Dutch «Royal Dutch Shell» equipped with advanced technologies into the country's hydrocarbon industry. Extraordinary for that time fi nancial resources were invested in the Russian oil industry. The Soviet government nationalized the oil and gas industry, blocking foreigners' access to it. After the collapse of the USSR, new sovereign states, including the Caspian ones, in an eff ort to overcome socioeconomic and foreign policy problems, focused on the accelerated exploitation of natural resources by the foreign partners. American, British, Norwegian, Japanese, Saudi, Turkish companies have started operating in Azerbaijan. Royal Dutch-Shell, Chevron, Eni, Total feel comfortable in Kazakhstan. Along with hydrocarbons, Kazakhstan has signifi cant reserves of uranium, which is mined by foreign businesses, including Western ones. From 1992 (date of establishment of Turkmen-American diplomatic relations) up to 2021 Turkmenistan and the United States signed 167 documents on cooperation in the energy sector, including the gas sector, engineering, agriculture and other areas. Against this background, Russia needs to intensify its participation and cooperation in energy projects, scientific, educational, agro-industrial areas of the Caspian states. Activities in the CIS space is important especially in the context of the total, political, economic, information war of the collective West against Russia.

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44

McWhinney, Edward. "Towards an Empirically-Based New International Economic Order." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 27 (1990): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800003854.

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The movement on behalf of a new international economic order emerged in the early 1970’s and achieved an early, signal success with three great ventures in international lawmaking by the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 and 1975. These were the Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, the Programme of Action on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, and the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States. All three acts were adopted in the form of General Assembly resolutions, the first two by consensus and without formal vote, at the Sixth Special Session of the General Assembly. The Resolution on the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, being pushed to a vote at the succeeding regular Annual Session, was adopted by 120 to 6, with 10 abstentions (with the United States, Great Britain, and West Germany among the negative votes, and France, Italy, Japan, and Canada among the abstentions).

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45

Kamenski, Stefan. "The East-West Procedural Conflict over the 1946 Paris Peace Conference." Istoriya-History 31, no. 5 (September 15, 2023): 488–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/his2023-5-5-the.

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The article presents the procedure for the conclusion of peace treaties with the five former satellites of Nazi Germany after the end of the Second World War. The paper uses the methodology of the historical and legal analysis. The focus is on the accessible State Department archives for the Potsdam Conference of the Big Three, the first session of the Council of Foreign Ministers in London, and the December 1945 conference of the Foreign Ministers of the USSR, the United States, and the United Kingdom in Moscow. The negotiations between the three Great Powers leading to the decision to hold the Paris Peace Conference in 1946 are examined. Conclusions are made about how the USA, the United Kingdom and the USSR did not spare efforts to maintain complete control over the process without allowing other powers to interfere.

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46

Keller, Deborah, Cara Guilfoyle, and Jack Sariego. "Geographical Influence on Racial Disparity in Breast Cancer Presentation in the United States." American Surgeon 77, no. 7 (July 2011): 933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481107700734.

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Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. It has been shown that breast cancer presentation varies between racial groups nationwide. Several studies have suggested that this is more a function of geographic rather than true racial disparity. The current study was undertaken to examine racial disparity in breast cancer presentation and to determine whether such disparity continues to be seen once geographic factors are taken into account. Breast cancer data were reviewed for all programs reporting to the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer National Cancer Database (NCDB) between 2000 and 2007, inclusive. These data were readily available online. Variables reviewed were: stage at the time of presentation; race; histology; and geographic location within the United States. Four broad regions of the country were chosen, corresponding to the U.S. Census Regions: Northeast, South, Midwest, and West. Patient data were classified as either “early” (stages 0, I, and II) or “late” (stages III and IV) at the time of presentation. A total of 1,388,186 patients were reported during the study period; 1,132,128 white and 256,058 nonwhite. There was a statistically significant difference in presentation between the two racial cohorts; a significantly higher percentage of whites presented with “early” disease (88.8%) when compared with nonwhites (83.8%). This statistically significant difference persisted even when the data were corrected for geographic location within the United States. There is a racial disparity with regard to breast cancer presentation throughout the United States which seems to be independent of geographic location. Nonwhites in all geographic regions present with later-stage disease than whites.

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47

Jarvis, Robert M. "The Schooner Enterprise: a Forgotten Key West Murder Case." British Journal of American Legal Studies 12, no. 2 (September 1, 2023): 195–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjals-2023-0021.

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Abstract In 1859, Key West found itself transfixed by a sensational criminal trial. Styled United States v. Carcer, Eloy, and Davis, and presided over by William Marvin, the island's legendary federal judge, the case involved a mutiny-murder aboard the slave ship Enterprise. Although famous in its day, the tale has been all but forgotten due to the Great Key West Fire of 1886, which destroyed nearly every record of the affair.

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48

Bachmann, Roger W., Sapna Sharma, Daniel E. Canfield, and Vincent Lecours. "The Distribution and Prediction of Summer Near-Surface Water Temperatures in Lakes of the Coterminous United States and Southern Canada." Geosciences 9, no. 7 (July 5, 2019): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9070296.

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The goals of the study were: (i) To describe the distribution of summer near-surface water temperatures in lakes of the coterminous United States and southern Canada (ii) to determine the geographic, meteorological and limnological factors related to summer water temperatures and (iii) to develop and test predictive models for summer near-surface water temperatures. We used data from the United States National Lakes Assessments of 2007 and 2012 as well as data collected from several different studies of Canadian lakes. Using multiple regressions, we quantified the general observations that summer water temperatures decreased when going from south to north, from east to west, and from lower elevations to higher elevations. Our empirical model using 8-day average air temperatures, latitude, longitude, elevations and month was able to predict water temperatures in individual lakes on individual summer days with a standard deviation of 1.7 °C for United States lakes and 2.3 °C for lakes in the southern regions of Canada.

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49

Sesay, Amadu, and Charles Ukeje. "The West and Elections in Nigeria." Issue 27, no. 1 (1999): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700503096.

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The end of the cold war has made democratization, and its barest essential component elections, imperative for all nondemocratic forms of government. This is to be expected, given the dismal failure of the socialist alternative even in the first socialist country, the former Soviet Union. The United States, which is not only the foremost democracy in the world but also the only superpower, has been in the vanguard of democracy salesmanship. Africa, the continent with the least democratic space, has not been left out, as witnessed by President Bill Clinton’s unprecedented tour of the continent in March 1998.Understandably, Nigeria, arguably the most important country in Africa, was left out of the tour, since it was then under the obnoxious, undemocratic, and oppressive military regime of the late General Sani Abacha.

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50

Sesay, Amadu, and Charles Ukeje. "The West and Elections in Nigeria." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 27, no. 1 (1999): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500005874.

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The end of the cold war has made democratization, and its barest essential component elections, imperative for all nondemocratic forms of government. This is to be expected, given the dismal failure of the socialist alternative even in the first socialist country, the former Soviet Union. The United States, which is not only the foremost democracy in the world but also the only superpower, has been in the vanguard of democracy salesmanship. Africa, the continent with the least democratic space, has not been left out, as witnessed by President Bill Clinton’s unprecedented tour of the continent in March 1998. Understandably, Nigeria, arguably the most important country in Africa, was left out of the tour, since it was then under the obnoxious, undemocratic, and oppressive military regime of the late General Sani Abacha.

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Journal articles on the topic 'United States - West - General'

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