Journal articles on the topic 'United Western Bank (Maharashtra, India)'

Background: Hypertension, the “silent killer” - is a modern day’s epidemic and is becoming a public health emergency worldwide, especially in the developing countries. Sedentary life-style and stress are important risk factors for hypertension. The job of bank employees is both sedentary in nature and accompanies high levels of mental stress, thereby at a higher risk of developing hypertension. Hence the present study was conducted to study the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among the bank employees in Western Maharashtra.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during January 2014 to December 2015 to assess the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among the bank employees in Western Maharashtra. By using multistage sampling method, total 340 bank employees from 40 branches were included in the study after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After all ethical considerations, the data were collected by using pre-designed, pre-tested and semi-structured questionnaire and then analysed using MS Excel, SPSS-22 and Primer of Biostatistics.Results: Overall prevalence of hypertension was 39.7% and that of pre-hypertension was 41.8% among the study population. Socio-demographic factors like age, male gender, family history of hypertension, mode of travel, physical activity, overweight, years of service, intake of coffee and smoking had shown significant association with hypertension.Conclusions: Prevalence of hypertension was found as significantly higher in bank employees than the general population of India. Among the non-hypertensives large part was pre-hypertensives which are also at high risk of developing hypertension in the future.

AbstractIndia is gradually changing its course from decades of inward-looking economics and strong anti-Western foreign policies. It has become more pragmatic, seeing important economic benefits from globalization, and some political benefits of working with the United States to achieve New Delhi's great-power aspirations. Despite these changes, I argue that India's deep-seated anti-colonial nationalism and commitment to strategic autonomy continues to form the core of Indian identity. This makes India's commitment to Western-dominated multilateral institutions and Western norms, such as humanitarian intervention, partial and instrumental. Thus, while Indian foreign-policy discourse shows little sign of seeking to fully challenge the U.S.-led international order beyond largely reformist measures of building parallel institutions such as the New Development Bank, India will continue to strongly resist Western actions that weaken sovereignty norms.

In this piece I look at the BRICS bloc (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) as rivals of the West, united more by circumstance than by intent. It emerged as a seemingly innocuous banker’s gimmick referring to the ‘emerging market’ potential of the countries thus thrown together, but due to the aggressive Western response to independent policies, the BRICS have slowly moved towards solidifying their cohesion. Comprising half the world’s population, the bloc on the eve of the financial crisis of 2008 was closing in on the West. In Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms, China’s GDP was three-quarters the size of the US economy, and India no. 4 behind Japan, whilst Brazil and Russia were catching up with the main EU states (Armijo 2007: 12). The 2008 financial collapse in the West contracted China’s export markets and speculation that the BRICS were passé, was rife (Sharma, 2012: 6). However, China and India soon recovered, surpassing the US and Japan, respectively, whilst Russia and Brazil are trailing just behind Germany (World Bank 2016).This (uneven) recovery of the BRICS bloc in turn has provoked an even less benevolent response, increasingly amounting to a straightforward confrontation policy. My argument is that once the crisis forcedChina, the bloc’s locomotive, to slow down and the global commodity boom ended, a Western strategy of isolating it from the other BRICS ensued. This is most obvious in the case of the NATO siege on Russia.

Review of European Studies wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Review of European Studies is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to res@ccsenet.org. Reviewers for Volume 12, Number 1 Alejandra Moreno Alvarez, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain Antonio Messeni Petruzzelli, Politecnico di Bari, Italy Arthur Becker-Weidman, Center For Family Development, USA Aziollah Arbabisarjou, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran Eugenia Panitsides, University of Macedonia, Greece Federico De Andreis, University Giustino Fortunato, Italy Florin Ionita, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Romania Frantisek Svoboda, Masaryk University, Czech republic Gabriela Gruber, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania Gevisa La Rocca, University of Enna “Kore”, Italy Ghaiath M. A. Hussein, University of Birmingham, UK Gülce Başer, Boğaziçi University, Tukey Ifigeneia Vamvakidou, University of Western Macedonia, Greece Indrajit Goswami, N. L. Dalmia Institute of Management Studies and Research, India Ioan-Gheorghe Rotaru, ‘Timotheus’ Brethren Theological Institute of Bucharest, Romania Julia Stefanova, Economic Research Institute – The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Karen Ferreira-Meyers, University of Swaziland, Swaziland Maria Pescaru, University of Pitești, ROMANIA Montserrat Crespi Vallbona, University of Barcelona, Spain Muhammad Saud, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia Natalija Vrecer, independent researcher, Slovenia Nunzia Di Cristo Bertali, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom Serdar Yilmaz, World Bank, USA Skaidrė Žičkienė, Šiauliai University, Lithuania Szabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquin, Guatemala Tryfon Korontzis, Hellenic National School of Local Government, Greece Valeria Vannoni, University of Perugia, Italy Vicenta Gisbert, Universidad de La Laguna, Spain

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons. Dothideomycetes: Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae. Hosts: many, including Allium spp., asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), pear (Pyrus sp.), barley (Hordeum vulgare), sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (Ethiopia, Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Senegal, South Africa, Tunisia, Zambia), Asia (Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Hainan, Yunnan, India, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Hokkaido, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Korea Republic, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Turkey, United Arab Emirates), Europe (Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, England), North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico, USA, Arizona, California, Florida, Michigan, New Mexico, New York, Texas, Washington, Wisconsin), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, Vanuatu), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Goiás, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (= M. perforatus( DeLotto), Phenacoccus glomeratus Green) [Hemiptera: Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae] Hibiscus mealybug. Attacks cotton, Hibiscus spp., Boehmeria, mulberry, jute and grapevine. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, China, Hongkong, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kampuchea, Laos, Malaysia, Malaya, Maldive Islands, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, AFRICA, Benin, Burkina, Faso, Cameroon, Central African, Republic Chad, Congo, Egypt, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, AUSTRALASIA, and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Northern, Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Papua New Guinea.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae Attacks cotton (Gossypium spp.), Hibiscus spp., Boehmeria, mulberry (Morus spp.), jute (Corchorus spp.), grapevine (Vitis spp.) and many other plants. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Guangdong, Shanxi, Yunnan, Hong Kong, India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Lao, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, AFRICA, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, Kenya, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, British Virgin Islands, Grenada, Netherlands Antilles, St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands, SOUTH AMERICA, Guyana, OCEANIA, Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Tuvalu.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. Ascomycota: Eurotiales. Hosts: Citrus spp. and crab apple (Malus sylvestris). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, UK), Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), India (Assam, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, West Bengal), Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Taiwan, Turkey, Vietnam, Yemen), Africa (Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA (California, Connecticut, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Oklahoma, Washington)), Central America and Caribbean (Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, Panama, Puerto Rico, United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela), and Oceania (American Samoa, Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia), Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Therioaphis trifolii (Monell). Hemiptera: Aphididae (yellow clover aphid, spotted alfalfa aphid). Attacks lucerne and other species of Medicago, some species of Melilotus and Trifolium. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corsica, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Sicily, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia, Africa, Canary Islands, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Asia, China, India, Delhi, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen Republic, Australasia and Pacific Islands, Australia, Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand, North America, Canada, Alberta, Manitoba, USA, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Central America, Mexico, South America, Chile.

Abstract A description is provided for Lichtheimia corymbifer [Mycocladus corymbifer]. Details of its geographical distribution (Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sudan, Zambia, Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Quebec), USA (Illinois, Maryland, New York, South Dakota, Wisconsin), Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), Afghanistan, India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, West Bengal), Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Morocco, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Australia (Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia), New Zealand, Bahamas, Belgium, Channel Islands, Cyprus, France, Germany, Great Britain, Wales, Irish Republic, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Norway, Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland) and hosts (including Bos taurus, Bubalus bubalis, Cavia porcellus, Cheiroptera, Diacrisia obliqua [Spilarctia obliqua], duck, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata, Equus caballus, Gallus gallus, goat, grey kangaroo, Homo sapiens, Isoptera, lizard, Mythimna separata, Nilaparvata lugens, Odontotermes, okapi [Okapia johnstoni], Pyrilla perpusilla, Sus) are given.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Penicillium italicum Stoll. Ascomycota: Eurotiales. Hosts: Betula spp., Citrus spp., guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), moth beans (Vigna aconitifolia), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), Picea spp., radish (Raphanus sativus), and soyabean (Glycine max). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK), Asia (Brunei Darussalam, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), India (Assam, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Manipur, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Malaysia (Sabah), Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Taiwan, Turkey, Vietnam, Yemen), Africa (Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA (California, Florida, Hawaii)), Central America and Caribbean (Barbados, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Panama, Puerto Rico, United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile), and Oceania (Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia), Cook Islands, Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae. Hosts: Polyphagous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Cyprus), Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macau, Shanxi, Tibet, Yunnan, India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Indian Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Iran, Japan, Ryukyu Archipelago, Jordan, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam and Yemen), Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivore, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, Kenya, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania and Tunisia), North America (Mexico, USA, California, Florida and Hawaii), Central America and Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago and United States Virgin Islands), South America (Brazil, Alagoas, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Roraima, Colombia, French Guyana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela) and Oceania (Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae Hosts: Attacks cotton (Gossypium spp.), Hibiscus, Boehmeria, mulberry (Morus spp.), jute (Corchorus spp.), grapevine (Vitis spp.) and many other mostly woody plants. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macau, Shanxi, Xizhang, Yunnan, India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Japan, Ryukyu Archipelago, Laos, Lebanon Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, Yemen, AFRICA, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African, Republic Chad, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, Kenya, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, California, Florida, Hawaii, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Anguilla, Antigua, and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands, Antilles, Puerto Rico, St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent, and Grenadines, Trinidad, and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands, SOUTH AMERICA, French, Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Fed. States of Micronesia, Guam, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (E.F. Sm.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen Fungi: Mitosporic fungi Hosts: Banana (Musa spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Spain, Canary Islands, ASIA, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, India, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Maluku, Israel, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, AFRICA, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, Florida, Hawaii, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARRIBBEAN, Bahamas, Barbodas, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil, Amazonas, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Para, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Tocantins, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Fiji, Northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for C. dematium (Pers.) Grove. Ascomycota: Sordariomycetidae. Hosts: Plurivorous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Malta, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK), Asia (Bangladesh, China, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Shaanxi, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Japan, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia, Sabah, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan), Africa (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, USA, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington), Central America and Caribbean (Barbados, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Maranhao, Chile, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela), Oceania (American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd. Fungi: Basidiomycota: Uredinales. Hosts: soyabean (Glycine max) and other Fabaceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Russia (Russian Far East)), Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Arunchal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku), Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam), Africa (Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia)), Central America and Caribbean (United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Bahia, Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Paraguay, Uruguay), Oceania (Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), Cook Islands, Federal States of Micronesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Vanuatu).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pestalotiopsis palmarum (Cooke) Steyaert. Sordariomycetes: Amphisphaeriales: Pestalotiopsidaceae. Hosts: Palmae, especially coconut (Cocos nucifera) and oilpalm (Elaeis guineensis). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Cyprus, Italy, Sicily and Ukraine), Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, British Indian Ocean Territory, China, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Japan, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Maldives, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam), Africa (Benin, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and Zambia), North America (Mexico, USA, California, Florida and South Carolina), Central America and Caribbean (Barbados, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago and United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Bahia, Ceara, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Sergipe, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela) and Oceania (American Samoa, Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Wallis and Futuna).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & W.D. Moore Fungi: Ascomycota: Glomerellaceae Hosts: Soyabean (Glycine max), lentil (Lens culinaris), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Phaseolus spp. and other Fabaceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, France, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Russian Far East, Southern Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep.), ASIA, Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, Republic of Georgia, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Sumatra, Iran, Japan, Honshu, Korea Republic, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab, Emirates, Vietnam, AFRICA, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, Wisconsin, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Guatemala, Honduras, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil, Amazonas, Bahia, Goias, Mato, Grosso, do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa, Catarina, Sao Paulo, Colombia, Guyana, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia, Fed. States of Micronesia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (E.F. Sm.) Snyder & Hansen. Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales: Nectriaceae. Hosts: Musa spp. and Heliconia spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Portugal, Madeira, Spain, Canary Islands), Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hunan, Yunnan, India, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Jordan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam), Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda), North America (Mexico, USA, Florida and Hawaii), Central America and Caribbean (Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago and United States Virgin Islands), South America (Brazil, Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Para, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Tocantins, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezulea) and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea and Tonga).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Puccinia arachidis Speg. Fungi: Basidiomycota: Pucciniales. Host: groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Japan, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam), Africa (Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Texas and Virginia), Central America and Caribbean (Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago and United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Amapa, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela) and Oceania (Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Fiji, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy) Homoptera: Aphididae Attacks Citrus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Portugal, Madeira, ASIA, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Iran, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Lao, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, AFRICA, Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, St Helena, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, Florida, Hawaii, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Golas, Maranhao, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Parana, Pemambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Puccinia arachidis Speg. Basidiomycota: Pucciniales. Host: groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam; Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang, China; Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, India; Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan and Sumatra, Indonesia; Israel; Japan; Korea Democratic Peoplés Republic; Korea Republic; Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan; Philippines; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Thailand; and Vietnam), Africa (Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cote dacute˜Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico; Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Texas and Virginia, USA), Central America and Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominicam Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts-Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina; Amapa, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo, Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; Uruguay; and Venezuela) and Oceania (Northern Territory, Western Australia and Queensland, Australia; Fiji; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Samoa; Solomon Islands; Tonga; and Vanuatu).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow and Sydow. Pucciniomycetes: Pucciniales: Phakopsoraceae. Hosts: soyabean (Glycine max), kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata), jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Russia, Far East), Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Indonesia, Java, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam), Africa (Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia), Central America and Caribbean (Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bahia, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Piaui, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Tocantins, Colombia, Paraguay and Uruguay) and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Tonga and Vanuatu).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul. Ustilaginomycetes: Tilletiales: Tilletiaceae. Host: wheat (Triticale). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia), Asia (Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, China, Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zheijiang, India, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyztan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Crete, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Sicily, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland), North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, USA, Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming), Oceania (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand), South America (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Citrus tristeza closterovirus Viruses: Closteroviridae: Closterovirus Hosts: Citrus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Croatia, France, Corsica, Italy, Mainland Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Portugal, Madeira, Mainland Portugal, Spain, Mainland Spain, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep.), ASIA, Brunei Darussalam, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Cyprus, Republic of Georgia, India, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, Yemen, AFRICA, Algeria, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria Reunion, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Texas, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Netherlands, Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, OCEANIA, American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne Nematoda: Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae Hosts: Banana (Musa spp.), Citrus spp., other Rutaceae and many other crop plants. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Belgium, Denmark, France, Mainland France, Germany, Italy, Mainland Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Madeira, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, ASIA, Brunei Darussalam, China, Fujian, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Indonesia, Sumatra, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Yemen, AFRICA, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Senegal, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, British Columbia, Mexico, USA, California, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Texas, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, OCEANIA, American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Cook Islands, Fed. States of Micronesia, Fiji, French, Polynesia, Guam, Niue, Norfolk Island, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). Lepidoptera: Noctuidae. Attacks cotton, tobacco, tomato, maize, sorghum, polyphagous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe, Albania, Azores, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Yugoslavia, Africa, Algeria, Angola, Ascension Island, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Madeira, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rodriguez Island, Rwanda, St Helena, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, CIS (formerly USSR), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Russia, Kabardino-Balkarskaya, Krasnodar region, Rostov region, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Asia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Menggu, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Yunnan, Xinjiang, Zhejiang, Cocos Keeling Islands, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Batjan, Java, Kai Islands, Lombok, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Tanimbar, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, Yemen, Australasia and Pacific Islands, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Caroline Islands, Fiji, Irian Jaya, Kermadec Islands, Kiribati, Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Papua New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Phoenix Islands, American Samoa, Western Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.

Abstract A revised distribution map is provided for Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe). Homoptera: Aphididae. Hosts: Cacao (Theobroma cacao), Citrus spp., coffee (Coffea spp.), Cola spp. and tea (Camellia sinensis). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Russia, Spain), Asia (Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Jiangsu, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Georgia, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Sumatra, Iran, Israel, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam), Africa (Algeria, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Reunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, St. Helena, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington), Central America and Caribbean (Barbados, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bahia, Parana, Santa Catarina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia), Federal States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Islands.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus). Hemiptera: Diaspididae. Hosts: polyphagous, but especially Citrus spp. and other fruit trees. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Mainland Italy, Sicily, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Madeira, Romania, Spain, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Mainland Spain), Asia (Bhutan, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey, Yemen), Africa (Algeria, Burundi, Comoros, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Texas, Virginia, Washington), Central America & Caribbean (Barbados, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Amazonas, Bahia, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela), Oceania (American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Citrus tristeza virus. Closteroviridae: Closterovirus. Hosts: Citrus spp., oval kumquat (Fortunella marginata [F. margarita]) and passionflower (Passiflora spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Albania, Cyprus, France, Corsica, Greece, Crete, Mainland Greece, Italy, Mainland Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Montenegro, Portugal, Madeira, Mainland Portugal, Spain, Mainland Spain), Asia (Brunei Darussalam, China, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Georgia, India, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, Yemen), Africa (Algeria, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Texas), Central America and Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela), Oceania (American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae Attacks a wide range of crops, fruit trees and ornamental plants. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Portugal, Azores, Madeira, Spain, Canary Islands, ASIA, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, China, Yunnan, Hong Kong, India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Israel, Japan, Ryukyu Archipelago, Lao, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Yemen, AFRICA, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Reunion, Sao Tome & Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, St Helena, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, Alabama, California, Florida, Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela, OCEANIA, American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia, Cocos Islands, Cook Islands, Fed. Stales of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Samoan Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Islands.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Tetranychus urticae Koch Acarina: Tetranychidae two-spotted spider mite, red spider mite. Attacks cotton, cassava, soyabean, tea, many fruits and vegetables. = Tetranychus telarius(Linnaeus) Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Crete, Cyprus, Czech, Republic Denmark, Finland, France, Germamy, Greece, Hungary, Irish, Republic Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia, CIS (formerly USSR), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Republic of Georgia, Kazakstan, Kirghizia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, RUSSIA, Amur, Ivanovo, Krasnoyarsk, Leningrad, Moscow, Primorskii area, AFRICA, Canary Islands, Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Réunion St. Helena, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, ASIA, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, Beijing, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, India, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, AUSTRALASIA, and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Australian Capital, Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, USA, Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, CENTRAL AMERICA and CARIBBEAN, Mexico, Costa Rica, Cuba, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil, Bahia, Ceará, Mato, Grosso do, Sul, Minais, Gerais, Parana, Sao, Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) Vauterin et al. Bacteria. Major hosts: beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, P. lunatus, P. lathyroides, P. coccineus, Vigna aconitifolia, V. radiata, V. umbellata), lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus), pea (Pisum sativum) and Calopogonium. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Belarus, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France (mainland France), Germany, Greece (mainland Greece), Hungary, Italy (mainland Italy), Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal (Madeira), Romania, Russia (Central Russia, Southern Russia), Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (mainland Spain), Switzerland), Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China (Heilongjiang, Henan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Zhejiang), Georgia, India (Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh), Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia (Peninsula Malaysia), Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, Yemen), Africa (Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Congo Democratic Republic, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan), Mexico, USA (Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin, Wyoming)), Central America and Caribbean (Barbados, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago), South America (Argentina, Brazil (Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela), Oceania (American Samoa, Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia), New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (Ascomycota: Botryosphaeriales). The main hosts include plurivorous plant species. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Cyprus, France, Germany, Italy, Sicily, Malta, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Switzerland), Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, China, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Republic of Georgia, India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Sumatra, Iran, Israel, Japan, Ryukyu Archipelago, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam and Yemen), Africa (Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe), North America (Canada, Alberta, Manitoba, Quebec, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia), Central America and Caribbean (Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondonia, Roraima, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela) and Oceania (American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Fiji, Guam, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu). This species is widespread throughout tropical and subtropical countries on a wide range of hosts.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) Heteroptera: Pentatomidae Attacks a wide variety of crop plants. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Belgium, France, Corsica, Mainland France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Crete, Mainland Greece, Italy, Mainland Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Portugal, Azores, Madeira, Mainland Portugal, Russia, Southern Russia, Spain, Canary Islands, Yugoslavia (former), ASIA, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Cyprus, Republic of Georgia, India, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Korea Republic, Lao, Lebanon, Macau, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam, Yemen, AFRICA, Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, St Helena, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United Slates Virgin Islands, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil, Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Chile, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela, OCEANIA, American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, Cook Islands, Fed. States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae Polyphagous, attacking a range of glasshouse and field crops. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Corsica, Mainland France, Germany, Greece, Crete, Mainland Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Mainland Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Mainland Portugal, Russia, Southern Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Mainland Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, England and Wales, Ukraine, ASIA, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Hong Kong, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Cyprus, Republic of Georgia, India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Indonesia, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Honshu, Shikoku, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen, AFRICA, Algeria, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, USA, Arizona, California, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil, Bahia, Goias, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Parana, Pemambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Venezuela, OCEANIA, American Samoa, Australia, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Cook Islands, Fed. States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.

IntroductionWhat does it mean to be abroad in the modern Australian context? Australia has developed as a country where people increasingly travel both domestically and abroad. Tourism Research Australia reports that 9.6 million resident departures are forecast for 2015-16 and that this will increase to 13.2 million in 2024–25 (Tourism Forecast). This article will identify the development of the Australian culture of travel abroad, the changes that have taken place in Australian society and the conceptual shift of what it means to travel abroad in modern Australia.The traditions of abroad stem from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Grand Tour notion where Europeans and Britons travelled on or to the continent to expand their knowledge and experience. While travel at this time focused on history, culture and science, it was very much the domain of the upper classes (Cooper). The concept of the tourist is often credited with Thomas Cook’s first package tour in 1841, which used railways to facilitate trips for pleasure (Cooper). Other advances at the time popularised the trip abroad. Steamships, expanded rail and road networks all contributed to an age of emerging mobility which saw the development of travel to a multi-dimensional experience open to a great many more people than ever before. This article explores three main waves of influence on the Australian concept of abroad and how each has shifted the experience and meaning of what it is to travel abroad.Australians Abroad The post-war period saw significant changes to Australian society, particularly advances in transport, which shaped the way Australians travelled in the 1950s and 1960s. On the domestic front, Australia began manufacturing Holden cars with Prime Minister Ben Chifley unveiling the first Holden “FX” on 29 November 1948. Such was its success that over 500,000 Holden cars were produced by the end of the next decade (Holden). Throughout the 1950s and 1960s the government established a program to standardise railway gauges around the country, making direct travel between Melbourne and Sydney possible for the first time. Australians became more mobile and their enthusiasm for interstate travel flowed on to international transport (Lee).Also, during the 1950s, Australia experienced an influx of migrants from Southern Europe, followed by the Assisted Passage Scheme to attract Britons in the late 1950s and through the 1960s (“The Changing Face of Modern Australia”). With large numbers of new Australians arriving in Australia by ship, these ships could be filled for their return journey to Britain and Europe with Australian tourists. Travel by ship, usually to the “mother country,” took up to two months time, and communication with those “back home” was limited. By the 1960s travelling by ship started to give way to travel by air. The 1950s saw Qantas operate Royal flights for Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh for their Australian tour, and in 1956 the airline fleet of 34 propeller drive aircraft carried a record number of passengers to the Melbourne Olympics. On 14 January 1958 Qantas launched the first world service from Melbourne flying the Kangaroo Route (via India) and the Southern Cross Route (via the United States) and before long, there were eight such services operating weekly (Qantas). This developing network of international air services connected Australia to the world in a way it had not been previously (Lee).Such developments in Australian aviation were significant on two fronts. Firstly, air travel was a much faster, easier, and more glamorous means of travel (Bednarek) despite the cost, comfort, safety, and capacity issues. The increase in air travel resulted in a steady decline of international travel by boat. Secondly, air travel abroad offered Australians from all walks of life the opportunity to experience other cultures, ideas, fashions, and fads from abroad. These ideas were fed into a transforming Australian society more quickly than they had been in the past.Social change during the late 1950s and into the 1960s connected Australia more closely to the world. The Royal Tour attracted the attention of the British Empire, and the Melbourne Olympics drew international attention. It was the start of television in Australia (1956) which gave Australians connectivity in a way not experienced previously. Concurrent with these advances, Australian society enjoyed rising standards of living, increased incomes, a rise in private motorcar ownership, along with greater leisure time. Three weeks paid holiday was introduced in NSW in 1958 and long service leave soon followed (Piesse). The confluence of these factors resulted in increased domestic travel and arguably altered the allure of abroad. Australians had the resources to travel in a way that they had not before.The social desire for travel abroad extended to the policy level with the Australian government’s 1975 introduction of the Working Holiday Programme (WHP). With a particular focus on young people, its aim was to foster closer ties and cultural exchange between Australia and partner countries (Department of Immigration and Boarder Protection). With cost and time commitments lessened in the 1960s and bilateral arrangements for the WHP in the 1970s, travel abroad became much more widespread and, at least in part, reduced the tyranny of distance. It is against the backdrop of increasingly connected transport networks, modernised communication, and rapid social change that the foundation for a culture of mobility among Australians was further cemented.Social Interactions AbroadDistance significantly shapes the experience of abroad. Proximity has a long association with the volume and frequency of communication exchange. Libai et al. observed that the geographic, temporal, and social distance may be much more important than individual characteristics in communication exchange. Close proximity fosters interpersonal interaction where discussion of experiences can lead to decision-making and social arrangements whilst travelling. Social interaction abroad has been grounded in similarity, social niceties, a desire to belong to a social group of particular travellers, and the need for information (Harris and Prideaux). At the same time, these interactions also contribute to the individual’s abroad experience. White and White noted, “the role of social interaction in the active construction of self as tourist and the tourist experience draws attention to how tourists self-identify social worlds in which they participate while touring” (43). Similarly, Holloway observed of social interaction that it is “a process of meaning making where individuals and groups shape understandings and attitudes through shared talk within their own communities of critique” (237).The unique combination of social interaction and place forms the experiences one has abroad. Cresswell observed that the geographical location and travellers’ sense of place combine to produce a destination in the tourism context. It is against this backdrop of material and immaterial, mobile and immobile, fixed and fluid intersections where social relations between travellers take place. These points of social meeting, connectivity and interaction are linked by way of networks within the destination or during travel (Mavric and Urry) and contribute to its production of unique experiences abroad.Communicating Abroad Communication whilst abroad, has changed significantly since the turn of the century. The merging of the corporeal and technological domains during travel has impacted the entire experience of travel. Those who travelled to faraway lands by ship in the 1950s were limited to letter writing and the use of telegrams for urgent or special communication. In the space of less than 60 years, the communication landscape could not look more different.Mobile phones, tablets, and laptops are all carried alongside the passport as the necessities of travel. Further, Wi-Fi connectivity at airports, on transport, at accommodation and in public spaces allows the traveller to continue “living” at home—at least in the technological sense—whilst physically being abroad. This is not just true of Australians. Global Internet use has grown by 826.9% from 361 million users in 2000 to 3.3 billion users in 2015. In addition, there were 7.1 billion global SIM connections and 243 million machine-to-machine connections by the end of 2014 (GSMA Intelligence). The World Bank also reported a global growth in mobile telephone subscriptions, per 100 people, from 33.9 in 2005 to 96.3 in 2014. This also means that travellers can be socially present while physically away, which changes the way we see the world.This adoption of modern communication has changed the discourse of “abroad” in a number of ways. The 24-hour nature of the Internet allows constant connectivity. Channels that are always open means that information about a travel experience can be communicated as it is occurring. Real time communication means that ideas can be expressed synchronously on a one-to-one or one-to-many basis (Litvin et al.) through hits, clicks, messages, on-line ratings, comments and the like. Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram, WhatsApp, Viber, Twitter, TripAdvisor, blogs, e-mails and a growing number of channels allow for multifaceted, real time communication during travel.Tied to this, the content of communicating the travel experience has also diversified from the traditional written word. The adage that “a picture tells a thousand words” is poignantly relevant here. The imagery contributes to the message and brings with it a degree of tone and perspective and, at the same time, adds to the volume being communicated. Beyond the written word and connected with images, modern communication allows for maps and tracking during the trip. How a traveller might be feeling can be captured with emojis, what they think of an experience can be assessed and rated and, importantly, this can be “liked” or commented on from those “at home.”Technologically-enhanced communication has changed the traveller’s experience in terms of time, interaction with place, and with people. Prior to modern communication, the traveller would reflect and reconstruct travel tales to be recounted upon their return. Stories of adventure and travels could be malleable, tailored to audience, and embellished—an individual’s recount of their individual abroad experience. However, this has shifted so that the modern traveller can capture the aspects of the experience abroad on screen, upload, share and receive immediate feedback in real time, during travel. It raises the question of whether a traveller is actually experiencing or simply recording events. This could be seen as a need for validation from those at home during travel as each interaction and experience is recorded, shared and held up for scrutiny by others. It also raises the question of motivation. Is the traveller travelling for self or for others?With maps, photos and images at each point, comments back and forth, preferences, ratings, records of social interactions with newfound friends “friended” or “tagged” on Facebook, it could be argued that the travel is simply a chronological series of events influenced from afar; shaped by those who are geographically distanced.Liquid Modernity and Abroad Cresswell considered tourist places as systems of mobile and material objects, technologies, and social relations that are produced, imagined, recalled, and anticipated. Increasingly, developments in communication and closeness of electronic proximity have closed the gap of being away. There is now an unbroken link to home during travel abroad, as there is a constant and real time exchange of events and experiences, where those who are travelling and those who are at home are overlapping rather than discrete networks. Sociologists refer to this as “mobility” and it provides a paradigm that underpins the modern concept of abroad. Mobility thinking accepts the movement of individuals and the resulting dynamism of social groups and argues that actual, virtual, and imagined mobility is critical to all aspects of modern life. Premised on “liquid modernity,” it asserts that people, objects, images, and information are all moving and that there is an interdependence between these movements. The paradigm asserts a network approach of the mobile (travellers, stories, experiences) and the fixed (infrastructure, accommodation, devices). Furthermore, it asserts that there is not a single network but complex intersections of flow, moving at different speed, scale and viscosity (Sheller and Urry). This is a useful way of viewing the modern concept of abroad as it accepts a level of maintained connectivity during travel. The technological interconnectivity within these networks, along with the mobile and material objects, contributes to overlapping experiences of home and abroad.ConclusionFrom the Australian perspective, the development of a transport network, social change and the advent of technology have all impacted the experience abroad. What once was the realm of a select few and a trip to the mother country, has expanded to a “golden age” of glamour and excitement (Bednarek). Travel abroad has become part of the norm for individuals and for businesses in an increasingly global society.Over time, the experience of “abroad” has also changed. Travel and non-travel now overlap. The modern traveller can be both at home and abroad. Modernity and mobility have influenced the practice of the overseas where the traveller’s experience can be influenced by home and vice-versa simultaneously. Revisiting the modern version of the “grand tour” could mean standing in a crowded gallery space of The Louvre with a mobile phone recording and sharing the Mona Lisa experience with friends and family at home. It could mean exploring the finest detail and intricacies of the work from home using Google Art Project (Ambroise).While the lure of the unique and different provides an impetus for travel, it is undeniable that the meaning of abroad has changed. In some respects it could be argued that abroad is only physical distance. Conversely overseas travel has now melded into Australian social life in such a way that it cannot be easily unpicked from other aspects. The traditions that have seen Australians travel and experience abroad have, in any case, provided a tradition of travel which has impacted modern, social and cultural life and will continue to do so.ReferencesAustralian Government. Austrade. Tourism Forecasts 2016. Tourism Research Australia, Canberra. 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