Journal articles on the topic 'Universal Asynchronous Receiver'

A Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) is usually implemented for asynchronous serial communication, mostly used for short distance communications. It allows full duplex serial communication link and is used in data communication and control system. Nowadays there is a requirement for on chip testing to overcome the product failures. This paper targets the introduction of Built-in self test (BIST) for UART to overcome the above two constraints of testability and data integrity. The 8-bit UART with BIST module is coded in Verilog HDL and synthesized and simulated using Xilinx XST and implemented on SPARTAN 3E FPGA. Results indicate that this model eliminates the need for expensive testers and thereby it can reduce the development time and cost.

Pengolahan sampah di tempat pembuangan akhir pasar Gondosuli, kecamatan Kare hanya sebatas penimbunan dan pembakaran. Padahal dengan pengolahan seperti itu dapat menimbulkan gas-gas yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan. Penelitian ini mengukur kadar gas yang dihasilkan dari pengolahan sampah. Kadar gas dideteksi oleh sensor MQ-4, MQ-7 dan MQ-8 yang kemudian di transfer menggunakan komunikasi Universal Synchronous/ Asynchronous Receiver/ Transmitter (USART) Arduino Uno sebagai pengolahan sistem ke ESP 8266. Alat ini menggunakan modul relay sebagai on/off otomatis warning light dan buzzer yang digunakan sebagai indikator. Indikator akan menyala saat kadar gas yang dideteksi

This article describes the design of a interface chip with serial port expansion circuit of computer in industrial applications. It is used to connect with 422 and RS232 interfaces. Circuits involved several major chip such as the interface of 422 and RS232 and UART(Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)16C550 Inside the computer. Paper describes the composition of the hardware circuit, theory and implementation and initialization programming of URAT interface chip. We use interface chip with the FIFO to the circuit, It improves the efficiency of the application software, And it solves the problem of insufficient of computer serial port.

This study adopted finite element analysis (FEA) to conduct tests and simulations on the bending moment of truck wheels. Based on the simulated analysis using ANSYS Workbench software, a three-axis strain gauge was attached to locations with substantial stress variations. The strain gauge was converted into voltage. Amplification and filtering circuits were adopted for signal processing, and the processed signals were subsequently entered into the microcontroller unit. Simultaneously, a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) communications protocol was applied for communication with the Bluetooth wireless module. The accessed signal was then transmitted to the receiver end through wireless emission. The detection interface at the monitoring end was designed using LabVIEW software, enabling operators to observe the stress and strain for wheels under various test conditions. The acquired data were stored in a computer for future reviews and analysis.

The objective of this study was to develop a portable, wireless surface EMG of a noninvasive type. The limitations of the existing system include its large size and the necessity of a wire. Therefore, this study focused on the development of a portable and wireless type of EMG. The developed EMG, which has 10 channels, is composed of an electrode for the measurement of the EMG signal, a preamplifier for initial processing, a second amplifier, an A/D converter, and a Bluetooth module for wireless communication. The communication of the developed EMG used a UART (Universal Asynchronous serial Receiver and Transmitter) and Bluetooth protocols. The rate of serial communication was set to 723kbps. This system is able to obtain 2,000 Hz in each channel. The data transfer success rate of the developed EMG is 100%.

This paper present a high-speed reconfigurable serial fieldbus (HRSFB) used for industry communication with baud rate up to 10Mbps and reliable communication. We developed this fieldbus based on UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) and practice it on FPGA. By using hardware programming on FPGA, we can get the high speed and make the bus reconfigurable easily. This fieldbus system includes one main node and up to 255 sub nodes, and all the nodes can automatically identified and configured at the beginning of the system which makes the field bus system shrink or expand easily. Also hardware CRC technology and ask/answer mode are used in the communication protocol to guarantee the security of the communication. This bus has been widely used in many fields, like PLC controller, CNC machine controller, data acquisition system and so on.

Effective communication among units of a system is very essential because it determines the reliability of such a system. A local meteorological station has a target of atmospheric data acquisition, processing and output hence it is an embedded system with different units. Embedded communication among these units was facilitated and made effective by ESP8266 microcontroller a 32-bit Tensilica L106 running at 80MHz system clock equipped with 802.11 IEEE standard Wi-Fi protocols such as TCP/IP stacks. Full duplex data communication was adopted between the Access point server (station mode) and the client mode. The ESP8266 (station) reads all the sensors attached to it identifies the MAC (Media Access Control) address of the clients before processing its request. The data transmission between the client and the server (station) is through HTTP application. Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) communication was implemented on the ESP8266 client sending the received data to the user computer. The computer uses RS232 logic while the ESP8266 uses TTL logic. USB/UART Bridge, FTD232 IC was adopted to connect ESP8266 with the output device (computer). The data received was viewed on the personal computer. These embedded communication routes and connections were adopted in a local meteorological station in Lagos.

The reliability of board-level data communications intensively depends on the reliability of interconnections on a board. One of the most challenging interconnections reliability threats is intermittent resistive faults (IRFs). Detecting such faults is a major challenge. The main reason is the random behavior of these faults. They may occur randomly in time, duration and amplitude. The occurrence rate can vary from a few nanoseconds to months. This paper investigates IRF detection at the board level by introducing a new digital in situ IRF monitor. Hardware-based fault injection has been used to validate the proposed IRF monitor. As case studies, two widely used on-board transmission protocols namely the Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) and the Serial Peripheral Interface bus (SPI), have been used. In addition, one fault management framework, based on the IJTAG standard, has been implemented to collect and characterize information from the monitors. The experimental results show that the proposed monitor is effective in detecting IRFs at the board level.

The Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) is the very simple and significant sequential communication protocol which is basically utilized for microprocessors & microcontroller systems. It is a shorter range communication protocol, which able to perform half-duplex and full-duplex type of communication at baud rates. Though, UART is a type of shorter range communication still they are not resistant to noisy channel which leads to communication errors by flipping or loosing of bits. These kinds of signal errors are named as forward-errors. The correction of forward errors is a mechanism to handle and rectify those errors (i.e. Burst errors and Random bits error). Thus in this methodology, have introduced a UART-SEC-DED communication module design which utilizes the Hamming encoder and decoders to achieve the forward error correction. Finally, the proposed system will simulated and implemented on FPGA board and experimental outcomes shows the better efficiency in single error correction and detection of double errors.

Plastic has found an irreplaceable part in human life. Human produces plastic wastes continually which results in pollution. In this paper GLCM (Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix) technique is used for plastic segregation. Plastic segregation is necessary for recycling; hence they have to be segregated from other wastes. Manufacturing plastics from recycled plastic products uses only two-third of the energy used to make plastics from virgin materials. By the variation in intensity levels of reflected light from the plastic wastes it is segregated. This type of waste management gains attention in recent days due to enormous increase in the wastes generated. Robotic arm controlled using vision system that uses GLCM technique is used for segregation. The GLCM property of contrast is calculated for the given sample and it is compared with the stored pre-defined value. On successful comparison with the given condition a signal is sent through the serial port to the 8051 microcontroller using USART (Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) feature. On receipt of this signal, the microcontroller provides movement of the robotic arm by controlling the servo motors.

Numerous experiments require low latencies in the detection and processing of the neural brain activity to be feasible, in the order of a few milliseconds from action to reaction. In this paper, a design for sub-millisecond detection and communication of the spiking activity detected by an array of 32 intracortical microelectrodes is presented, exploiting the real-time processing provided by Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The design is embedded in the commercially available RHS stimulation/recording controller from Intan Technologies, that allows recording intracortical signals and performing IntraCortical MicroStimulation (ICMS). The Spike Detector (SD) is based on the Smoothed Nonlinear Energy Operator (SNEO) and includes a novel approach to estimate an RMS-based firing-rate-independent threshold, that can be tuned to fine detect both the single Action Potential (AP) and Multi Unit Activity (MUA). A low-latency SD together with the ICMS capability, creates a powerful tool for Brain-Computer-Interface (BCI) closed-loop experiments relying on the neuronal activity-dependent stimulation. The design also includes: A third order Butterworth high-pass IIR filter and a Savitzky-Golay polynomial fitting; a privileged fast USB connection to stream the detected spikes to a host computer and a sub-milliseconds latency Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (UART) protocol communication to send detections and receive ICMS triggers. The source code and the instruction of the project can be found on GitHub.

This paper describes the implementation of a computationally efficient embedded system on an Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platform for real-time brain activity estimation with multiple channels. The brain signals from multiple channels are considered as output of independent linear systems with unknown parameters representing the brain activity in corresponding channels. Multiple adaptive Recursive Least-Squares Estimation (RLSE) cores are implemented in FPGA to independently estimate the brain activity in each channel concurrently. The proposed RLSE-FPGA system provides dedicated (no time or resource sharing) and parallel processing environment. The universal asynchronous receiver transmitter core is also developed to communicate the measured and estimated parameters supported by storage facility programmed as shared memory. The computational precision is guaranteed by deploying a 32-bit floating point core for all the variables. The validation carried out by real Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy dataset and comparative analysis with the previously reported result, demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed system. The computational cost endorses the effectiveness of concurrent processing of multiple channelsꞌ data in a sample before the arrival of the next sample. The proposed methodology has potential in real-time medical, military and industrial applications.

Pedestrians crossing zebra lines are one of the major concerns for road accidents. Nowadays, the number of road accidents increases due to careless driving and pedestrian motions at crosswalks. It is necessary to detect both person and zebra crossings properly and control vehicle speed accordingly. Here in this paper, a suitable solution that improves both detections can be introducing. Here used the TensorFlow Single Shot Detection (SSD) model is the best and most convenient trained model for Zebra line and person detection. A database is taking for the analysis. The input image could process as a crosswalk detection, which has more used for zebra crossing identification via the SSD model. Suppose detected the person and zebra crossings were at the same time. In that case, it will perform commands such as run, slow down, stop, horn, etc., with the help of wireless serial communication Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter. A Bluetooth command signal matches UART, which provides the vehicle with the necessary control inputs to execute the prescribed topology properly. Simultaneous detection of pedestrians at zebra crossings is a critical factor. It results most efficiently and to identify the person detection.

Telah dibuat interpreter On Board Diagnostic II (OBDII) menggunakan ic ELM 327. Untuk menjalankan ic ELM 327 ini digunakan kristal pembangkit detak sebesar 4.00MHz. Ic ELM 327 mendukung protokol pembacaan OBDII untuk beberapa jenis mobil yang diproduksi oleh perusahaan automotive sejak tahun 1996. Ic ELM 327 terhubung dengan port OBDII yang berada dibawah dashboard sisi pengemudi. Komuniksi interpreter dengan control sistem yang berfungsi sebagai pengirim perintah pembacaan data dan pemprosesan lanjutan menggunakan protokol Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter(UART). Rancangan Interpreter menggunakan standar J1979 untuk mengakses Parameter Ids (PID). PID yang diakses dalam penelitian ini adalah Throttle Position Sensor, Revolutions Per Minute(RPM) putaran mesin dan suhu kerja mesin yang dibaca melalui suhu cairan pendingin mesin. Untuk dapat membacanya, diperlukan pengaksesan terhadap registryPID. Untuk PIDT hrottle Position Sensoradalah 0x11, PID RPM putaran mesin adalah 0x0C dan untuk PID cairan pendingin mesin adalah 0x05. Dalam pengujian interpreter ini, diperoleh hasil RPM putaran mesin saat itu adalah sebesar 1956 RPM, hasil ini sesuai dengan jarum penunjuk pada panel instrument mobil, untuk persentase valve throttle terbuka sebesar 20% dengan suhu kerja mesin saat itu adalah sebesar 87oC. Dengan diperolehnyarawdata tersebut, menjadikan interpreter ini dapat melakukan proses lanjutan untuk menjadi tools evaluasi dari unjuk kerja mesin atau hanya sebatas data monitoring saja.

In this paper, we implement an automatic chip testing system which can be applied on various types of chip packages. The conventional systems, such as manual chip testing systems, often repeat the same steps for input conditions; or high-cost testing systems are designed to be highly optimized, but the installation and operating costs are very expensive. This makes these systems difficult to be applied in education, research or small companies. The automatic chip testing system overcomes the above two weaknesses. The proposed system not only meets the requirement of a basic chip testing process, but also operates automatically and reduces the cost. Users only need to provide input data via a Graphical User Interface (GUI) which is built using C# programming language, then the system will automatically operate and return the corresponding output data to the software to synthesize and compare with the user’s expected data. The hardware is built on the TR4 FPGA Development Kit which helps save the cost of hardware design and its resources. The software and hardware withcommunicate to each other via Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (UART) protocol. The proposed system is automatic, optimized and low-cost so that it can be applied both in IC design education and industry.

Ultrasonic wave is widely used in Structure Health Monitoring (SHM) systems. A piezoelectric transducer (PZT) is one of the most widely used sensors to acquire the structure's ultrasonic wave. As today's world is digital, it is necessary to digitize the traditional analog PZT sensing system. This paper describes the development and analysis of a digital ultrasonic sensing device (DUSD) for PZT sensors. We removed the complexities of the analog circuit by interfacing the microcontroller directly with the charge amplifier circuit. The microcontroller used in this research is a 32-bit ARM Cortex-M4 with in-built FPU (Floating Point Unit) and DSP (Digital signal processing) instructions. These features make it possible to compute complex signal processing algorithms and methods in the controller itself. The developed sensing device can communicate with the user and other devices using Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART). The user can select cut-off frequencies of both high pass filters (HPF) and low pass filters (LPF) as well as types of data (ultrasonic waves, damage index) that the user wishes to collect from the device. To illustrate the proficiencies of the device, the ultrasonic wave was collected and evaluated to detect the damage in the test specimen.

Integrated circuits may be vulnerable to hardware Trojan attacks during its design or fabrication phases. This article is a case study of the design of a Viterbi decoder and the effect of hardware Trojans on a coded communication system employing the Viterbi decoder. Design of a Viterbi decoder and possible hardware Trojan models for the same are proposed. An FPGA-based implementation of the decoder and the associated Trojan circuits have been discussed. The noise-added encoded input data stream is stored in the block RAM of the FPGA and the decoded data stream is monitored on the PC through an universal asynchronous receiver transmitter interface. The implementation results show that there is barely any change in the LUTs used (0.5%) and power dissipation (3%) due to the insertion of the proposed Trojan circuits, thus establishing the surreptitious nature of the Trojan. In spite of the fact that the Trojans cause negligible changes in the circuit parameters, there are significant changes in the bit error rate (BER) due to the presence of Trojans. In the absence of Trojans, BER drops down to zero for signal to noise rations (SNRs) higher than 6 dB, but with the presence of Trojans, BER doesn’t reduce to zero even at a very high SNRs. This is true even with the Trojan being activated only once during the entire duration of the transmission.

<span>In the developed system ARM9 is a master and Two ARM7s are slaves. The peripherals are being controlled by two ARM7 boards. The Peripherals are connected to the ARM7 through Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD). The CPLD is in turn connected to the ARM7 using Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI). The ARM7 boards collect the information from the peripherals and send it to the ARM9 board. The communication between ARM7 and ARM9 is via UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) over CAN (Controller Area Network). The ARM9 board has got the software intelligence. The ARM9 behaves as a master and two ARM7 boards behave as slaves. Being master ARM9 passes tokens to ARM7 which in turn returns (Acknowledges) the token. The ARM9 is further connected to Proxy via Ethernet. The proxy is further connected to the service platform (server) via Ethernet. So subsequently any decisions at any stage can be changed at server level. Further these commands can be passed on to ARM9 which in turn controls the peripherals through ARM7. (a) The system which we have developed consists of ARM9 as a master, Two ARM7 as Slaves. The communication between ARM9-ARM7 is via UART over a CAN, <br /> (b) Each ARM7 further communicates serially (RS232) with the two 8051 Microcontroller nodes, (c)Thus a networked Embedded System is developed wherein the serial data is brought over Ethernet. The ARM7 board, which is directly linked with the peripherals, can be modified of its functionality as and when required. The functionality of ARM7 can be modified by upgrading its firmware. To upgrade the firmware same communication link has been used. ARM7 receives the new firmware via same ARM9-ARM7 communication link. The Flash Write operation is performed using the source code to write the new firmware. Bootloader application for the ARM7 has been developed. The signature has been incorporated to assure authenticity of the new Firmware. Intel Hex File Format is used to parse the hex file.</span>

The widespread use of the Internet of things (IoT) in different aspects of an individual’s life like banking, wireless intelligent devices and smartphones has led to new security and performance challenges under restricted resources. The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) is the most suitable choice for the environments due to the smaller size of the encryption key and changeable security related parameters. However, major performance metrics such as area, power, latency and throughput are still customisable and based on the design requirements of the device. The present paper puts forward an enhancement for the throughput performance metric by proposing a more efficient design for the hardware implementation of ECDSA. The design raised the throughput to 0.08207 Mbit/s, leading to an increase of 6.95% from the existing design. It also includes the design and implementation of the Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) module. The present work is based on a 163-bit key-size over Koblitz curve k-163 and secure hash function SHA-1. A serial module for the underlying modular layer, high-speed architecture of Koblitz point addition and Koblitz point multiplication have been considered in this work, in addition to utilising the carry-save-multiplier, modular adder-subtractor and Extended Euclidean module for ECDSA protocols. All modules are designed using VHDL and implemented on the platform Virtex5 xc5vlx155t-3ff1738. Signature generation requires 0.55360ms, while its validation consumes 1.10947288ms. Thus, the total time required to complete both processes is equal to 1.66ms and the maximum frequency is approximately 83.477MHZ, consuming a power of 99mW with the efficiency approaching 3.39 * 10-6.

The Internet of Things (IoTs) is a network of interconnected devices, transportations, home appliances, and other devices. They are functionally embedded in electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity that allows them to connect and exchange information. On the basis of the IoT concept, implementations are gradually being proposed in a range of areas, ranging from smart house, smart office and smart agriculture. In this research paper, a generic framework for smart monitoring applications based on the IoTs network is proposed. In this framework, low-powered sensor nodes are based on the micro:bit platform, providing a multiple footprints for different sensor connections. The wireless capability on micro:bit provides a complete solution to deploy the system in such places that wire is impractical to draw. The data is wirelessly gathered by a basestation node that is powered by Android Things operating system provided by Google. This operating system is based on the Android platform for smart devices and Internet of Things products. The approach to this framework indicates a low cost and minimum setup and especially amenable for applications control. To support many applications with minimum modifications, the framework is designed for easy expansion by supporting popular serial connection ports, including the Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter and Serial Peripheral Interface. With these connections, on one line data bus, several sensors can be added to match the different application requirements. In this paper, our platform is validated for an automatic water monitoring in aquaculture based on the temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen sensory data. Through our framework, the data is uploaded to a cloud for remote monitoring and providing alarms for users whenever the data is out of a predefined safe domain.

Among various nanometer-level displacement measurement methods, grating interferometry-based linear encoders are widely used due to their high robustness, relatively low cost, and compactness. One trend of grating encoders is multi-axis measurement capability for simultaneous precision positioning and small order error motion measurement. However, due to both lack of suitable hardware data processing platform and of a real-time displacement calculation system, meeting the requirements of real-time data processing while maintaining the nanometer order resolutions on all these axes is a challenge. To solve above-mentioned problem, in this paper we introduce a design and experimental validation of a field programmable gate array (FPGA)-cored real-time data processing platform for grating encoders. This platform includes the following functions. First, a front-end photodetector and I/V conversion analog circuit are used to realize basic analog signal filtering, while an eight-channel parallel, 16-bit precision, 200 kSPS maximum acquisition rate Analog-to-digital (ADC) is used to obtain digital signals that are easy to process. Then, an FPGA-based digital signal processing platform is implemented, which can calculate the displacement values corresponding to the phase subdivision signals in parallel and in real time at high speed. Finally, the displacement result is transferred by USB2.0 to the PC in real time through an Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) serial port to form a complete real-time displacement calculation system. The experimental results show that the system achieves real-time data processing and displacement result display while meeting the high accuracy of traditional offline data solution methods, which demonstrates the industrial potential and practicality of our absolute two-dimensional grating scale displacement measurement system.

We present a wearable device built on an Adafruit Circuit Playground Express (CPE) board and integrated with a photoplethysmographic (PPG) optical sensor for heart rate monitoring and multiple embedded sensors for medical applications—in particular, sleep physiological signal monitoring. Our device is portable and lightweight. Due to the microcontroller unit (MCU)-based architecture of the proposed device, it is scalable and flexible. Thus, with the addition of different plug-and-play sensors, it can be used in many applications in different fields. The innovation introduced in this study is that with additional sensors, we can determine whether there are intermediary variables that can be modified to improve our sleep monitoring algorithm. Additionally, although the proposed device has a relatively low cost, it achieves substantially improved performance compared to the commercially available Philips ActiWatch2 wearable device, which has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To assess the reliability of our device, we compared physiological sleep signals recorded simultaneously from volunteers using both our device and ActiWatch2. Motion and light detection data from our device were shown to be correlated to data simultaneously collected using the ActiWatch2, with correlation coefficients of 0.78 and 0.89, respectively. For 7 days of continuous data collection, there was only one instance of a false positive, in which our device detected a sleep interval, while the ActiWatch2 did not. The most important aspect of our research is the use of an open architecture. At the hardware level, general purpose input/output (GPIO), serial peripheral interface (SPI), integrated circuit (I2C), and universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART) standards were used. At the software level, an object-oriented programming methodology was used to develop the system. Because the use of plug-and-play sensors is associated with the risk of adverse outcomes, such as system instability, this study heavily relied on object-oriented programming. Object-oriented programming improves system stability when hardware components are replaced or upgraded, allowing us to change the original system components at a low cost. Therefore, our device is easily scalable and has low commercialization costs. The proposed wearable device can facilitate the long-term tracking of physiological signals in sleep monitoring and related research. The open architecture of our device facilitates collaboration and allows other researchers to adapt our device for use in their own research, which is the main characteristic and contribution of this study.

The FPGA-based 10/100M Ethernet MAC controller and universal asynchronous serial communication controller are designed and connected on chip in this paper. Such functions as writing data transmitted by the serial interface to the Ethernet controller and sending them to the network, and serially outputting network data received by the Ethernet controller are implemented and interconnection communications between Ethernet and the serial are achieved, possessing great practical values in system test. Modularization design is performed on the whole system with VHDL in this study, whose hardware application is verified on Xilinx Virtex2P XC2VP30 development board. The simulation results prove that the design has reliability, stability and good applications in the data transmission test.

The Unmanned Ariel Vehicle Model is Mounted in the Wind Tunnel. where its Longitudinal Motion of Electric Propeller was Developed and Simulated as a Free Aircraft Flight. the Numerical Values of the Aerodynamic Stability and Control Derivatives are Evaluated via the Digital Tornado Algorithm. this Evaluation is Carried out Based on the Geometric Parameters of the Airplane, Aircraft Center of Gravity and Mass Moment of Inertia. the Stability and Response of the Linearized Longitudinal Model of the Considered Aircraft are Tested and Investigated. the Onboard Computer is Implemented Based on a Microcontroller Pic16f877a, where the Pitch Angle and Speed of the Considered Free Flight Vehicle are Read Respectively by an Gyroscope and Pressure Sensors. and the Microcontroller Read these Signals via Analog to Digital Converter which are in Turns as a Serial Digital Data by Using of Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receive Transmit. Apply the Personal Computer to Receive the Serial Signal through the PC RS232 Standard as Serial Data. where in the PC, the Visual Basic Algorithm is Written as well in Order to Display and Plot the Pitch Angle Airspeed Responses on the Screen. Finally, the Experimental Results of Aircraft Free Flight in Real Time are Obtained by Carrying out the Simulation in the Wind Tunnel.

Abstract 1014 Poster Board I-36 A database was created of 305 women with leukemic breast (Br) or ovarian (Ov) tumors, reported 1970-2009 (35% since 2000), to analyze their clinical behavior and reasons why survival remains poor. Follow-up was elicited from 96 authors. Distribution of cases and 2-year DFS are shown. Breast Ovary Breast+Ovary Presentation of Br or Ov tumor AMLn=129 ALLn= 59 AMLn=53 ALLn=56 AMLn=6 ALLn=2 GS 11 of 35 0 3 of 22 0 0 of 2 0 At marrow dx 2 of 30 2 of 17 4 of 18 0 of 3 0 1 of 2 After chemo 0 of 34 2 of 23 1 of 8 11 of 50 1 of 3 0 After SCT 1 of 30 4 of 19 1 of 5 1 of 3 1 of 1 0 There is no common feature (FAB, karyotype, wbc) except age; 90% were under 51 (range:3mo-67yr). Br and Ov tumors were generally the first site of extramedullary (EM) leukemia, but 21 had prior or concurrent CNS involvement. The median time of Br and Ov relapse after diagnosis was 11-13 mo in AML and in Br cases with ALL, but for ALL Ov cases, the median was 44 mo. Late relapse at 5 to 13 yrs was reported in 24 cases (7 Br, 17 Ov). Median survival of 59 cases of granulocytic sarcoma (GS), before marrow leukemia, was 30mo for Br and 13mo for Ov cases. For the 71 Br or Ov relapses after chemo without marrow relapse, median survivals were 12mo (AML) and 17mo (ALL). When marrow was simultaneously involved in 115, median survivals were <8mo (AML) and <12mo (ALL). Of 60 cases of Br or Ov relapse after SCT, marrow had not relapsed in 36 cases with median survival of 16-22mo; when marrow was involved in 24, median survival was 4mo. Failure to control primary and subsequent EM disease was the principal obstacle to cure, as tumor response to chemotherapy was asynchronous with marrow response, and rarely complete or documented serially. Br tumors were single or multiple, axillary nodes were often involved, and recurrence in ipsi- or contralateral breasts was seen in at least 14%. Ovarian tumors grew rapidly to large size (median 10cm) before symptoms and tended to invade contiguous organs and to involve the contralateral ovary, so excision was difficult and recurrence common. After treatment of Br and Ov tumors, further relapse in EM soft tissue sites was almost twice as common as marrow relapse. The most common subsequent site was CNS in both AML (14 cases) and ALL (23 cases), despite universal prophylaxis in ALL. The 46 cases disease-free at 2 yrs provide a focus for analyzing successful initial treatment. In addition to systemic chemo, the majority received local therapy (tumor excision and/or RT); in at least 7 cases, local followed systemic therapy. Nine underwent SCT. Only 12 long survivors had been in simultaneous marrow relapse (5 Br, 6 Ov, 1Br/Ov); 2 with ALL subsequently relapsed in CNS with marrow. Of the 34 pts with isolated Br or Ov tumors disease-free at 2yr, 13 subsequently relapsed, predominantly in EM sites (8 EM, 1 EM+BM, 4BM). Twenty-six pts (11ALL, 15AML) have been documented disease-free at 5 to 31 yr. Six additional patients who relapsed and responded to salvage therapies survived 5 to 26 yr. Neither age nor karyotype predicted DFS; survivors were ages 5mo to 55yr at dx, and 13 had abnormal karyotypes, only 2 were 'favorable'. This study documents the behavior and drug resistance of leukemic tumors in breast and ovary, the greater risk for subsequent extramedullary than marrow relapse, an association with resistant CNS disease, and short survival, but also that lengthy survival and cure are possible. Current systemic agents alone are inadequate to cure most EM tumors. Local and aggressive systemic therapy, promptly initiated, with reliable, probably intraventricular, CNS treatment and long-term monitoring for further extramedullary involvement should improve prognosis until more effective agents are available. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Paper ini membahas tentang robot yang yang diintregasikan dengan kamera sebagai pengolah citra sehingga memiliki kemampuan untuk menghindari halangan. Hasil citra yang di tangkap kamera akan diolah menjadi sebuah titik koordinat, kemudian dikirim ke Arduino Uno menggunakan komunikasi USART (Universal Synchronous / Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter). Arduino Uno sebagai pusat pengaturan gerak menggunakan kontroler PID (Proportional, Integral, Derivative). Kontroler PID berfungsi untuk memuluskan pergerakan robot saat menghindari halangan dengan menghasikan nilai Kp= 4, Ki= 0,00015, Kd= 5.Kata kunci— Gerak Robot; PID; Arduino Uno; USART .

In parallel interaction quantity of line between receiver and transmitter is dependent upon range bits to be sent, to transmit one byte 8 lines are needed b etween transmitter and receiver which raise the expense. Nevertheless as a result of overlapping between lines cross talk will take place, to conquer this blem that is professional interaction US ART is employed. US ART is a computer device that is competent to transform parallel to serial during the transmitter serial and end to parallel during the receiver age nd. Nonetheless US ART suffer from overrun mistake, parity mistake and mistake that is framing blem. In this paper author has professional t that is posed m ethods in other words dummy register and interrupt latency through which we can avoidoverrun mistake in United States ART

A Multi-UART controller is presented in this paper which will serve the purpose of communication between different systems or sub-systems of large system. The different systems or sub-systems of a large system will be able to operate at different baud rates and will use the UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) to perform communication. This controller has different modes of operation—Normal, Bridge and Hub modes. The controller uses an asynchronous FIFO (First In First Out) block for communication purpose. This controller will reduce the synchronization errors between different systems or sub-systems which are communicating with each other. Since communication between sub-systems or different systems is handled by this controller it will not burden the master processor or main system with communication related operations. This paper improves over [2] as the modes of operation being incorporated in the design itself and are completely reconfigurable.

In this research work, a low power transceiver is designed using Spartan-3 and Spartan-6 Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). In this work, a Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) device is used as a transceiver. The implementation of UART is possible with EDA tools called Xilinx 14.1 and the results of the power analysis are targeted on Spartan-3 and Spartan-6 FPGA. The variation of different power of chips that are fabricated on FPGA for e.g., Input/Output (I/O) power consumption, Leakage power dissipation, Signal power utilization, Logic power usage, and the use of Total power, is observed by changing the voltage supply. This research work shows how the change in voltage influence the power consumption of UART on Spartan-3 and Spartan-6 FPGA devices. It is observed that Spartan-6 is found to be more powerefficient as voltage supply increases.

In this research work, a low power transceiver is designed using Spartan-3 and Spartan-6 Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). In this work, a Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) device is used as a transceiver. The implementation of UART is possible with EDA tools called Xilinx 14.1 and the results of the power analysis are targeted on Spartan-3 and Spartan-6 FPGA. The variation of different power of chips that are fabricated on FPGA for e.g., Input/Output (I/O) power consumption, Leakage power dissipation, Signal power utilization, Logic power usage, and the use of Total power, is observed by changing the voltage supply. This research work shows how the change in voltage influence the power consumption of UART on Spartan-3 and Spartan-6 FPGA devices. It is observed that Spartan-6 is found to be more powerefficient as voltage supply increases.

Software Defined Radio plays vital role in many applications as the components in it are software selectable. We can select desired frequency and modulation technique which can be selected through software. The desired frequency selected should be locked in phase locked loop (PLL). The desired frequency is selected by giving commands from Graphical User Interface (GUI) using Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) and Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) protocols.GUI is created using Qt creator which is a cross platform C++ and java script Integrated Development Environment (IDE). GUI is designed to generate the desired frequency. As soon as we select a frequency, the corresponding address and data are generated to configure in the Radio Frequency (RF) transceiver. These address and data are first sent to the PIC microcontroller by communicating through UART protocol and after setting data format, these are sent from Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) to RF transceiver by communicating through SPI protocol. With this process, the registers in RF transceiver are controlled by the user

The demand placed on wireless technology which uses Radio Frequency (RF) in the present society is growing exponentially. In the near future, due to the limited bandwidth of RF spectrum, these resources will reach an overload point. A technique of contradicting the radio frequency spectrum issue is the use of Visible Light Spectrum. Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi) is a research field which uses the visible light band within the Visible Light Communication (VLC). This paper describes the research about VLC, the design method and testing of a VLC prototype using UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) module. The design method consists of serial communication module written in python called pySerial to convert the file data to stream of bits to be sent via LED. The designed prototype is simple, cheap and provides a concrete base for fellow researchers to work further in this field. The principle of VLC is effectively exhibited in this prototype. Also, the feasibility of writing the codes in Python language, proper electronic components used to process bit wise data signals and advantages of serial communication for data transfer are successfully displayed. VLC has major application in indoor communication, underwater communication and in hospitals where radio waves causes Electromagnetic Interference.

The need for miniaturization has been the driving force in chip manufacturing. The proliferation of IoT, robotics, consumer electronics and medical instruments pose unprecedented demands on the embedded system design. The area optimization can be achieved either by reducing the size of transistors or by optimizing (reducing) the circuit at the gate level. The first solution has attracted many researchers while the later has not been explored to its full potential. The aim is to design a System on Chip (SoC) to satisfy the dynamic requirements of disruptive technologies while occupying the lesser area. The design and testing of communication interfaces such as Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), Inter-IC Communication (I2C), Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter (UART) are very crucial in the area optimization of microcontroller design. Since SPI being an important communication protocol, this work reports the preliminary research carried in the design and verification of it. In this work, Verilog is used for the design and verification of the SPI module. The results show that there is a drastic reduction in the number of Look-Up-Tables (LUTs) and slices required to build the circuit. We conclude that sophisticated optimization techniques of the circuit at the gate level has the potential to reduce the area by half.

The development of OpenFES hardware presented in this paper involved a closed-loop functional electrical stimulation (FES) system that could be assembled from off-the-shelf parts in India. The state-of-the-art biosignal-based control strategies could be evaluated in a clinical research setting using the familiar development environment of MATLAB/SIMULINK (The Mathworks). This hardware was developed primarily for a rehabilitation research center where students from an engineering and medical school could use it as a testbed for clinical research. It is envisioned that the design of a working prototype would be available after thorough testing at http://robo4rehab.wikispaces.com/OpenFES so that it can be further enhanced in an open-source setting. The command source selected for modulating/triggering the electrical stimulation was electromyogram (EMG), which is the recording of the bioelectrical signal generated at the cell membrane of contracting muscle fibers. The FES controller was implemented in an xPC target (The Mathworks) real-time kernel, running on a single board computer where the stimulation pattern, i.e., the temporal pattern of current pulses, was computed online based on the surface EMG patterns. The stimulation parameters were passed to a dsPIC33F microcontroller (Microchip, India) driven voltage controlled current source (VCCS) via a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART). The VCCS consisted of a coupled transconductance amplifier in series with precharged capacitors. The biphasic stimulation waveform was obtained with an analog switch that switched to reverse the polarity of the surface electrodes. The input stage for surface EMG consisted of an instrumentation amplifier with an anti-aliasing filter made of switched-capacitor (recording capacitor) banks. The dry surface EMG electrodes had buffer op-amps to provide high input impedance. A dsPIC33F microcontroller (Microchip, India) in the input/output (I/O) stage coordinated the switching of the stimulating capacitors with the recording capacitors in order to reject the stimulation artifact. The control software ran on the xPC target and delivered the stimulation parameters via UART to the dsPIC33F microcontroller (Microchip, India). The controller specifications are as follows: (1) Communications: xPC target is a battery powered stand-alone FES controller, communicating with the slave microprocessor in the input/output stages via UART. (2) FES controller: PC/104 single board computer (Advantech Co., PCM-3355) running xPC target kernel (The Mathworks). (3) PC/104 CPU: 366 MHz ×86 (AMD Geode processor). (4) Display: LCD (1024×768 at 18 bpp TFT) or CRT (1024×768 at 24 noninterlaced). (5) Stimulation pulse-width range: 1–255 ms. (6) Stimulation amplitude range: 0–100 mA (16 bit analog output with voltage controlled current source). (7) Stimulation frequency range: up to 30 Hz. (8) I/O channels (Sensoray, model 526): 4 AO (16 bit), 8 DIO, and 8 AI (16 bit). (9) Channel offset: 1000 Hz. (10) Analog to digital conversion for EMG: 16 bit. (11) Maximum signal amplitude: about 10 mV (peak to peak). (12) Minimum signal amplitude: about 1 mV (peak to peak), i.e., the noise floor should preferably be lower. (13) Signal to noise ratio.

Introduction The recent AOL/Time-Warner merger invites us to re-think the relationships amongst content producers, distributors, and audiences. Worth an estimated $300 billion (US), the largest Internet transaction of all time, the deal is 45 times larger than the AOL/Netscape merger of November 1998 (Ledbetter). Additionally, the Time Warner/EMI merger, which followed hard on the heels of the AOL/Time-Warner deal and is itself worth $28 billion (US), created the largest content rights organisation in the music industry. The joining of the Internet giant (AOL) with what was already the world's largest media corporation (Time-Warner-EMI) has inspired some exuberant reactions. An Infoworld column proclaimed: The AOL/Time-Warner merger signals the demise of traditional media companies and the ascendancy of 'new economy' media companies that will force any industry hesitant to adopt a complete electronic-commerce strategy to rethink and put itself on Internet time. (Saap & Schwarrtz) This comment identifies the distribution channel as the dominant component of the "new economy" media. But this might not really be much of an innovation. Indeed, the assumption of all industry observers is that Time-Warner will provide broadband distribution (through its extensive cable holdings) as well as proprietary content for AOL. It is also expected that Time-Warner will adopt AOL's strategy of seeking sponsorship for development projects as well as for content. However, both of these phenomena -- merger and sponsorship -- are at least as old as radio. It seems that the Internet is merely repeating an old industrial strategy. Nonetheless, one important difference distinguishes the Internet from earlier media: its characterisation of the audience. Internet companies such as AOL and Microsoft tend towards a simple and simplistic media- centred view of the audience as market. I will show, however, that as the Internet assumes more of the traditional mass media functions, it will be forced to adopt a more sophisticated notion of the mass audience. Indeed, the Internet is currently the site in which audience definitions borrowed from broadcasting are encountering and merging with definitions borrowed from marketing. The Internet apparently lends itself to both models. As a result, definitions of what the Internet does or is, and of how we should understand the audience, are suitably confused and opaque. And the behaviour of big Internet players, such as AOL and MSN, perfectly reflects this confusion as they seem to careen between a view of the Internet as the new television and a contrasting view of the Internet as the new shopping mall. Meanwhile, Internet users move in ways that most observers fail to capture. For example, Baran and Davis characterise mass communication as a process involving (1) an organized sender, (2) engaged in the distribution of messages, (3) directed toward a large audience. They argue that broadcasting fits this model whereas a LISTSERV does not because, even though the LISTSERV may have very many subscribers, its content is filtered through a single person or Webmaster. But why is the Webmaster suddenly more determining than a network programmer or magazine editor? The distinction seems to grow out of the Internet's technological characteristics: it is an interactive pipeline, therefore its use necessarily excludes the possibility of "broadcasting" which in turn causes us to reject "traditional" notions of the audience. However, if a media organisation were to establish an AOL discussion group in order to promote Warner TV shows, for example, would not the resulting communication suddenly fall under the definition as set out by Baran and Davis? It was precisely the confusion around such definitions that caused the CRTC (Canada's broadcasting and telecommunications regulator) to hold hearings in 1999 to determine what kind of medium the Internet is. Unlike traditional broadcasting, Internet communication does indeed include the possibility of interactivity and niche communities. In this sense, it is closer to narrowcasting than to broadcasting even while maintaining the possibility of broadcasting. Hence, the nature of the audience using the Internet quickly becomes muddy. While such muddiness might have led us to sharpen our definitions of the audience, it seems instead to have led many to focus on the medium itself. For example, Morris & Ogan define the Internet as a mass medium because it addresses a mass audience mediated through technology (Morris & Ogan 39). They divide producers and audiences on the Internet into four groups: One-to-one asynchronous communication (e-mail); Many-to-many asynchronous communication (Usenet and News Groups); One-to-one, one-to-few, and one-to-many synchronous communication (topic groups, construction of an object, role-playing games, IRC chats, chat rooms); Asynchronous communication (searches, many-to-one, one-to-one, one to- many, source-receiver relations (Morris & Ogan 42-3) Thus, some Internet communication qualifies as mass communication while some does not. However, the focus remains firmly anchored on either the sender or the medium because the receiver --the audience -- is apparently too slippery to define. When definitions do address the content distributed over the Net, they make a distinction between passive reception and interactive participation. As the World Wide Web makes pre-packaged content the norm, the Internet increasingly resembles a traditional mass medium. Timothy Roscoe argues that the main focus of the World Wide Web is not the production of content (and, hence, the fulfilment of the Internet's democratic potential) but rather the presentation of already produced material: "the dominant activity in relation to the Web is not producing your own content but surfing for content" (Rosco 680). He concludes that if the emphasis is on viewing material, the Internet will become a medium similar to television. Within media studies, several models of the audience compete for dominance in the "new media" economy. Denis McQuail recalls how historically, the electronic media furthered the view of the audience as a "public". The audience was an aggregate of common interests. With broadcasting, the electronic audience was delocalised and socially decomposed (McQuail, Mass 212). According to McQuail, it was not a great step to move from understanding the audience as a dispersed "public" to thinking about the audience as itself a market, both for products and as a commodity to be sold to advertisers. McQuail defines this conception of the audience as an "aggregate of potential customers with a known social- economic profile at which a medium or message is directed" (McQuail, Mass 221). Oddly though, in light of the emancipatory claims made for the Internet, this is precisely the dominant view of the audience in the "new media economy". Media Audience as Market How does the marketing model characterise the relationship between audience and producer? According to McQuail, the marketing model links sender and receiver in a cash transaction between producer and consumer rather than in a communicative relationship between equal interlocutors. Such a model ignores the relationships amongst consumers. Indeed, neither the effectiveness of the communication nor the quality of the communicative experience matters. This model, explicitly calculating and implicitly manipulative, is characteristically a "view from the media" (McQuail, Audience 9). Some scholars, when discussing new media, no longer even refer to audiences. They speak of users or consumers (Pavick & Dennis). The logic of the marketing model lies in the changing revenue base for media industries. Advertising-supported media revenues have been dropping since the early 1990s while user-supported media such as cable, satellite, online services, and pay-per-view, have been steadily growing (Pavlik & Dennis 19). In the Internet-based media landscape, the audience is a revenue stream and a source of consumer information. As Bill Gates says, it is all about "eyeballs". In keeping with this view, AOL hopes to attract consumers with its "one-stop shopping and billing". And Internet providers such as MSN do not even consider their subscribers as "audiences". Instead, they work from a consumer model derived from the computer software industry: individuals make purchases without the seller providing content or thematising the likely use of the software. The analogy extends well beyond the transactional moment. The common practice of prototyping products and beta-testing software requires the participation of potential customers in the product development cycle not as a potential audience sharing meanings but as recalcitrant individuals able to uncover bugs. Hence, media companies like MTV now use the Internet as a source of sophisticated demographic research. Recently, MTV Asia established a Website as a marketing tool to collect preferences and audience profiles (Slater 50). The MTV audience is now part of the product development cycle. Another method for getting information involves the "cookie" file that automatically provides a Website with information about the user who logs on to a site (Pavick & Dennis). Simultaneously, though, both Microsoft and AOL have consciously shifted from user-subscription revenues to advertising in an effort to make online services more like television (Gomery; Darlin). For example, AOL has long tried to produce content through its own studios to generate sufficiently heavy traffic on its Internet service in order to garner profitable advertising fees (Young). However, AOL and Microsoft have had little success in providing content (Krantz; Manes). In fact, faced with the AOL/Time-Warner merger, Microsoft declared that it was in the software rather than the content business (Trott). In short, they are caught between a broadcasting model and a consumer model and their behaviour is characteristically erratic. Similarly, media companies such as Time-Warner have failed to establish their own portals. Indeed, Time-Warner even abandoned attempts to create large Websites to compete with other Internet services when it shut down its Pathfinder site (Egan). Instead it refocussed its Websites so as to blur the line between pitching products and covering them (Reid; Lyons). Since one strategy for gaining large audiences is the creation of portals - - large Websites that keep surfers within the confines of a single company's site by providing content -- this is the logic behind the AOL/Time-Warner merger though both companies have clearly been unsuccessful at precisely such attempts. AOL seems to hope that Time- Warner will act as its content specialist, providing the type of compelling material that will make users want to use AOL, whereas Time- Warner seems to hope that AOL will become its privileged pipeline to the hearts and minds of untold millions. Neither has a coherent view of the audience, how it behaves, or should behave. Consequently, their efforts have a distinctly "unmanaged" and slighly inexplicable air to them, as though everyone were simultaneously hopeful and clueless. While one might argue that the stage is set to capitalise on the audience as commodity, there are indications that the success of such an approach is far from guaranteed. First, the AOL/Time-Warner/EMI transaction, merely by existing, has sparked conflicts over proprietary rights. For example, the Recording Industry Association of America, representing Sony, Universal, BMG, Warner and EMI, recently launched a $6.8 billion lawsuit against MP3.com -- an AOL subsidiary -- for alleged copyright violations. Specifically, MP3.com is being sued for selling digitized music over the Internet without paying royalties to the record companies (Anderson). A similar lawsuit has recently been launched over the issue of re- broadcasting television programs over the Internet. The major US networks have joined together against Canadian Internet company iCravetv for the unlawful distribution of content. Both the iCravetv and the MP3.com cases show how dominant media players can marshal their forces to protect proprietary rights in both content and distribution. Since software and media industries have failed to recreate the Internet in the image of traditional broadcasting, the merger of the dominant players in each industry makes sense. However, their simultaneous failure to secure proprietary rights reflects both the competitive nature of the "new media economy" and the weakness of the marketing view of the audience. Media Audience as Public It is often said that communication produces social cohesion. From such cohesion communities emerge on which political or social orders can be constructed. The power of social cohesion and attachment to group symbols can even create a sense of belonging to a "people" or nation (Deutsch). Sociologist Daniel Bell described how the mass media helped create an American culture simply by addressing a large enough audience. He suggested that on the evening of 7 March 1955, when one out of every two Americans could see Mary Martin as Peter Pan on television, a kind of social revolution occurred and a new American public was born. "It was the first time in history that a single individual was seen and heard at the same time by such a broad public" (Bell, quoted in Mattelart 72). One could easily substitute the 1953 World Series or the birth of little Ricky on I Love Lucy. The desire to document such a process recurs with the Internet. Internet communities are based on the assumption that a common experience "creates" group cohesion (Rheingold; Jones). However, as a mass medium, the Internet has yet to find its originary moment, that event to which all could credibly point as the birth of something genuine and meaningful. A recent contender was the appearance of Paul McCartney at the refurbished Cavern Club in Liverpool. On Tuesday, 14 December 1999, McCartney played to a packed club of 300 fans, while another 150,000 watched on an outdoor screen nearby. MSN arranged to broadcast the concert live over the Internet. It advertised an anticipated global audience of 500 million. Unfortunately, there was such heavy Internet traffic that the system was unable to accommodate more than 3 million people. Servers in the United Kingdom were so congested that many could only watch the choppy video stream via an American link. The concert raises a number of questions about "virtual" events. We can draw several conclusions about measuring Internet audiences. While 3 million is a sizeable audience for a 20 minute transmission, by advertising a potential audience of 500 million, MSN showed remarkably poor judgment of its inherent appeal. The Internet is the first medium that allows access to unprocessed material or information about events to be delivered to an audience with neither the time constraints of broadcast media nor the space limitations of the traditional press. This is often cited as one of the characteristics that sets the Internet apart from other media. This feeds the idea of the Internet audience as a participatory, democratic public. For example, it is often claimed that the Internet can foster democratic participation by providing voters with uninterpreted information about candidates and issues (Selnow). However, as James Curran argues, the very process of distributing uninterrupted, unfiltered information, at least in the case of traditional mass media, represents an abdication of a central democratic function -- that of watchdog to power (Curran). In the end, publics are created and maintained through active and continuous participation on the part of communicators and audiences. The Internet holds together potentially conflicting communicative relationships within the same technological medium (Merrill & Ogan). Viewing the audience as co-participant in a communicative relationship makes more sense than simply focussing on the Internet audience as either an aggregate of consumers or a passively constructed symbolic public. Audience as Relationship Many scholars have shifted attention from the producer to the audience as an active participant in the communication process (Ang; McQuail, Audience). Virginia Nightingale goes further to describe the audience as part of a communicative relationship. Nightingale identifies four factors in the relationship between audiences and producers that emphasize their co-dependency. The audience and producer are engaged in a symbiotic relationship in which consumption and use are necessary but not sufficient explanations of audience relations. The notion of the audience invokes, at least potentially, a greater range of activities than simply use or consumption. Further, the audience actively, if not always consciously, enters relationships with content producers and the institutions that govern the creation, distribution and exhibition of content (Nightingale 149-50). Others have demonstrated how this relationship between audiences and producers is no longer the one-sided affair characterised by the marketing model or the model of the audience as public. A global culture is emerging based on critical viewing skills. Kavoori calls this a reflexive mode born of an increasing familiarity with the narrative conventions of news and an awareness of the institutional imperatives of media industries (Kavoori). Given the sophistication of the emergent global audience, a theory that reduces new media audiences to a set of consumer preferences or behaviours will inevitably prove inadequate, just as it has for understanding audience behavior in old media. Similarly, by ignoring those elements of audience behavior that will be easily transported to the Web, we run the risk of idealising the Internet as a medium that will create an illusory, pre-technological public. Conclusion There is an understandable confusion between the two models of the audience that appear in the examples above. The "new economy" will have to come to terms with sophisticated audiences. Contrary to IBM's claim that they want to "get to know all about you", Internet users do not seem particularly interested in becoming a perpetual source of market information. The fragmented, autonomous audience resists attempts to lock it into proprietary relationships. Internet hypesters talk about creating publics and argue that the Internet recreates the intimacy of community as a corrective to the atomisation and alienation characteristic of mass society. This faith in the power of a medium to create social cohesion recalls the view of the television audience as a public constructed by the common experience of watching an important event. However, MSN's McCartney concert indicates that creating a public from spectacle it is not a simple process. In fact, what the Internet media conglomerates seem to want more than anything is to create consumer bases. Audiences exist for pleasure and by the desire to be entertained. As Internet media institutions are established, the cynical view of the audience as a source of consumer behavior and preferences will inevitably give way, to some extent, to a view of the audience as participant in communication. Audiences will be seen, as they have been by other media, as groups whose attention must be courted and rewarded. Who knows, maybe the AOL/Time-Warner merger might, indeed, signal the new medium's coming of age. References Anderson, Lessley. "To Beam or Not to Beam. MP3.com Is Being Sued by the Major Record Labels. Does the Digital Download Site Stand a Chance?" Industry Standard 31 Jan. 2000. <http://www.thestandard.com>. Ang, Ien. Watching Dallas: Soap Opera and the Melodramatic Imagination. London: Methuen, 1985. Baran, Stanley, and Dennis Davis. Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future. 2nd ed. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth 2000. Curran, James. "Mass Media and Democracy Revisited." Mass Media and Society. Eds. 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"Desparate.com (Media Companies Losing Millions on the Web Turn to Electronic Commerce)." Forbes 163.6 (22 March 1999): 50-1. Manes, Stephen. "The New MSN as Prehistoric TV." New York Times 4 Feb. 1997: C6. McQuail, Denis. Audience Analysis. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1997. ---. Mass Communication Theory. 2nd ed. London: Sage, 1987. Mattelart, Armand. Mapping World Communication: War, Progress, Culture. Trans. Susan Emanuel and James A. Cohen. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1994. Morris, Merrill, and Christine Ogan. "The Internet as Mass Medium." Journal of Communications 46 (Winter 1996): 39-50. Nightingale, Virginia. Studying Audience: The Shock of the Real. London: Routledge, 1996. Pavlik, John V., and Everette E. Dennis. New Media Technology: Cultural and Commercial Perspectives. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998. Reid, Calvin. "Time-Warner Seeks Electronic Synergy, Profits on the Web (Pathfinder Site)." Publisher's Weekly 242 (4 Dec. 1995): 12. Rheingold, Howard. Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. New York: Harper, 1993. Roscoe, Timothy. "The Construction of the World Wide Web Audience." Media, Culture and Society 21.5 (1999): 673-84. Saap, Geneva, and Ephraim Schwarrtz. "AOL-Time-Warner Deal to Impact Commerce, Content, and Access Markets." Infoworld 11 January 2000. <http://infoworld.com/articles/ic/xml/00/01/11/000111icimpact.xml>. Slater, Joanna. "Cool Customers: Music Channels Hope New Web Sites Tap into Teen Spirit." Far Eastern Economic Review 162.9 (4 March 1999): 50. Trott, Bob. "Microsoft Views AOL-Time-Warner as Confirmation of Its Own Strategy." Infoworld 11 Jan. 2000. <http://infoworld.com/articles/pi/xml/00/01/11/000111pimsaoltw.xml>. Yan, Catherine. "A Major Studio Called AOL?" Business Week 1 Dec. 1997: 1773-4. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Daniel M. Downes. "The Medium Vanishes? The Resurrection of the Mass Audience in the New Media Economy." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.1 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/mass.php>. Chicago style: Daniel M. Downes, "The Medium Vanishes? The Resurrection of the Mass Audience in the New Media Economy," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 1 (2000), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/mass.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Daniel M. Downes. (2000) The Medium Vanishes? The Resurrection of the Mass Audience in the New Media Economy. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(1). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/mass.php> ([your date of access]).

Desarrollo e implementación de la interface SBA para un núcleo pWM de 16 canales independientes programables Development and implementation of the SBA interface for a 16 independent programmable channels pWM Ip Core Renzo Bermúdez y Miguel Risco Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería (CIDI) de la Facultad de Ingeniería Electrónica y Mecatrónica Universidad Tecnológica del perú DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2010.0017/ RESUMEN Los Ip-Cores (Núcleos de propiedad Intelectual) son para el diseño de hardware lo que las librerías son para la programación de computadoras. Se suelen utilizar en la forma de un circuito discreto integrado, donde la “placa de circuito” es un diseño más grande en ASIC o en FpGA. Un núcleo de propiedad intelectual a menudo adopta la forma de un programa de computadora escrito en el HDL, tales como Verilog, VHDL o SystemC. Idealmente, un Ip-Core debe ser totalmente “portable”, es decir, que fácilmente se pueda adaptar a cualquier tecnología de otros proveedores o diferentes métodos de diseño. Los Receptores/Transmisores Asíncronos Universales (UART), las Unidades Centrales de procesamiento (CpU), los Controladores Ethernet, las Interfaces pCI, son algunos ejemplos de Ip-Cores. En este trabajo, se presenta la adaptación de un IpCore pWM de 16 canales a una estructura de bloques independientes similar a los SoC (System on Chip). No se ha implementado un microprocesador como maestro del sistema; en su lugar una máquina de estado compleja administra un bus con la finalidad de ahorrar recursos en la FpGA. Esta máquina de estado compleja, que hace las veces de controlador del sistema, se encuentra dentro de una disposición a la que se le denomina SBA (Simple Bus Architecture) o Arquitectura Simple de Bus, la cual no es más de una simplificación de las señales y reglas que establece la especificación Wishbone. El sistema así integrado permite la configuración de 16 salidas digitales pWM independientes en modo de bajo rizado. Si bien en el ejemplo que se presenta en este trabajo muestra un solo IpCore pWM instanciado, esto no supone un límite. El núcleo pWM implementado no hace uso de recursos específicos o especiales de la FpGA, lo que permite que la cantidad de bloques instanciados pueda crecer tanto como bloques genéricos configurables en la FpGA se encuentren disponibles. Es decir, por cada núcleo instanciado se dispondrá de 16 canales pWM independientes que poseerán una posición de programación específica dentro del mapa de direcciones del SBA. Descriptores: FPGa, PWm, system on chip. ABSTRACT iP cores (intellectual Property cores) are for hardware design what libraries are for computer programming. They are typically used in the style and form of a discrete integrated circuit, where the “circuit board” is a larger design in asic or FPGa. a core intellectual property often takes the form of a software program written in hDl such as verilog, vhDl or systemc. ideally, an iP-core must be fully portable, meaning that it can be easily adapted to any technology from other suppliers or different design methods. receivers/transmitters universal asynchronous (uart), central Processing units (cPu), ethernet controllers, interfaces Pci are examples of iP-cores. This paper presents the adaptation of a 16-channel PWm iPcore to a separate brick structure similar to soc (system on chip). We did not implement a microprocessor as master of the system, instead a complex state machine runs a bus in order to save resources in the FPGa. This complex state machine that acts as the controller of the system is within a provision which is called sba (single bus architecture), which is just a simplification of the signals and rules establishing the Wishbone specification. The system thus allows the configuration of 16 independent PWm digital outputs in low ripple mode. While the example presented in this work shows a single PWm iPcore instantiated this is not a limit. The implemented PWm core does not use specific or special resources of the FPGa, which allows that the number of instantiated blocks can grow as much as configurable generic blocks in the FPGa become available. That is, for each instantiated core there will be 16 independent PWm channels that will have specific preset positions within the address map of the sba. Keywords: FPGa, PWm, system on chip.