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St-Charles, Pierre-Luc, Guillaume-Alexandre Bilodeau, and Robert Bergevin. "Universal Background Subtraction Using Word Consensus Models." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 25, no. 10 (2016): 4768–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tip.2016.2598691.
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Billeb, Stefan, Christian Rathgeb, Herbert Reininger, Klaus Kasper, and Christoph Busch. "Biometric template protection for speaker recognition based on universal background models." IET Biometrics 4, no. 2 (2015): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-bmt.2014.0031.
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Rua, Enrique Argones, Emanuele Maiorana, Jose Luis Alba Castro, and Patrizio Campisi. "Biometric Template Protection Using Universal Background Models: An Application to Online Signature." IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 7, no. 1 (2012): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2011.2168213.
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Eichhorn, Astrid, Tim Koslowski, and Antonio Pereira. "Status of Background-Independent Coarse Graining in Tensor Models for Quantum Gravity." Universe 5, no. 2 (2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5020053.
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A background-independent route towards a universal continuum limit in discrete models of quantum gravity proceeds through a background-independent form of coarse graining. This review provides a pedagogical introduction to the conceptual ideas underlying the use of the number of degrees of freedom as a scale for a Renormalization Group flow. We focus on tensor models, for which we explain how the tensor size serves as the scale for a background-independent coarse-graining flow. This flow provides a new probe of a universal continuum limit in tensor models. We review the development and setup of this tool and summarize results in the two- and three-dimensional case. Moreover, we provide a step-by-step guide to the practical implementation of these ideas and tools by deriving the flow of couplings in a rank-4-tensor model. We discuss the phenomenon of dimensional reduction in these models and find tentative first hints for an interacting fixed point with potential relevance for the continuum limit in four-dimensional quantum gravity.
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Ayoub, Bouziane, Kharroubi Jamal, and Zarghili Arsalane. "Towards an Optimal Speaker Modeling in Speaker Verification Systems using Personalized Background Models." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (2017): 3655–63. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3655-3663.
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This paper presents a novel speaker modeling approachfor speaker recognition systems. The basic idea of this approach consists of deriving the target speaker model from a personalized background model, composed only of the UBM Gaussian components which are really present in the speech of the target speaker. The motivation behind the derivation of speakers’ models from personalized background models is to exploit the observeddifference insome acoustic-classes between speakers, in order to improve the performance of speaker recognition systems. The proposed approach was evaluatedfor speaker verification task using various amounts of training and testing speech data. The experimental results showed that the proposed approach is efficientin termsof both verification performance and computational cost during the testing phase of the system, compared to the traditional UBM based speaker recognition systems.
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Fatemi, Bahare, Siamak Ravanbakhsh, and David Poole. "Improved Knowledge Graph Embedding Using Background Taxonomic Information." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 3526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33013526.
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Knowledge graphs are used to represent relational information in terms of triples. To enable learning about domains, embedding models, such as tensor factorization models, can be used to make predictions of new triples. Often there is background taxonomic information (in terms of subclasses and subproperties) that should also be taken into account. We show that existing fully expressive (a.k.a. universal) models cannot provably respect subclass and subproperty information. We show that minimal modifications to an existing knowledge graph completion method enables injection of taxonomic information. Moreover, we prove that our model is fully expressive, assuming a lower-bound on the size of the embeddings. Experimental results on public knowledge graphs show that despite its simplicity our approach is surprisingly effective.
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Dişken, Gökay, Zekeriya Tüfekci, and Ulus Çevik. "Speaker Model Clustering to Construct Background Models for Speaker Verification." Archives of Acoustics 42, no. 1 (2017): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2017-0014.
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Abstract Conventional speaker recognition systems use the Universal Background Model (UBM) as an imposter for all speakers. In this paper, speaker models are clustered to obtain better imposter model representations for speaker verification purpose. First, a UBM is trained, and speaker models are adapted from the UBM. Then, the k-means algorithm with the Euclidean distance measure is applied to the speaker models. The speakers are divided into two, three, four, and five clusters. The resulting cluster centers are used as background models of their respective speakers. Experiments showed that the proposed method consistently produced lower Equal Error Rates (EER) than the conventional UBM approach for 3, 10, and 30 seconds long test utterances, and also for channel mismatch conditions. The proposed method is also compared with the i-vector approach. The three-cluster model achieved the best performance with a 12.4% relative EER reduction in average, compared to the i-vector method. Statistical significance of the results are also given.
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You, Zuyao, Lingyu Kong, Lingchen Meng, and Zuxuan Wu. "FOCUS: Towards Universal Foreground Segmentation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 39, no. 9 (2025): 9580–88. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i9.33038.
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Foreground segmentation is a fundamental task in computer vision, encompassing various subdivision tasks. Previous research has typically designed task-specific architectures for each task, leading to a lack of unification. Moreover, they primarily focus on recognizing foreground objects without effectively distinguishing them from the background. In this paper, we emphasize the importance of the background and its relationship with the foreground. We introduce FOCUS, the Foreground ObjeCts Universal Segmentation framework that can handle multiple foreground tasks. We develop a multi-scale semantic network using the edge information of objects to enhance image features. To achieve boundary-aware segmentation, we propose a novel distillation method, integrating the contrastive learning strategy to refine the prediction mask in multi-modal feature space. We conduct extensive experiments on a total of 13 datasets across 5 tasks, and the results demonstrate that FOCUS consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art task-specific models on most metrics.
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Evstafiev, Dmitry G., and Lubov A. Tsyganova. "After Post-Modernity: Discussion Points Against the Background of Global Transformations." RUDN Journal of Political Science 25, no. 2 (2023): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2023-25-2-293-307.
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The transition of the basically local military-political crisis in the Western Eurasia into the real focus of global geopolitical transformations and civilizational confrontation. That has brought to the agenda the issue of degradation of the principles of universalities that were the basis for globalization in both: socio-political and socio-economic spheres thus demonstrating deepening interaction between them. The world is facing the perspective of competition of different models of development and their political and social localization that reflect the specifics of social-economic environment. The fact that global transformations became the result of interaction of the objective and subjective, contextual factors as well as sometimes were brought to reality through the interaction of political leaders brings us to the conclusion that the world is nowadays within the transitional era that contains several points of bifurcation of political nature that in turn drive for different models of socioeconomic development. The sharp nature of ongoing transformations reflects the situation when most of the paradigms and instrumental models that were regarded as axiomatically universal like institutional governance and representative democracy started to lose their relevance as political and socio-political management tools. The same is true about a bulk of global economic tools such as the universal protected nature of economic interdependence and international trade. But all that was the basis for the globalization. The system of global political and economic relations that has resided quite recently in the environment of nearly total universality started to lose synergy and integrity while forming complex localized formats in which political and socio-cultural factors play the leading role ahead of economic basis and socio-economic relationships. The research drives to the conclusion on the possibility of emergence of the two competing models claiming a global status the specifics of interaction between them and the key differences between them.
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Mosser, Kurt. "The Grammatical Background of Kant's General Logic." Kantian Review 13, no. 1 (2008): 116–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415400001114.
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In theCritique of Pure Reason, Kant conceives of general logic as a set of universal and necessary rules for the possibility of thought, or as a set of minimal necessary conditions for ascribing rationality to an agent (exemplified by the principle of non-contradiction). Such a conception, of course, contrasts with contemporary notions of formal, mathematical or symbolic logic. Yet, in so far as Kant seeks to identify those conditions that must hold for the possibility of thought in general, such conditions must holda fortiorifor any specific model of thought, including axiomatic treatments of logic and standard natural deduction models of first-order predicate logic. Kant's general logic seeks to isolate those conditions by thinking through – or better, reflecting on – those conditions that themselves make thought possible.
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MATSUMOTO, SHIGEKI, JOE SATO, MASATO YAMANAKA, and MASATO SENAMI. "INTRODUCING NEUTRINO MASS INTO UNIVERSAL EXTRA DIMENSION MODELS AND SOLVING COSMOLOGICAL PROBLEM." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 05 (2007): 1571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307006897.
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Universal extra dimension (UED) models with right-handed neutrinos are studied. The introduction of the neutrinos makes us possible not only to describe Dirac neutrino masses but also to solve the cosmological problem called the KK graviton problem. This problem is essentially caused by the late time decay of a KK photon into a KK graviton and a photon, and it distorts the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background or the diffuse photon. We point out that, once we introduce right-handed neutrinos to UED models, the KK photon decays dominantly into neutrinos and does not emit a photon. We also discuss sub-dominant modes with a photon in the decay quantitatively, and show that their branching ratios are so small that the spectra are not distorted.
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Gabriel, Jaime Zapata-Zapata, David Arias-Londoño Julián, Francisco Vargas-Bonilla Jesús, and Rafael Orozco-Arroyave Juan. "On-line signature verification using Gaussian Mixture Models and small-sample learning strategies." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería -redin-, no. 79 (June 16, 2016): 84–97. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.n79a09.
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This paper addresses the problem of training on-line signature verification systems when the number of training samples is small, facing the real-world scenario when the number of available signatures per user is limited. The paper evaluates nine different classification strategies based on Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM), and the Universal Background Model (UBM) strategy, which are designed to work under small-sample size conditions. The GMM’s learning strategies include the conventional Expectation-Maximisation algorithm and also a Bayesian approach based on variational learning. The signatures are characterised mainly in terms of velocities and accelerations of the users’ handwriting patterns. The results show that for a genuine vs. impostor test, the GMM-UBM method is able to keep the accuracy above 93%, even when only 20% of samples are used for training (5 signatures). Moreover, the combination of a full Bayesian UBM and a Support Vector Machine (SVM) (known as GMM-Supervector) is able to achieve 99% of accuracy when the training samples exceed 20. On the other hand, when simulating a real environment where there are not available impostor signatures, once again the combination of a full Bayesian UBM and a SVM, achieve more than 77% of accuracy and a false acceptance rate lower than 3%, using only 20% of the samples for training.
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T Abou-Saleh, Mohammed. "British Models of Person Centered Medicine." International Journal of Person Centered Medicine 13, no. 1 (2024): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/ijpcm.v13i1.1121.
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Background: The National Health Service (NHS) was established in 1948 as a publicly funded healthcare system in the UK providing universal health coverage that is comprehensive, equitable and free at the point of delivery. The British experience of person centered medicine (PCM) is enshrined in the NHS constitution. Objectives: The objective of this study was to highlight important developments in and evolution of PCM within the NHS in person-centered care (PCC), research and innovations in undergraduate and graduate health education. Methods: This is a narrative overview of the British experience of PCM. Results: It is evident that the British experience and practice of PCM have evolved naturistically over seven decades since the establishment of the NHS. Academic research groups in collaboration with the NHS have introduced person-centered models of care supported by pivotal research in practice. Importantly, person-centered nursing has been widely adopted following the early development of a framework for person-centered nursing and its extensive evaluation. There emerged many initiatives on PCM by National Voices, the Health Foundation, British medical schools and the Royal Medical Colleges. The landmark development was the production by the Royal College of Psychiatrists in the UK of the first blueprint for a postgraduate psychiatric curriculum that is in tune with person-centered psychiatry. Conclusions: It is envisaged that the NHS will evolve and increasingly promote, adopt, codesign and implement PCC approaches adapted to the local, regional and national contexts including services redesign, health education and applied health research. These innovations contribute to the universal development of person-centered healthcare and health education.
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Yakovleva, Valentina, Aleksey Zelinskiy, Roman Parovik, Grigorii Yakovlev та Aleksey Kobzev. "Model for Reconstruction of γ-Background during Liquid Atmospheric Precipitation". Mathematics 9, № 14 (2021): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9141636.
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With regard to reconstructing the gamma background dose rate, existing models are either empirical with limited applicability or have many unknown input parameters, which complicates their application in practice. Due to this, there is a need to search for a new approach and build a convenient, easily applicable and universal model. The paper proposes a mathematical model for reconstructing the temporal evolution of the ambient equivalent γ-radiation dose rate during rain episodes, depending on the density of radon flux from the soil surface, as well as the duration and intensity of rain. The efficiency of the model is confirmed by the high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.81–0.99) between the measured and reconstructed ambient equivalent dose rate during periods of rain, the simulation of which was performed using Wolfram Mathematica. An algorithm was developed for restoring the dynamics of the ambient equivalent γ-radiation dose rate during rainfall. Based on the results obtained, assumptions were made where the washout of radionuclides originates. The influence of the radionuclides ratio on the increase in the total γ-radiation dose rate was investigated.
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ANTONOV, D. V. "FLUCTUATING STRINGS IN THE UNIVERSAL CONFINING STRING THEORY AND GLUODYNAMICS." Modern Physics Letters A 13, no. 08 (1998): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732398000632.
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An effective string theory emerging from the bilocal approximation to the method of vacuum correlators in gluodynamics is shown to be well-described by the 4D theory of the massive Abelian Kalb–Ramond field interacting with the string, which is known to be the low energy limit of the universal confining string theory. This correspondence follows from the agreement of the behavior of the coefficient functions, which parametrize the gauge-invariant correlator of two gluonic field strength tensors, known from the lattice data, with their values obtained from the propagator of the Kalb–Ramond field. We discuss this correspondence in several aspects and demonstrate that the mass of the Kalb–Ramond field in this approach plays the role of the inverse correlation length of the vacuum, so that in the massless limit string picture disappears. Next, we apply the background field method, known in the theory of nonlinear sigma models, to obtain the action, which is quadratic in quantum fluctuations around a given (e.g. minimal) string worldsheet. Several nontrivial types of couplings of these fluctuations with the background worldsheet are obtained and discussed.
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Bartoszko, Justyna, Duminda N. Wijeysundera, Keyvan Karkouti, et al. "Comparison of Two Major Perioperative Bleeding Scores for Cardiac Surgery Trials." Anesthesiology 129, no. 6 (2018): 1092–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002179.
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Abstract Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New Background Research into major bleeding during cardiac surgery is challenging due to variability in how it is scored. Two consensus-based clinical scores for major bleeding: the Universal definition of perioperative bleeding and the European Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (E-CABG) bleeding severity grade, were compared in this substudy of the Transfusion Avoidance in Cardiac Surgery (TACS) trial. Methods As part of TACS, 7,402 patients underwent cardiac surgery at 12 hospitals from 2014 to 2015. We examined content validity by comparing scored items, construct validity by examining associations with redo and complex procedures, and criterion validity by examining 28-day in-hospital mortality risk across bleeding severity categories. Hierarchical logistic regression models were constructed that incorporated important predictors and categories of bleeding. Results E-CABG and Universal scores were correlated (Spearman ρ = 0.78, P < 0.0001), but E-CABG classified 910 (12.4%) patients as having more severe bleeding, whereas the Universal score classified 1,729 (23.8%) as more severe. Higher E-CABG and Universal scores were observed in redo and complex procedures. Increasing E-CABG and Universal scores were associated with increased mortality in unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Regression model discrimination based on predictors of perioperative mortality increased with additional inclusion of the Universal score (c-statistic increase from 0.83 to 0.91) or E-CABG (c-statistic increase from 0.83 to 0.92). When other major postoperative complications were added to these models, the association between Universal or E-CABG bleeding with mortality remained. Conclusions Although each offers different advantages, both the Universal score and E-CABG performed well in the validity assessments, supporting their use as outcome measures in clinical trials.
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He, Yutong, Di Tian, Hongxia Wang, Li Yao, Miao Yu, and Pengfei Chen. "A universal and multi-dimensional model for analytical data on geological samples." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 8, no. 2 (2019): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-277-2019.
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Abstract. To promote the sharing and reutilization of geoanalytical data, various geoanalytical databases have been established over the last 30 years. Data models, which form the core of a database, are themselves the subjects of intensive studies. Data models determine the contents stored in the databases and applications of the databases. However, most geoanalytical data models have been designed for specific geological applications, which has led to strong heterogeneity between databases. It is therefore difficult for researchers to communicate and integrate geoanalytical data between databases. In particular, every time a new database is constructed, the time-consuming process of redesigning a data model significantly increases the development cycle. This study introduces a new data model that is universally applicable and highly efficient. The data model is applied to various geoanalytical methods and corresponding applications, and comprehensive analytical data contents together with associated background metadata are summarized and catalogued. Universal data attributes are then designed based on these metadata, which means that the model can be used for any geoanalytical database. Additionally, a multi-dimensional data mode is adopted, providing geological researchers with the ability to analyze geoanalytical data from six or more dimensions with high efficiency. Part of the model is implemented with the typical database system (MySQL) and comprehensive comparison experiments with existing geoanalytical data model are presented. The result unambiguously proves that the data model developed in this paper exceeds existing models in efficiency.
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Gubanova, A. V. "ANALYSIS OF BACKGROUND AND DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP TEACHINGS IN MANAGEMENT." Scientific Journal ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 13, no. 4 (2020): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29030/2309-2076-2020-13-4-91-101.
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The current interest in the study of the phenomenon of leadership has been generated by the increasing importance of the personality in general and the personality of the leader in recent decades, particularly in modern society, in the management of organizations and processes. Despite the huge number of works in the field of leadership, an unambiguous understanding of this phenomenon has not been formulated, and it is obvious that a universal theory of leadership does not exist, since this concept is multifaceted. The survey of leadership models carried out in the study made it possible to establish that the evolution of approaches to its study in management is chronologically related to the evolution of interpretations of the term «leadership» itself. On the basis of the revealed regularity, the author has systematized classical and modern scientific approaches to the analysis of this phenomenon and established their connection with a change in the understanding of the phenomenon of leadership. In the course of the study, the main trends in the development of teachings on leadership in management and their interconnection were identified. The classical theories were mostly single-factor theories, because one variable was taken into account as the determinants of leadership – the personality of the leader, the behavior of the leader, the situational characteristics. Later, the models have become combined, mainly, two-factor – personal- situational, personal-behavioral, behavioral-situational. The modern stage of management leadership is characterized by a systematic approach, as well as a general view of governance, i.e. multiple-factor models of leadership. At the same time, modern leadership teachings in one way or another develop the main areas of leadership and leadership, specified by classical concepts.
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Cook, Chad E., Kenneth E. Learman, Bryan J. O'Halloran, et al. "Which Prognostic Factors for Low Back Pain Are Generic Predictors of Outcome Across a Range of Recovery Domains?" Physical Therapy 93, no. 1 (2013): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120216.
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Background Recovery from low back pain (LBP) is multidimensional and requires the use of multiple-response (outcome) measures to fully reflect these many dimensions. Predictive prognostic variables that are present or stable in all or most predictive models that use different outcome measures could be considered “universal” prognostic variables. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the potential of universal prognostic variables in predictive models for 4 different outcome measures in patients with mechanical LBP. Design Predictive modeling was performed using data extracted from a randomized controlled trial. Four prognostic models were created using backward stepwise deletion logistic, Poisson, and linear regression. Methods Data were collected from 16 outpatient physical therapy facilities in 10 states. All 149 patients with LBP were treated with manual therapy and spine strengthening exercises until discharge. Four different measures of response were used: Oswestry Disability Index and Numeric Pain Rating Scale change scores, total visits, and report of rate of recovery. Results The set of statistically significant predictors was dependent on the definition of response. All regression models were significant. Within both forms of the 4 models, meeting the clinical prediction rule for manipulation at baseline was present in all 4 models, whereas no irritability at baseline and diagnosis of sprains and strains were present in 2 of 4 of the predictive models. Limitations The primary limitation is that this study evaluated only 4 of the multiple outcome measures that are pertinent for patients with LBP. Conclusions Meeting the clinical prediction rule was prognostic for all outcome measures and should be considered a universal prognostic predictor. Other predictive variables were dependent on the outcomes measure used in the predictive model.
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Perler, Dominik. "Direkte und indirekte Bezeichnung. Die metaphysischen Hintergründe einer semantischen Debatte im Spätmittelalter." Bochumer Philosophisches Jahrbuch für Antike und Mittelalter 4 (December 31, 1999): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bpjam.4.07per.
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Abstract Late medieval philosophers in the Aristotelian tradition developed two theoretical models in order to explain the signication of words. Some - including Thomas Aquinas - claimed that spoken words immediately signify concepts, but extramental things only mediately, while others - such as William of Ockham - held the view that they immediately signify things. The present essay analyzes these two semantic models, paying particular attention to their metaphysical and epistemological background. It shows that the «indirect signication model» defended by Thomas is not a model committed to representationalism or semantic idealism, as some recent commentators have claimed. It is rather a model that relies upon two crucial theses: (i) human beings form concepts by abstracting universal forms from extramental things; and (ü) spoken words signify those universal forms having an immaterial existence in the intellect. Ockham's refusal of the «indirect signication model» is mainly motivated by his rejection of these controversial claims.
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Song, Tao, Xun Wang, Shudong Wang, and Yun Jiang. "DNA Computing." International Journal of Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation 2, no. 4 (2010): 12–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61692-797-4.ch005.
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DNA computing is widely accepted as a new computing framework all over the world. In this chapter, the background of DNA computing is firstly introduced by solving a Hamilton Path problem. Then three research directions are proposed according to the current development of it, including the theoretical framework, practical DNA computing models and DNA encoding. In each part of the three research directions, many recent results are involved. In the theoretical framework, DNA computing is proved to be computationally universal by four formal DNA computing models. In practical DNA computing models, DNA computing is shown to solve NP-complete problems and work well in other fields, such as medical science. In DNA encoding, some DNA codes and encoding methods are introduced to avoid the false positive phenomenon. And they have a final purpose in common: constructing a universal Biomolecular computing model, which is also called as biomolecular computer, to solve intractable problems for electrical computers. Finally, some further research directions are shown in each part for the design of biomolecular computer.
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Park. "Fast Speaker Identification Using a Universal Background Model Clustering Method." Journal Of The Acoustical Society Of Korea 33, no. 3 (2014): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.7776/ask.2014.33.3.216.
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Shehzad, Farrukh, Muhammad Rajab, Muhammad Daniyal, Rashid Ahmed, and Kassim Tawiah. "Optimal Circular Balanced Repeated Measurements Designs for v = p through the Method of Cyclic Shift (MCS) Rule II." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (October 6, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2875183.
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Background. One of the common characteristics of preclinical genetic experimentation is the result of repeated measurements, and for this purpose, repeated measurements designs (RMDs) have gained much more significance. In the class of RMDs, balanced repeated measurements designs (BRMDs) are preferred as they balance out the residual effects since the experimentation is repeated over time on different subjects. This study provides the theoretical framework of universal optimal criteria proposed by Kiefer (1975) for the newly proposed circular balanced repeated measurements designs (CBRMDs) by Rajab et al. (2018). These universal optimality criteria were proved for the special class of designs where the number of treatments is equal to the number of periods. Universal optimality has been discussed considering all the possible effects in the models, i.e., units, subjects, treatments, and periods. Methodology. This study characterized CBRMDs, where several treatments and periods are equal in the contest of three separate models with their matrices of information in simplified form. We used these simplified matrices of information to ascertain the criteria for universally optimal CBRMDs under different conditions. These new CBRMDs have been constructed using the well-known method of cyclic shifts (MCS) rule II. Results. Universal optimality of the new proposed classes of designs has been discussed theoretically. Universally optimal CBRMDs were constructed for v = p odd using the MCS rule II along with the confirmation of the universal optimality criteria proposed in the existing theory. Conclusions. The proposed class of new CBRMDs has been proven to have theoretically universally optimal designs, which have been constructed by the method of cyclic shifts rule II when the number of treatments is equal to the number of periods.
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Satyanand, Singh. "Forensic and Automatic Speaker Recognition System." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 5 (2018): 2804–11. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp2804-2811.
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Current Automatic Speaker Recognition (ASR) System has emerged as an important medium of confirmation of identity in many businesses, e-commerce applications, forensics and law enforcement as well. Specialists trained in criminological recognition can play out this undertaking far superior by looking at an arrangement of acoustic, prosodic, and semantic attributes which has been referred to as structured listening. An algorithm-based system has been developed in the recognition of forensic speakers by physics scientists and forensic linguists to reduce the probability of a contextual bias or pre-centric understanding of a reference model with the validity of an unknown audio sample and any suspicious individual. Many researchers are continuing to develop automatic algorithms in signal processing and machine learning so that improving performance can effectively introduce the speaker’s identity, where the automatic system performs equally with the human audience. In this paper, I examine the literature about the identification of speakers by machines and humans, emphasizing the key technical speaker pattern emerging for the automatic technology in the last decade. I focus on many aspects of automatic speaker recognition (ASR) systems, including speaker-specific features, speaker models, standard assessment data sets, and performance metrics.
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Wolska, Grażyna. "The review of theories of mainstream economics on the example of economic models." Equilibrium 10, no. 1 (2015): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2015.010.
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Regardless of the fact that economics distinguishes itself from other social sciences by a high level of formal deductive modelling, it is a social science due to the essence of the economic process where a human is a subject and an object at the same time. In recent years this issue has been more frequently emphasized by economists in ongoing discussions. In the discussions, a good deal of time is devoted to economic models and, mainly, their relations with the socioeconomic reality and coherence of empirical evidence. The article presents a thesis that some mainstream economic theories have not always constituted the background to their practical applications, which led - and still can lead- to the dogmatic and inflexible use of model solutions for economic phenomena which are difficult to forecast in a non-variant rigid model. The aim is to critically analyse the beliefs about the usefulness of universal economic models in the economic reality advocated by mainstream economists, and to prove that not all economic models have constituted the background to their practical applications.
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Дьячок, Н., and О. Попкова. "GENITIVE-NEGATIVE AS THE UNIVERSAL FORM IMPLEMENTING THE ‘ABSENCE’ CONCEPT." Journal “Ukrainian sense”, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/462212.
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Background. The article deals with the problem of a case category, case typology, and partial case meanings definition which is still topical. Its solution has been proposed by L. Tenier, W. Chafe, Ch. Fillmore and other scientists. The history of linguistics testifies to the fact that even Panini in his Aṣṭādhyāyī paid attention to verb-noun ratios. The case category (case – from the Latin casus < from the Greek word πτόσισ ‘fall’) is the representation of cognitive role of a name in the syntactic construction. 
 The purpose of the study is to demonstrate universality of the specific case segment – Genetive of Negation – in the context of model structures implementing the ‘Absence’ concept. Objectives are as follows: 1) to analyze the current case concepts; 2) to define reasons why case forms are used in their relation to the expressed meanings; and 3) to generate models with genitive of negation within their structure.
 Methods. A continuous sampling method has been applied to search and accumulate the required study units. A comparative method has been applied to define integral and differential characteristics of typical models in different languages. Certain elements of a comparative historical method have helped demonstrate universality of cognitive and model structures expressing the absence concept. A structural method has become the basic one while developing the models representing actual mental constructs.
 Discussion. In the study, we focused on the Genitive Case forms, i.e. on the formal Genitive Case as well as its involvement in the structures able to express absence meaning of somebody or something. Fundamentally, the Genitive Case forms in the Ukrainian and English languages are universal not only to express relation of a person/subject, called either noun or pronoun, to some another object of reality but also to express negation. In grammars, such a form is assumed to be termed as genitive-negative. 
 Conclusions. We believe that any case meaning inclusive of Genitive of Negation semantics is a result of mental activity of the specific native speakers. In the process of historical development, a meaning adapts a number of implementation forms to itself. A language remains those ones being the most reasonable from the viewpoint of articulation as well as cognitive acceptance of the image-concept-meaning-form phenomenon by a community. The capacity to agree words in a speech flow, i.e. capacity to adjust word forms to each other according to the laws of one or another language depending upon specific semantic situations is the genetic feature of human mind able to transform into verbal / lingual experience. The situation is also typical for the studied segment of the forms and meanings. All components of the listed models, supplementing a form of Genitive Case of a noun or pronoun, make together Genitive of Negation forms. Such structures are universal for the two studied languages (i.e. Ukrainian and English) while expressing the ‘Absence’ concept. At the same time, we observe universal and original Genetive of Negation models.
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Du, Meng, Daping Bi, Mingyang Du, Xinsong Xu, and Zilong Wu. "ULAN: A Universal Local Adversarial Network for SAR Target Recognition Based on Layer-Wise Relevance Propagation." Remote Sensing 15, no. 1 (2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010021.
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Recent studies have proven that synthetic aperture radar (SAR) automatic target recognition (ATR) models based on deep neural networks (DNN) are vulnerable to adversarial examples. However, existing attacks easily fail in the case where adversarial perturbations cannot be fully fed to victim models. We call this situation perturbation offset. Moreover, since background clutter takes up most of the area in SAR images and has low relevance to recognition results, fooling models with global perturbations is quite inefficient. This paper proposes a semi-white-box attack network called Universal Local Adversarial Network (ULAN) to generate universal adversarial perturbations (UAP) for the target regions of SAR images. In the proposed method, we calculate the model’s attention heatmaps through layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP), which is used to locate the target regions of SAR images that have high relevance to recognition results. In particular, we utilize a generator based on U-Net to learn the mapping from noise to UAPs and craft adversarial examples by adding the generated local perturbations to target regions. Experiments indicate that the proposed method effectively prevents perturbation offset and achieves comparable attack performance to conventional global UAPs by perturbing only a quarter or less of SAR image areas.
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Bauch, Chris T., Andrea M. Anonychuk, Thierry Van Effelterre, Ba' Z. Pham, and Maraki Fikre Merid. "Incorporating Herd Immunity Effects into Cohort Models of Vaccine Cost-Effectiveness." Medical Decision Making 29, no. 5 (2009): 557–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x09334419.
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Background. Cohort models are often used in cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of vaccination. However, because they cannot capture herd immunity effects, cohort models underestimate the reduction in incidence caused by vaccination. Dynamic models capture herd immunity effects but are often not adopted in vaccine CEA. Objective. The objective was to develop a pseudo-dynamic approximation that can be incorporated into an existing cohort model to capture herd immunity effects. Methods. The authors approximated changing force of infection due to universal vaccination for a pediatric infectious disease. The projected lifetime cases in a cohort were compared under 1) a cohort model, 2) a cohort model with pseudo-dynamic approximation, and 3) an age-structured susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered compartmental (dynamic) model. The authors extended the methodology to sexually transmitted infections. Results. For average to high values of vaccine coverage (P > 60%) and small to average values of the basic reproduction number (R 0 < 10), which describes school-based vaccination programs for many common infections, the pseudo-dynamic approximation significantly improved projected lifetime cases and was close to projections of the full dynamic model. For large values of R0 (R0 > 15), projected lifetime cases were similar under the dynamic model and the cohort model, both with and without pseudo-dynamic approximation. The approximation captures changes in the mean age at infection in the 1st vaccinated cohort. Conclusions. This methodology allows for preliminary assessment of herd immunity effects on CEA of universal vaccination for pediatric infectious diseases. The method requires simple adjustments to an existing cohort model and less data than a full dynamic model.
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Ogneva, Elena Anatolievna, and Alina Olegovna Beketova. "Haptemic attraction in the textual informative code of a cognitive script (based on the material of the novels “Inferno” by D. Brown and “Black Water Lilies” by M. Bussi)." Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 16, no. 12 (2023): 4213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20230640.
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The aim of the research is to identify the universal and unique mechanisms of haptemic attraction in the textual informative code of the background terminal of cognitive scripts in literary works written in different languages. The scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that the authors substantiate the existence of two types of models of text worlds in which the components of the text informative code are located in the central-peripheral zone, create their own algorithm for the study of haptemic attraction in the textual informative code of the background terminal of a cognitive script, determine the specifics of haptemic attraction in the textual informative code. As a result, the paper shows the existence of a multifaceted model of a text world as a central-peripheral structure with proximal-temporal vectors and a simplified model of a text world as a central-peripheral structure without proximal-temporal vectors. The research reveals the existence of five types of the universal mechanisms of haptemic attraction in the informative code of background terminals of cognitive scripts in the studied novels written in different languages. The development and implementation of a new approach have supplemented the theoretical and methodological base of the theory of text worlds with two new types of models. The theory of modelling textual cognitive constructs has been supplemented with an algorithm for studying haptemic attraction in the textual informative code of the background terminal of a cognitive script. New terms have been introduced into the scientific thesaurus: “a multifaceted model of a text world”, “a simplified model of a text world”, “haptemic attraction”.
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Peksheva, M. A. "Professional Competencies of Library Staff Engaged in Information and Analytical Support of Researches." Bibliosphere, no. 2 (March 18, 2022): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2022-2-38-47.
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The analysis of professional competencies of information specialists in domestic libraries operating in the research environment is carried out. The research is based on a questionnaire on the relevance of certain groups of professional competencies: background knowledge and skills, knowledge and skills in the field of scholarly communication, “soft” skills. The target group of the survey included library staff engaged in information and analytical support of fundamental researches of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is revealed that the overwhelming majority of respondents recognize the relevance of the competencies included in the survey for library practice. Based on the respondents’ responses, competencies are divided into two key categories: universal and specialized. More than 60 % of the competence groups in the sections “background knowledge and skills” and “knowledge and skills in the field of scholarly communication” are classified by the majority of respondents as specialized ones. Almost all “soft” skills are classified by the majority of respondents as universal ones. Competence groups classified as “universal” can be used as the basis for the development of a general competence model for scientific library staff working in a research environment. Competence groups classified as “specialized” – are of importance for the development of variable models of competencies for individual functional roles of employees engaged in information and analytical support of scientific research.
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Milovanović, Bojan Morić, Zoran Bubaš, and Mihaela Mikić. "Entrepreneurial Orientation, Strategic Networking, and Croatian SMEs Performance: A Configurational Approach." Business Systems Research Journal 12, no. 2 (2021): 236–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2021-0030.
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Abstract Background: Many studies on entrepreneurship indicate an affirmative entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and small firm performance interrelationship. However, the empirical results are inconclusive, especially when firms face certain contingencies. Objectives: Strategic networking and environmental dynamism are important to SMEs’ performance; therefore, the goal of this study is to apply a configurational approach for developing a model that promotes the roles of strategic networking and environmental dynamism as moderating variables in the EO-performance relationship. Methods/Approach: For determining which model fits the data best, a moderated linear regression analysis was used as an analytical method to test the proposed hypotheses. Specifically, configurational, contingency and universal models were examined. Results: Results reveal that a configurational model provides a statistically better explanation of variance in performance compared to both contingency and universal models. Conclusions: By adding strategic networking to the EO-performance relationship, our study helps explain why some firms, although restrained with internal resources, can still achieve entrepreneurial projects since required resources can be acquired from external network partners. Limitations of this study encompass the sample size, the use of a subjective scale, questioning of only one representative of the firm, and the short-term aspect of the study.
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Wan, Zishuo, Yu Gao, Wanyuan Pang, and Dawei Ding. "VOILA: Complexity-Aware Universal Segmentation of CT Images by Voxel Interacting with Language." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 39, no. 7 (2025): 7482–90. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i7.32805.
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Satisfactory progress has been achieved recently in universal segmentation of CT images. Following the success of vision-language methods, there is a growing trend towards utilizing text prompts and contrastive learning to develop universal segmentation models. However, there exists a significant imbalance in information density between 3D images and text prompts. Moreover, the standard fully connected layer segmentation approach faces significant challenges with handling multiple classes and exhibits poor generalizability. To address these challenges, we propose VOxel Interacting with LAnguage method (VOILA) for universal CT image segmentation. Initially, we align voxels and language into a shared representation space and classify voxels based on cosine similarity. Subsequently, we develop the Voxel-Language Interaction framework to mitigate the impact of class imbalance caused by foreground-background discrepancies and variations in target volumes. Furthermore, a Complexity-Aware Sampling method is proposed to focus on region hard to segment, achieved by generating pseudo heatmaps from a trainable Gaussian mixture distribution. Our results indicate the proposed VOILA is capable to achieve improved performance with reduced parameters and computational cost during training. Furthermore, it demonstrates significant generalizability across diverse datasets without additional fine-tuning.
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Novitsky, Nikolay N. "Mathematical models and methods for analyzing flow properties in hydraulic circuits with closed circulation circuits." E3S Web of Conferences 219 (2020): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021901004.
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The article is devoted to the problems of calculating the distribution of flow quality parameters over the elements of the hydraulic system. The main attention is paid to the problem of such a calculation in the presence of closed circulation circuits in the system, when traditional methods and algorithms become ineffective. Mathematical models of the distribution of quality parameters are given, the results of the analysis of their properties in the presence of closed circulation circuits are presented. Against the background of the analysis of the applicability of general mathematical methods for solving the problem, two new methods are proposed based on the special properties of this problem - the “iterative topological” algorithm and the “algebraic-topological” method. Both methods are universal and provide a solution in the presence of closed circulation loops, and in their absence they coincide with the traditional “topological” algorithm.
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Qiusi, Mao. "Research on the Improvement Method of Music Education Level under the Background of AI Technology." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (February 22, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7616619.
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To improve the demand pressure of traditional music on space, music equipment, and funds in the teaching mode, this study presents a music education model based on the model view controller (MVC) framework structure based on AI technology; the model optimizes traditional music education by intelligent adjustment of computational audio and three-frequency equalizer, through the integration of artificial intelligence and music education; seven feasible explorations are put forward; and its effects and the value and future development trend of artificial intelligence in music education were also analyzed. Subsequently, the bivariate t-test was used to check and accept the teaching effect of the implemented music education classroom, and teacher and parent satisfaction with music education in the AI background was compared. The results show that, compared with traditional teaching models, music education based on AI background has high satisfaction among students, teachers, and parents. This study lays a solid foundation for the future integration of music education and intelligent technology, and the investment of artificial intelligence can effectively expand the popularization of high-quality music education, thus expanding the level of universal music education in China, improving the national music literacy, and providing valuable development ideas for the research of artificial intelligence technology in other teaching fields.
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Park, Jiwon, Tai-Soon Yong, Ju Young Kim, Sang Sook Beck, and Yuri Lee. "Development of Customized Competency Based Universal Health Coverage Training Program for ASEAN Based on ASSURE Model: Case Study of UHC." Korea Association of International Development and Cooperation 15, no. 2 (2023): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32580/idcr.2023.15.2.57.
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Purpose: This study aims to design and propose a customized international training program for ASEAN countries based on competency-based education, following the six stages of the ASSURE model design. Originality: Korea is facing an opportune time to lead global health issues due to the increase in international recognition and demand for K-quarantine in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, Southeast Asian countries are experiencing growing demand for COVID-19 response and improving the quality of life for their citizens. Although ASEAN countries have made progress in achieving universal health coverage by improving healthcare accessibility and expanding the scope of health insurance, there is a need for cooperation in strengthening healthcare systems and building healthcare human resources. Against this background, there is a need for a strategic health cooperation project to establish universal health coverage in ASEAN and to improve the specialized skills of local health and medical personnel through education programs. However, research on systematic models of international health education training programs using curriculum models is inadequate, and studies proposing ASEAN-customized international health education training program models are also insufficient. Methodology: Therefore, this study utilized content analysis to conduct a literature review of the current status of universal health coverage in ASEAN countries and surveyed the needs of participants in international training programs to develop an ASEAN-customized training program using the ASSURE model. Result: The study secured an education and training module based on bidirectional communication and designed an education process focused on the needs of the training participants. Finally, an ASEAN-customized competency-based education international training program was designed and proposed. Conclusion and Implication: The systematically developed education and training program can be utilized not only as an ASEAN-customized curriculum but also as basic data for developing a systematic model of international health education based on competency-centered education. It can also be applied as a guideline for developing educational curricula using curriculum models. Moreover, it can contribute to sustainable health cooperation between Korea and ASEAN countries.
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Ferguson, Elizabeth A., Carey Roth Bayer, Susan Fronzeo, et al. "Time Out! Is Timepiece Variability a Factor in Critical Care?" American Journal of Critical Care 14, no. 2 (2005): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2005.14.2.113.
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• Background Accurate documentation of time is essential in critical care for treatments, interventions, research, and medicolegal and quality improvement activities. • Objectives To assess use of timepieces in critical care and to determine practical methods for improving their accuracy. • Methods Providers were surveyed to identify timepieces used during routine and emergency care. Times displayed on standard unit and personal timepieces were compared with coordinated universal time. Four models of atomic clocks were assessed for drift for 6 weeks and for resynchronization for 1 week. Bedside monitors were manually synchronized to coordinated universal time and were assessed for drift. • Results Survey response was 78% (149/190). Nurses (n = 93), physicians (n = 32), and respiratory therapists (n = 24) use wall clocks (50%) and personal timepieces (46%) most frequently during emergencies. The difference from coordinated universal time was a median of −4 minutes (range, −5 minutes to +2 min) for wall clocks, −2.5 minutes (−90 minutes to −1 minute) for monitors, and 0 minutes (−22 minutes to +12 minutes) for personal timepieces. Kruskal-Wallis testing indicated significant variations for all classes of timepieces (P&lt;.001) and for personal timepieces grouped by discipline (P=.02). Atomic clocks were accurate to 30 seconds of coordinated universal time for 6 weeks when manually set but could not be synchronized by radiofrequency signal. Drift of bedside monitors was 1 minute. • Conclusions Timepieces used in critical care are highly variable and inaccurate. Manually synchronizing timepieces to coordinated universal time improved accuracy for several weeks, but the feasibility of synchronizing all timepieces is undetermined.
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Gupta, Rajesh. "Bidirectional encoders to state-of-the-art: a review of BERT and its transformative impact on natural language processing." Информатика. Экономика. Управление - Informatics. Economics. Management 3, no. 1 (2024): 0311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/2782-5280-2024-3-1-0311-0320.
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First developed in 2018 by Google researchers, Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) represents a breakthrough in natural language processing (NLP). BERT achieved state-of-the-art results across a range of NLP tasks while using a single transformer-based neural network architecture. This work reviews BERT's technical approach, performance when published, and significant research impact since release. We provide background on BERT's foundations like transformer encoders and transfer learning from universal language models. Core technical innovations include deeply bidirectional conditioning and a masked language modeling objective during BERT's unsupervised pretraining phase. For evaluation, BERT was fine-tuned and tested on eleven NLP tasks ranging from question answering to sentiment analysis via the GLUE benchmark, achieving new state-of-the-art results. Additionally, this work analyzes BERT's immense research influence as an accessible technique surpassing specialized models. BERT catalyzed adoption of pretraining and transfer learning for NLP. Quantitatively, over 10,000 papers have extended BERT and it is integrated widely across industry applications. Future directions based on BERT scale towards billions of parameters and multilingual representations. In summary, this work reviews the method, performance, impact and future outlook for BERT as a foundational NLP technique. We provide background on BERT's foundations like transformer encoders and transfer learning from universal language models. Core technical innovations include deeply bidirectional conditioning and a masked language modeling objective during BERT's unsupervised pretraining phase. For evaluation, BERT was fine-tuned and tested on eleven NLP tasks ranging from question answering to sentiment analysis via the GLUE benchmark, achieving new state-of-the-art results. Additionally, this work analyzes BERT's immense research influence as an accessible technique surpassing specialized models. BERT catalyzed adoption of pretraining and transfer learning for NLP. Quantitatively, over 10,000 papers have extended BERT and it is integrated widely across industry applications. Future directions based on BERT scale towards billions of parameters and multilingual representations. In summary, this work reviews the method, performance, impact and future outlook for BERT as a foundational NLP technique.
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Baffoe-Twum, Edmund, Eric Asa, and Bright Awuku. "Estimating annual average daily traffic (AADT) data on low-volume roads with the cokriging technique and census/population data." Emerald Open Research 4 (May 22, 2023): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.14632.2.
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Background: Geostatistics focuses on spatial or spatiotemporal datasets. Geostatistics was initially developed to generate probability distribution predictions of ore grade in the mining industry; however, it has been successfully applied in diverse scientific disciplines. This technique includes univariate, multivariate, and simulations. Kriging geostatistical methods, simple, ordinary, and universal Kriging, are not multivariate models in the usual statistical function. Notwithstanding, simple, ordinary, and universal kriging techniques utilize random function models that include unlimited random variables while modeling one attribute. The coKriging technique is a multivariate estimation method that simultaneously models two or more attributes defined with the same domains as coregionalization. Objective: This study investigates the impact of populations on traffic volumes as a variable. The additional variable determines the strength or accuracy obtained when data integration is adopted. In addition, this is to help improve the estimation of annual average daily traffic (AADT). Methods Procedures, Process: The investigation adopts the coKriging technique with AADT data from 2009 to 2016 from Montana, Minnesota, and Washington as primary attributes and population as a controlling factor (second variable). CK is implemented for this study after reviewing the literature and work completed by comparing it with other geostatistical methods. Results, Observations, and Conclusions: The Investigation employed two variables. The data integration methods employed in CK yield more reliable models because their strength is drawn from multiple variables. The cross-validation results of the model types explored with the CK technique successfully evaluate the interpolation technique's performance and help select optimal models for each state. The results from Montana and Minnesota models accurately represent the states' traffic and population density. The Washington model had a few exceptions. However, the secondary attribute helped yield an accurate interpretation. Consequently, the impact of tourism, shopping, recreation centers, and possible transiting patterns throughout the state is worth exploring.
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Iacconi, Laura, Hooshyar Assadullahi, Matteo Fasiello та David Wands. "Revisiting small-scale fluctuations in α-attractor models of inflation". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2022, № 06 (2022): 007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/06/007.
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Abstract Cosmological α-attractors stand out as particularly compelling models to describe inflation in the very early universe, naturally meeting tight observational bounds from cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments. We investigate α-attractor potentials in the presence of an inflection point, leading to enhanced curvature perturbations on small scales. We study both single- and multi-field models, driven by scalar fields living on a hyperbolic field space. In the single-field case, ultra-slow-roll dynamics at the inflection point is responsible for the growth of the power spectrum, while in the multi-field set-up we study the effect of geometrical destabilisation and non-geodesic motion in field space. The two mechanisms can in principle be distinguished through the spectral shape of the resulting scalar power spectrum on small scales. These enhanced scalar perturbations can lead to primordial black hole (PBH) production and second-order gravitational wave (GW) generation. Due to the existence of universal predictions in α-attractors, consistency with current CMB constraints on the large-scale spectral tilt implies that PBHs can only be produced with masses smaller than 108 g and are accompanied by ultra-high frequency GWs, with a peak expected to be at frequencies of order 10 kHz or above.
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Fatima, Nakhat, Xiaojun Wu, and Fang Zheng. "Speech unit category based short utterance speaker recognition." Computer Science and Information Systems 9, no. 4 (2012): 1407–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis120208053f.
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Information of speech units like vowels, consonants and syllables can be a kind of knowledge used in text-independent Short Utterance Speaker Recognition (SUSR) in a similar way as in text-dependent speaker recognition. In such tasks, data for each speech unit, especially at the time of recognition, is often not enough. Hence, it is not practical to use the full set of speech units because some of the units might not be well trained. To solve this problem, a method of using speech unit categories rather than individual phones is proposed for SUSR, wherein similar speech units are put together, hence solving the problem of sparse data. We define Vowel, Consonant, and Syllable Categories (VC, CC and SC) with Standard Chinese (Putonghua) as a reference. A speech utterance is recognized into VC, CC ad SC sequences which are used to train Universal Background Models (UBM) for each speech unit category in the training procedure, and to perform speech unit category dependent speaker recognition, respectively. Experimental results in Gaussian Mixture Model-Universal Background Model (GMM-UBM) based system give a relative equal error rate (EER) reduction of 54.50% and 40.95% from minimum EERs of VCs and SCs, respectively, for 2 seconds of test utterance compared with the existing SUSR systems.
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Motaz, Hamza, Khodadadi Touraj, and Palaniappan Sellappan. "A novel automatic voice recognition system based on text-independent in a noisy environment." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 4 (2020): 3643–50. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i4.pp3643-3650.
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Automatic voice recognition system aims to limit fraudulent access to sensitive areas as labs. Our primary objective of this paper is to increase the accuracy of the voice recognition in noisy environment of the Microsoft Research (MSR) identity toolbox. The proposed system enabled the user to speak into the microphone then it will match unknown voice with other human voices existing in the database using a statistical model, in order to grant or deny access to the system. The voice recognition was done in two steps: training and testing. During the training a Universal Background Model as well as a Gaussian Mixtures Model: GMM-UBM models are calculated based on different sentences pronounced by the human voice (s) used to record the training data. Then the testing of voice signal in noisy environment calculated the Log-Likelihood Ratio of the GMM-UBM models in order to classify user's voice. However, before testing noise and de-noise methods were applied, we investigated different MFCC features of the voice to determine the best feature possible as well as noise filter algorithm that subsequently improved the performance of the automatic voice recognition system.
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Lan, F.-Y., C. A. Christophi, J. Buley, et al. "Effects of universal masking on Massachusetts healthcare workers’ COVID-19 incidence." Occupational Medicine 70, no. 8 (2020): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa179.
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Abstract Background Healthcare workers (HCWs) and other essential workers are at risk of occupational infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several infection control strategies have been implemented. Evidence shows that universal masking can mitigate COVID-19 infection, though existing research is limited by secular trend bias. Aims To investigate the effect of hospital universal masking on COVID-19 incidence among HCWs compared to the general population. Methods We compared the 7-day average incidence rates between a Massachusetts (USA) healthcare system and Massachusetts residents statewide. The study period was from 17 March (the date of first incident case in the healthcare system) to 6 May (the date Massachusetts implemented public masking). The healthcare system implemented universal masking on 26 March, we allotted a 5-day lag for effect onset and peak COVID-19 incidence in Massachusetts was 20 April. Thus, we categorized 17–31 March as the pre-intervention phase, 1–20 April the intervention phase and 21 April to 6 May the epidemic decline phase. Temporal incidence trends (i.e. 7-day average slopes) were compared using standardized coefficients from linear regression models. Results The standardized coefficients were similar between the healthcare system and the state in both the pre-intervention and epidemic decline phases. During the intervention phase, the healthcare system’s epidemic slope became negative (standardized β: −0.68, 95% CI: −1.06 to −0.31), while Massachusetts’ slope remained positive (standardized β: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.94 to 1.05). Conclusions Universal masking was associated with a decreasing COVID-19 incidence trend among HCWs, while the infection rate continued to rise in the surrounding community.
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Leitinger, R., E. Feichter, and M. Rieger. "Model modulation to add smaller scale structures to large scale electron density models." Advances in Radio Science 3 (May 13, 2005): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-3-441-2005.
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Abstract. Usually regional and global electron density models provide large scale spatial structures only and smooth out the smaller scale features of the electron density distribution. We present a method to modulate existing electron density models by multiplication: M(h, φ, λ, t) = L(h, φ, λ, t) × S1(h, φ, λ, t) × S2(h, φ, λ, t) × ... Sn(h, φ, λ, t) M: resulting electron density distribution, L: large scale model, S1...Sn: modulating models for n the smaller scale structures; h: height; φ, λ: geographic coordinates, t: Universal Time. There are no restrictions to the nature of the large scale model provided it takes height and horizontal coordinates as input. Examples are models of the "profiler" type which use large scale "maps" for profile anchor points (e.g., E, F1, F2 peak properties) like the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). Typical examples for smaller scale structures are ridges, troughs and wavelike disturbances. The advantage of modulation by multiplication is that there is no danger to get zero or negative values of electron density as long as the background and modulations are >0 everywhere. For each modulation model, unity means "undisturbed".
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Bennedetti, Luiza Vigne, Paulo Antônio de Almeida Sinisgalli, Maurício Lamano Ferreira, and Fabiano Lemes de Oliveira. "Challenges to Promote Sustainability in Urban Agriculture Models: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (2023): 2110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032110.
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Urban agriculture (UA) can be used as an action to promote sustainability in cities and inform public health policies for urban populations. Despite this growing recognition, its implementation still presents challenges in countries in the Global North and Global South. Background: In this context, this systematic review aims to identify the development of frameworks for the implementation of UA as a sustainable action and its main opportunities and shortcomings in meeting urban socio-environmental demands. Methods: In this review, using the PRISMA protocol, we evaluated 26 studies on the interplay between UA and sustainability surveyed on the Web of Science to provide an overview of the state of the art. Conclusions: In summary, it was possible to identify many key challenges in UA adoption, which regard air and soil contamination, availability of green areas, layout of urban infrastructure, food distribution, among others. Due to numerous socio-economic and environmental contextual factors in cities, especially when comparing realities of the Global North and Global South, there is a need to develop a model that can be adaptable to these different contexts. Thus, it is recognized that the concept of sustainability does not present a universal understanding and that in its search it could be argued that one of the most important gaps is still to address social issues in relation to environmental ones.
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Plyusnina, Inna V., Yusup Sh Rasumov, and Iman T. Abdukadirova. "DEVELOPMENT OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 12/10, no. 153 (2024): 138–43. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.12.10.020.
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Today, with the rapid development of the knowledge economy and information technology, the concept of universal learning and lifelong learning is deeply rooted in the hearts of people. Against this background, continuing education is attracting more and more attention from people, the decisive role in the social development of the model of development of continuing education in the USA, Great Britain and Germany, as well as studying the state of development of continuing education in Russia, this article summarizes the shortcomings in the development of models of continuing education, and also examines the consequences of the model of development of continuing education in developed countries for enterprises.
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Hack, Benjamin, Kavya Sanghavi, Sravya Gundapaneni, et al. "HCV universal EHR prompt successfully increases screening, highlights potential disparities." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (2023): e0279972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279972.
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Background & objectives Screening for hepatitis C virus is the first critical decision point for preventing morbidity and mortality from HCV cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and will ultimately contribute to global elimination of a curable disease. This study aims to portray the changes over time in HCV screening rates and the screened population characteristics following the 2020 implementation of an electronic health record (EHR) alert for universal screening in the outpatient setting in a large healthcare system in the US mid-Atlantic region. Methods Data was abstracted from the EHR on all outpatients from 1/1/2017 through 10/31/2021, including individual demographics and their HCV antibody (Ab) screening dates. For a limited period centered on the implementation of the HCV alert, mixed effects multivariable regression analyses were performed to compare the timeline and characteristics of those screened and un-screened. The final models included socio-demographic covariates of interest, time period (pre/post) and an interaction term between time period and sex. We also examined a model with time as a monthly variable to look at the potential impact of COVID-19 on screening for HCV. Results Absolute number of screens and screening rate increased by 103% and 62%, respectively, after adopting the universal EHR alert. Patients with Medicaid were more likely to be screened than private insurance (ORadj 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.15), while those with Medicare were less likely (ORadj 0.62, 95% CI: 0.62, 0.65); and Black (ORadj 1.59, 95% CI: 1.53, 1.64) race more than White. Conclusions Implementation of universal EHR alerts could prove to be a critical next step in HCV elimination. Those with Medicare and Medicaid insurance were not screened proportionately to the national prevalence of HCV in these populations. Our findings support increased screening and re-testing efforts for those at high risk of HCV.
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KAR, SANDIP, and DEB SHANKAR RAY. "NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF GLYCOLYSIS." Modern Physics Letters B 18, no. 14 (2004): 653–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984904007207.
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Glycolysis is the most important cellular process yielding ATP, the universal energy carrier molecule in all living organisms. The characteristic oscillations of the intermediates of glycolysis have been the subject of extensive experimental and theoretical research over the last four decades. A conspicuous property of the glycolytic oscillations is their critical control by the substrate injection rate. In this brief review, we trace its experimental background and explore the essential underlying theoretical models to elucidate a number of nonlinear dynamical phenomena observed in the weak noise limit of the substrate injection rate. Simultaneous oscillations of glycolytic intermediates and insulin have also been discussed within the framework of a phenomenological model in the context of basic experimental issues.
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Kahal, Deborah A., Karla A. Testa, and Neal Goldstein. "918. 2019 Implementation of Universal Hepatitis C Screening at an Urban Federally Qualified Health Center: A Descriptive Analysis and Lessons Learned." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (2021): S550—S551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1113.
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Abstract Background Hepatitis C infection (HCV) is a curable disease that can be effectively managed by non-specialists. Delaware has high HCV rates but limited resources to care for individuals with HCV. Successful HCV micro-elimination starts with universal HCV screening and case identification. Methods ChristianaCare (CC) and Westside Family Healthcare (WFH), Delaware’s largest federally qualified health center (FQHC), created a multidisciplinary initiative to support comprehensive HCV care from July 2018-2020 (Figure 1). As part of this partnership, universal opt-out HCV screening in eligible (no prior HCV RNA result) adults ≥ 18 years was implemented at a pilot site in Wilmington in 2019. To characterize screening practices, pre- (risk-based screening) and post-intervention (universal screening) electronic health record data was collected following the first 6 months of the intervention (Jan-June 2019). An HCV dashboard was created and updated monthly to evaluate trends in 2019 screening rates. Collaboration was supported through a 2-year CC Harrington grant. Figure 1. Components of Federally Qualified Health Center HCV Medical Care Model Table 1. Pilot Site Patient Characteristics Results Pre- and post-intervention patient characteristics and screening data are presented in Table 1 and Figure 2 respectively. 39% of patients had screening ordered during the first 6 months of universal screening, a 4% increase from baseline. HCV seroprevalence [amongst resulted tests] remained unchanged from baseline at 5%. During the universal screening period, 2.5% (12/482) of individuals with resulted tests had HCV compared to 4.0% (29/795) tested during risk-based screening. HCV dashboard data demonstrated a trend of increased ordering and fulfillment of screening tests (Figure 3). Figure 3. 2019 HCV Dashboard Conclusion The early adoption of universal HCV screening in adults (prior to 2020 USPSTF update) at an urban FQHC, together with an initiative to provide multidisciplinary HCV care at this FQHC (Figure 1), led to increasing rates of ordered screening. The presented 6-month data does not fully account for lag times between test ordering and fulfillment, resulting in under-reporting of universal HCV screening rates. Multidisciplinary care models to address HCV in patients’ medical homes are vital to HCV eradication with the robust implementation of universal HCV screening a vital first step in this continuum. Disclosures Deborah A. Kahal, MD,MPH, FACP, Gilead (Speaker’s Bureau)Viiv (Speaker’s Bureau)
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Timofeeva, Angelika V., Ivan S. Fedorov, Alla M. Tarasova, et al. "Universal First-Trimester Screening Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Preeclampsia and Placenta Accreta Spectrum." Biomolecules 15, no. 2 (2025): 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15020228.
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Background: Disruptions in epigenetic mechanisms regulating placentation, particularly imbalances in the levels of small non-coding RNAs, contribute to various pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia (PE) and placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). Given that abnormal trophoblast differentiation, invasiveness, and angiogenesis—reduced in PE and excessive in PAS—are central to the pathogenesis of these conditions, this study aimed to identify universal circulating piRNAs and their targets. Methods: Small RNA deep sequencing, quantitative reverse transcription combined with real-time polymerase chain reaction, magnetic bead-based multiplex immunoassay, ELISA, and Western blotting were employed to quantify circulating piRNAs and proteins in the blood serum of pregnant women during the 11th–14th weeks of gestation. Results: Statistically significant negative correlations were identified between PE- and PAS-associated piRNAs (hsa_piR_019122, hsa_piR_020497, hsa_piR_019949, and piR_019675) and several molecules, including Endoglin, IL-18, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, Angiopoietin-2, sFASL, HB-EGF, TGFα, and Clusterin. These molecules are involved in processes such as angiogenesis, inflammation, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, cell proliferation, adhesion, and apoptosis. A first-trimester pregnancy screening algorithm was developed using logistic regression models based on Clusterin concentration and the levels of hsa_piR_020497, hsa_piR_019949, piR_019675, and hsa_piR_019122. Conclusions: The proposed screening tool for early pregnancy monitoring may enable the prediction of PE or PAS in the first trimester, allowing timely interventions to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.
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Ruth, Jang Byencit, Al-Mansur Umaima, Jimwan Nankam David, Magaji Ajik, Daniel Abi Abigail, and Al-Mansur Sumayya. "Strengthening the Healthcare Workforce for Universal Health Coverage in Nigeria: Lessons and Strategies." International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health 44, no. 17 (2023): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i171471.
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Background: Achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is a global imperative to ensure equitable access to quality healthcare services for all individuals. A pivotal factor in this endeavor is the strength and capacity of the healthcare workforce. This paper examines the intersection of a robust healthcare workforce and the goals of UHC, with a specific focus on the Nigerian context.
 Methods: The paper delves into the strengths and weaknesses of the Nigerian healthcare workforce, analyzing factors such as diversity, distribution, skill utilization, and the prevailing challenges. Insights from global approaches in the paper highlight innovative strategies, including workforce training, collaborative delivery models, and workforce motivation to enhance healthcare accessibility and quality.
 Results: The paper addresses contextual nuances such as cultural diversity, geographic challenges, and socioeconomic disparities that shape the Nigerian healthcare landscape. The relevance of tailored solutions that accommodate these nuances is emphasized. The paper underscores the potential impact of a strengthened healthcare workforce on achieving UHC, reducing health disparities, and improving overall health outcomes.
 Conclusion: The paper offers policy recommendations tailored to Nigeria's unique circumstances. The conclusion highlights the significance of continual monitoring, research, and evaluation of workforce-centric interventions for sustained progress towards UHC. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on health equity, offering insights into how a capable healthcare workforce can drive transformative change and pave the way for comprehensive healthcare coverage in Nigeria.