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Journal articles on the topic 'Universal curve of fracture toughness'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Sakai, M. "Atomistic considerations on the fracture toughness of brittle materials." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 3 (March 1993): 668–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.0668.

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A simple atomistic approach to the mechanical strength and the fracture toughness of brittle materials is made by the use of a universal expression for binding potential energy versus atomic separation curves. The scaling factors for the atomic separation and for the energy amplitude successfully apply to describing the intrinsic fracture toughness K* in a scaled dimensionless form. It is demonstrated that the intrinsic fracture toughness combined with a stress shielding coefficient (SSC) yields the fracture toughness of real materials. Microfracture mechanisms for crack-tip stress-shielding processes, as well as the interrelationship between the stress intensity- and the potential energy-derived fracture toughness, are addressed.
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2

Ramkumar, P. L., D. M. Kulkarni, and Vikas V. Chaudhari. "Effect of Cooling Medium on Fracture Toughness of Rotomoulded Product." Applied Mechanics and Materials 852 (September 2016): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.852.85.

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In day-to-day life, usage of plastics is numerous. It offers variety of benefits compared to other materials in various sectors like house hold applications, agricultural industry, and packaging, etc. There are numerous methods for processing plastics. These include: blow moulding, injection moulding, rotational moulding, transfer moulding and thermoforming. Rotational moulding is a competitive alternative to other plastic manufacturing process, since it offers designers an opportunity to achieve an economic production of stress free products. Many products made by rotational moulding process using linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) are widely used in outdoor applications such as boats, over head tanks, and car body parts etc. In such applications, fracture properties are considered to be critical from the quality characterization point of view. Selection of appropriate cooling medium plays vital role to enhance the quality of rotomolded products. In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of cooling medium on fracture toughness of the rotationally moulded products. Fracture tests are carried out on a compact tension (CT) test specimens prepared as per the ASTM D 6068 (2012). The tests are performed on a universal testing machine. R-curve method is used to determine the fracture toughness (JIC) of rotomoulded products. From the experimental results it is found that rapid cooling method favours better fracture toughness of rotomoulded products. Therefore, it is recommended to use faster cooling aids like water cooling in rotational moulding process to achieve highest fracture toughness.
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3

Li, Yong Hua, F. L. Meng, Wei Tao Zheng, and Y. M. Wang. "Crack Propagating and Stress-Promoted the Precipitate of Ni3Ti in NiTi Thin Films." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.657.

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This study investigated the stress-induced crack propagation and precipitation in Ti-51.45at.%Ni thin films. Tensile tests were carried out on CSS-44100 electron universal testing machine. The strain rate was 1.1×10-4 s-1. The surface micrographs of the NiTi thin film were obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The precipitates were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments (D8 GADDS). The results showed that a series of parallel cracks grew in the film and the cracks were equally spaced. The fracture toughness of the film was estimated, =0.96MPa∙m1/2. The minimum crack spacing was about . The stress-strain curve can be divided into two stages. The first linear stage corresponded to the elastic deformation of the parent phase. In the following stage, the serrations were considered to be the stress relaxation due to the cracks propagating and the precipitate grain transformation. During tension the (102) peak intensity of Ni3Ti phase increased with elongation increased. The precipitate orientation was same.
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4

SEN, DIPANJAN, and MARKUS J. BUEHLER. "ATOMISTICALLY-INFORMED MESOSCALE MODEL OF DEFORMATION AND FAILURE OF BIOINSPIRED HIERARCHICAL SILICA NANOCOMPOSITES." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 02, no. 04 (December 2010): 699–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s175882511000072x.

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Structural hierarchies are universal design paradigms of biological materials, e.g., several materials in nature used for carrying mechanical load or impact protection such as bone, nacre, dentin show structural design at multiple length scales from the nanoscale to the macroscale. Another example is the case of diatoms, microscopic mineralized algae with intricately patterned silica-based exoskeletons, with substructure from the nanometer to micrometer length scale. Previous studies on silica nano-honeycomb structures inspired from these diatom substructures at the nanoscale have shown a great improvement in plasticity, ductility and toughness through these designs over macroscopic silica, though along with a substantial reduction in stiffness. Here, we extend the study of these structural designs to the micron length scale by introducing additional hierarchy levels to implement a multilevel composite design. To facilitate our computational experiments we first develop a mesoscale particle-spring model description of the mechanics of bulk silica/nano-honeycomb silica composites. Our mesoscale description is directly derived from constitutive material behavior found through atomistic simulations at the nanoscale with the first principles-based ReaxFF force field, but is capable of describing deformation and failure of silica materials at tens of micrometer length scales. We create several models of randomly-dispersed fiber-composite materials with a small volume fraction of the nano-honeycomb phase, and analyze the fracture mechanics using J-integral and R-curve studies. Our simulations show a dominance of quasi-brittle fracture behavior in all cases considered. For particular materials with a small volume fraction of the nano-honeycomb phase dispersed as fibers within a bulk silica matrix, we find a large improvement (≈4.4 times) in toughness over bulk silica, while retaining the high stiffness (to 70%) of the material. The increase in toughness is observed to arise primarily from crack path deflection and crack bridging by the nano-honeycomb fibers. The first structural hierarchy at the nanometer scale (nano-honeycomb silica) provides large improvements in ductility and toughness at the cost of a large reduction in stiffness. The second structural hierarchy at the micron length scale (bulk silica/nano-honeycomb composite) recovers the stiffness of bulk silica while substantially improving its toughness. The results reported here provide direct evidence that structural hierarchies present a powerful design paradigm to obtain heightened levels of stiffness and toughness from multiscale engineering a single brittle — and by itself a functionally inferior material — without the need to introduce organic (e.g., protein) phases. Our model sets the stage for the direct simulation of multiple hierarchical levels to describe deformation and failure of complex biological composites.
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5

Lin, H., C. lu, H. Y. Wang, and L. H. Dai. "Non-trivial avalanches triggered by shear banding in compression of metallic glass foams." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476, no. 2240 (August 2020): 20200186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0186.

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Ductile metallic glass foams (DMGFs) are a new type of structural material with a perfect combination of high strength and toughness. Owing to their disordered atomic-scale microstructures and randomly distributed macroscopic voids, the compressive deformation of DMGFs proceeds through multiple nanoscale shear bands accompanied by local fracture of cellular structures, which induces avalanche-like intermittences in stress–strain curves. In this paper, we present a statistical analysis, including distributions of avalanche size, energy dissipation, waiting times and aftershock sequence, on such a complex dynamic process, which is dominated by shear banding. After eliminating the influence of structural disorder, we demonstrate that, in contrast to the mean-field results of their brittle counterparts, scaling laws in DMGFs are characterized by different exponents. It is shown that the occurrence of non-trivial scaling behaviours is attributed to the localized plastic yielding, which effectively prevents the system from building up a long-range correlation. This accounts for the high structural stability and energy absorption performance of DMGFs. Furthermore, our results suggest that such shear banding dynamics introduce an additional characteristic time scale, which leads to a universal gamma distribution of waiting times.
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6

Li, Yong Hua, F. L. Meng, Chang Sheng Liu, and Y. M. Wang. "Crack Spacing and the Flow Stress in NiTi Thin Films Deposited on Cu Substrate." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.89.

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Ti-51.45at.%Ni thin films were deposited onto copper substrates by magnetron sputtering. The copper substrates were pre-punched into dog-bone specimens with 4.5mm×30mm(gauge portion) ×35µm( thickness). The substrate temperature was about 673K. The thin films were about 20µm thick. The as-deposited films were first solution treated at 1073K for 1h, and then aged at 773K for 30min. The grain size was estimated to be 1.5µm from scanning electron microscopy micrographs. Tensile tests were carried out on CSS-44100 electron universal test-machine. The strain rate was 1.1×10-4 s-1. The stress-strain curves of the free-standing film were obtained from the experimental stress-strain curves of copper substrate together with the thin film adherent to the substrate compared with the curves of copper substrate without film. The Hall-Patch coefficient was calculated, k=205Mpa.µm1/2. It seems that the Hall-Patch coefficient decreases with increasing film thickness. The experimental results showed that a series of parallel cracks grew in a concerted fashion across the thin film and the cracks were equally spaced. The cracks were more closely spaced if the film stress was increased. The fracture toughness of the film was estimated, c KΙ =0.96MPa·m1/2. Therefore, the minimum crack spacing is predicted by the film stress given.
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7

SAWAKI, Yozo, Shigeharu HASHIMOTO, and Tadashi KAWASAKI. "Fatigue fracture toughness and fatigue crack propagation curve." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 52, no. 480 (1986): 1757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.52.1757.

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8

Lambrigger, M. "Master curve for brittle cleavage fracture toughness testing." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 55, no. 4 (November 1996): 677–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(95)00259-6.

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9

Wallin, Kim. "Master curve analysis of the “Euro” fracture toughness dataset." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 69, no. 4 (March 2002): 451–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7944(01)00071-6.

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10

Kleinberg, AS, B. Grugan, K. Greene, B. Benzing, JR Schroeder, M. Bruce Vieth, RL Meltzer, and SK Putatunda. "Determination of Fracture Toughness by CTOD Resistance Curve Method." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 14, no. 1 (1986): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte10320j.

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11

Xie, Wei, Shao Wei Tu, Qi Qing Huang, and Ya Zhi Li. "Determination of Fracture Toughness and K-R Curve for 2524-T3 Aluminum Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1039–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1039.

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In the present work, the resistance to crack extension of 2524-T3 aluminum alloy under Mode I loading was studied by using the middle-cracked tension M (T) specimens. The curve, plane-stress fracture toughness and apparent plane-stress fracture toughness were calculated by test data. The average value of measured fracture toughness at room temperature was 161 MPam1/2. The results and conclusions can be referred in airplane skin design.
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12

Kübler, Jakob, Gurdial Blugan, Hans Jelitto, Gerold A. Schneider, and Richard Dobedoe. "Structural Micro-Layered Ceramics with Surfaces under Tension and Compression with Increasing Apparent Fracture Toughness." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 2564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.2564.

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Two different designs of high fracture toughness micro-laminate ceramics were produced containing 50 μm thick Si3N4 layers and 100 μm thick Si3N4 + TiN layers. The first design with external tensile layers had a predicted maximum apparent fracture toughness of 10.5 MPa m1/2. The second design with external compressive layers had a predicted maximum apparent fracture toughness of 18.0 MPa m1/2. The fracture toughness of these micro-laminates was tested by the SEVNB method. A stiff testing machine was used to measure the R-curve behavior by observing crack growth in single notched specimens. A soft testing machine was used to measure the R-curve behavior using several specimens with notches at different depths.
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13

Xu, Shi Lian, Rui Hong Wang, Ruo Qi Li, and Ren Ping Xu. "The Experiment for the Fracture Toughness of the Compound Bioceramic and the Analysis for the Confidence Level of its Reliability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 3003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.3003.

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The brittle is crippling the application of bioceramic. The compound bioceramic is a new biomaterial being widely applied in medical treatments and its fracture toughness is an important mechanical behaviors. In this paper, we introduce the manufacturing method of the compound bioceramic and experiment facilities for its fracture toughness, investigate its probability distribution for the experimental data and conduct the test for fit. We conclude that the experimental data for the toughness fracture of the compound bioceramic obey the two-parameter Weibull distribution, introduce the analyzing method for the upper confidence limit curve and lower confidence limit curve and study the reliability and confidence level of the fracture toughness of the compound bioceramic.
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14

Yoon, Han Ki, Dong Hyun Kim, Won Jo Park, and Akira Kohyama. "Influence of Specimen Configuration and TIG Welding on Fracture Toughness of RAFs (JLF-1)." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.788.

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In order to apply a reduced activation ferritic (JLF-1) steel to the blanket/first-wall structure of a fusion reactor, its fracture toughness is very important for the strict estimation of material life. Fracture toughness testing of irradiated materials requires the use of miniaturised specimens and evaluation of TIG welding (tungsten inert gas arc welding) weldment properties is an important issue because necessary for production of nuclear fusion reactors. In this study, the fracture toughness tests were carried out according to the ASTM E1820-99. It was performed on various sizes (ligament and thickness) and various side-grooves of specimens and the TIG welding joint of JLF-1. The test results showed the standard specimen with side-groove of 40% represented valid fracture toughness. Fracture resistance curve (R-curve) increased with increasing specimen ligament and decreased with increasing specimen thickness. However, the R-curve of half size specimen was similar to that of the standard (1inch thickness) specimen. The fracture toughness test results of the TIG welded specimen showed a slight increase in the TIG welded specimen compared with JLF-1 base metal specimen.
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15

Bhowmik, Sumit, Prasanta Sahoo, Sanjib Kumar Acharyya, Sankar Dhar, and Jayanta Chattopadhyay. "Effect of Microstructure Degradation on Fracture Toughness of 20MnMoNi55 Steel in DBT Region." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 6, no. 3 (July 2016): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2016070102.

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The paper considers the effect of microstructure degradation on fracture toughness of 20MnMoNi55 pressure vessel steel. This degradation is reflected through the shift of fracture toughness vs. temperature curve along the temperature axis and rise in reference temperature in ductile to brittle transition (DBT) region. Hardness also depends on the microstructure of metallic alloys. The present study explores the correlation between hardness and fracture toughness for different microstructures in order to calibrate loss in toughness from hardness. The master curve reference temperature and microhardness for different microstructures are measured experimentally. It is observed that there exists a fair linear relation between microhardness and reference temperature.
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16

Fett, T., D. Munz, and G. Thun. "Fracture Toughness Testing on Bars Under Opposite Cylinder Loading." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1639003.

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Bars loaded by opposite concentrated forces via rollers are appropriate test specimens for the determination of the fracture toughness, KIc, and the crack resistance curve (R-curve) of ceramic materials. In this paper stress solutions for the proposed test specimens are provided, as well as the stress intensity factor and the T-stress solutions. As practical applications, R-curves are determined for a soft PZT ceramic and several alumina ceramics.
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17

Yoon, K. K., W. A. Van Der Sluys, and K. Hour. "Effect of Loading Rate on Fracture Toughness of Pressure Vessel Steels." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 122, no. 2 (March 7, 2000): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.556176.

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The master curve method has recently been developed to determine fracture toughness in the brittle-to-ductile transition range. This method was successfully applied to numerous fracture toughness data sets of pressure vessel steels. Joyce (Joyce, J. A., 1997, “On the Utilization of High Rate Charpy Test Results and the Master Curve to Obtain Accurate Lower Bound Toughness Predictions in the Ductile-to-Brittle Transition, Small Specimen Test Techniques,” Small Specimens Test Technique, ASTM STP 1329, W. R. Corwin, S. T. Rosinski, and E. Van Walle, eds., ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA) applied this method to high loading rate fracture toughness data for SA-515 steel and showed the applicability of this approach to dynamic fracture toughness data. In order to investigate the shift in fracture toughness from static to dynamic data, B&W Owners Group tested five weld materials typically used in reactor vessel fabrication in both static and dynamic loading. The results were analyzed using ASTM Standard E 1921 (ASTM, 1998, Standard E 1921-97, “Standard Test Method for the Determination of Reference Temperature, T0, for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range,” 1998 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 03.01, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA). This paper presents the data and the resulting reference temperature shifts in the master curves from static to high loading rate fracture toughness data. This shift in the toughness curve with the loading rate selected in this test program and from the literature is compared with the shift between KIc and KIa curves in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. In addition, data from the B&W Owners Group test of IAEA JRQ material and dynamic fracture toughness data from the Pressure Vessel Research Council (PVRC) database (Van Der Sluys, W. A., Yoon, K. K., Killian, D. E., and Hall, J. B., 1998, “Fracture Toughness of Ferritic Steels and ASTM Reference Temperature T0,” BAW-2318, Framatome Technologies. Lynchburg, VA) are also presented. It is concluded that the master curve shift due to loading rate can be addressed with the shift between the current ASME Code KIc and KIa curves. [S0094-9930(00)01302-0]
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18

Hu, Shao Wei, and Liang Hu. "Experimental Research on Size Effect of Mode II Fracture Toughness of Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.229.

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Based on specimen size, which is the main reason of the shear fracture toughness of concrete, experimental research was carried out by 5 groups including 40 symmetrically loading specimens with different length and height. Through load and crack tip sliding displacement curve P-CTSD, load and strain curve P-ε and load and time curve P-t, the effects of length and height of specimens to shear fracture toughness were studied. Specimen stability is strengthened with increasing of length and weakened with increasing of height. Size effect of fracture toughness is weakened with increasing of length, is strengthened with the increasing of height. Fracture toughness increases with the increasing of length, decreases with the increasing of height. Research Background The size effect exists in parameters of concrete, such as concrete strength, modulus of elasticity, fracture toughness, fracture energy and so on [1-. In 1961, the theory of fracture mechanics was applied to concrete structure for the first time by Kaplan [. A vast majority of research work about concrete fracture mechanics was carried out by international scholars [6-. As the development of fracture theory of concrete, the size effect of fracture parameters became the focal point in theory study. Karihaloo [ pointed out that the size effect of concrete strength strengthens with the increasing of components size, however, the size effect weakens when crack length decreased relative to the size of specimens. Hu [3, 10, 11] accounted for the size effect by applying the theory of boundary effect and carried out the concept of local fracture energy which changes with width of fracture process zone. Based on the fictitious crack model, an analytical method [12, 13] for predicting the effective fracture toughness of concrete of three-point bending notched beams is proposed and the effects of initial seam height ratio and height on fracture parameters were carried out by Wu and Xu. At present, research on shear fracture toughness of concrete is immature and there are almost no papers about the size effect of shear fracture toughness of concrete. Aiming at the issue, this paper conducts a study on the size effect of shear fracture toughness of concrete by using symmetrically single-edge notched specimen.
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19

Ager, J. W., G. Balooch, and R. O. Ritchie. "Fracture, aging, and disease in bone." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1878–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0242.

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From a public health perspective, developing a detailed mechanistic understanding of the well-known increase with age in fracture risk of human bone is essential. This also represents a challenge from materials science and fracture mechanics viewpoints. Bone has a complex, hierarchical structure with characteristic features ranging from nanometer to macroscopic dimensions; it is therefore significantly more complex than most engineering materials. Nevertheless, by examining the micro-/nanostructural changes accompanying the process of aging using appropriate multiscale experimental methods and relating them to fracture mechanics data, it is possible to obtain a quantitative picture of how bone resists fracture. As human cortical bone exhibits rising ex vivo crack-growth resistance with crack extension, its fracture toughness must be evaluated in terms of resistance-curve (R-curve) behavior. While the crack initiation toughness declines with age, the more striking finding is that the crack-growth toughness declines even more significantly and is essentially absent in bone from donors exceeding 85 years in age. To explain such an age-induced deterioration in the toughness of bone, we evaluate its fracture properties at multiple length scales, specifically at the molecular and nano dimensions using vibrational spectroscopies, at the microscale using electron microscopy and hard/soft x-ray computed tomography, and at the macroscale using R-curve measurements. We show that the reduction in crack-growth toughness is associated primarily with a degradation in the degree of extrinsic toughening, in particular involving crack bridging, and that this occurs at relatively coarse size scales in the range of tens to hundreds of micrometers. Finally, we briefly describe how specific clinical treatments, e.g., with steroid hormones to treat various inflammatory conditions, can prematurely damage bone, thereby reducing its fracture resistance, whereas regulating the level of the cytokine Transforming Growth Factor-β can offer significant improvements in the stiffness, strength, and toughness of bone and as such may be considered a therapeutic target to treat increased bone fragility induced by aging, drugs, and disease.
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20

Mills, W. J., and L. D. Blackburn. "Fracture Toughness Variations in Alloy 718." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 110, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3226050.

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Heat-to-heat and product-form variations in the JIc fracture toughness of Alloy 718 were examined at 24°C, 427°C, and 538°C using the multiple-specimen JR-curve method. Five different material heats along with three product forms from one of the heats were tested in the conventional heat-treatment condition. Statistical analysis revealed only two significantly different JIc levels of 48 kJ/m2 and 74 kJ/m2 for these materials. These two mean JIc levels were independent of temperature. A minimum-expected JIc level based on a tolerance interval bracketing 90 percent of the lower JIc population at a 95 percent confidence level was evaluated as 33 kJ/m2. Coarse δ precipitates controlled the fracture properties by initiating secondary dimples that pre-empted continued growth of primary dimples nucleated by broken carbide inclusions.
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21

Huh, Nam-Su, Yun-Jae Kim, Jae-Boong Choi, Young-Jin Kim, and Chang-Ryul Pyo. "Prediction of Failure Behavior for Nuclear Piping Using Curved Wide-Plate Test." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 126, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1806447.

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One important element of the Leak-Before-Break analysis of nuclear piping is how to determine relevant fracture toughness (or the J-resistance curve) for nonlinear fracture mechanics analysis. The practice to use fracture toughness from a standard C(T) specimen is known to often give conservative estimates of toughness. To improve the accuracy of predicting piping failure, this paper proposes a new method to determine fracture toughness using a nonstandard testing specimen, curved wide-plate in tension. To show validity of the proposed curved wide-plate test, the J-resistance curve from the full-scale pipe test is compared with that from the curved wide-plate test and that from C(T) specimen. It is shown that the J-resistance curve from the curved wide-plate tension test is similar to, but that from the C(T) specimen is lower than, the J-resistance curve from the full-scale pipe test. Further validation is performed by investigating crack-tip constraint conditions via detailed three-dimensional finite element analyses, which shows that the crack-tip constraint condition in the curved wide-plate tension specimen is indeed similar to that in the full-scale pipe under bending.
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22

Franşois, D., and A. Krasowsky. "Relation between various fracture transition temperatures and the k1c fracture toughness transition curve." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 23, no. 2 (January 1986): 455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(86)90087-1.

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23

Alfred Franklin, V., and T. Christopher. "Generation of R-Curve from 4ENF Specimens: An Experimental Study." Journal of Composites 2014 (November 12, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/956268.

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The experimental determination of the resistance to delamination is very important in aerospace applications as composite materials have superior properties only in the fiber direction. To measure the interlaminar fracture toughness of composite materials, different kinds of specimens and experimental methods are available. This article examines the fracture energy of four-point end-notched flexure (4ENF) composite specimens made of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy. Experiments were conducted on these laminates and the mode II fracture energy, GIIC, was evaluated using compliance method and was compared with beam theory solution. The crack growth resistance curve (R-curve) for these specimens was generated and the found glass/epoxy shows higher toughness values than carbon/epoxy composite. From this study, it was observed that R-curve effect in 4ENF specimens is quite mild, which means that the measured delamination toughness, GIIC, is more accurate.
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24

Nagel, G., and J. G. Blauel. "Evaluation of the standard master curve for fracture toughness determination." Nuclear Engineering and Design 190, no. 1-2 (June 1999): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-5493(98)00321-5.

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25

Lambrigger, M. "Apparent fracture toughness master curve of a zirconia—alumina composite." Philosophical Magazine A 77, no. 2 (February 1998): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01418619808223758.

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26

SATO, Kazushi, Hitoshi AWAYAMA, Toshiyuki HASHIDA, and Hideaki TAKAHASHI. "Determination of strain-softening curve and fracture toughness of granite." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 56, no. 526 (1990): 1400–1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.56.1400.

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27

Wolfenden, A., R. Herrera, and JD Landes. "A Direct J-R Curve Analysis of Fracture Toughness Tests." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 16, no. 5 (1988): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte11618j.

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28

EricksonKirk, Mark, and Marjorie EricksonKirk. "An upper-shelf fracture toughness master curve for ferritic steels." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 83, no. 8 (August 2006): 571–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2006.05.001.

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29

Adachi, T., M. Osaki, A. Yamaji, and M. Gamou. "Time-temperature dependence of the fracture toughness of a poly(phenylene sulphide) polymer." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 217, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146442070321700104.

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The time-temperature dependence of the fracture toughness of poly(phenylene sulphide) (PPS) resin was examined. The fracture toughness was measured at several deflection rates and ambient temperatures in a three-point bending test. On the basis of these experimental results, the master curve of fracture toughness was determined from the shift factor of the thermoviscoelastic characteristics. The time-temperature dependence equivalent law can be applied to the fracture toughness by conducting a fracture test at a variety of rapidly changing deflection rates. The results clearly showed that the fracture passes from brittle to ductile near the glass transition temperature, and that the fracture of PPS is strongly dependent on the thermoviscoelastic characteristics. Therefore, the fracture toughness can be predicted for a wide range of temperatures and over a long time span.
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Belmonte, M., J. S. Moya, P. Miranzo, D. Nguyen, J. Dubois, and G. Fantozzi. "Fracture behavior of Al2O3/SiC-platelet composites." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 10 (October 1996): 2528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0318.

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Mechanical behavior of hot-pressed SiC platelet reinforced alumina composites has been analyzed as a function of SiC platelet content for two different alumina matrix powders. Fracture toughness and flexural strength at temperatures ranging from 25 to 1200 °C, R-curve behavior, and thermal shock resistance have been determined. Small differences in the impurity content of the starting Al2O3 powders strongly determine the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of Al2O3/SiC-platelet composites. Low alkali content alumina led to composites with large matrix grain size which presented spontaneous microcracking. At high temperature, a high viscosity liquid phase is formed that shields cracks enhancing mechanical properties and R-curve behavior. A small amount of impurities reduced Al2O3 matrix grain size and avoided spontaneous microcracking. Enhanced fracture toughness (up to 30%) at room temperature, R-curve behavior, and thermal shock resistance were achieved for these materials.
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31

Zhang, Ya Lin, and Hu Hui. "Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Ductile-Brittle Transition Behaviors of SA738Gr.B Steel Used as Reactor Containment." Key Engineering Materials 795 (March 2019): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.795.66.

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The low temperature tensile properties, Charpy-V notch impact performance and fracture toughness of SA738Gr.B steel plate for domestic CAP1400 containment vessel were tested. On this basis, the reference temperature T0 of the master curve method was obtained. The fracture toughness distribution of the steel in the whole ductile-brittle transition zone is predicted and its applicability is verified by the theoretical basis of the master curve method. The results show that the reference temperature of SA738Gr.B steel master curve method is-123.6 °C. The master curve method is appropriate for SA738Gr.B steel with domestic nuclear containment vessel.
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32

Fuhrmann, D., D. Murchison, S. Whipple, and K. Vandewalle. "Properties of New Glass-Ionomer Restorative Systems Marketed for Stress-Bearing Areas." Operative Dentistry 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/18-176-l.

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SUMMARY Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the properties (fracture toughness, surface hardness) of newer conventional glass-ionomer restorative materials that are marketed for posterior stress-bearing areas compared with more traditional glass-ionomer restorative materials marketed for non–load-bearing areas and composite-resin restorative materials. Methods and Materials: Notched-beam fracture toughness specimens were created in a mold with each tested material (Equia Forte, GC America, with and without a surface coating of Equia Forte Coat; Ketac Universal, 3M/ESPE; ChemFil Rock, Dentsply; Fuji IX GP Extra, GC; Ionostar Molar, VOCO; Filtek Z250, 3M/ESPE; Filtek Supreme Ultra, 3M/ESPE) and fractured using a universal testing machine after 24 hours of storage. Hardness values were determined on the surface of the fracture toughness specimens using a hardness tester. Data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test per property (alpha=0.05). Results: The composite-resin restorative materials had significantly greater fracture toughness than the glass-ionomer materials. There was no significant difference in fracture toughness between the glass-ionomer materials. The use of a resin coating significantly increased the surface hardness of the newer glass ionomer marketed for stress-bearing areas. Conclusions: Fracture toughness was not improved with the newer glass-ionomer restorative materials marketed for stress-bearing areas compared to the conventional glass-ionomer materials, however a resin coating provided greater surface hardness.
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33

Lin, Jeng-Shyong, and Sheng-Kuen Wu. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Fracture Toughness of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene." Polymers and Polymer Composites 10, no. 3 (March 2002): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110201000303.

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In this work, the effect of heat treatment on the fracture toughness of glass fibre reinforced polypropylene was studied. Polypropylene blended with short glass fibres was injection-moulded. The moulded parts were heat treated at 150°C for 30 min. The crack growth resistance curve (R-curve) was measured to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the fracture toughness, and to determine the stress intensity factor at the point of instability, KR(ins). The fracture surface was examined using scanning electron microscope to analyze the fracture mechanism. The results show that the stress intensity factor at the unstable fracture point KR(ins) increases with the initial crack length.
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34

Guo, Hai, Dae Hyun Yoon, and Dong Woo Shin. "Prediction of Fracture Toughness in Fibrous Si3 N4 Monolithic Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 317-318 (August 2006): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.317-318.301.

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A fracture toughness model of fibrous monolithic ceramics revealed that the major factor that contributed to the fracture toughness in ceramics was the actual energy absorbed by crack propagation rather than the total work of fracture. The load-displacement curve and the crack propagation path were predicted using the derived model mirror image with that of experimental data.
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35

Shi, Kai Kai, Li Xun Cai, Chen Bao, and Yao Yao. "The Dimensionless Load Separation Method Used for Fracture Toughness Test and its Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.460.

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One of tasks of fracture mechanics analysis is to get J resistance curves and fracture toughness of ductile materials. Based on the dimensionless theory, a modified Spb method from the load separation method was proposed. In order to apply load separation method to analysis the fracture toughness of a material from its test data, the testing application J-LSS (J resistance curve-Load Separation Software) has been developed by using visual basic (VB) language and was applied to obtain the fracture toughness values of Cr2Ni2MoV rotor steel and 316L stainless steel. Additionally, the differences between the traditional normalization method and the modified Spbmethod in analyzing fracture toughness through J-LSS were discussed. The modified Spbmethod presented in the paper is more available and can be recommended to renew the current material fracture toughness standard test.
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36

Baer, Wolfram. "Performance of Modern DCI Materials – Investigation of Microstructural, Temperature and Loading Rate Effects on Mechanical and Fracture Mechanical Properties." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2244.

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Design and safety assessment of advanced ductile cast iron (DCI) components like windturbines or transport and storage casks for radioactive materials require appropriate material data interms of strength and fracture toughness. Therefore, it is of vital importance to characterize andunderstand the deformation, damage and fracture behaviour of DCI which may substantially changefrom ductile to brittle by increasing loading rate, decreasing temperature and/or increasing stresstriaxiality. This paper reports on recent BAM investigations on different qualities of the widely usedDCI grade EN-GJS-400 with varying pearlite shares (none and 18 % respectively). The focus wason the influences of microstructure, temperature (ambient and -40 °C) and loading rate (quasi-staticto crash) on strength (YS, UTS, flow curve) and fracture mechanical properties (R-curve, crackinitiation toughness, fracture toughness). Systematic metallographical and fractographical analyseswere performed accompanying the whole test program and a systematics of specific damagebehaviour and fracture mechanisms was derived from the results.
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37

Chou, Y.-S., J. J. Mecholsky, and M. Silsbee. "Fracture toughness of macro-defect-free cement using small crack techniques." Journal of Materials Research 5, no. 8 (August 1990): 1774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1990.1774.

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The fracture toughness of a macro-defect-free (MDF) cement was calculated from two measurement techniques: (1) indentation-strength method and (2) fracture surface analysis (FSA). It was found that the indentation-strength method, which showed good agreement with FSA, was applicable for estimating the fracture toughness of MDF cement. The ultimate toughness was found to be 1.25 MPa m1/2 for this MDF cement, which contained 3 wt. % polymer. An R-curve (crack-growth-resistance) bchavior was also observed. Scanning electron micrographs showed extensive microcracking on the fracture surface. Microstructural effects are discussed.
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38

Gui, Le Le, Tong Xu, Bin An Shou, Han Kui Wang, and Jing Xiang. "Estimation of Fracture Toughness JIC by Miniature Specimen Hydraulic Bulge Test." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 753–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.753.

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The fracture toughness tests and a new miniature specimen technology named hydraulic bulge test (HBT) of 3Cr1Mo1/4V at four service time were carried out. Four J-R resistance curves by single-specimen method with one inch CT specimens were obtained to compute the JIC. Different definitions of equivalent fracture strain according to the section morphologies of HBT testing specimens were compared, and fracture energy of miniature specimens with three different thicknesses (0.4mm, 0.5mm and 0.6mm) were also calculated. Results showed that the typical HBT load-deflection curve can be divided into four sections like SPT curve. Equivalent fracture strain and fracture energy EHB can be chosen as two fracture parameters for the HBT specimen. Ductile fracture toughness JIC can be related approximately linearly to both the equivalent fracture strain and fracture energy EHB.
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39

Omiya, Masaki, Kikuo Kishimoto, and Wei Yang. "Interface Debonding Model and its Application to the Mixed Mode Interface Fracture Toughness." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 11, no. 3 (July 2002): 263–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/105678902026413.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the mixed mode fracture toughness of an interface crack. The crack propagation is simulated by modifying a cohesive interface model proposed by Ma and Kishimoto (Ma, F. and Kishimoto, K. (1996). A Continuum Interface Debonding Model and Application to Matrix Cracking of Composites, JSME Int. J. Series A, 39:496–507). Based on the internal variable theory of thermodynamics, a continuum interface constitutive model relating interface traction with interface separation has been developed. By introducing an interface damage variable, an evolution equation was derived to characterize the degradation of interfacial rigidity with interface debonding. This constitutive relation is embedded at the crack tip of the interface and the propagation of the interface crack is simulated by the Finite Element Method. The results show that the fracture toughness and fracture boundary curves of dissimilar materials depend on the definition of the characteristic length included in the interface stress intensity factors. By changing the characteristic length properly and normalizing with the critical stress intensity factors, the intrinsic fracture boundary curve can be obtained. This curve can be considered as the fracture criterion based on the interface stress intensity factors. The relation between the fracture toughness and the phase angle is also influenced by the characteristic length. By changing the phase angle, the fracture toughness data is located on the same trend curve and the numerical results are well consistent with the analytical decohesion energy for all material pairs.
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40

Meshii, Toshiyuki. "Characterization of fracture toughness based on yield stress and successful application to construct a lower-bound fracture toughness master curve." Engineering Failure Analysis 116 (October 2020): 104713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104713.

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41

YANG, SHUICHENG, LI SONG, ZHE LI, and SONGMEI HUANG. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF INTERFACE CRACK FOR ROCK/CONCRETE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 31n32 (December 30, 2008): 6141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208051704.

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Fracture toughness is a critical input parameter for fracture-mechanics based fitness-for-service assessments, and it is preferable to determine this by experiment. In the present paper, fracture toughness of rock/concrete bimaterial interface was obtained by the tests which were performed on the universal material tester. A beam specimen with single-edge crack is used to form the different fracture mode mixity. The stress intensity factors of specimen per unit load with different combinations of K1 and K2 were calculated by the mixed hybrid finite element method on the principals of linear elastic interface fracture mechanics. By regressing the critical stress intensity factors of 7 specimen groups, two experiential fracture criterions of mixed crack interface were derived, and the fracture toughness([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) of rock/concrete were obtained further.
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42

Lee, Sin Ae, Sung Jun Lee, Sang Hwan Lee, and Yoon Suk Chang. "Evaluation of P-T Limit Curves According to Alternative Fracture Toughness Requirements." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 896–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.896.

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During the heat-up and cool-down processes of nuclear power plants, temperature and pressure histories are to be maintained below the P-T limit curve to prevent the non-ductile failure of the RPV(Reactor Pressure Vessel). The ASME Code Sec. XI, App. G describe the detailed procedure for generating the P-T limit curve. The evaluation procedure is containing the evaluation methods of RTNDT using 10CFR50.61. However, recently, Alternative fracture toughness requirements were released 10CFR50.61a. Therefore, in this study, RTNDT of RPV according to the 10CFR50.61a was calculated and used for evaluation of P-T limit curve of a typical RPV under cool-down condition. As a result, it was proven that the P-T curve obtained from 10CFR50.61 is conservative because RTNDT value obtained from the alternative fracture toughness requirements are significantly low.
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43

Qing, Long Bang, and Huan Huan Liu. "The Effects of Tensile Softening Curve Parameters on Fracture in Concrete Based on Initial Fracture Toughness Criterion." Advanced Materials Research 904 (March 2014): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.904.232.

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The effects of tensile softening curve parameters on the crack propagation P-CMOD and P-CTOD curves were analyzed using a calculation method which adopted the initial fracture toughness as the crack propagation criterion. The results showed that: the whole process of the P-CMOD and P-CTOD curves were affected by the tensile softening curve parameters, especially for the descending segment of the curves, but the peak load and critical crack mouth opening displacement were less affected.
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44

Mueller, Pablo, P. Spätig, R. Bonadé, G. R. Odette, and D. Gragg. "Fracture toughness master-curve analysis of the tempered martensitic steel Eurofer97." Journal of Nuclear Materials 386-388 (April 2009): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.12.122.

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45

MIURA, Naoki, and Naoki SONEDA. "Evaluation of Fracture Toughness by Master Curve Approach Using Miniature Specimens." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series A 77, no. 777 (2011): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.77.680.

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46

Hesse, W., and W. Dahl. "Influence of loading rate on the fracture toughness versus temperature curve." Nuclear Engineering and Design 84, no. 2 (January 1985): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(85)90197-9.

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47

Bloyer, D. R., R. O. Ritchie, and K. T. Venkateswara Rao. "Fracture toughness and R-Curve behavior of laminated brittle-matrix composites." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 29, no. 10 (October 1998): 2483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-998-0220-0.

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48

Yoon, Ji-Hyun, and Eui-Pak Yoon. "Fracture toughness and the master curve for modified 9Cr−1Mo steel." Metals and Materials International 12, no. 6 (December 2006): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03027747.

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49

Džindo, Emina, Zoran Radaković, Blagoj Petrovski, Srdjan Tadić, Sanja Petronić, Simon Sedmak, and Branislav Đorđević. "Fracture Toughness in the Transition Temperature Region." Advanced Materials Research 1146 (April 2018): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1146.92.

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The steels fracture toughness was measured at two different temperature T= - 60°C and T = -90°C, at v=0.02 mm/min and v=0.5mm/min. The following steels: CrMoV, 20MnMoNi55, A533B and A508 were tested with three different sizes of CT specimens 50 and 100 and 200. Those steels are weldable, although the authors investigated the fracture behaviour of base material. In order to satisfy statistical analyses, a large number of specimens were tested. Fracture behaviour has turned out to be typical, S-shaped curve for transitional fracture at low temperatures. Apart from the other variables, specimen’s width significantly affects measured toughness. Smaller specimens, CT50, might be considered of upper bound reliability while the CT200 specimens were shown to be the most conservative. In this way it has been shown that wider specimens are more reliable in a fracture assessment of the examined steels. In this paper, the fracture probabilities of specimens in function of fracture toughness were determined as well, and it could be concluded that the widest specimens are the most likely to be broken for the same values of the fracture toughness.
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50

Kitajima, Kaoru, S. Joseph Wright, and Jared W. Westbrook. "Leaf cellulose density as the key determinant of inter- and intra-specific variation in leaf fracture toughness in a species-rich tropical forest." Interface Focus 6, no. 3 (June 6, 2016): 20150100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2015.0100.

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Leaves as the main photosynthetic organ of plants must be well protected against various hazards to achieve their optimal lifespans. Yet, within-species variation and the material basis of leaf strength have been explored for very few species. Here, we present a large dataset of leaf fracture toughness from a species-rich humid tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, reporting both among- and within-species variation in relation to light environment (sun-lit canopy versus shaded understorey) and ontogeny (seedlings versus adults). In this dataset encompassing 281 free-standing woody species and 428 species-light combinations, lamina fracture toughness varied ca 10 times. A central objective of our study was to identify generalizable patterns in the structural and material basis for interspecific variation in leaf lamina fracture toughness. The leaf lamina is a heterogeneous structure in which strong materials in cell walls, such as cellulose and lignin, contribute disproportionately to fracture toughness. We found significant increases in leaf fracture toughness from shade to sun and from seedling leaves to adult leaves. Both within and across species, leaf fracture toughness increased with total bulk density (dry biomass per unit volume) and cellulose mass concentration, but decreased with mass concentrations of lignin and hemicelluose. These bivariate relationships shift between light environments, but leaf cellulose density (cellulose mass per unit leaf volume) exhibits a common relationship with lamina fracture toughness between light environments and through ontogeny. Hence, leaf cellulose density is probably a universal predictor of leaf fracture toughness.
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