Academic literature on the topic 'Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)'

<span>Sistem celuler GSM memiliki beberapa kekurangan, yaitu tidak mampu untuk mengintegrasikan layanan video call dan video streaming karena kecepatan data masih rendah. Dengan alasan itu, maka ETSI menentukan migrasi dari GSM ke sistem generasi seluler ketiga yang disebut dengan UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System). Adapun spektrum frekuensi UMTS terestrial bekerja pada 1920-1980 MHz, 2110-2170 MHz untuk dipasangkan dari band dan 1900-1920 MHz, 2010-2025 MHz untuk tidak berpasangan dari band Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi, teknologi telekomunikasi sistem seluler terus berkembang dan menggarap sekarang telah mencapai generasi ketiga yang dikenal dengan nama dari International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000). Adapun kerangka kerja untuk pengembangan teknologi seluler generasi ketiga (3G) di Eropa adalah Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS). UMTS menggunakan disebut oleh TD-CDMA multiple access adalah UTRA TDD (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access dari Time Division Duplex) dan W-CDMA untuk UTRA FDD DARI (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access dari Duplex Frekuensi Division Kata kunci : UMTS, multiple access, Sistem Seluler</span>

Mobile packet services are penetrating mobile markets rapidly. The mobile industry relies heavily on data services to replace traditional voice services. Designing a reliable packet service network is critical to the mobile operators’ ability to maintain their core competence in a data service market. The current literature provides many practical tools and theoretical methods to design, plan and dimension Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) radio networks but overlooks the algorithms of network plan and dimensioning for the core networks. This paper introduces the algorithms to dimension the throughput for packet switched domain of a UMTS network. The analysis is based on the traffic and data throughput generated and absorbed in the interfaces of network entities in UMTS PS network. A case study is provided to verify the algorithms created for UMTS PS network. This paper provides UMTS PS network operators an optimum network size and network structure to deliver an optimum quality of service for users.

Current literature provides many practical tools and theoretical methods to design, plan, and dimension Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) radio networks but overlooks the algorithms of network planning and dimensioning for core networks of GSM, UMTS and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). This paper introduces an algorithm for traffic, bandwidth and throughput dimensioning of the network entities in the UMTS core network, based on the traffic and throughput generated or absorbed in the interfaces of the network entities. A case study is provided to verify the algorithms created for UMTS core network. This paper helps UMTS network operators dimension and build an optimum network to deliver the best quality of service for users. The algorithms developed in the paper have been successfully applied in dimensioning a nationwide UMTS network in North Africa and adopted in an optimization tool by a mobile operator in the United States in 2008-2009.

The proliferation of cellular network enabled users through various positioning tools to track locations, location information is being continuously captured from mobile phones, created a prototype that enables detected location based on using the two invariant models for Global Systems for Mobile (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The smartphone application on an Android platform applies the location sensing run as a background process and the localization method is based on cell phones. The proposed application is associated with remote server and used to track a smartphone without permissions and internet. Mobile stored data location information in the database (SQLite), then transfer it into location API to obtain locations result implemented in Google Maps. Track a smartphone with fixed identifiers mostly SSN (SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) Serial Number) and IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) derived from an identifying string unique to the user's device. The result located place is Moderate correct according to the (GSM) and (UMTS) cellular networks which is used for obtaining location information.

The proliferation of cellular network enabled users through various positioning tools to track locations, location information is being continuously captured from mobile phones, created a prototype that enables detected location based on using the two invariant models for Global Systems for Mobile (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The smartphone application on an Android platform applies the location sensing run as a background process and the localization method is based on cell phones. The proposed application is associated with remote server and used to track a smartphone without permissions and internet. Mobile stored data location information in the database (SQLite), then transfer it into location API to obtain locations result implemented in Google Maps. Track a smartphone with fixed identifiers mostly SSN (SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) Serial Number) and IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) derived from an identifying string unique to the user's device. The result located place is Moderate correct according to the (GSM) and (UMTS) cellular networks which is used for obtaining location information.

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) downlink system in vicinity of UWB system. The study is achieved via simulating a scenario of a building which is located within UMTS cell borders and utilizes from both UMTS and UWB appliances. The simulation results show that the UMTS system is considerably affected by the UWB interference. However, in order to battle this interference and achieve reasonable BER (Bit Error Rate) of 10-4, we found that it is very necessary to carefully raise the UMTS base station transmitted power against that of UWB interferer. So, the minimum requirements for UMTS system to overcome UWB interference are stated in this work.

The successful deployment of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is heavily dependent on Quality of Service (QoS) to be achieved. This thesis addresses a few facets of the QoS issues in UMTS, including traffic shaping and policing, conformance consistency, Call Admission Control (CAC) and resource allocation.

The main focus of this thesis is traffic conditioning related issues for QoS provisioning in UMTS. Assuming an end-to-end QoS scenario supported by IntServ or/and Diffserv architectures, the thesis initially presents an all nodes traffic conditioning-enabled framework in UMTS. Under this framework, the traffic generated at each User Equipment (UE) is regulated by a traffic shaper in the form of a token bucket, and the conformance of the traffic flow is policed at the policing node. The performance of imposing traffic shaping at the UE is studied and compared with the case without shaping. Next, having observed that the performance of the traffic conditioned system is sensitive to the values of the token bucket parameters, the thesis proposes a heuristic approach for searching local and global QoS-aware token bucket parameters. By tuning the system operating at the obtained ’optimal’ shaping parameters, the requirements for all concerned QoS attributes are guaranteed. Furthermore, the thesis studies conformance consistency in a traffic conditioned multi-hop network, by monitoring the conformance status of a traffic flow using an identical token bucket for both traffic shaping and policing. In the presence of variable packet size, the thesis gives a quantitative result, for a simple case, on how much percent of the originally conformant packets may misbehave at further policing node(s). The performance of the aggregated traffic flows and the measures to minimize the effect of conformance deterioration are also studied in the thesis.

Another facet of the QoS issues in UMTS, CAC together with resource allocation, is also studied in the thesis. A priority-oriented framework for QoS management of multimedia services in UMTS is proposed. Based on a traffic class priority definition, the framework is implemented through a priority-oriented CAC, channel congestion control and adaptive bandwidth allocation.

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
O objectivo desta dissertação é estender o conceito das técnicas PIC (Parallel Interference Cancellation) a receptores com agregados de antenas e avaliar o desempenho das diferentes estruturas PIC em vários cenários no sistema UMTS-TDD (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System). Para tal, a dissertação inclui secções de preparação, onde é efectuado uma revisão da evolução das comunicações móveis celulares, de alguns aspectos fundamentais das técnicas de espalhamento de espectro, das especificações do sistema UMTS-TDD relevantes para o trabalho e a nível mais avançado uma síntese das principais técnicas MUD (Multiuser Detection) propostas na literatura. Após a apresentação deste material preparatório necessário para compreender o trabalho realizado, são descritos, caracterizados, avaliados e comparados os vários algoritmos. Foram implementadas numa cadeia de simulação vários tipos de estruturas PIC, designadamente, com um e dois estágios, com cancelamento parcial e completo, com estimativas hard e soft, com uma antena e com um agregado circular uniforme de M elementos. De forma a avaliar o desempenho destas estruturas PIC foram obtidos resultados em vários cenários, nomeadamente, com estimativas perfeitas dos parâmetros do canal e controlo de potência perfeito; com estimativas imperfeitas dos parâmetros do canal e controlo de potência perfeito; com factores de espalhamento variáveis e estimativas perfeitas dos parâmetros do canal. Os parâmetros necessários para efectuar simulações ao nível do sistema foram, também, calculados. Como conclusão principal deste trabalho, ressalta que a estrutura HD_PIC (hard decision - PIC) com um estágio é a que apresenta a melhor relação desempenho/complexidade, verificando-se que a combinação desta estrutura com um agregado de antenas é uma técnica extremamente promissora para o UMTS_TDD. Palavras Chave: detecção multi-utilizador, cancelamento de interferência, agregados de antenas, filtragem espacio-temporal, DS_CDMA, PIC e UMTSTDD

Mes travaux de recherche se déclinent suivant deux directions : Techniques avancées du traitement du signal pour la localisation de sources. Application à la localisation et poursuite de mobile en UMTS. Méthodes rapides et stables pour la poursuite des sous-espaces. Techniques avancées du traitement du signal pour la localisation de sources : Application à la localisation et poursuite de mobile en UMTS. Depuis que la FCC (Federal Communications Commission) a demandé aux opérateurs américains d'assurer la localisation de tout terminal appelant les services d'urgence (avec une précision de 125 m dans 67 \% des cas), les opérateurs s'intéressent de plus en plus à la localisation de mobile. Ils y voient un moyen de proposer de nouveaux services comme la tarification par zone, la recherche de services proches (hôtels, restaurants), etc. De plus, cela leur permettrait d'avoir un indicateur géographique du trafic, pratique pour l'optimisation de leur réseau. Toutefois, bien que le nombre d'applications possibles soit important, la localisation de mobile n'a été prévue dans aucun système radio-mobile. C'est pourquoi, depuis quelques années, les opérateurs en ont fait un de leur sujet prioritaire de recherche. Plusieurs idées ont ainsi été proposées comme l'utilisation d'un récepteur GPS (Global Positionning Satellite) donnant la position du mobile à partir des temps d'arrivée de signaux issus de trois satellites. Cette solution, bien qu'étant d'une grande précision, n'est pas pour autant optimale. En effet, elle nécessite non seulement une visibilité directe du mobile avec trois satellites (ce qui pose un problème pour la localisation à l'intérieur des bâtiments, des reliefs montagneux. . . ) mais représente également un coût non négligeable à la charge des opérateurs. C'est pourquoi, certains opérateurs préfèrent s'orienter vers les solutions n'utilisant que les signaux radio. C'est cette approche que nous avons choisi de présenter dans cette thèse. Trois classes de méthodes sont utilisées pour la localisation du mobile : La première approche concerne méthodes basées sur l'estimation de la distance entre le mobile et la station de base, obtenue à partir des mesures des temps d'arrivée (TOA). Ces méthodes peuvent aussi bien être envisagées en liaison montante qu'en liaison descendante. Trois mesures impliquant des stations de base (BS) différentes sont au minimum nécessaires pour déterminer la position du mobile. La seconde approche concerne les méthodes basées sur l'estimation des angles d'arrivées(AOA). Celles-ci nécessitent l'installation d'antennes complexes et ne peut donc être envisagées qu'en liaison montante. Chaque AOA estimé définit une demi-droite, de sommet la station de base concernée, sur laquelle se trouve le mobile. Deux mesures de AOAs sont donc nécessaires pour localiser le mobile. Enfin, la troisième approche concerne les méthodes dites conjointes utilisant simultanément l'estimation des angles et des retards. La localisation de mobile ne nécessite alors que l'écoute d'une seule BS. Quelque soit la méthode choisie, les solutions proposées seront différentes selon la norme considérée. En effet, au problème d'absence de trajet direct (Non Line Of Sight (NLOS)) qui est caractéristique de l'ensemble des systèmes radio-mobile, s'ajoute un problème inhérent au système UMTS-FDD : le problème d'écoute (Near-Far Effect (NFE)). Il correspond à la difficulté pour les stations de base (BS) et les mobiles (MS) d'écouter des mobiles ou des BSs éloignés, i. E. Appartenant à des cellules voisines. Il est lié au fait que dans les réseaux UMTS-FDD les stations de base (respectivement les mobiles) émettent simultanément et sur la même bande de fréquence. Mon travail de recherche s'est donc attaché à proposer pour les systèmes UMTS-FDD, des solutions de localisation réalisites, efficaces et qui tiennent compte de ces deux problèmes. Un simulateur UMTS-FDD, construit suivant la norme, a permis de valider l'ensemble des solutions proposées. Enfin, une méthode adaptative de poursuite de mobile en UMTS est proposée. Cette méthode utilise l'estimation adaptative des sous-espaces qui occupe une partie de la thèse. Méthodes rapides et stables pour la poursuite des sous-espaces. Dans cette partie nous nous sommes intéressés à développer des techniques adaptatives capables d'exécuter un suivi de sous-espaces. L'ingrédient principal commun dans toutes ces méthodologies sera l'hypothèse que le rang du sous-espace est connu. La littérature existante sur le suivi de sous-espace est extrêmement riche, offrant une grande variété des schémas avec différentes complexités du calcul. Les algorithmes adaptatifs de suivi de sous-espace sont de grande importance, puisqu'ils peuvent être employés dans de nombreuses applications comme les systèmes de télécommunication, le filtrage adaptatif, la direction des arrivées, le traitement des rangées d'antenne, les systèmes linéaires, etc. Nous nous concentrons sur le problème du suivi de sous-espace lui-même, où nous sommes concernées par estimer les vecteurs singuliers (Minor and Principal Componet Analysis, MCA and PCA) ou une base orthonormale pour le sous-espace d'intérêt (Minor and Principal Subspace Analysis, MSA and PSA. Nos algorithmes proposés sont capables d'estimer le sous-espace (MSA and PSA) correspondant aux plus grandes et plus petites valeurs singulières (et même les vectuers propres correpondant, MCA and PCA). Leur caractéristique principale est leur faible complexité informatique, qui est accompagnée de stabilité numérique, même dans le cas des plus petites valeurs singulières. On devrait mentionner que toutes les techniques existantes de même complexité visant à estimer les plus petites valeurs singulières sont numériquement instables. En conclusion, avec l'aide des simulations, nous démontrons la meilleure exécution de notre méthode contre d'autres schémas populaires de la même complexité
The purpose of this thesis is to provide solutions to challenges facing the wireless localization and tracking techniques, with a special focus on Non Line of Sight (NLoS) effect arising from the presence of obstacles between the mobile station and the base station. In the case of mobile tracking algorithms, adaptive component and subspace analysis are important tools frequently used for different parametric estimation. We present in the first part of this thesis, an extensive study of this subject and we propose fast and efficient subspace tracking methods. The document is structured in three parts gathering several chapters: Subspace Tracking for Signal Processing. Mobile Localization in Wireless Networks. Appendix. Part I: Subspace Tracking for Signal Processing. In the first part, various theoretical aspects for adaptive subspace tracking in signal processing are presented. We start first by a global introduction. In chapter 1, an overview of subspace tracking methods is illustrated. In chapter 2, we propose fast adaptive algorithms for minor and principal component analysis. We start first by proposing new fast methods using Householder Transformation for extracting the desired minor eigenvectors of a covariance matrix. The two proposed methods are referred to as; MCA Orthogonal OJA using Householder Transform (MCA-OOJAH) and MCA Orthogonal FRANS using Householder Transform (MCA-OFRANSH). We propose next a fast PCA algorithm using Givens Rotations for tracking the desired principal eigenvectors of a covariance matrix, we refer to this new algorithm as Principal Component extraction using the Orthogonal PAST method (PC-OPAST). Finally, we study the MCA case where we elaborate a fast MCA algorithm for positive Hermitian covariance matrix associated with time series. This latter method is referred to as Minor Component extraction using the YAST-PGS algorithm (MC-YAST-PGS). Theoretical Convergence analysis and numerical stability analysis are provided in this chapter. Simulation results are presented to assess the performance of our algorithms and compare them with other existing methods. Chapter 3 relates to subspace analysis. To this end, we propose fast adaptive algorithms for minor and principal subspace analysis. The first new method referred to as Fast Orthogonal OJA (FOOJA) estimates the minor or the principal desired subspace of a covariance matrix. Another fast MSA method (YAST-PGS) is proposed in this chapter to extract the desired minor subspace of a positive Hermitian covariance matrix associated with time series. Theoretical stability analysis and simulation results are provided to illustrate the tracking capacity of the proposed algorithms. In chapter 4, we present an application of the subspace tracking for mobile localization. Indeed, we propose an adaptive mobile localization method using Time Of Arrival (TOA) and Direction Of Arrival (DOA) estimates. Simulation results prove the good estimation and tracking performance of the proposed method in typical propagation environments. Part II: Mobile Localization in Wireless Networks. This part deals with mobile localization in wireless networks and more precisely in the UMTS-FDD mode. Before presenting our contributions, we show in chapter 5, a brief summary on the evolution of cellular systems, and an overview of UMTS positioning methods. In chapter 6, we present an efficient TOA estimation method using RAKE-CFAR technique that reduces the effect of the hearability problem on mobile positioning in UMTS-FDD mode. Realistic simulation results show the accuracy improvement provided by the proposed method over a simple Rake receiver. In chapter 7, a new Mobile Station (MS) localization method is provided using Round Trip Time (RTT) measurements in the UMTS-FDD mode. The new methods take into account possible large RTT error measurements caused by Non Line of Sight (NLoS). The mobile position is then obtained only from the three most reliable RTT among the set of all RTT estimates when available. This method is also efficient even if all RTT measurements correspond to the LoS case. More precisely, this algorithm allows the selection of the least ’noisy’ RTT when all measurements are of LoS type. Simulation results show the gain of positioning accuracy provided by the proposed algorithm. In chapter 8, we propose an adaptive Interactive Multiple Models (IMM) Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) with an efficient RAKE-CFAR method for mobile tracking in NLoS situation. This new algorithm is based first on an efficient and adaptive TOA estimation method, and an IMM-UKF method in order to operate in Non-Line-of-Sight situations and to track manoeuvring mobile. Realistic simulation results are presented in the UMTS-FDD mode to show the tracking accuracy provided by our proposed algorithm. Part III: Appendix. The appendix provides in chapters 9 and 10 complete proofs of some results of Part I and II and contains some details about the UMTS simulator

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
Com esta dissertação pretende-se estudar e projectar um sistema de controlo e comunicação Machine to Machine que monitorize elementos móveis, por recurso a comunicações via GSM/UMTS (Global System for Mobile Communications/Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). A ideia do projecto é monitorizar e recolher informação telemática de um veículo utilizando a rede GSM/UMTS. As informações colectadas são, as coordenadas GPS, e informações referentes à antena GSM à qual o dispositivo se encontra ligado, assim como a recolha de fotografias. O dispositivo criado permite assim a georreferenciação fotográfica, sendo um excelente método para segurança e monitorização remota.
This dissertation's concern is the study and design of a system for control and communication Machine to Machine for mobile elements monitorization, communicating by GSM / UMTS (Global System for Mobile Communications / Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). The project goal is to collect and monitorize a vehicle's telematic information using the GSM / UMTS. The collected information consists of the GPS coordinates and information about the GSM antenna to which the device is connected, as well as a collection of photographs. Hence, the created device allows for photographic geo-reference, which is a reliable solution for both security and remote monitorization.

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
The dissertation deals with measuring and analyzing spectrum occupancy of a GSM900 band, DCS1800 band and all UMTS bandwidth. A modelization for analog power and binary quantized power is given. In the case of analog power, histograms of the power distribution during one working day are presented. In the case of quantized power the two time statistics, the time period of opportunities distribution and the time between opportunities distribution are presented, described and modeled. The measurement setup is standing in line of sight with the base station. Also, in terms of maximum sensitivity the measurement setup is described and analyzed. Spectrum non occupancy in terms of total time for the GSM900 band and the DCS1800 band is given, for a working day.
Nesta dissertação são feitas medidas e a análise de ocupação de espectro em uma banda de GSM900, uma banda de DCS1800 e toda a largura de banda do UMTS. É apresentada uma modelização para potência analógica e para a potência binária quantizada. No caso da potência analógica são apresentados histogramas da distribuição de potência ao longo de um dia útil. No caso da potência quantizada as duas estatísticas, distribuição do período de tempo de oportunidades e distribuição do tempo entre oportunidades, são apresentadas, descritas e modeladas. O setup de medida encontra-se em linha de vista com a estação base. O setup é descrito e analisado em termos de máxima sensibilidade. A desocupação de espectro em termos de tempo total para a banda de GSM900 e para a banda DCS1800 é fornecida, para um dia de útil.

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) est un protocole de signalisation conçu pour le contrôle de session multimédia dans un réseau IP. Le protocole SIP est déjà largement adopté par l’industrie pour les services convergents de prochaine génération qui incluent notamment voix, vidéo, jeux, information de Présence, Chat, conférences multimédia. L’IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) constitue l’évolution majeure du Cœur de Réseau UMTS permettant l'utilisation du protocole SIP en adéquation avec les contraintes des réseaux mobiles. L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser les obstacles existants au déploiement de services multimédia basés sur le protocole SIP dans les réseaux fixes et mobiles et de proposer des solutions aux verrous correspondants. Les études menées se décomposent en deux principaux volets : d’une part on analyse l’architecture multimédia SIP définie par l’IP Multimédia Subsystem afin de le mutualiser à partir d’accès hétérogènes (xDSL, câble, 3G). D’autre part on analyse les aspects relatifs aux architectures de service, en particulier : mécanismes de déclenchement, gestion des interactions entre services ou entre primitives, prise en compte des caractéristiques des terminaux dans la logique de service et commande de média. Pour chacun de ces domaines nous proposons les modifications protocolaires et d’architecture ainsi que les mécanismes correspondants. Le but de ces évolutions est de permettre - ou de faciliter- la mise en œuvre de services convergents et innovants dans les réseaux fixes et mobiles.

Cette thèse traite de l'intégration du trafic multimédia sur la voie montante de l'interface radio de l'UMTS. Le problème est abordé dans sa globalité, considérant à la fois les possibilités de partage de la ressource, une bonne caractérisation du trafic à transmettre et les possibilités ouvertes dans la norme UMTS. L'attention est plus particulièrement portée sur la vidéo MPEG4 et les données de type Internet. La première partie de la thèse dégage une approche du partage de ressource radio en mode WCDMA. Les performances du mécanisme de multiplexage de niveau couche physique avec qualité de transmission différenciée et l'impact du mécanisme d'adaptation de débit sont évalués. Cette analyse débouche sur la construction d'une fonction de coût pour l'estimation de la capacité cellulaire multiservice et la proposition d'une méthode d'équilibrage adaptatif de la qualité de transmission. La seconde partie de la thèse présente un nouveau modèle statistique pour le trafic vidéo MPEG4. Ce modèle consiste en une particularisation du processus DBMAP et permet d'évaluer analytiquement les performances de transmission à la traversée d'un système à file d'attente. La dernière partie de la thèse intègre l'ensemble de ces travaux pour aboutir à une stratégie d'ordonnancement coopérative multiplexant efficacement les paquets issus d'applications multimédia temps réel et non temps réel, dans le respect des contraintes d'intégrité et de retard. Une méthode analytique faisant appel à la théorie des files d'attente de type M/G/1 est fournie pour le calcul des retards subis par les paquets vidéo MPEG4 et les données lorsque cette stratégie est mise en œuvre au sein d'un réseau UMTS
This thesis deals with the integration of multimedia traffic on the uplink of the UMTS radio interface. The problem is tackled in its globality, considering jointly the resource sharing possibilities, a good characterization of the traffic to transmit and the possibilities opened in the UMTS standard. The attention is more particularly focused on MPEG4 video and data of the Internet type. The first part of the thesis provides an approach of radio resource sharing in WCDMA mode. The performances of the physical layer multiplexing mechanism with quality of transmission differentiation and the impact of the rate matching mechanism are evaluated. This analysis serves as a basis for the construction of a cost function for estimating the multiservice cellular capacity and the proposition of a quality of transmission adaptive balancing method. The second part of the thesis presents a new statistical model for MPEG4 video traffic. This model consists in a customization of the DBMAP process and allows evaluating the queueing performances analytically. The last part of the thesis integrates this set of works yielding a cooperative scheduling strategy that efficiently multiplexes the packets generated by real time and non real time multimedia applications while respecting the integrity and delay constraints. An analytical method based on M/G/1 type queueing systems theory is given for computing the delays incurred by MPEG4 video and data packets when this strategy is implemented in a UMTS network

The main objectives of this research are to investigate and design low profile antennas for mobile handsets applications using the balanced concept. These antennas are considered to cover a wide range of wireless standards such as: DCS (1710¿1880 MHz), PCS (1850¿1990 MHz), UMTS (1920¿2170 MHz), WLAN (2400¿2500 MHz and 5000 ¿ 5800 MHz) and UWB frequency bands. Various antennas are implemented based on built-in planar dipole with a folded arm structure. The performance of several designed antennas in terms of input return loss, radiation patterns, radiation efficiency and power gain are presented and several remarkable results are obtained. The measurements confirm the theoretical design concept and show reasonable agreement with computations. The stability performance of the proposed antenna is also evaluated by analysing the current distribution on the mobile phone ground plane. The specific absorption rate (SAR) performance of the antenna is also studied experimentally by measuring antenna near field exposure. The measurement results are correlated with the calculated ones. A new dual-band balanced antenna using coplanar waveguide structure is also proposed, discussed and tested; this is intended to eliminate the balanced feed network. The predicted and measured results show good agreement, confirming good impedance bandwidth characteristics and excellent dual-band performance. In addition, a hybrid method to model the human body interaction with a dual band balanced antenna structure covering the 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz bands is presented. Results for several test cases of antenna locations on the body are presented and discussed. The near and far fields were incorporated to provide a full understanding of the impact on human tissue. The cumulative distribution function of the radiation efficiency and absorbed power are also evaluated.
UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)

The main objectives of this research are to investigate and design low profile antennas for mobile handsets applications using the balanced concept. These antennas are considered to cover a wide range of wireless standards such as: DCS (1710-1880 MHz), PCS (1850-1990 MHz), UMTS (1920-2170 MHz), WLAN (2400-2500 MHz and 5000-5800 MHz) and UWB frequency bands. Various antennas are implemented based on built-in planar dipole with a folded arm structure. The performance of several designed antennas in terms of input return loss, radiation patterns, radiation efficiency and power gain are presented and several remarkable results are obtained. The measurements confirm the theoretical design concept and show reasonable agreement with computations. The stability performance of the proposed antenna is also evaluated by analysing the current distribution on the mobile phone ground plane. The specific absorption rate (SAR) performance of the antenna is also studied experimentally by measuring antenna near field exposure. The measurement results are correlated with the calculated ones. A new dual-band balanced antenna using coplanar waveguide structure is also proposed, discussed and tested; this is intended to eliminate the balanced feed network. The predicted and measured results show good agreement, confirming good impedance bandwidth characteristics and excellent dual-band performance. In addition, a hybrid method to model the human body interaction with a dual band balanced antenna structure covering the 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz bands is presented. Results for several test cases of antenna locations on the body are presented and discussed. The near and far fields were incorporated to provide a full understanding of the impact on human tissue. The cumulative distribution function of the radiation efficiency and absorbed power are also evaluated.

An enhanced mobile healthcare multi-collaborative system operating over Third Generation (3G) mobile networks is presented. This chapter describes the design and use of this system in different medical and critical emergency scenarios provided with universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) accesses. In these environments, it is designed to communicate healthcare personnel with medical specialists in a remote hospital. The system architecture is based on advanced signalling protocols that allow multimedia multi-collaborative conferences in IPv4/IPv6 3G scenarios. The system offers real-time transmission of medical data and videoconference, together with other non real-time services. It has been optimized specifically to operate over 3G mobile networks using the most appropriate codecs. Evaluation results show a reliable performance over IPv4 UMTS accesses (64 Kbps in the uplink). In the future, advances in m-Health systems will make easier for mobile patients to interactively get the medical attention and advice they need.

Motivated by the requirements for higher data rate, richer multimedia services, and broader radio range wireless mobile networks are currently in the stage evolving from the second-generation (2G), for example, global system for mobile communications (GSM), into the era of third-generation (3G) or beyond 3G or fourth-generation (4G). Universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) is the natural successor of the current popular GSM (http://www.3gpp.org) code division multiple access 2000 (CDMA2000) is the next generation version for the CDMA-95, which is predominantly deployed in North America and North Korea. Time division-sychrononous CDMA (TD-SCDMA) is in the framework of 3rd generation partnership project 2 (3GPP2) and is expected to be one of the principle wireless technologies employed in China in the future (http://www.3gpp.org; 3G TS 35.206). It is envisioned that each of three standards in the framework of international mobile telecommunications- 2000 (IMT-2000) will play a significant role in the future due to the backward compatibility, investment, maintenance cost, and even politics.