Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Universal Precautions'

Hospitals have been directed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to educate health care workers about bloodborne pathogens. The purpose of this descriptive study is to assess the knowledge and concerns of health care workers regarding bloodborne pathogens and describe the application of universal precautions in practice.Orem's Theory of Self-Care was used for the framework because nurses are self-care agents, responsible for personal well-being, as well as patient's well-being. The instrument "Bloodborne Pathogens and Universal Precautions Test" was used to collect the data (Jones & Ryan, 1992). A convenience sample of twelve hospitals within the state of Indiana with four hundred-fifty licensed nursing personnel responded to the questionnaire.Findings revealed a mean score of 84.5 on the knowledge scale. Perception of availability of supplies and equipment ranged from consistently available (68.5% to 98.7%) to never available (0.0% to 0.9%). Perception of application of universal precautions ranged from consistently applied (32.4% to 84.0%) to never applied (0.0% to 9.5%). Content analysis of concerns related by health care workers included fear of contagion and accidental injury.Conclusions indicated knowledge of transmission and availability of supplies do not ensure compliance with universal precautions. Increased knowledge levels will decrease, but not eliminate, fear of contagion.Universal precaution training alone does not adequately prepare health care workers for HIV/AIDS patients. On-going educational endeavors are needed, including affective concerns.
School of Nursing

A descriptive correlational study was conducted to develop and test a Universal Precautions (UP) Scale designed to monitor nurses' compliance with the practice of universal precautions in the hospital setting. Subscales of the Universal Precautions Scale included barrier precautions usage, personal carefulness factors and handwashing. Nurses (n = 59) working in special care units completed the demographic survey, the UP scale, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Concurrent validity was investigated by observing handwashing behavior of a subgroup (n = 34) of those nurses surveyed. Self-report of handwashing frequency did not correlate with observed handwashing frequency, although observed handwashing adequacy did relate with self-reported handwashing adequacy and personal carefulness factors. The UP scale, as constructed, was not related to the handwashing behavior, one behavioral indicator of use of universal precautions, but has demonstrated a potential for further refinement and testing.

The alms of the current study were, firstly, to examme factors predicting nurses' perception of risk of HIV contagion at work; and secondly to investigate nurses' compliance with universal precautions, and the reasons for their compliance and noncompliance. The research was carried out in three phases. Phase I of the research used the Yates and Stone (1992) model of risk as a theoretical framework with which to examine perceived risk and also investigated reasons for non-compliance. The results suggested that perceived risk was related to fear of contagion and knowledge of non-transmission modes. Additionally four factors were produced from the investigation of reasons for non-compliance. Phase 2 utilised a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews designed to yield salient beliefs and issues relating to: risk perception and fear of contagion; knowledge of HIV; precautionary compliance; and the use of social comparisons when evaluating risk. The third phase of the research project was designed to combine the results of the first two phases of research with established theory in order to investigate the two main aims of the study. The Yates and Stone model of risk was again used. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1986) was used as a framework with which to examine compliance with universal precautions, and the False Consensus Effect (Ross, House and Green, 1977) was also used to examine behaviours and beliefs relating to both risk perception and precaution use. As with phase 1 this phase was questionnaire based. The relationships between descriptor and outcome variables were examined through the use of univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical techniques. Overall it was found that fear of contagion, knowledge of HIV, previous exposure to HIV, and perceived behavioural control were all significant predictors of perceived risk of HIV contagion, results which support the Yates and Stone conceptualisation of risk. Four factors relating to precaution non-use were found and the Theory of Planned Behaviour was found to predict and explain precaution non-use accurately for 71 % of participants. Relationships amongst the variables were investigated in detail and the results were discussed in tenns of both theoretical and practical outcomes.

The principal objective of this study was to investigate whether or not nurses' compliance with universal precautions procedures improved after the mandatory Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations were implemented in 1992. Two random samples of registered nurses and licensed practical nurses registered in Tennessee responded to survey questionnaires measuring universal precautions compliance and practice barriers to compliance in 1991 and 1993 (n = 306). The 1993 sample of nurses reported significantly greater compliance with universal precautions (p < 0.001) than the 1991 sample. The most noteworthy improvement between the 1991 and the 1993 groups was a significant increase in compliance for patients described as HIV/HBV-status unknown and HIV/HBV-negative (p < 0.001). Practice barriers hindering compliance with universal precautions decreased significantly (p < 0.001) in the 1991-1993 time frame. Problematic practice barriers identified in both groups were needle recapping, preference for isolation door signs, and concerns about offending patients and visitors.

There is an increase in HIV/AIDS and other blood borne diseases. Health care workers are often exposed to blood and body fluids and thus prone to blood borne infections. Preventative measures can be taken to prevent health workers from contracting these diseases. However, health care workers need to stringently apply these measures. Universal precautions against blood borne infections include diligent hygiene practices, such as hand washing and drying, appropriate handling and disposal of sharp objects, prevention of needle stick or sharp injuries, appropriate handling of patient care equipment and soiled linen, environmental cleaning and spills management, appropriate handling of waste as well as protective clothing such as gloves, gowns, aprons, masks and protective eyewear. This study is aimed at investigating compliance with universal precautions in operating theatres in Northern KwaZulu–Natal as well as perceptions of registered nurses working in these operating theatres regarding factors influencing compliance in order to contribute to measures to limit the risk of infection to patients and health care workers. A sequential explanatory design, mixed–method (quantitative and qualitative) was used to explore the use of universal precautions in operating theatres in the Northern Kwa–Zulu Natal. In the first phase, the sample consisted of practices in operating theatres of six hospitals and one regional hospital in area 3 of Kwa–Zulu Natal. The adapted structured checklist based on an established document developed by the MASA Committee for Science and Education (1995) was pilot tested. The collected data was statistically analysed and interpreted with the help of a statistician using SPSS. The results of Phase 1 were used as a base for the Phase 2 questions. Three focus group interviews were conducted with professional nurses who were observed during Phase 1 at the selected hospitals. Findings from quantitative data show that although health care workers take precautions to prevent infections, they do not attain full compliance to universal precautions. The qualitative data indicated that the reasons for non–compliance amongst others were the lack of knowledge of universal precautions, communication factors, resources, including maintenance of equipment, lack of supplies and shortage of human resources and attitudes of health care workers.
Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Os acidentes com presença de material biológico são uma realidade na prática odontológica. A utilização de medidas preventivas como a adoção das Precauções Padrão (PP) é essencial. Na vivência profissional na área da saúde, verifica-se certa hesitação dos cirurgiões-dentistas (CD) no que diz respeito à adesão de práticas seguras. Diante desse quadro, surgiu a seguinte indagação: que fatores podem associar-se aos níveis de adesão às PP, a fim de prevenir a exposição desses profissionais a material biológico? Desse modo, este estudo constituiu-se de uma investigação metodológica quantitativa com o objetivo de adaptar e validar um instrumento para verificação de fatores associados à adesão às PP entre CD. O instrumento compôs-se de 49 itens distribuídos em 5 dimensões. O processo de validação do instrumento seguiu as seguintes etapas: adaptação do instrumento para as situações que envolvem riscos aos cirurgiões-dentistas por meio da análise semântica e análise de conteúdo, as quais foram realizadas por um comitê de juízes. O instrumento adaptado foi aplicado entre os meses de maio a dezembro de 2008 para 224 cirurgiões-dentistas que atuavam na Rede Básica de Saúde dos municípios de Apucarana, Arapongas, Cambé, Ibiporã, Londrina e Rolândia, na região Norte do Estado do Paraná. Para análise das propriedades psicométricas, realizou-se validação de construto por meio de análise fatorial exploratória e teste de confiabilidade. Resultados da análise fatorial confirmaram itens divididos em três domínios: obstáculo para seguir PP; conhecimento da transmissão ocupacional do HIV e clima de segurança. A consistência interna dos domínios estimada pelo alfa de Cronbach variou de 0,73 a 0,88. Estes resultados evidenciam que o instrumento poderá ser utilizado por pesquisadores para avaliar os fatores de influência na adesão às PP entre os CD, considerando-se sua validade e confiabilidade. Em relação a análise descritiva exploratória dos itens, a dimensão Clima de segurança foi a que obteve a menor pontuação média (3,43 ± 0,62), enquanto a dimensão Obstáculo para seguir PP tanto quanto a dimensão Conhecimento da transmissão ocupacional do HIV apresentou pontuações bastante próximas, de (4,10 ±0,76) e (4,05 ±0,70), respectivamente. Estes resultados possibilitaram concluir que o CD tem uma percepção média em relação aos fatores individuais e aos relativos ao trabalho e uma percepção baixa dos fatores organizacionais, situação que pode favorecer a exposição destes profissionais a riscos desnecessários.
Accidents with biologic materials are customary in dental practice. Preventive measures such as the adoption of Standard Precautions are essential. In professional experience in healthcare some hesitation of the dentists on the adoption of safe practices has been verified. Therefore, the following quest aroused: what factors can be associated to the Standard Precautions levels of adhesion, in order to prevent the exposure of these professionals to biologic materials? Thus, this study proposes a quantitative methodological investigation in order to adapt and validate an instrument for the verification of factors associated with the adhesion to the Standard Precautions among dentists. The instrument was composed of 49 items distributed in 5 dimensions. The process of validation of the instrument involved the following steps: instrument matching for the situations that involve risk to the dentists through semantic and subject analysis which were carried out by a committee of judges. The adapted instrument was applied from May to December, 2008 to 224 dentists who worked at the public health system in the North of Paraná State in the following cities: Apucarana, Arapongas, Cambé, Ibiporã, Londrina and Rolândia. To analyze the psychometrical properties, a construct validation was performed through exploratory factor analysis and reliability test. Factor analysis results confirmed items divided into three areas: objection in following the Standard Precautions, knowledge about occupational transmission of HIV and safety atmosphere. The internal consistency of the domains which were estimated by the Cronbach\'s alpha varied from 0,73 to 0,88. These results show that the instrument can be used by researchers to evaluate the factors that influence the adhesion to the Standard Precautions among dentists, considering its validity and reliability. Regarding descriptive exploratory analysis of the items, the dimension of security atmosphere was the one that had the lowest average score (3.43 ± 0.62), while the objection to follow standard precautions as far as the knowledge about occupational transmission of the HIV virus presented very close scores of (4.10 ± 0.76) and (4.05 ± 0.70), respectively. These results allow the conclusion that dentists has an average perception concerning to individual and work-related factors and a low perception of organizational factors, which might facilitate the exposure of these professionals to unnecessary risk. The exploratory descriptive analysis of the items made it possible to conclude that not only the individual and organizational factors but also the ones related to work had a simultaneous association with the adhesion to the Standard Precautions among the dentists.

Magister Public Health - MPH
Introduction: The Universal Safety Precautions (USP) are a set of principles including practices and protocols, which is meant to reduce or prevent occupational exposures to blood borne pathogens among health care workers (HCWs), during the course of their duties in health care settings. Globally and in Nigeria, significant number of HCWs are currently being exposed to blood and other body fluids while working in the hospital setting (Amoran, 2013; Samuel et al., 2008; Akinboro et al., 2012; Ajibola et al., 1994; Okechukwu et al., 2012). These exposures contribute annually to about 16,000 HCV infections and 66,000 HBV infections among HCWs worldwide (Prüss-Üstün et al., 2003) and about 1000 cases of HIV per annum in Nigeria since the first recorded case in 1984 (Okechukwu et al., 2012; Patricia et al., 2007). The objectives of the study were to describe the awareness of the USP among HCWs in Kogi State Specialist Hospital (KSSH), Lokoja and to describe the adherence to the USP among HCWs at KSSH. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among HCWs working in departments where contacts with patients' blood and other body fluids are possible in KSSH. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Analysis of the data collected was with Software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) V23.0.0 for Mac. Results: Of the 125 participants that returned their questionnaires, 37.6% were nurses, 17.6% were doctors and the remainder were laboratory staff, dentists and hospital attendants. Sixty four percent (64%) of them were females, 49.6% had tertiary education while their average age was 38.5 years. Awareness of and adherence to the USP were observed to be 5.6% and 2.4% respectively. Statistically, complete awareness of the USP was not significantly associated with complete adherence to the USP. More so, 3% and 2.2% of the participants with the number of years in services within the ranges of 5-9 years and 1-4 years respectively had complete adherence to the USP. Statistically significant association was only noted between participants' age and complete adherence to the USP. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) were the two USP principles with the lowest levels of awareness and adherence, with 46% and 47.6% on awareness respectively and, 43.8% and 44.6% on adherence respectively. Conclusion: The levels of awareness of and adherence to the USP among the HCWs in KSSH were observed to be very low. There is an urgent need for capacity building of the HCWs on the USP in the form of trainings, and in the long term, there is need to conduct a study to assess possible reasons for the observed outcome.

As Precauções-Padrão (PP) são consideradas como as principais medidas de prevenção à exposição com material biológico potencialmente contaminado e a adesão as PP contribui significativamente para reduzir esses riscos. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever e comparar os escores de adesão às PP de profissionais de enfermagem que atuavam nas unidades de internação de um hospital universitário. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, comparativo e quantitativo, realizado em um hospital de ensino do interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A amostra de 290 sujeitos foi calculada e sorteada segundo um plano amostral estratificado (alfa =0,01; número de preditores = 3, sendo, tempo de exercício na profissão, carga horária semanal, categoria profissional, effect size = 0,08, poder 0,99). Critérios de inclusão: exercer no mínimo seis meses de trabalho na função de enfermeiro, técnico ou auxiliar de enfermagem na instituição; estar lotado na unidade selecionada para a realização do estudo; prestar assistência direta aos doentes. Critérios de exclusão: exercer exclusivamente atividades administrativas; estar em férias, licença-saúde ou afastamento. Utilizou-se um formulário contendo variáveis demográficas e a escala psicométrica de adesão às PP, desenvolvido por Gershon et al. (1995), traduzida e validada por Brevidelli e Cianciarullo (2009), no total de 13 ítens, cujas opções variam segundo uma escala Likert de cinco pontos. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre 01 de setembro de 2009 a 31 de março de 2010 e os profissionais abordados e entrevistados em seu próprio turno de trabalho. A análise dos dados foi efetuada por meio do software Social Package for Social Science (SPSS), versão 15.0. Participaram do estudo 256 profissionais de enfermagem, sendo 178 (69,5%) auxiliares de enfermagem, 27 (10,5%) técnicos e 51 (19,9%) enfermeiros. A confiabilidade da escala de adesão às PP, cujo resultado de 0,70, foi considerado satisfatório. Os resultados apontaram que 152 (59,4%) profissionais apresentaram escores médios altos para a adesão às PP, igual ou acima de 4,5; 98 (38,3%) escores intermediários, entre 3,5 a 4,49 e 06 (2,3%) baixos, ou seja, menores que 3,5. Verificou-se que 50 (19,5%) informaram ter menos de 05 anos na profissão, 83 (32,4%) entre 05 e 10 anos e a maioria, 123 (48,0%), mais que 10 anos na profissão. A análise dos escores de adesão às PP e tempo na profissão mostrou fraca correlação (r=0,629; p=0,395). A análise dos escores de adesão às PP dos profissionais de saúde segundo a carga horária semanal também apontou que houve fraca correlação (r = - 0,070; p = 0,266). Entre profissionais expostos ou não a material biológico não houve diferenças nos escores de adesão às PP. Os resultados apontaram alta e intermediária adesão às PP dos profissionais de enfermagem, entretanto, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os escores segundo a categoria profissional, tempo na profissão, carga horária semanal ou setores de trabalho ou exposição prévia ao material biológico.
The Standard Precautions (SP) are considered as key measures for preventing exposure to potentially contaminated biological material adhesion to the PP and contributes significantly to reducing these risks. This study aimed to describe and compare the scores of adherence to the SP of nurses who worked in inpatient units of a university hospital. This is a cross-sectional, comparative and quantitative, carried out in a teaching hospital in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The sample of 290 subjects was calculated and drawn in a plane stratified sample (alpha = 0.01, 3 = number of predictors, being, exercise time in the profession, weekly workload, professional category, effect size = 0.08; power 0.99). Inclusion criteria: exercise at least six months working in the role of nurse, technician or nursing assistant in the institution was packed in the unit selected for the study, provide direct care to patients. Exclusion criteria: exercise exclusive administrative activities; be on vacation, sick leave or removal. We used a form containing demographic and psychometric scale for adherence to the SP, developed by Gershon et al. (1995), translated and validated by Brevidelli and Cianciarullo (2009), totaling 13 items, whose options vary according to a five-point Likert scale. Data collection was conducted between September 1, 2009 to 31 March 2010 and discussed the pros and interviewed in their own shift. Data analysis was performed using the software Social Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.0. The study included 256 nurses, of which 178 (69.5%) nursing assistants, 27 (10.5%) technicians and 51 (19.9%) nurses. The reability scale adhesion to SP, which results of 0.70, was considered satisfactory. The results showed that 152 (59,4%) professionals had higher mean scores for adherence to SP equal to or above 4.5, 98 (38.3%) scores intermediate between 3.5 and 4.49 and 06 (2 3%) low , less than 3.5. It was found that 50 (19.5%) reported having less than 05 years in the profession, 83 (32.4%) between 05 and 10 years and the majority, 123 (48.0%), more than 10 years in the profession. The mean score for adherence to SP and length of service showed a weak correlation (r=0,629; p=0,395). Analysis of the scores of compliance with standard precautions for health professionals according to weekly working hours also pointed out that there was a weak correlation (r = - 0,070; p = 0,266). Among workers exposed to biological material or not there were differences in scores for adhesion to SP. The results showed high, intermediate, and high adhesion to SP nursing professionals, however, no significant statistically differences between scores by professional category, length of service, weekly or sectors of work or exhibition prior to the biological material.

This study has reveled the levels of knowledge and compliance towards Universal Precautions and examined the factors that are influential in having a positive and negative effect on their adoption by healthcare practitioners in practice. Despite acceptable knowledge regarding the potential for infection and mechanisms to prevent these infections, this study has found out that health care workers are not as compliant with universal precautions as they need to be. The findings that compliance correlated directly with knowledge, with in-service training and with availability of protective equipment, provide important indications for future interventions. Therefore a regular on job refreshing training program on Universal Precautions, a written guideline and reminder poster on Universal Precautions and personal protective equipment need to be made available for all health care providers in every department of the hospital for better compliance.  
 
 

 

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether mandatory universal precautions changed nurses' body fluid exposure and reporting rates, hepatitis B vaccination rates, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing rates. Random cross-sectional surveys of nurses in Tennessee were conducted in 1991 and 1993 (n = 145 in 1991; n = 143 in 1993). The questionnaire in both surveys included frequency of body fluid exposures and reporting in the past year, and whether or not the respondent had received the hepatitis B vaccine or had been HIV tested. Findings indicated that self reported needlestick injuries decreased by 69%, and other sharps injuries decreased by 81%. Only 4.1% of all exposure incidents reported on this anonymous survey were reported to employee health officials, as required. Body fluid exposure incidents were the most common form of exposure (81%) and the most underreported. Hepatitis B vaccinations significantly increased (61.4% to 82.5%), with a nonsignificant increase in HIV testing (47.2% to 55.6%) from 1991 to 1993. Findings of this study suggest that the universal precautions regulatory mandate has been effective in increasing nurses' compliance to universal precautions. Body fluid contacts were significantly underreported and showed no decrease between 1991 and 1993.

Everyday thousands of nurses are rendering bedside nursing care in health care settings as a result they are exposed to blood, body fluids and sharp objects that are contaminated with Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV. Therefore they are at risk of getting infected. In 1996, standard precautions were implemented by the Centre of Disease Control to reduce the risk of transmission of micro-organisms from any source of infection in the hospital. In the year 2008, the three tertiary hospitals together in the Western Cape reported that they had 733 needle prick injuries. Therefore the aim of the study was to determine if nurses comply with and have adequate knowledge of standard precautions. A non-experimental design and a self administered questionnaire were used to collect the data for the study. The study was done at Tygerberg Hospital and the participants (n=143) that were involved in the study were all nursing categories (professional, enrolled nurse and auxiliary nurse). Stratified random sampling was used to ensure that there was a representation of all the nurses working in the different modules at Tygerberg Hospital. Therefore three wards were randomly selected from each module and all the nurses on duty working in the three selected wards were given a questionnaire by the Assistant Director of the specific module. After the data was collected it was analysed through the statistical package for social sciences. The findings of the study showed that nurses have inadequate knowledge regarding standard precautions and the mean score of the nurses overall self reported compliance of standard precautions was 87.5%. The results also showed that when patients are HIV positive nurses intend to over comply the use of personal protective equipment. No association was found between the nurses&rsquo
knowledge and compliance regarding standard precautions. It is therefore important that every nurse should be educated about the basic principles of standard precautions and also the policies and protocols of infection control in order to prevent each nurse from getting infected. Training needs to be implemented starting in the wards through the unit manager to improve all the nurses&rsquo
knowledge and practice.

Previous studies have suggested that health care workers may differ with respect to universal precautions knowledge, compliance, practice setting barriers, or exposure to patient body fluids in rural and urban areas. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there are rural/urban differences in the degree of precaution taken by health care workers to prevent the spread of blood borne pathogens, specifically human immunodefiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). A random sample of rural and urban registered and licensed practical nurses in Tennessee was surveyed. The respondents completed two instruments that assessed self‐reported universal precautions knowledge, precautions, and practice barriers. No measurable differences in universal precautions knowledge, compliance, or barrier scores between the two groups were found; yet rural nurses were 2.7 times as likely to be exposed to patient body fluids than urban nurses (P<0.005). The conclusion was that rural nurses were as experienced and as knowledgeable about universal precaution techniques as their urban peers, but their knowledge was not translated into practice to the same degree. Two possible explanations offered are (1) rural nurses are more likely to be acquainted with, and thus trusting of, their patients, and (2) the lower seroprevalence of human immunodefiency virus and hepatitis B virus in rural areas may lead to complacency.

Introdução: A propagação das infecções em serviços de saúde pode ocorrer devido ao não cumprimento das precauções padrão e precauções específicas por parte dos profissionais da assistência a saúde, indivíduos e visitantes. Estudos demonstraram baixa adesão às medidas de precaução pelos profissionais da assistência a saúde, o que pode ter relação com os aspectos do comportamento humano, como a falsa percepção de um risco invisível e a subestimação do compromisso individual nas taxas de infecções relacionadas à assistência a saúde. Com relação aos indivíduos e familiares a orientação inadequada, que se restringe apenas em dizer o que deve ou não ser feito pelo familiar e indivíduo, não esclarece o objetivo principal das precauções, fazendo com que a adesão aos procedimentos não ocorra ou ocorra de maneira inadequada. A partir da década de 1980, teóricos em saúde coletiva propuseram o conceito de vulnerabilidade para ser utilizado como quadro de referência para apoiar o manejo de agravos em saúde. No presente estudo, o conceito de vulnerabilidade foi utilizado como referencial teórico para a abordagem dos aspectos que envolvem o conhecimento e engajamento do indivíduo nas situações que requerem precauções específicas. Objetivo: elaborar e validar com especialistas um roteiro de orientação escrito sobre precauções específicas para indivíduos adultos, tendo como quadro de referência o conceito de vulnerabilidade. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo do tipo metodológico. O estudo foi aplicado em três fases sequenciais: a coleta de dados por meio de aplicação de um questionário dirigido aos indivíduos, a elaboração do roteiro de orientação aos profissionais de saúde e a validação desse material. O estudo foi desenvolvido em dois hospitais, sendo um deles universitário público de nível assistencial secundário e o outro um hospital geral privado com atendimento a convênios de saúde. Participaram do estudo indivíduos adultos que se encontravam em situação de precauções específicas para a transmissão de doenças durante a internação, no período do estudo. Foram convidados a participar como juízes na validação profissionais de saúde com conhecimento reconhecido na área de prevenção de transmissão de doenças ou na temática de vulnerabilidade. O Índice Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) de 0,75 foi utilizado como critério para validação dos tópicos desenvolvidos no instrumento de orientação. Resultados: foram entrevistados 39 indivíduos, em média sete dias após a instituição das precauções específicas. A maior parte estava em precaução para contato. Menos da metade sabia que necessitava de algum cuidado específico; dentre estes, menos da metade sabia como se transmitia seu agravo. O roteiro educacional foi desenvolvido de modo a proporcionar maior conhecimento nos aspectos usualmente negligenciados pelos profissionais e estimular o cuidado centrado na individualidade. Todos os itens tiveram um índice de validade de conteúdo acima de 75%. Conclusão: o roteiro educacional apresenta potencial para instrumentalizar os profissionais da assistência à saúde para a elaboração de ações educativas para indivíduos adultos em precauções específicas. Espera-se que este roteiro possa ser aplicado rotineiramente pelos profissionais nos serviços de saúde, visando a minimizar os efeitos indesejados decorrentes das situações de precauções específicas para transmissão de doenças.
Introduction: The spread of infections in health services may occur due to health care professionals, patients and visitors noncompliance with standard precautions and specific precautions. Studies have shown low adherence from health care professionals to precautionary measures, which may be related to aspects of human behavior, such as false perception of an invisible risk and underestimation of the individual commitment in reference to infections rates related to health care. With regard to patients and families, inadequate guidance - which is limited only to saying what the family member and patient should or should not do - does not clarify the main purpose of the precautions, hindering adherence to precautions or making them occur inappropriately. From the 1980s on, public health theorists proposed the concept of vulnerability to be used as a framework to support health hazard management. In this study, the concept of vulnerability will be used as a theoretical framework to address the aspects concerning the patients knowledge and engagement in situations that require specific precautions. Purpose: to develop and validate with experts a guidance reference in writing on specific precautions for adult patients, using the concept of vulnerability as a referential framework. Method: this is a methodological study design, which will be implemented in three sequential phases: data collection by means of a survey to patients, development of a guidance instrument and validation of this material. The study will be developed in two hospitals, one of them, a state university hospital of secondary care level and the other, a private general hospital covering health insurance plans. Patients participating in the study were adults under specific precautions concerning transmission of diseases during hospitalization at the time of the study. Health professionals with recognized expertise in diseases transmission prevention or on the topic of vulnerability were invited to participate as judges for validation. The Content Validity Index (CVI) of 0.75 was used as a criterion for validation of the topics developed in the guidance tool. Results: Thirty-nine patients were interviewed, on average seven days after the imposition of specific precautions. Most were under contact precautions. Less than half knew they needed some special care; among these, less than half knew how their hazard was transmitted. The educational guide was developed to provide more knowledge on the aspects usually neglected by professionals and to foster care centered on the patient\'s individuality. All items had a content validity index above 75%. Conclusion: the educational guide has the potential to enable health care professionals for the development of educational activities for adults under specific precautions. This guide is expected to be applied routinely by professionals in health services, in order to minimize the undesirable effects of the cases of specific precautions to disease transmission.

As Precauções- Padrão (PP) são medidas fundamentais para proteger pacientes e profissionais da área da saúde (PAS) da aquisição de microorganismos patogênicos. Entretanto, a adesão às PP é insatisfatória e vários motivos são descritos para essa baixa adesão. OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores individuais, laborais e organizacionais associados com a adesão às PP de profissionais de enfermagem de uma instituição privada localizada na cidade de São Paulo. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal realizado com uma amostra de 291 profissionais de enfermagem, distribuídos proporcionalmente entre enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares que trabalhavam em setores críticos, semi-críticos e emergência. Os dados foram coletados no período de outubro de 2010 a janeiro de 2011. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um instrumento com questões socio demográficas e escalas de Likert com 5 opções de respostas, segundo o referencial teórico Modelo Explicativo da Adesão às Precauções- Padrão. RESULTADO: 78,0% (226/291) dos profissionais de enfermagem responderam usar as PP na assistência a todos os pacientes. A análise multivariada mostrou que a adesão às PP foi associada a fatores individuais, expressa por profissionais mais jovens; fatores laborais, expressa por menor percepção de obstáculos e ter recebido treinamento; e fatores organizacionais, expressa por maior percepção de clima de segurança institucional. CONCLUSÕES: As intervenções planejadas para a melhoria da adesão às PP devem ser voltadas não somente para treinamentos em serviço, mas também para ações de redução de barreiras e melhoria do clima de segurança institucional.
Standard Precautions (SP) are key measures to protect patients and health professionals (HP) from the acquisition of pathogenic microorganisms. However, adherence to the SP is unsatisfactory and several reasons are described for this low adherence. OBJECTIVE: To analyze individual, organizational and labor factors associated with adherence to the SP of nursing professionals from a private institution located in the city of São Paulo. METHOD: Cross-sectional study carried out with a sample of 291 nursing professionals, proportionally distributed among nurses, nursing technicians and nursing auxiliaries who work in critical, semi-critical and emergency care areas. Data were collected between October 2010 and January 2011. For data collection an instrument with sociodemographic questions and Likert-type scales with 5 response options was used, according to the theoretical framework of the Explanatory Model of Adherence to Standard Precautions. RESULT: 78.0% (226/291) of the nursing professionals answered using the SP in the care to all patients. Multivariate analysis showed that adherence to SP was associated with individual factors, expressed by younger professionals; labor factors, expressed by lower perception of obstacles and having received training; and organizational factors, expressed by a greater perception of institutional safety climate. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions designed to improve the adherence to SP should target not only in-service training, but also actions to reduce barriers and improve the institutional safety climate.

The study by Rehan et al. [1] was evaluated for support of the conclusion was by the data. The deviations from recommended practices were infrequent and not shown to be clinically significant. Although a strong study, the conclusion that world-wide education programs are needed is not warranted.

Magister Curationis - MCur
Background: Health care workers, more specifically, nursing students are at increased risk of occupational injury and exposure to blood borne pathogens. Compliance with universal precautions (UP) will minimise risk or transmission of HIV and HBV (Hepatitis B virus) according to the Department of Health of South Africa. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and practice of universal precautions amongst nursing students and their fear of occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens. Rationale: The rationale for the study was to investigate what the studentss knowledge and practice of UP were, to see if this could be a possible contributing factor to occupational exposure. Research design: The study was a quantitative, cross sectional survey using a questionnaire that included one open ended question. Participants: The participants for the study were the undergraduate nursing students in year levels two to four (n = 253) who and were selected by means of stratified random sampling. Procedures: A questionnaire was administered to the participants by the researcher. Analysis of the data collected was done through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 16.0) and content analysis. Results: The researcher established that there is indeed a lack of knowledge regarding UP and that the students’ self reported practice of UP is poor. No statistically significant correlation between knowledge and practice of UP were found. There is underreporting of occupational exposures to staff at the School of Nursing. The majority of students reported a moderate to severe fear for occupational exposures and contributing factors raised by them are reality in the clinical facilities.
South Africa

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
This paper describes the current internationally recognized atomic time scales of International Atomic Time (TAI), Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and Global Positioning System (GPS) Time as well as solar based Universal Time. The concept of Leap Seconds and the differences between the time scales are discussed. A brief history of the international agreements that created organizations responsible for maintaining these time scales is provided. A brief review of the GPS 1999 (Week Number Roll Over) WNRO with its potential GPS user problems is provided. Prudent personal precautions are proposed for the Year 2000 (Y2K) Rollover.

Nursing workers, especially those working in a hospital environment, are exposed daily to biological risks due to frequent contact with blood, secretions and other organic fluids. It is necessary that these workers adopt measures of protection, called standard precautions, in the care of each patient. The present study aimed to analyze individual, work - related and organizational factors related to adherence to the standard precautions of nursing workers at a University Hospital in the south of Brazil. It is characterized as a mixed method study with a concomitant data triangulation strategy. The investigation was carried out in a University Hospital of southern Brazil from July 2015 to June 2016. The research population was nursing workers from this setting - nurses, nursing technicians and nursing assistants - who worked in patient care units, both outpatient and inpatient. For data collection, a semi-structured interview and a research questionnaire containing two instruments were used: Sociodemographic and Professional Data Instrument and Instrument of Variables Relative to Standard Precautions. Twenty-four nursing workers were interviewed, among them: nine nurses, 11 nursing technicians and four nursing assistants. In the quantitative phase, 654 questionnaires were distributed, of which 602 were returned filled out in full. The analysis of the qualitative data was performed through the content analysis proposed by Bardin, and the analysis of the quantitative data was performed in the program PASW Statistics version 18.0. The majority of the participants, 519 (87.5%), were female and concentrated in the age group from 31 to 40 years, of which 186 (31.3%) were nurses; 324 (54.4%) nursing technicians and, 85 (14.3%), nursing assistants. The results obtained in the present study pointed out that adherence to standard precautions by nursing staff of the institution under investigation is partially affected and is influenced by individual factors, factors related to work and organizational factors. Quantitative data showed a positive and significant linear correlation between adherence to the standard precautions and these factors, which was corroborated with the qualitative data produced with the interviews. As for the individual, it was found that the age group 41-50 years and have received training on standard precautions at the hospital significantly influenced the adherence to standard precautions. Regarding the factors related to work, some obstacles to follow the PP were identified, such as: loss of manual dexterity with the use of Personal Protective Equipment, discomfort in using these equipment, prioritization of patient needs in detriment of professional safety, haste, among other issues. Organizational factors also pointed to the workers' adhesion, indicating some institutional actions that could be improved to promote safety practices. Changing the behavior of health professionals poses a major challenge for government agencies, managers and the workers themselves. So, some targets can be set for overcoming the difficulties now checked. Further follow-up investigations are suggested to evaluate the evolution of the adoption of safety practices.
Os trabalhadores de enfermagem, em especial os que atuam em ambiente hospitalar, estão expostos diariamente a riscos biológicos, devido ao contato frequente com sangue, secreções e demais fluidos orgânicos. É necessário que estes trabalhadores adotem medidas de proteção, denominadas precauções padrão, no atendimento a cada paciente. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os fatores relacionados à adesão às precauções padrão de trabalhadores de enfermagem de um Hospital Universitário do Sul do Brasil. Caracteriza-se como estudo de método misto com estratégia de triangulação concomitante de dados. A investigação foi realizada em um Hospital Universitário do sul do Brasil no período de julho de 2015 a junho de 2016. A população da pesquisa foram trabalhadores de enfermagem deste cenário - enfermeiros, técnicos de enfermagem e auxiliares de enfermagem - que atuavam em unidades de atendimento ao paciente, tanto ambulatoriais como de internação. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados a entrevista semiestruturada e um questionário de pesquisa contendo dois instrumentos: Instrumento de Dados Sociodemográficos e Profissionais e Instrumento de Variáveis Relativas às Precauções Padrão. Foram entrevistados 24 trabalhadores de enfermagem, entre eles: nove enfermeiros, 11 técnicos de enfermagem e quatro auxiliares de enfermagem. Na etapa quantitativa, foram distribuídos 654 questionários, sendo que destes 602 foram devolvidos preenchidos integralmente. A análise dos dados qualitativos foi realizada por meio da análise de conteúdo proposto por Bardin, e a análise dos dados quantitativos foi realizada no programa PASW Statistics versão 18.0. A maioria dos participantes, 519 (87,5%), era do sexo feminino e concentrou-se na faixa etária de 31 a 40 anos, sendo 186 (31,3%) enfermeiros; 324 (54,4%) técnicos de enfermagem e, 85 (14,3%), auxiliares de enfermagem. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo apontaram que a adesão às precauções padrão pelos trabalhadores de enfermagem da instituição investigada ocorre parcialmente e sofre influência de fatores individuais, fatores relacionados ao trabalho e fatores organizacionais. Os dados quantitativos apresentaram correlação linear positiva e significativa entre a adesão às precauções padrão e esses fatores, o que foi corroborado com os dados qualitativos produzidos com as entrevistas. Quanto aos fatores individuais, constatou-se que a faixa etária de 41 a 50 anos e ter recebido treinamento em PP no hospital influenciaram significativamente a adesão às precauções padrão. Com relação aos fatores relativos ao trabalho, alguns obstáculos para seguir as PP foram identificados, como: perda de destreza manual com a utilização de Equipamento de Proteção Individual, o desconforto em utilizar esses equipamentos, a priorização das necessidades do paciente em detrimento da segurança profissional, a pressa, entre outras questões. Os fatores organizacionais também apontaram relação com a adesão dos trabalhadores, indicando algumas ações institucionais que podem ser aprimoradas para promoção das práticas de segurança. A mudança de comportamento dos profissionais de saúde representa um grande desafio para os órgãos governamentais, os gestores e para os próprios trabalhadores. Sendo assim, algumas metas podem ser estipuladas para superação das dificuldades ora verificadas. Sugere-se a realização de outras investigações de seguimento para avaliar a evolução da adoção às práticas de segurança.

Introdução: Visando a prevenção da transmissão de microrganismos, o Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), recomenda a aplicação de conjuntos de medidas denominadas Precauções Padrão (PP) e Precauções Específicas (PE). Assim, um dos grandes desafios dos serviços de saúde em especial na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) é identificar as lacunas dos conhecimentos e comportamentos concernentes a PP e PE. Objetivo: Avaliar os conhecimentos e o comportamento autoreferidos dos profissionais de saúde da APS sobre PP e PE e propor uma intervenção educativa baseada em casos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, prospectivo e de intervenção, desenvolvido por meio de uma abordagem quantitativa, cujo percurso metodológico ocorreu em seis momentos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de um questionário previamente validado de avaliação de conhecimento dos profissionais com relação à PP e PE e de avaliação de comportamento auto-referido sobre boas práticas de precauções. O questionário abordou as seguintes dimensões relativas ao conhecimento e comportamento sobre PP e PE: Identificação de risco, Higienização das mãos, Uso de luvas comum, Uso de máscaras e a etiqueta de tosse e Medicação segura e descarte de material perfurocortante. Realizou-se uma intervenção educativa, por meio do método de Aprendizagem Baseada em Casos (ABC) no qual foram entregues estudos de casos extraídos da vivência prática do pesquisador. O questionário foi aplicado pré e pós esta intervenção. A coleta de dados foi realizada em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde do município de São Paulo, tendo como população alvo profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e do Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF) que atuavam diretamente na assistência. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com cada momento, por meio de estatística descritiva e apresentada em forma de gráficos e tabelas. Resultado: A análise dos dados nos permitiu identificar que os profissionais de saúde da APS apresentaram fragilidade em relação ao conhecimento e ao comportamento auto referido sobre o uso da PP e PE. Os valores de acertos individuais variaram, respectivamente: de 36,3% a 100% no momento I e de 50% a 100% no momento IV. A intervenção educativa obteve resultados positivos, embora não tenha sido plenamente eficaz por não ter conseguido atingir mudanças relevantes em todas as dimensões avaliadas. O número de questões que obtiveram menos de 70% de profissionais que acertaram foi respectivamente 15 no momento I e 10 no momento IV. Contudo, este modelo de intervenção educativa pode ser considerada uma importante ferramenta para promover reflexão e oportunidade de aprendizagem a todos os trabalhadores da área de saúde, tornando-os críticos de suas próprias atitudes e fornecendo instrumento para combater situações de risco para aquisição de patógenos nas unidades de saúde. Conclusão: O presente estudo trouxe contribuições importantes para o conhecimento sobre o tema dentro da APS, destacando as deficiências de conhecimento e comportamento autoreferido dos profissionais na APS e propondo uma intervenção educativa que contribui potencialmente para mudança neste cenário.
Introduction: In order to prevent the transmission of microorganisms, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the implementation of joint measures known Standard Precautions (PP) and Specific Precautions (PE). Thus one of the challenges of non-hospital health services, especially in primary health care (PHC) is to identify gaps in knowledge and behavior concerning PP and PE. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and self-reported behavior of APS professionals on PP and PE and propose an educational intervention. Methods: This is a longitudinal study, prospective and intervention, developed through a quantitative approach, whose methodological approach occurred in six moments.Data collection was performed by applying a previously validated questionnaire assessment of professional knowledge with regard to PP and PE and assessment of self-reported behavior on good practices precautions. The questionnaire included the following dimensions for the knowledge and behavior of PP and PE: \"Risk Identification\", \"Handwashing\", \"Use of common gloves,\" \"Using masks and cough etiquette\" and \"Safe Medication and disposal of sharps. An educational intervention was carried out, using Case- Based Learning (ABC) method in which case studies were extracted from the practice of research experience. The questionnaire was applied before and after this intervention. Data collection was performed at a Basic Health Unit in the city of São Paulo, whose target population was the Health Strategy professionals Family (ESF) and the Support Center for Family Health (NASF) working directly in assistance. Data were analyzed according to each moment through descriptive statistics and presented in graphics and tables Results: The data analysis allowed us to identify that health professionals at APS showed weakness in relation to knowledge and the selfreported conduct on the use of PP and PE. The individual values ranged, respectively: 36.3% to 100% in the moment I and 50% to 100% at moment IV. The educational intervention model positive results, although it was not fully effective for failing to achieve significant changes in all dimensions evaluated. The number of questions that have obtained less than 70% of professionals who agreed was respectively 15 in the moment I and 10 at moment IV. The educational intervention can be considered an important appliance to promote reflection and learning opportunity to all workers in the health area, making them critical of their own attitudes and providing a tool to combat risk situations for the acquisition of pathogens in units health. Conclusion: This study has brought important contributions to the knowledge on the subject within the APS, highlighting the deficiencies of knowledge and self-reported behavior of professionals in APS and proposing an educational intervention that potentially contribute to change this scenario.

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Infections in health care services, among which include primary care, have represented a serious problem and with several repercussions in the context of human health. The activities conducted in primary care are potential source of biological risk, both for users of these services and for their workers. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the biological risk for professionals and users during the execution of procedures in the Health Units in the catchment area of a Health District of Goiânia - GO. This is a descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional study with quantitative approach. Data collection occurred among January and May of 2010, through direct not participant observation, being the data recorded in specific check list for each procedure. A questionnaire, with closed and open questions, was used to characterize the professional involved in the procedure followed and their qualification for the job. The data were processed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 16.0 for Windows and, then grouped in tables and figures. There were around 280 hours of observation, a total of 149 procedures, being 77 vaccinations, 28 bandages, 24 vaginal smears, 11 neonatal screening and 9 Mommy test. The procedures were performed by 28 professionals, 5 (17.8%) were nurses and 23 (82.1%) were nursing technicians, most females (95.3%).The results showed the possibility of exposure to biological material, because, in these procedures there is handling is sharp, the possibility of contact with blood, secretions, and immunobiological, aerosol formation, the proximity of the face and punched a member of the professional, agitation and/or reaction unexpected user. We found that there is poor adhesion to Hand Hygiene - HH and on the use of Personal Protective Equipment - PPE. The low rates of HH, in addition to non-adhesion to proper technique form a risk behavior that endangers health professionals and users. Failures related to the availability of PPE in the services studies here can influence the low adhesion to them and enable greater exposure to biological risk. Educational and management actions, aimed at consolidating a practical aware of the potential biological relevance and the availability of resources, are necessary for a greater adherence to this Standard Precautions. The nurse, as leader of this team, should be encouraged to develop actions based for security and commitment to minimize the risk inherent in biological practice, still working with educational activities. We point out the need for infection control committees to act in several health districts, directing and supervising the use and provision of these resources. More studies should be done in this area so that a deeper understanding of the topic, seeking alternative solutions to the specific and primary care.
As infecções nos serviços de assistência à saúde, dentre os quais se incluem os da atenção básica, têm representado um problema grave e de repercussões diversas no contexto da saúde humana. As atividades desenvolvidas na atenção básica são, potencialmente, geradoras do risco biológico, tanto para os usuários desses serviços quanto para os seus trabalhadores. Diante disso, este estudo teve como objetivo geral, analisar o risco biológico para profissionais e usuários durante a realização de procedimentos nas Unidades de Saúde, na área de abrangência de um Distrito Sanitário da cidade de Goiânia GO. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo descritivo, exploratório e transversal, com abordagem quantitativa. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de janeiro a maio do ano de 2010, por meio de observação direta, não participante e as informações registradas em check list específico a cada procedimento. Um questionário, com questões fechadas e abertas, foi utilizado para caracterização do profissional envolvido no procedimento observado e sua qualificação para o trabalho. A análise dos dados ocorreu por meio de estatística descritiva, utilizando freqüência simples e esses foram apresentados em forma de tabelas e figuras. Os procedimentos observados foram teste do pezinho, teste da mamãe, exame colpocitológico, vacinação e curativos. Foram realizadas 149 observações, sendo referentes a 77 vacinações, 28 curativos, 24 exames colpocitológicos, 11 testes do pezinho e nove testes da mamãe. Durante o estudo, foram realizadas 280 horas de observação a um total de 149 procedimentos realizados por 28 profissionais. Desses, 18,8% eram enfermeiros e 81,2% eram técnicos em enfermagem e o sexo feminino foi predominante (95,3%). Os resultados mostraram a ocorrência de exposição ao risco biológico, pois, nesses procedimentos, há manuseio de perfurocortantes, possibilidade de contato com sangue, secreções e imunobiológicos, de formação de aerossóis, proximidade entre membro puncionado e a face do profissional, agitação e/ou reação inesperada do usuário. Verifica-se que há adesão insatisfatória à Higiene de Mãos - HM e ao uso de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual - EPI. Os baixos índices de HM, somados a não adesão à técnica correta compõem um comportamento de risco que pode afetar profissionais e usuários. Falhas relativas à disponibilidade dos EPI, nos serviços integrantes do estudo, podem influenciar a baixa adesão aos mesmos e possibilitam uma maior exposição ao risco biológico. Acredita-se que ações educativas, voltadas à consolidação de uma prática profissional, consciente do risco biológico, são necessárias para que ocorra uma maior adesão a essas Precauções Padrão. O enfermeiro, como líder dessa equipe, deve ser estimulado a desenvolver ações pautadas na segurança e compromisso de minimizar o risco biológico inerente à sua prática, atuando ainda com ações educativas. Aponta-se a necessidade de comissões de controle de infecção para atuar nos diversos distritos sanitários, orientando e supervisionando o uso e a provisão desses recursos. Mais estudos devem ser feitos nessa área para que ocorra um maior aprofundamento do tema, buscando alternativas e soluções às especificidades presentes.

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The adherence of health workers to universal precautions (UP) and specific precautions (SP) is essential to prevent the transmission of microorganisms. The literature contains few studies about adherence to these precautions outside the hospital environment, particularly in primary health care (PHC). With the increased incidence of patients colonized with multidrug-resistant germs and high prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in the country, increased the need for research on the transmission of microorganism sat this level of attention. This study aimed to identify, together with the PHC professionals, the know ledge needs of UP and SP as well as elements that may interfere with adherence to these measures. This is a qualitative study, which were conducted four focus groups and three interviews with health professionals in the city of São Carlos / SP and Itirapina / SP. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. The content of groups and interviews were transcribed and analyzed under the premises of qualitative research, the following themes were identified: lack of knowledge about activities that require protection; difficulties with infrastructure; quality and availability of materials; behavioral problems; need for training; and other issues. Professionals acknowledged the difficulties in the face of infection related to assistance to health (IRAH) and the adoption of basic measures for their control, and the need for more training and expanding the capabilities approach for the multidisciplinary team. Thus, this study brings expertise on the subject in the PHC contributing to the elaboration of recommendation sand guides new educational actions to minimize the risk of transmission of infection, in addition to supporting the development of new research in this area of attention.
A adesão dos trabalhadores da saúde às precauções-padrão (PP) e precauções específicas (PE) é essencial para prevenir a transmissão de microrganismos. A literatura apresenta poucos estudos referentes à adesão a essas precauções no ambiente extrahospitalar, em especial na atenção primária em saúde (APS). Com o aumento da incidência de pacientes colonizados com germes multirresistentes e alta prevalência da tuberculose (TB) no país, ampliam a necessidade de pesquisas sobre a transmissão de microrganismos neste nível de atenção. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar, junto aos profissionais da APS, as necessidades de conhecimento sobre PP e PE assim como elementos que possam interferir na adesão a tais medidas. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, onde foram realizados quatro grupos focais e três entrevistas com profissionais de saúde da APS do município de São Carlos/SP e Itirapina/SP. Estudo aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. O conteúdo dos grupos e das entrevistas foi transcrito e analisado sob as premissas da pesquisa qualitativa, sendo identificadas as seguintes categorias temáticas: falta de conhecimento sobre atividades que requerem proteção; dificuldades com a infraestrutura; qualidade e disponibilidade de materiais; problemas comportamentais; necessidade de treinamentos; e outras questões. Os profissionais reconheceram as dificuldades diante das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde (IRAS) e da adoção de medidas básicas para o seu controle, além da necessidade de mais treinamento e capacitações ampliando a abordagem para toda a equipe multiprofissional. Desta maneira, este estudo traz conhecimentos específicos sobre a temática na APS contribuindo para a elaboração de guias de recomendações e de novas ações educativas visando minimizar os riscos de transmissão de infecção, além de colaborar com o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas nesta área de atenção.

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This study focuses on the biological risk in the daily work of professional nursing staff entered in the medication system in areas of emergency care. The goal was to evaluate the biological risk for professionals in the nursing staff who work in the preparation and administration of medicines, and to clients, of emergency services of large public hospitals, of the city of Goiania GO. And the specifics were: to describe the physical structure, material´s and human´s resources in the units of preparation and administration of medicines in areas of emergency care in large public hospitals, in Goiânia-GO, to identify risk´s behaviors (considered when the call to a standard precaution is not met) related to exposure to biological material for the professional nursing staff who work in the preparation and administration of medicines and to customers in emergency services and the emergence of large public hospitals, in Goiânia-GO, to characterizing accidents with biological material among health nursing staff who act in the preparation and administration of drugs in emergency rooms of large public hospitals, of the city of Goiânia-GO and to identify the biosafety´s measures adopted by professional nursing staff, who act in the preparation and administration of drugs in emergency rooms of large public, hospitals, of the city of Goiânia-GO in respect to the biological risk. This is a descriptive of a cross-sectional study did in the three large public hospitals of the city of Goiania-GO that has in its structure the sector of urgency and emergency with the preparation and administration of medicines units. The study was approved by the Ethics Commissions in Research of the three hospitals that participated of this research. Data were collected through two check-list to observe the professional´s behaviors and the organizational structure (material and physical) of the units. The physical structure of the units of preparation and administration drugs in the sectors of emergency care can be regarded as inappropriate for the worker's health and may to interfere with care. Consented to participate in the study 130 professionals, who signed a Term of Informed Consent, after the observation period. Most of them were female and nursing technicians and performed 292 procedures for preparation and administration of drugs in the collection of datas. There was a low adherence to the practice of handwashing, and no professional performed the correct technique. Low adherence to protection items, individual and collective. Several risk´s behaviors for exposure to biological material were observed in the practice of professionals nursing in the units of preparation and administration of drugs in the areas of emergency care, emphasizing the segregation and disposal of waste, inadequate transportation of drugs, failure to maintain aseptic chain, the act of re-encasing needles and how to re-wrap it, poor compliance to the items of protection, the low rate of handwashing and improper use, or not recommended, the resources available. Were witnessed, eight accidents involving biological material among professionals in the nursing team, and none made the notification. The individual care over collective care was observed in this study. The results show a need for change not only in the physical and material resources in situations of emergency is necessary to encourage compliance with standard precautions, but also to seek new ways to minimize the biological risk for both worker's health as for the patients, through the actual behaviors observed, often repetitive, which increase the risk referred to in each situation. The nurse presents with an important role to integrate the team and coordinate its activities and may, at first, after identifying behaviors, plan and implement an education in the reality they are experiencing.
O presente estudo focaliza o risco biológico (RB), no cotidiano laboral dos profissionais da equipe de enfermagem inseridos no sistema de medicação em setores de urgência e emergência. O objetivo geral foi avaliar o RB para os profissionais da equipe de enfermagem que trabalham em unidades de preparo e administração de medicamentos, e para os clientes, de serviços de urgência e emergência de hospitais de grande porte da rede pública, da cidade de Goiânia-GO. E os específicos: descrever a estrutura física, os recursos materiais e humanos existentes em unidades de preparo e administração de medicamentos em setores de urgência e emergência de hospitais de grande porte, públicos, da cidade de Goiânia - GO; identificar comportamentos de risco (considerados quando o atendimento a uma Precaução Padrão (PP) não for cumprido) relacionados à exposição ao material biológico (MB) para os profissionais da equipe de enfermagem que trabalham nas referidas unidades, e para os clientes; caracterizar os acidentes ocorridos com MB entre profissionais da equipe de enfermagem e que atuam em unidades de preparo e administração de medicamentos em serviços de urgência e emergência de hospitais de grande porte, públicos, da cidade de Goiânia-GO e identificar as medidas de biossegurança adotadas por eles, em relação ao RB. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de corte transversal realizado nos três hospitais públicos de grande porte da cidade de Goiânia-GO que apresentam setores de urgência e emergência com unidades de preparo e administração de medicamentos. O estudo foi aprovado pelos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa dos três hospitais participantes. Os dados foram coletados por meio de dois check-list para observação da estrutura física e de recursos materiais das unidades e dos comportamentos dos profissionais. A estrutura física dos locais do estudo foi considerada como inadequada à saúde do trabalhador e interveniente ao cumprimento das PP. Consentiram participar, 130 profissionais, que assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, após o período de observação. A maioria dos sujeitos era do sexo feminino e técnicos em enfermagem e realizou, no período de coleta de dados, 292 procedimentos de preparo e administração de medicamentos. Diversos comportamentos de risco para exposição a MB foram observados, destacando-se: incorreta segregação e descarte de resíduos, transporte inadequado de medicamentos, não manutenção da cadeia asséptica, ato de re-encapar e modo de re-encape agulhas, baixa adesão aos itens de proteção, baixo índice de higienização das mãos e não adesão à técnica correta e uso inadequado, ou não recomendado, dos recursos disponíveis. Foram presenciados, oito acidentes envolvendo MB entre os sujeitos, sendo que nenhum realizou a notificação. O cuidado individual em detrimento do cuidado coletivo também pôde ser observado. Os resultados mostram uma necessidade de mudança não apenas na estrutura organizacional, para favorecer o cumprimento das PP, como também, de buscar novos caminhos para minimização do RB, tanto para os profissionais quanto para os clientes, por meio da observação da realidade. Neste contexto, o enfermeiro tem importante papel, ao planejar e implementar ações baseadas na realidade que vivencia.

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The adherence
Adesão à Precauções Padrão (PP) é fundamental para a prevenção

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Primary health care workers are exposed to many occupational hazards related to its activities, among them those biological. Understanding and identifying these risks by workers promote behavior change and can make them adhere to safety measures. GOAL: To identify multidisciplinary team workers beliefs of primary health care related to worker safety, the biological risk at workplace. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive study with qualitative approach, performed in seven units of primary health care in the city of Goiânia-GO, in 2014. The study included 43 workers, seven nurses, seven dentists, four doctors, five technicians / assistants in oral health, eight nursing technicians, six administrative assistants and six auxiliary hygiene and cleanliness. We used the technique of critical incident data collection, with semi-structured interviews with two parts: the first looked at data from the subjects characterization and, second, information on the subject. It was conducted content analysis, according to Bardin, discussed based on Health Belief Model of Rosenstock. RESULTS: As to gender, 88.4% were female, aged between 24 and 66 years, mean 46 years. According to vocational training, 16 (37%) were post-graduates; 12 (28%) completed high school; seven (16%) incomplete higher graduation course; four (9%) complete graduation course, and four (9%) primary school. The training ranged from four to 34 years. It was identified that the workers still lack clarity about their vulnerability to biological hazards at workplace. Understanding these workers, on such risks leads to other health facilities as hospitals and emergency services. However, they realized the beliefs related to preventive measures as benefits. This severity was unveiled from previous experiences of workers in working accidents. CONCLUSION: The beliefs of workers in primary health care, related to worker safety at the workplace, expressed basic concepts and are often inconsistent on the subject. These difficulties show health policies of poor investment in human resources on safety perspective. The workers were not able to enter the labor everyday life, a culture of appreciation of biological risks and adherence to preventive measures recommended by the Brazilian guidelines. The evidences in this study make us to rethink the interfaces involved in the work process and biological hazards in low and medium level complexity. Therefore, we propose a continuing education program in health, which instigates the technical improvement and security of organizational culture at the workplace in all health care levels by emphasizing the worker's beliefs.
Los trabajadores que trabajan en la atención primaria de la salud están expuestas a diversos riesgos laborales inherentes a sus actividades, entre las que destacan biológica. La comprensión y la identificación de estos riesgos por los trabajadores a promover el cambio de comportamiento y puede impulsarlos a que se adhieran a las medidas de seguridad. OBJETIVO: identificar las creencias de los trabajadores equipo multidisciplinario de atención primaria de salud con respecto a la seguridad de los trabajadores, fuera del riesgo biológico en el ambiente laboral. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, realizado en siete unidades de atención primaria de salud en la ciudad de Goiânia-GO, en 2014. El estudio incluyó a 43 trabajadores, siete enfermeras, dentistas siete, cuatro médicos, cinco técnicos / asistentes en salud oral ocho técnicos de enfermería, seis, seis auxiliares administrativos y auxiliares de limpieza y limpeza.Utilizou la técnica de recolección de datos de incidentes críticos, que se produjo a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas que contienen dos partes: la primera analizaron los datos de la caracterización de los sujetos y el segundo, la información sobre el tema. RESULTADOS: En cuanto al género, el 88,4% eran mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre 24 y 66 años, con una media de 46 años. De acuerdo a la formación profesional, 16 (37%) eran posgraduados; 12 (28%) completaron la escuela secundaria; siete (16%) superior incompleta; cuatro (9%) completan la parte superior, y cuatro (9%) de la escuela primaria. El entrenamiento varió de cuatro a 34 años. Fue identificado que los trabajadores aún no tienen claridad acerca de (a) su vulnerabilidad a los riesgos biológicos en el lugar de trabajo; La comprensión de estos trabajadores en tales riesgos conduce a otros centros de salud como hospitales y servicios de emergencia. Sin embargo, las creencias relacionadas con las medidas preventivas fueron percibidos por ellos como beneficios. La gravedad percibida revelado de las experiencias anteriores de los trabajadores accidentes frontales en el trabajo y una fuente de inseguridad que el ámbito de la atención sanitaria. CONCLUSIÓN: Las creencias de los trabajadores de atención primaria de salud, relacionados con la seguridad de los trabajadores en el lugar de trabajo, expresan conceptos básicos y, a menudo inconsistentes sobre el tema. Estas dificultades se refieren las políticas de salud en la inversión enfocados debilidades en recursos humanos desde la perspectiva de la seguridad. Dado que los trabajadores no fueron capaces de entrar en la vida cotidiana de trabajo, una cultura de apreciación de los riesgos biológicos y la adhesión a las medidas preventivas recomendadas por las directrices brasileñas. Evidencia aprovechado este estudio en la unidad de repensar las interfaces que participan en el proceso de trabajo y los riesgos biológicos en el de bajo nivel y mediana complejidad. Por lo tanto, se propone un programa de educación para la salud, que solicita la mejora técnica y la seguridad de la cultura organizacional en el ambiente de trabajo en todos los niveles de atención de salud, haciendo hincapié en las creencias de los trabajadores.
Os trabalhadores que atuam na atenção primária à saúde estão expostos a diversos riscos ocupacionais intrínsecos às suas atividades, entre eles, sobressaem os biológicos. A compreensão e a identificação desses riscos pelos trabalhadores favorecem a mudança de comportamento e podem impulsioná-los a aderir às medidas seguras. OBJETIVO: Identificar as crenças de trabalhadores da equipe multiprofissional da atenção primária à saúde, em relação à segurança do trabalhador, frente ao risco biológico na ambiência laboral. METODOLOGIA: Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, realizado em sete unidades de atenção primária à saúde do município de Goiânia-GO, em 2014. Participaram do estudo 43 trabalhadores: sete enfermeiros, sete cirurgiões dentistas, quatro médicos, cinco técnicos/auxiliares em saúde bucal, oito técnicos em enfermagem, seis auxiliares administrativos e seis auxiliares de higienização e limpeza. Utilizou-se a técnica do incidente crítico para a coleta dos dados, que ocorreu por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas contendo duas partes: a primeira contemplou dados da caracterização dos sujeitos e, a segunda, informação sobre a temática. Realizada Análise de Conteúdo, segundo Bardin, discutida sob o referencial do Modelo de Crenças em Saúde de Rosenstock. RESULTADOS: Quanto ao gênero, 88,4% eram do sexo feminino, com faixa etária entre 24 e 66 anos e média de 46 anos. De acordo com a formação profissional, 16 (37%) eram pós-graduados; 12 (28%) concluíram o ensino médio; sete (16%) superior incompleto; quatro (9%) superior completo, e quatro (9%) ensino fundamental. O tempo de formação variou de quatro a 34 anos. Identificou-se que os trabalhadores ainda não têm clareza sobre sua vulnerabilidade aos riscos biológicos no ambiente de trabalho. A compreensão desses trabalhadores, sobre tais riscos remete a outros estabelecimentos de saúde, como, hospitais e serviços de emergência. Porém, as crenças relacionadas às medidas preventivas foram por eles percebidas como benefícios. A severidade percebida desvelou-se a partir de experiências prévias dos trabalhadores frente aos acidentes de trabalho. CONCLUSÃO: As crenças dos trabalhadores da atenção primária à saúde, relacionadas à segurança do trabalhador no ambiente laboral, expressaram conceitos elementares e muitas vezes inconsistentes sobre a temática. Essas dificuldades remetem as fragilidades de investimentos em políticas de saúde focadas nos recursos humanos sob o olhar da segurança no trabalho. Os trabalhadores não foram capazes de incorporar no cotidiano laboral, uma cultura de valorização dos riscos biológicos e de adesão às medidas preventivas recomendadas pelas diretrizes brasileiras. As evidências alavancadas nesse estudo nos impulsionam a repensar as interfaces envolvidas no processo de trabalho e os riscos biológicos no nível de baixa e média complexidade. Assim sendo, propõe-se um programa de educação permanente em saúde, que instigue o aprimoramento técnico e a cultura organizacional de segurança no ambiente laboral em todos os níveis de atenção à saúde, mediante a valorização das crenças do trabalhador.

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The recommendations from the standard precautions that included the concepts of universal precautions have been applied for more than 15 years. This primary prevention of occupational exposure remains efficient and effective in protecting professional health care (PHC). However, we found that adherence to these measures is sometimes discontinuous and contradictory and leads to an enhancement of the risks and substantial increase in exposure to biological material. This leads us to inquire about other factors that may contribute to this kind of behavior on the part of PHC. From this perspective, investigating the subjective aspects that influence the behaviors and attitudes of nursing professionals to join the personal protective equipment (PPE) becomes important. The objective of this study was to analyze the reasons, attitudes and beliefs of nursing staff regarding adherence to PPE. Qualitative study conducted in December 2008 in a large university hospital in the city of Goiania. We observed the ethical-legal aspects. Data were collected through focus group technique using guiding questions. The study included 15 professionals of nursing, which formed three focus groups with five participants in each group. Data were analyzed by the model of health beliefs (MCS) of Rosenstock (1974b) and the method of interpretation of meaning, according to security issues at work and Interpersonal Relationship. We could identify that interpersonal relationships interfere with issues of safety and personal protection at various levels in the workplace, both in the organizational and manage, and in relation to other professions and other sectors of the hospital. This relationship proved is a two-way process and we cannot ignore the factors and individual risk perception, which is connected with the work environment, influence the individual protection. Difficulties such as work overload, stress, lack of motivation, communication, and inadequate physical infrastructure, lack of availability and limited access to PPE, lack of routines and the assistance process after exposure to biological material, among others, interfere with adherence to such safety equipment, but not determine them. Joining the PPE is impregnated by the context as experienced in the workplace, but also by individual values and beliefs, but the decision to use the PPE is personal. The numbers of perceived barriers in the work environment are opposing forces that cancel the driving forces for adherence to personal protective equipment. We note that the qualitative and focus group technique provided us with input for analysis and reflection on the accession to the PPE as well as direct possible strategies and effective measures to prevent and control infections and improve adherence to safety equipment.
As recomendações das precauções padrão desde que incluíram os conceitos das precauções universais, têm sido aplicadas há mais de 15 anos. Essa prevenção primária das exposições ocupacionais continua sendo eficaz e eficiente na proteção dos profissionais da área da saúde (PAS). No entanto, verificamos que a adesão a essas medidas é, por vezes, descontínua e contraditória e leva a uma potencialização dos riscos e aumento substancial de exposições ao material biológico. Isso nos leva a indagar sobre outros fatores que podem contribuir para esse tipo de comportamento por parte dos PAS. Nessa perspectiva, investigar os aspectos subjetivos que influenciam nas condutas e atitudes dos profissionais da enfermagem à adesão ao equipamento de proteção individual (EPI) torna-se importante. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as razões, atitudes e crenças dos trabalhadores de enfermagem referentes à adesão aos equipamentos de proteção. Estudo qualitativo realizado em dezembro de 2008 em um hospital universitário de grande porte do município de Goiânia. Foram observados os aspectos ético-legais. Os dados foram coletados por meio da técnica do grupo focal utilizando-se de questões norteadoras. Participaram desse estudo 15 profissionais da área da enfermagem, os quais constituíram três grupos focais com cinco participantes em cada grupo. Os dados foram analisados à luz do Modelo de crenças em saúde, de Rosenstock e pelo Método de Interpretação de Sentidos, segundo os temas Segurança no trabalho e Relacionamento Interpessoal. Foi possível identificar que as relações interpessoais interferem nas questões da segurança e proteção individual, em vários níveis no ambiente de trabalho, tanto nos aspectos organizacionais e gerencias, quanto na relação com as outras categorias profissionais e com os outros setores do hospital. Essa relação mostrou-se uma via de mão dupla e não podemos desconsiderar os fatores individuais e a percepção do risco, que também interligadas com o ambiente de trabalho, influenciam na proteção individual. As dificuldades como a sobrecarga de trabalho, estresse, falta de motivação, comunicação e estrutura física inadequadas, não disponibilidade e difícil acesso ao EPI, falta de rotinas e do fluxograma de atendimento pós-exposição a material biológico, entre outros, interferem na adesão a esses equipamentos de segurança, porém não os determinam. A adesão ao EPI é impregnada tanto pelo contexto vivenciado no ambiente de trabalho, como também pelos valores e crenças individuais, mas a decisão do uso do EPI é pessoal. As inúmeras barreiras percebidas no ambiente laboral são forças contrárias que anulam as forças impulsoras para a adesão aos equipamentos de proteção individual. Verificamos que a abordagem qualitativa e a técnica do grupo focal forneceram-nos subsídios para a análise e reflexão em relação à adesão ao EPI, além de direcionar possíveis estratégias e medidas eficazes na prevenção e controle de infecções e na melhora da adesão aos equipamentos de segurança.

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This is a qualitative study, descriptive and exploratory, documentary analysis type developed in order to analyze the methodological trends and education measures for the prevention and control of infections for patient safety in undergraduate courses in Nursing. Six higher education institutions that offer undergraduate course in Nursing in classroom mode participated. The data were collected from the six Political Pedagogical Project (PPP) and 273 discipline plans of the six courses, and allowed the overview of the curriculum and teaching methodologies adopted. In five courses, the curriculum matrices are organized by subject, and a course adopts integrated curriculum with units and themes. Despite efforts of undergraduate courses for the adoption of innovative and advanced methods of teaching, some points of the teaching-learning process require changes. The assessment of learning was predominantly punctual in most undergraduate courses, contradicting the adoption of critical-reflexive methods specified in PPP. In addition, inconsistencies were found in some discipline plans because the objectives and the menus had no connection between them. It was observed discipline plans identical to previous semesters and to the other courses offered in the educational institutions. Another finding refers to the large number of subjects taught by the same teacher, who in one of the courses, a teacher teaches up to nine subjects. It is assumed that the high number of courses taught by each teacher, results in insufficient time for planning the teaching process that includes all measures of standard precaution, necessary for learning and competent professional practice. The results for Patient Safety show that because it is a recent issue, this issue is addressed in a few disciplines of undergraduate programs in nursing. The contents such as communication, interpersonal relationships, teamwork, understanding the organizational complexity and the teaching of prevention and control of infections, should be strengthened, transversely during graduation so that the nursing student develops skills needed for safe care. The teaching of the measures of prevention and control of infection does not appear explicitly in the PPP, only some of which discipline plans. The using and the handling of Personal Protective Equipment was a measure that appeared more frequently (46,2%), followed by hand hygiene (38,5%), cleaning and disinfecting equipment and surfaces (30,8%), disposal of sharps (20,5%). The measure less addressed in the courses was the processing of health products (15,4%). The adoption of criticalreflective methodologies for the teaching of prevention and infection control measures requires encouragement of HEI (Higher Education Institution) for teaching qualification, curriculum revision, review of PPP and discipline plans and student effort, considering that any nursing activity involves patient safety.
Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo exploratório, do tipo análise documental desenvolvido com o objetivo de caracterizar as tendências metodológicas e o ensino das medidas de prevenção e controle de infecções para a segurança do paciente em cursos de graduação em enfermagem. Participaram seis Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) que oferecem Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem na modalidade presencial. Os dados foram coletados dos seis Projetos Pedagógicos dos Cursos (PPC) e de 273 planos de disciplina e permitiram a visualização geral da estrutura curricular e das metodologias de ensino adotadas. Em cinco cursos, as matrizes curriculares estão organizadas por disciplinas, e um curso adota matriz curricular integrada, com unidades e eixos temáticos. Apesar de esforços dos cursos de graduação para a adoção de metodologias inovadoras e avançadas de ensino, alguns pontos do processo de ensino-aprendizagem necessitam de mudanças. A avaliação da aprendizagem foi predominantemente pontual na maioria dos cursos de graduação, contradizendo a adoção de métodos crítico-reflexivos constantes nos PPC. Além disso, foram encontradas incoerências em alguns planos de disciplina, pois os objetivos e as ementas não apresentavam conexão entre eles. Observou-se planos de disciplina idênticos aos de semestres anteriores e aos de outros cursos oferecidos nas instituições de ensino. Outro achado refere-se ao número elevado de disciplinas ministradas pelos docentes que são responsáveis por disciplinas que abordam prevenção e controle de infecções. Em um dos cursos, um docente ministra até nove disciplinas. Presume-se que a elevada quantidade de disciplinas ministradas por um docente, culmina em tempo insuficiente, para o planejamento do processo de ensino que inclua todas as medidas de precaução padrão, necessárias para a aprendizagem e prática profissional competente. Os resultados referentes à Segurança do Paciente demonstraram que, essa temática é abordada em poucas disciplinas dos cursos de graduação em enfermagem. Os conteúdos como a comunicação, o relacionamento interpessoal, o trabalho em equipe, a compreensão da complexidade organizacional e o ensino das medidas de prevenção e controle de infecções devem ser reforçados, de forma transversal durante a graduação, para que o estudante de enfermagem desenvolva competências necessárias para a assistência segura. O ensino das medidas de prevenção e controle de infecções não aparece de forma explícita nos PPC, apenas em alguns planos de disciplina. O uso e manuseio de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual foi a medida que apareceu com maior frequência (46,2%), seguida de Higiene das Mãos (38,5%), limpeza e desinfecção de equipamentos e superfícies (30,8%), descarte de perfurocortantes (20,5%). A medida menos abordada nos cursos foi o processamento de produtos para a saúde (15,4%). A adoção de metodologias crítico-reflexivas para o ensino das medidas de prevenção e controle de infecções requer incentivo das IES para a qualificação docente, com revisão dos PPC e planos de disciplina e, esforço dos estudantes, considerando que toda e qualquer atividade de enfermagem envolve a segurança do paciente.

The use of universal or standard precautions by health care workers (HCWs) is essential to avoid exposure to blood and other body secretions that may transmit infectious diseases. Health care workers in Uganda often find it difficult to translate the principles of universal precautions into practice. Without appropriate use of universal precautions, disease transmission to HCWs may rise. In a resource-constrained environment such as Uganda however, nurses typically do not practice universal precautions unless they know the patients HIV or AIDS status. There is a need to understand the experiences and the context in which nurses practice universal precautions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the experience of Ugandan nurses and midwives in the practice of universal precautions and to identify factors that influence the use of universal precautions by nurses while caring for persons living with HIV and AIDS. A qualitative research approach, using a focused ethnography was used for the study.

Background: Health care workers, more specifically, nursing students are at increased risk of occupational injury and exposure to blood borne pathogens. Compliance with universal precautions (UP) will minimise risk or transmission of HIV and HBV (Hepatitis B virus) according to the Department of Health of South Africa. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and practice of universal precautions amongst nursing students and their fear of occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens. Rationale: The rationale for the study was to investigate what the students&rsquo
knowledge and practice of UP were, to see if this could be a possible contributing factor to occupational exposure. Research design: The study was a quantitative, cross sectional survey using a questionnaire that included one open ended question. Participants: The participants for the study were the undergraduate nursing students in year levels two to four (n = 253) who and were selected by means of stratified random sampling. Procedures: A questionnaire was administered to the participants by the researcher. Analysis of the data collected was done through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 16.0) and content analysis. Results: The researcher established that there is indeed a lack of knowledge regarding UP and that the students&rsquo
self reported practice of UP is poor. No statistically significant correlation between knowledge and practice of UP were found. There is underreporting of occupational exposures to staff at the School of Nursing. The majority of students reported a moderate to severe fear for occupational exposures and contributing factors raised by them are reality in the clinical facilities.

This study aimed to provide evidence on knowledge of attitudes toward standard precautions (SPs) and its practice of Healthcare Workers (HCWs) in government and private hospitals in Botswana. It utilised descriptive cross-sectional methodology. A range of significant findings were revealed. Good practice of SPs was noted more amongst the HCWs in government than in private hospitals. Knowledge of SPs amongst HCWs in government hospital was significantly and positively correlated to good practice of SPs. Registered Nurses (RNs) had better knowledge of SPs than HealthcareAssistants (HCAs).There was no significant difference between RNs and HCAs practice of SPS and attitudes toward the same. No significant difference in the knowledge, attitudes and practice of SPs was noted between General Practitioners (GPs) and RNs. No significant difference in the knowledge, attitudes and practice of SPs was observed between GPs and HCAs. The study findings have implications for the application of SPs in practice
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health)