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Journal articles on the topic 'Universal Test and Treat strategy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 20 August 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Adeiza, MukhtarA. "HIV/AIDS treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: Towards universal access and universal "test and treat" strategy." Annals of Nigerian Medicine 6, no. 2 (2012): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.108106.

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2

Balzer, Laura, Patrick Staples, Jukka-Pekka Onnela, and Victor DeGruttola. "Using a network-based approach and targeted maximum likelihood estimation to evaluate the effect of adding pre-exposure prophylaxis to an ongoing test-and-treat trial." Clinical Trials 14, no. 2 (January 26, 2017): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774516679666.

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Background: Several cluster-randomized trials are underway to investigate the implementation and effectiveness of a universal test-and-treat strategy on the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. We consider nesting studies of pre-exposure prophylaxis within these trials. Pre-exposure prophylaxis is a general strategy where high-risk HIV– persons take antiretrovirals daily to reduce their risk of infection from exposure to HIV. We address how to target pre-exposure prophylaxis to high-risk groups and how to maximize power to detect the individual and combined effects of universal test-and-treat and pre-exposure prophylaxis strategies. Methods: We simulated 1000 trials, each consisting of 32 villages with 200 individuals per village. At baseline, we randomized the universal test-and-treat strategy. Then, after 3 years of follow-up, we considered four strategies for targeting pre-exposure prophylaxis: (1) all HIV– individuals who self-identify as high risk, (2) all HIV– individuals who are identified by their HIV+ partner (serodiscordant couples), (3) highly connected HIV– individuals, and (4) the HIV– contacts of a newly diagnosed HIV+ individual (a ring-based strategy). We explored two possible trial designs, and all villages were followed for a total of 7 years. For each village in a trial, we used a stochastic block model to generate bipartite (male–female) networks and simulated an agent-based epidemic process on these networks. We estimated the individual and combined intervention effects with a novel targeted maximum likelihood estimator, which used cross-validation to data-adaptively select from a pre-specified library the candidate estimator that maximized the efficiency of the analysis. Results: The universal test-and-treat strategy reduced the 3-year cumulative HIV incidence by 4.0% on average. The impact of each pre-exposure prophylaxis strategy on the 4-year cumulative HIV incidence varied by the coverage of the universal test-and-treat strategy with lower coverage resulting in a larger impact of pre-exposure prophylaxis. Offering pre-exposure prophylaxis to serodiscordant couples resulted in the largest reductions in HIV incidence (2% reduction), and the ring-based strategy had little impact (0% reduction). The joint effect was larger than either individual effect with reductions in the 7-year incidence ranging from 4.5% to 8.8%. Targeted maximum likelihood estimation, data-adaptively adjusting for baseline covariates, substantially improved power over the unadjusted analysis, while maintaining nominal confidence interval coverage. Conclusion: Our simulation study suggests that nesting a pre-exposure prophylaxis study within an ongoing trial can lead to combined intervention effects greater than those of universal test-and-treat alone and can provide information about the efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis in the presence of high coverage of treatment for HIV+ persons.

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Boeke, Caroline E., Shaukat Khan, Fiona J. Walsh, Charlotte Lejeune, Anita Hettema, Donna Spiegelman, Velephi Okello, and Till Bärnighausen. "Longitudinal analysis of client appointment adherence under Universal Test and Treat strategy: A stepped‐wedge trial." HIV Medicine 22, no. 9 (July 22, 2021): 854–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hiv.13144.

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4

Damtie, Yitayish, and Fentaw Tadese. "Antiretroviral therapy adherence among patients enrolled after the initiation of the Universal Test and Treat strategy in Dessie town: a cross-sectional study." International Journal of STD & AIDS 31, no. 9 (July 23, 2020): 886–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420927205.

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Poor adherence was the major challenge in providing treatment, care, and support for people living with HIV (PLHIV). Evidence of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) after initiation of the Universal Test and Treat (UTT) strategy was limited in Ethiopia. So, this study aimed to determine the proportion of ART adherence after the initiation of UTT strategy and associated factors among adult PLHIV in Dessie town using two adherence measurements. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 293 PLHIV selected using a systematic sampling technique. The data were collected by face-to face-interview using a pretested questionnaire; chart review was also used to collect the data. The proportion of ART adherence measured by using the Morisky scale and seven-day recall was 49.3% (95% CI: [43.5%, 54.8%]) and 95.9% (95% CI: [93.2%, 98.2%]), respectively. Being urban in residence (AOR = 3.72, 95% CI: [1.80, 7.68]), the absence of depression (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.72, 95% CI: [1.22, 11.35]), taking one tablet per day (AOR = 3.26, 95% CI: [1.64, 6.49]), and the absence of concomitant illness (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI: [0.09, 0.59]) were factors associated with ART adherence. The proportion of ART adherence measured by the Morisky scale was very low; however, adherence measured by seven-day recall was higher and consistent with World Health Organization recommendations. Residence, depression, and the number of tablets taken per day had a positive association with good ART adherence whereas having concomitant illness had a negative association with good ART adherence. Efforts should be made to improve adherence and interventions should be given to overcome factors linked with poor adherence.

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Mnyaka, Onke R., Sikhumbuzo A. Mabunda, Wezile W. Chitha, Sibusiso C. Nomatshila, and Xolelwa Ntlongweni. "Barriers to the Implementation of the HIV Universal Test and Treat Strategy in Selected Primary Care Facilities in South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 12 (January 2021): 215013272110287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501327211028706.

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Background: The South African government implemented the Universal Test and Treat (UTT) approach to treating HIV in the second half of 2016. As part of a contribution to the successful implementation of UTT, this study looked at barriers to implementation of UTT emanating from weaknesses of the health system in 2 Community Health Centers in South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province. Methods: This was a quantitative cross-sectional design which had both descriptive and analytical components. Convenience sampling was used to select and recruit 2 primary care facilities and 30 nurses. Self-administered questionnaires were used to solicit data from facility managers and nurses. In addition, a record review was used to access 6 months’ data for the period 1 October 2017 to 31 March 2018. Data were analyzed using Stata 14.1. Categorical data were presented using frequency and contingency tables. The 95% confidence interval (95% CI) is used for the precision of estimates and the P-value of statistical significance is P < .05. Results: Facilities were found to have poor leadership and governance; human resource challenges that include shortages, lack of skills and lack of developmental support; poorly resourced service delivery platforms and poor information management. Of the three 90-90-90 targets, health facilities only satisfactorily achieved the second 90 of initiating all who test positive for HIV within a week (93.1% or n = 288/307). Conclusions: This study has been able to identify potential barriers to the implementation of the UTT strategy at the selected facilities including the lack of structured programs in place to monitor performance of healthcare staff, knowledge gaps, and a lack of good clinical governance practices as evidenced by the lack of customized protocols and Standard Operating Procedures.

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Tagny, Claude T., Marie Bissim, Rolande Djeumen, Françoise Ngo Sack, Prisca Angandji, Annick Ndoumba, Charles Kouanfack, et al. "The use of the Geenius TM HIV‐1/2 Rapid confirmatory test for the enrolment of patients and blood donors in the WHO Universal Test and Treat Strategy in Cameroon, Africa." Vox Sanguinis 115, no. 8 (May 28, 2020): 686–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vox.12942.

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7

Weber, Jonathan, Roger Tatoud, and Sarah Fidler. "Postexposure prophylaxis, preexposure prophylaxis or universal test and treat: the strategic use of antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV acquisition and transmission." AIDS 24, Suppl 4 (October 2010): S27—S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000390705.73759.2c.

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Hwang, Jessica P., Mark R. Somerfield, Devena E. Alston-Johnson, Donna R. Cryer, Jordan J. Feld, Barnett S. Kramer, Anita L. Sabichi, Sandra L. Wong, and Andrew S. Artz. "Hepatitis B Virus Screening for Patients With Cancer Before Therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Provisional Clinical Opinion Update." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 19 (July 1, 2015): 2212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.61.3745.

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Purpose This updated provisional clinical opinion presents a revised opinion based on American Society of Clinical Oncology panel consensus in the context of an evolving database. Context Despite the 2010 provisional clinical opinion recommendation, there is still evidence of suboptimal hepatitis B virus (HBV) screening among patients at high risk for HBV infection or HBV reactivation after chemotherapy. This updated provisional clinical opinion introduces a risk-adaptive strategy to identify and treat patients with HBV infection to reduce their risk of HBV reactivation. Provisional Clinical Opinion Medical providers should screen by testing patients for HBV infection before starting anti-CD20 therapy or hematopoietic cell transplantation. Providers should also screen patients with risk factors for HBV infection. Screening should include both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc), because reactivation can occur in patients who are HBsAg positive/anti-HBc positive or HBsAg negative/anti-HBc positive. Either total anti-HBc or anti-HBc immunoglobulin G (not immunoglobulin M) test should be used. Clinicians should start antiviral therapy for HBsAg-positive/anti-HBc–positive patients before or contemporaneously with cancer therapy and monitor HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc–positive patients for reactivation with HBV DNA and ALT levels, promptly starting antivirals if reactivation occurs. Clinicians can initiate antivirals for HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc–positive patients anticipating cancer therapies associated with a high risk of reactivation, or they can monitor HBV DNA and ALT levels and initiate on-demand antivirals. For patients who neither have HBV risk factors nor anticipate cancer therapy associated with a high risk of reactivation, current evidence does not support HBV screening before initiation of cancer therapy. Two panel members provided a minority viewpoint, involving a strategy of universal HBsAg and selective anti-HBc testing.

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Gasparetto, Maura, Craig T. Jordan, Mohammad Minhajuddin, Daniel A. Pollyea, Vasilis Vasilou, Philip Reigan, R. Keith Humphries, and Clayton A. Smith. "ALDH Genes and Reactive Aldehydes Play Important Roles in HSCs and Leukemia and May Be Exploited to Treat AML." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 2893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.2893.2893.

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Abstract ALDH1A1 is expressed at high levels in normal HSCs and we previously reported that its function might involve metabolism of compounds termed reactive aldehydes. We also reported that loss of ALDH1A1 led to a compensatory increase in a related isoform, ALDH3A1, which also metabolizes reactive aldehydes. Double knockouts for both ALDH1A1/3A1 accumulate reactive aldehydes, which appear to impact a number of cellular processes including signal transduction and gene expression. As reactive aldehydes also cause DNA damage, we hypothesized that excess accumulation of reactive aldehydes may predispose to leukemic transformation of HSCs. In support of this, we found that ALDH1A1/3A1 double knockout HSCs readily form acute leukemia following transduction with a NUP98-HOXA10 fusion gene, which rarely causes leukemic transformation in wild type HSCs. Furthermore, in human AML, frequent absence of ALDH1A1 and the universal absence of ALDH3A1 was observed. A human AML cell line, Kasumi-1, was found to be ALDH1A1/3A1 deficient and to have high levels of intracellular reactive aldehydes. In addition, Kasumi-1 was highly sensitive to DNA damage and cell death following exposure to exogenous 4-HNE, a prototypic reactive aldehyde. In contrast, normal CD34+ HSCs were relatively resistant to 4-HNE. Based on these observations, we further hypothesized that treatment of ALDH1A1/3A1 deficient AMLs with clinically relevant compounds that further increase intracellular 4-HNE levels would selectively eliminate AML while sparing normal CD34+ HSCs. To test this, Kasumi-1 were exposed to a series of compounds including the pro-oxidant Arsenic tri-oxide (ATO), the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide (PTL) and 4-HC, the active metabolite of cyclophosphamide (Cy) and a substrate of ALDH1A1. All increased intracellular 4-HNE levels and DNA damage. Exposure to combinations of 4-HC, ATO and PTL induced high levels of cell death in Kasumi-1. In contrast, Kasumi-1 cells engineered to express ALDH1A1 through lentiviral gene transfer and normal CD34+ HSCs were relatively resistant to several of these treatments. Primary ALDH1A1/3A1- AMLs were also relatively sensitive to treatment with these same compounds. In conclusion, ALDHs and reactive aldehydes may play important roles in HSCs and leukemia and exploitation of their biology may lead to novel therapies for AML and possibly other cancers. As an initial application of this treatment strategy, we are developing a clinical trial to treat patients with relapsed/refractory ALDH1A1/3A1 deficient AML with Cy/ATO. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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10

Baggaley, Rebecca F., and T. Déirdre Hollingsworth. "How universal does universal test and treat have to be?" Lancet HIV 7, no. 5 (May 2020): e306-e308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(20)30031-x.

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11

Mastro, T. D., and M. S. Cohen. "Honing the Test-and-Treat HIV Strategy." Science 328, no. 5981 (May 20, 2010): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.328.5981.976.

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12

Camlin, Carol S., Janet Seeley, Lario Viljoen, Eva Vernooij, Musonda Simwinga, Lindsey Reynolds, Ria Reis, et al. "Strengthening universal HIV ‘test-and-treat’ approaches with social science research." AIDS 30, no. 6 (March 2016): 969–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0000000000001008.

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13

Wagner, Bradley G., and Sally Blower. "Universal Access to HIV Treatment versus Universal ‘Test and Treat’: Transmission, Drug Resistance & Treatment Costs." PLoS ONE 7, no. 9 (September 5, 2012): e41212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041212.

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14

Yan, Lijing L., Enying Gong, Wanbing Gu, Elizabeth L. Turner, John A. Gallis, Yun Zhou, Zixiao Li, et al. "Effectiveness of a primary care-based integrated mobile health intervention for stroke management in rural China (SINEMA): A cluster-randomized controlled trial." PLOS Medicine 18, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): e1003582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003582.

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Background Managing noncommunicable diseases through primary healthcare has been identified as the key strategy to achieve universal health coverage but is challenging in most low- and middle-income countries. Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability in rural China. This study aims to determine whether a primary care-based integrated mobile health intervention (SINEMA intervention) could improve stroke management in rural China. Methods and findings Based on extensive barrier analyses, contextual research, and feasibility studies, we conducted a community-based, two-arm cluster-randomized controlled trial with blinded outcome assessment in Hebei Province, rural Northern China including 1,299 stroke patients (mean age: 65.7 [SD:8.2], 42.6% females, 71.2% received education below primary school) recruited from 50 villages between June 23 and July 21, 2017. Villages were randomly assigned (1:1) to either the intervention or control arm (usual care). In the intervention arm, village doctors who were government-sponsored primary healthcare providers received training, conducted monthly follow-up visits supported by an Android-based mobile application, and received performance-based payments. Participants received monthly doctor visits and automatically dispatched daily voice messages. The primary outcome was the 12-month change in systolic blood pressure (BP). Secondary outcomes were predefined, including diastolic BP, health-related quality of life, physical activity level, self-reported medication adherence (antiplatelet, statin, and antihypertensive), and performance in “timed up and go” test. Analyses were conducted in the intention-to-treat framework at the individual level with clusters and stratified design accounted for by following the prepublished statistical analysis plan. All villages completed the 12-month follow-up, and 611 (intervention) and 615 (control) patients were successfully followed (3.4% lost to follow-up among survivors). The program was implemented with high fidelity, and the annual program delivery cost per capita was US$24.3. There was a significant reduction in systolic BP in the intervention as compared with the control group with an adjusted mean difference: −2.8 mm Hg (95% CI −4.8, −0.9; p = 0.005). The intervention was significantly associated with improvements in 6 out of 7 secondary outcomes in diastolic BP reduction (p < 0.001), health-related quality of life (p = 0.008), physical activity level (p < 0.001), adherence in statin (p = 0.003) and antihypertensive medicines (p = 0.039), and performance in “timed up and go” test (p = 0.022). We observed reductions in all exploratory outcomes, including stroke recurrence (4.4% versus 9.3%; risk ratio [RR] = 0.46, 95% CI 0.32, 0.66; risk difference [RD] = 4.9 percentage points [pp]), hospitalization (4.4% versus 9.3%; RR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.32, 0.62; RD = 4.9 pp), disability (20.9% versus 30.2%; RR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.53, 0.79; RD = 9.3 pp), and death (1.8% versus 3.1%; RR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.28, 0.96; RD = 1.3 pp). Limitations include the relatively short study duration of only 1 year and the generalizability of our findings beyond the study setting. Conclusions In this study, a primary care-based mobile health intervention integrating provider-centered and patient-facing technology was effective in reducing BP and improving stroke secondary prevention in a resource-limited rural setting in China. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03185858.

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Chey, William D., and A. Mark Fendrick. "Noninvasive Helicobacter pylori Testing for the "Test-and-Treat" Strategy." Archives of Internal Medicine 161, no. 17 (September 24, 2001): 2129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.17.2129.

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Kretzschmar, M. E., M. F. Schim van der Loeff, P. J. Birrell, D. De Angelis, and R. A. Coutinho. "Prospects of elimination of HIV with test-and-treat strategy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 39 (September 5, 2013): 15538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1301801110.

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Kline, Susan E., Erinn C. Sanstead, James R. Johnson, and Shalini L. Kulasingam. "Cost-effectiveness of pre-operative Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 39, no. 11 (September 20, 2018): 1340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2018.228.

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AbstractObjectiveWe developed a decision analytic model to evaluate the impact of a preoperative Staphylococcus aureus decolonization bundle on surgical site infections (SSIs), health-care–associated costs (HCACs), and deaths due to SSI.MethodsOur model population comprised US adults undergoing elective surgery. We evaluated 3 self-administered preoperative strategies: (1) the standard of care (SOC) consisting of 2 disinfectant soap showers; (2) the “test-and-treat” strategy consisting of the decolonization bundle including chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) soap, CHG mouth rinse, and mupirocin nasal ointment for 5 days) if S. aureus was found at any of 4 screened sites (nasal, throat, axillary, perianal area), otherwise the SOC; and (3) the “treat-all” strategy consisting of the decolonization bundle for all patients, without S. aureus screening. Model parameters were derived primarily from a randomized controlled trial that measured the efficacy of the decolonization bundle for eradicating S. aureus.ResultsUnder base-case assumptions, the treat-all strategy yielded the fewest SSIs and the lowest HCACs, followed by the test-and-treat strategy. In contrast, the SOC yielded the most SSIs and the highest HCACs. Consequently, relative to the SOC, the average savings per operation was $217 for the treat-all strategy and $123 for the test-and-treat strategy, and the average savings per per SSI prevented was $21,929 for the treat-all strategy and $15,166 for the test-and-treat strategy. All strategies were sensitive to the probability of acquiring an SSI and the increased risk if SSI if the patient was colonized with SA.ConclusionWe predict that the treat-all strategy would be the most effective and cost-saving strategy for preventing SSIs. However, because this strategy might select more extensively for mupirocin-resistant S. aureus and cause more medication adverse effects than the test-and-treat approach or the SOC, additional studies are needed to define its comparative benefits and harms.

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Buscemi, Francesco, Michele Dall'Arno, Masanao Ozawa, and Vlatko Vedral. "Universal optimal quantum correlator." International Journal of Quantum Information 12, no. 07n08 (November 2014): 1560002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749915600023.

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Recently, a novel operational strategy to access quantum correlation functions of the form Tr[AρB] was provided in [F. Buscemi, M. Dall'Arno, M. Ozawa and V. Vedral, arXiv:1312.4240]. Here we propose a realization scheme, that we call partial expectation values, implementing such strategy in terms of a unitary interaction with an ancillary system followed by the measurement of an observable on the ancilla. Our scheme is universal, being independent of ρ, A, and B, and it is optimal in a statistical sense. Our scheme is suitable for implementation with present quantum optical technology, and provides a new way to test uncertainty relations.

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Yeung, David T., Michael P. Osborn, Deborah L. White, Susan Branford, Jodi Braley, Alan Herschtal, Michael Kornhauser, et al. "TIDEL-II: first-line use of imatinib in CML with early switch to nilotinib for failure to achieve time-dependent molecular targets." Blood 125, no. 6 (February 5, 2015): 915–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-07-590315.

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Key Points Using imatinib to treat CML first-line, with selective nilotinib switching, leads to excellent molecular response and survival. This strategy may be preferable to universal first-line use of more potent agents, considering efficacy, toxicity, and economic factors.

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&NA;. "Test-and-treat strategy for HSV-2 infections worth it in pregnancy." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1473 (February 2005): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200514730-00005.

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Farkkila, Martti A., Seppo Sarna, Ville Valtonen, and Pentti Sipponen. "“Test-and-treat”-strategy for management of uninvestigated dyspepsia in primary healthcare." Gastroenterology 118, no. 4 (April 2000): A438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(00)83865-2.

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FERGANI, H., and J. FARDY. "“Test and treat” strategy for management of uninvestigated dyspepsia: A meta-analysis." Gastroenterology 120, no. 5 (April 2001): A89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(01)80439-x.

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Moayyedi, P. "Helicobacter pylori test and treat strategy for young dyspeptic patients: new data." Gut 50, Supplement 4 (May 1, 2002): iv47—iv50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.50.suppl_4.iv47.

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Cuzin, Lise, Clotilde Allavena, Pascal Pugliese, David Rey, Bruno Hoen, Isabelle Poizot-Martin, André Cabie, and Yazdan Yazdanpanah. "Can the “Seek, Test, Treat, and Retain” Strategy be Effective in France?" JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 62, no. 4 (April 2013): e119-e121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0b013e3182809f08.

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Fergani, Houssein, and John M. Fardy. "“Test and treat” strategy for management of uninvestigated dyspepsia: A meta-analysis." Gastroenterology 120, no. 5 (April 2001): A89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(08)80439-8.

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Kamgno, Joseph, Sébastien D. Pion, Cédric B. Chesnais, Matthew H. Bakalar, Michael V. D’Ambrosio, Charles D. Mackenzie, Hugues C. Nana-Djeunga, et al. "A Test-and-Not-Treat Strategy for Onchocerciasis inLoa loa–Endemic Areas." New England Journal of Medicine 377, no. 21 (November 23, 2017): 2044–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1705026.

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Allison, James E., Leo B. Hurley, Robert A. Hiatt, Theodore R. Levin, Lynn M. Ackerson, and Tracy A. Lieu. "A Randomized Controlled Trial of Test-and-Treat Strategy for Helicobacter pylori." Archives of Internal Medicine 163, no. 10 (May 26, 2003): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.10.1165.

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Rotolo, G., L. J. Dominguez, V. Sarakatsianou, D. Mangiaracina, F. Figlioli, and M. Barbagallo. "Test-and-treat strategy for Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection in older patients." Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 51, no. 3 (November 2010): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2009.11.006.

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Shrestha, Nabin K., Kenneth M. Shermock, Steven M. Gordon, Marion J. Tuohy, Deborah A. Wilson, Roberta E. Cwynar, Michael K. Banbury, et al. "Predictive Value and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Rapid Polymerase Chain Reaction for Preoperative Detection of Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 24, no. 5 (May 2003): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502219.

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AbstractObjective:To determine the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus directly from clinical specimens.Cross-Sectional Study:This occurred in a tertiary-care hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, and included 239 consecutive patients who were scheduled for a cardiothoracic surgical procedure. Conventional cultures and a PCR for S. aureus from nasal swabs were used as measurements.Cost-Effectiveness Analysis:Data sources were market prices and Bureau of Labor Statistics. The time horizon was the maximum period for availability of culture results (3 days). Interventions included universal mupirocin therapy without testing; initial therapy, with termination if PCR negative (treat-PCR); initial therapy, with termination if culture negative (treat-culture); treat PCR-positive carriers (PCR-guided treatment); and treat culture-positive carriers (culture-guided treatment). The perspective was institutional and costs and the length of time to treatment were outcome measures.Results:Sixty-seven (28%) of the 239 swabs grew S. aureus. Rapid PCR was 97.0% sensitive and 97.1% specific for the detection of S. aureus. For populations with prevalences of nasal S. aureus carriage of up to 50%, the PCR assay had negative predictive values of greater than 97%. PCR-guided treatment had the lowest incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ($1.93 per additional day compared with the culture strategy). Among immediate treatment strategies, treat-PCR was most cost-effective. The universal therapy strategy cost $38.19 more per additional day gained with carrier identification compared with the PCR strategy.Conclusion:Rapid real-time PCR is an accurate, rapid, and cost-effective method for identifying S. aureus carriers for preoperative intervention.

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Rao, Satish S. C. "A BALANCING VIEW: Fecal Incontinence: Test or Treat Empirically?Which Strategy Is Best?" American Journal of Gastroenterology 101, no. 12 (December 2006): 2683–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00900_3.x.

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Phanuphak, Nittaya, Pich Seekaew, and Praphan Phanuphak. "Optimising treatment in the test-and-treat strategy: what are we waiting for?" Lancet HIV 6, no. 10 (October 2019): e715-e722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30236-x.

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Gisbert, Javier P., and Xavier Calvet. "Helicobacter Pylori “Test-and-Treat” Strategy for Management of Dyspepsia: A Comprehensive Review." Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology 4, no. 3 (March 2013): e32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ctg.2013.3.

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Beckwith, Curt, Lauri Bazerman, Fizza Gillani, Liem Tran, Brita Larson, Saul Rivard, Timothy Flanigan, and Josiah Rich. "The Feasibility of Implementing the HIV Seek, Test, and Treat Strategy in Jails." AIDS Patient Care and STDs 28, no. 4 (April 2014): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.2013.0357.

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Pritchard, D. Mark, Jan Bornschein, Ian Beales, Ariel Beresniak, Hocine Salhi, and Peter Malfertheiner. "Cost-effectiveness modelling of use of urea breath test for the management of Helicobacter pylori-related dyspepsia and peptic ulcer in the UK." BMJ Open Gastroenterology 8, no. 1 (July 2021): e000685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgast-2021-000685.

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ObjectiveClinical data comparing diagnostic strategies in the management of Helicobacter pylori-associated diseases are limited. Invasive and noninvasive diagnostic tests for detecting H. pylori infection are used in the clinical care of patients with dyspeptic symptoms. Modelling studies might help to identify the most cost-effective strategies. The objective of the study is to assess the cost-effectiveness of a ‘test-and-treat’ strategy with the urea breath test (UBT) compared with other strategies, in managing patients with H. pylori-associated dyspepsia and preventing peptic ulcer in the UK.DesignCost-effectiveness models compared four strategies: ‘test-and-treat’ with either UBT or faecal antigen test (FAT), ‘endoscopy-based strategy’ and ‘symptomatic treatment’. A probabilistic cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using a simulation model in order to identify probabilities and costs associated with relief of dyspepsia symptoms (over a 4-week time horizon) and with prevention of peptic ulcers (over a 10-year time horizon). Clinical and cost inputs to the model were derived from routine medical practice in the UK.ResultsFor relief of dyspepsia symptoms, ‘test-and-treat’ strategies with either UBT (€526/success) and FAT (€518/success) were the most cost-effective strategies compared with ‘endoscopy-based strategy’ (€1317/success) and ‘symptomatic treatment’ (€1 029/success). For the prevention of peptic ulcers, ‘test-and-treat’ strategies with either UBT (€208/ulcer avoided/year) or FAT (€191/ulcer avoided/year) were the most cost-effective strategies compared with ‘endoscopy-based strategy’ (€717/ulcer avoided/year) and ‘symptomatic treatment’ (€651/ulcer avoided/year) (1 EUR=0,871487 GBP at the time of the study).Conclusion‘Test-and-treat’ strategies with either UBT or FAT are the most cost-effective medical approaches for the management of H. pylori-associated dyspepsia and the prevention of peptic ulcer in the UK. A ‘test-and-treat’ strategy with UBT has comparable cost-effectiveness outcomes to the current standard of care using FAT in the UK.

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Herce, Michael E., Christopher J. Hoffmann, Katherine Fielding, Stephanie M. Topp, Harry Hausler, Lucy Chimoyi, Helene J. Smith, et al. "Universal test-and-treat in Zambian and South African correctional facilities: a multisite prospective cohort study." Lancet HIV 7, no. 12 (December 2020): e807-e816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(20)30188-0.

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Raimondo, Estelle R. "Test and Treat in Washington, DC: Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of a Comprehensive Strategy to Fight HIV/AIDS." Policy Perspectives 21 (April 28, 2014): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v21i0.13345.

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This paper assesses the economic implications of an innovative approach to preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS in Washington, DC. “Test & Treat” is premised on the idea that the epidemic can ultimately be eliminated by testing people widely and regularly and by putting all infected persons on antiretroviral medicines upon diagnosis. The relative costs and benefits of Test & Treat are quantified, monetized, and compared to the status quo, which can be characterized as a ‘test and wait’ approach. This cost-benefit analysis concludes that under a plausible set of circumstances, and with a conservative estimate of the number of infections averted, the benefits of Test & Treat in Washington, DC would outweigh the costs of implementation.

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Gaspar, H. Bobby, Waseem Qasim, E. Graham Davies, Kanchan Rao, Persis J. Amrolia, and Paul Veys. "How I treat severe combined immunodeficiency." Blood 122, no. 23 (November 28, 2013): 3749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-02-380105.

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Abstract Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) arises from different genetic defects associated with lymphocyte development and function and presents with severe infections. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an extremely effective way of restoring immunity in these individuals. Numerous multicenter studies have identified the factors determining successful outcome, and survival for SCID has shown great improvement. Advances in understanding the genetic basis of disease also mean that we increasingly tailor transplant protocols to the specific SCID form. Wherever possible, we attempt to transplant SCID patients without the use of cytoreductive conditioning, but it is clear that this is only successful for specific SCID forms and, although survival is good, in specific patients there are ongoing humoral defects. We aim to use matched related and unrelated donors (including cord blood) whenever possible and have limited the use of mismatched haploidentical donors. The development of autologous hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy provides another treatment of the X-linked and adenosine deaminase–deficient forms of SCID, and we discuss how we have integrated gene therapy into our treatment strategy. These developments together with the advent of universal newborn screening for SCID should allow for a highly favorable outcome for this otherwise lethal condition.

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Marshall, John K., David Armstrong, and Bernie J. O’Brien. "Test-and-Treat Strategies forHelicobacter pyloriin Uninvestigated Dyspepsia: A Canadian Economic Anaylsis." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 14, no. 5 (2000): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/978035.

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BACKGROUND: Recognition of the pivotal role ofHelicobacter pyloriin the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease has revolutionized primary care approaches to dyspepsia. Decision analysis was used to compare the cost effectiveness of empirical ranitidine with a test and treat strategy using eitherH pyloriserology or the13carbon-urea breath test (13C-UBT).PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort of patients under age 50 years presenting with uninvestigated dyspepsia was evaluated. Three initial strategies were compared with respect to direct medical costs and effectiveness in curingH pylori-related ulcers - empirical ranitidine,H pyloriserology and UBT. A one-year time horizon and third-party payer perspective were adopted in a Canadian health care setting.RESULTS: UBT was more costly than either serology or ranitidine but was the most effective strategy and required the fewest endoscopies. No strategy demonstrated dominance over another in the base case. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) of serology versus ranitidine was $118/cure, and sensitivity analysis induced dominance of serology in several plausible scenarios. The baseline ICER of UBT versus serology was $885/cure but showed substantial variation in sensitivity analysis. Each ICER was highly sensitive to variation in the cost of the tests themselves. At a serology cost of $25, UBT became dominant when its cost fell to $39.CONCLUSIONS: In low risk patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia, testing forH pyloriusing serology appears to be economically attractive.13C-UBT may be a cost effective alternative to serology if local conditions closely approximate the model parameters. Future changes in the costs of serology and13C-UBT may determine the optimal approach.

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Reynolds, Lindsey J., Carol S. Camlin, Norma C. Ware, and Janet Seeley. "Exploring critical questions for the implementation of “universal test and treat” approaches to HIV prevention and care." AIDS Care 28, sup3 (June 2, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1178960.

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Brown, Lillian B., Diane V. Havlir, James Ayieko, Florence Mwangwa, Asiphas Owaraganise, Dalsone Kwarisiima, Vivek Jain, et al. "High levels of retention in care with streamlined care and universal test and treat in East Africa." AIDS 30, no. 18 (November 2016): 2855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0000000000001250.

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Wagner, Bradley G., James S. Kahn, and Sally Blower. "Should we try to eliminate HIV epidemics by using a ‘Test and Treat’ strategy?" AIDS 24, no. 5 (March 2010): 775–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0b013e3283366782.

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Joosen, E. A. M., W. A. de Boer, J. H. A. Reininga, J. M. W. Manders, and J. C. ten HAM. "Costs and benefits of a test and treat strategy in H. pylori infected subjects." European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 11, no. 12 (December 1999): A17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042737-199912000-00057.

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Joosen, E. A. M., J. H. A. Reininga, J. M. W. Manders, J. C. ten Ham, and W. A. de Boer. "Costs and benefits of a test-and-treat strategy in Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects." European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 12, no. 3 (March 2000): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042737-200012030-00010.

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Chimoyi, Lucy, Christopher J. Hoffmann, Harry Hausler, Pretty Ndini, Israel Rabothata, Danielle Daniels-Felix, Abraham J. Olivier, Katherine Fielding, Salome Charalambous, and Candice M. Chetty-Makkan. "HIV-related stigma and uptake of antiretroviral treatment among incarcerated individuals living with HIV/AIDS in South African correctional settings: A mixed methods analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): e0254975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254975.

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Background Stigma affects engagement with HIV healthcare services. We investigated the prevalence and experience of stigma among incarcerated people living with HIV (PLHIV) in selected South African correctional settings during roll-out of universal test and treat. Methods A cross-sectional mixed-methods study design included 219 incarcerated PLHIV and 30 in-depth interviews were conducted with four different types of PLHIV. HIV-related stigma was assessed through survey self-reporting and during the interviews. A descriptive analysis of HIV-related stigma was presented, supplemented with a thematic analysis of the interview transcripts. Results ART uptake was high (n = 198, 90.4%) and most reported HIV-related stigma (n = 192, 87.7%). The intersectional stigma occurring due to individual and structural stigma around provision of healthcare in these settings mostly contributed to perceived stigma through involuntary disclosure of HIV status. Interpersonal and intrapersonal factors led to negative coping behaviours. However, positive self-coping strategies and relationships with staff encouraged sustained engagement in care. Conclusion We encourage continuous peer support to reduce stigmatization of those infected with HIV and whose status may be disclosed inadvertently in the universal test and treat era.

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Lee, Yi-Chia, Hui-Min Wu, Tony Hsiu-Hsi Chen, Tzeng-Ying Liu, Han-Mo Chiu, Chun-Chao Chang, Hsiu-Po Wang, et al. "A Community-Based Study of Helicobacter pylori Therapy Using the Strategy of Test, Treat, Retest, and Re-treat Initial Treatment Failures." Helicobacter 11, no. 5 (October 2006): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2006.00432.x.

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Boeke, CE, S. Khan, F. Walsh, A. Hettema, C. Lejeune, D. Spiegelman, V. Okello, J. Harwell, S. Mazibuko, and T. Bärnighausen. "Universal test and treat in relation to HIV disease progression: results from a stepped‐wedge trial in Eswatini." HIV Medicine 22, no. 1 (September 2, 2020): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12941.

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Alhaj, Mohammad, Alemayehu Amberbir, Emmanuel Singogo, Victor Banda, Monique van Lettow, Alfred Matengeni, Gift Kawalazira, et al. "Retention on antiretroviral therapy during Universal Test and Treat implementation in Zomba district, Malawi: a retrospective cohort study." Journal of the International AIDS Society 22, no. 2 (February 2019): e25239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25239.

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Armstrong, David. "The test and treat strategy for dyspepsia: Cost-effectiveness of the order of eradication strategies." Gastroenterology 118, no. 4 (April 2000): A207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(00)82902-9.

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Walensky, Rochelle P., A. David Paltiel, Elena Losina, Bethany L. Morris, Callie A. Scott, Erin R. Rhode, George R. Seage, and Kenneth A. Freedberg. "Test and Treat DC: Forecasting the Impact of a Comprehensive HIV Strategy in Washington DC." Clinical Infectious Diseases 51, no. 4 (August 15, 2010): 392–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/655130.

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Zhang, Jing Ming, Shuang Shuang Cui, and You Cun Ren. "Modeling and Simulation of PHEV Regenerative Braking Test Platform." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 1170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.1170.

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In order to recycle regenerative braking energy, we built the PHEV regenerative braking test platform with model design concept, based on the parallel hybrid structure. We proposed a regenerative braking control strategy under parallel braking force distribution, and established the mathematical models for main elements of the platform. In order to confirm the performance and the operational reliability of the platform, simulation models of the regenerative braking system were built in MATLAB/Simulink by combining the test data with mathematic models. We chose universal NEDC drive cycles for simulation, and the results indicated that the regenerative braking energy was effectively recycled. The structure and control strategy of regenerative braking test platform was proved to be rational.

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