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Seiferheld, Stacy. "[Exploration of human rights theory universalism versus cultural relativism /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1237.
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Lundell, Berg Denise Valentina. "Feminism på export : En komparativ studie av feministisk utrikespolitik i Europa." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443627.
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Today a growing number of countries around the world are strengthening their international work for women's rights by pursuing a feminist foreign policy. There is however no internationally accepted definition of feminist foreign policy, and feminism as a concept includes several different orientations. The purpose of this research is thus to examine and compare underlying perspectives that influence European Feminist Foreign Policy, and what this might entail. Based on a qualitative and comparative content analysis, and by using an ideal-type analytical approach as a tool of analysis, this study examines the feminist as well as human rights perspectives which form the basis of three European countries' strategic Foreign Policy documents – France, Spain, and Sweden. This research finds that the foreign policy documents, besides slight differences, are similar in both their feminist and human rights ambitions. Firstly, they all share a focus on an overall liberal feminist ambition that prioritises women's participation and economic empowerment. Secondly, they are characterized by a universalist approach to the pursuit of women's human rights, with limited space for the influence of other perspectives.
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Poustková, Karolína. "Lidská práva v islámské společnosti: Komparace postavení ženy v Turecku a Saudské Arábii." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10611.
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The thesis studies the human rights in Islam and evaluates them in concrete comparison of Muslim women's position in two different Muslim countries. It approaches two main human rights concepts: universalism and cultural relativism and describes the system and structure of Islamic law which determine all Muslims and Muslim society and therefore human rights perception itself. The diploma work follows two main goals:1) analysis of human rights from Islamic perspective, namely by its confrontation with prevalent universal model of human rights and 2) comparison of the status of Muslim woman in Turkey and Saudi Arabia. The thesis is logically divided into four consequential parts. First two chapters introduce to theoretical issues of human rights and Islamic religion, the two other pivotal parts are concentrated on the above mentioned set goals. The objectivity of the thesis should be ensured by using various foreign-language sources of information from which studies and reports of international organizations such as United Nations, Human Rights Watch or Amnesty International form a considerable part.
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Ahlm, Sofie. "Vem sa att mänskliga rättigheter gäller alla? – En argumentationsanalys av asiatiska värderingar." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22146.
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Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka den påstådda universala naturen av mänskliga rättigheter genom att använda mig av debatten kring asiatiska värderingar, som en kulturrelativistisk teori. De grundläggande argumenten som poängteras av försvarare av asiatiska värderingar är att de asiatiska och västerländska stater tillhör olika kulturer som även skiljer i deras uppfattning av etik och moral, vilket påverkar deras olika uppfattning av mänskliga rättigheter. I argumentationsanalysen kring asiatiska värderingar har jag använt mig utav texter från Xiaorong Li, Amartya Sen, Lee Kuan Yew och Mahathir bin Mohamad, då dessa forskare och politiker representerar åsikterna av de två teorierna jag använder mig utav i argumentationsanalysen, universalism och relativism/kulturelativism. Kopplat till denna debatt diskuterar jag även hur ett större konsensus kring internationella mänskliga rättigheter skulle ske, eller ifall det finns en möjlighet för en nedgång av ett internationellt konsensus. Jag har kommit fram till att argumenten från båda sidor i diskussionen presenterade i denna studie har fört fram viktiga åsikter som är av stor betydelse för framtida samarbete mellan stater. I studien framgår det att ett större konsensus (och därför större respekt för mänskliga rättigheter?), kan skapas ifall vi skapar internationella plattformer för diskussion kring kulturella skillnader. Jag har också kommit till slutsatsen att vi förmodligen inte kommer att se en nedgång av konsensusen kring mänskliga rättigheter utan snarare en utveckling av dem.The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the alleged universal nature of human rights by using the Asian values debate as a cultural relativistic theory. The basic arguments emphasized by defenders of Asian values is that Asian and Western states belong to different cultures that also differ in their perceptions of ethics and morality, which affects their different perceptions of human rights. In my argument analysis on Asian values I have used texts by Xiaorong Li, Amartya Sen, Lee Kuan Yew and Mahathir bin Mohamad. Their opinions regarding the debate will come through in the analysis where they represent two different perspectives on human rights, i.e. universalism and relativism/culture relativism. After the analysis I discuss how an even greater consensus on international human rights would develop and if there is a possibility for a decline of an international consensus.I have come to the conclusion that the arguments from both sides of the spectrum have put forward key arguments in this study that are of great importance for the future cooperation between cultures. The study shows that a greater consensus (and therefore greater respect for human rights?) can be created if we develop an international platform for discussion of cultural differences and I have also come to the conclusion that we probably won’t see a decline of the consensus surrounding human rights but rather a development of them.
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Bungane, Mbulelo Shadrack. "South Africa's Human Rights Diplomacy in Africa : 1994-2008." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43686.
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The study examines SA‟s human rights diplomacy in Africa and the selected countries, namely Libya, Nigeria, the Sudan and Zimbabwe during the presidencies of Presidents Mandela and Mbeki. When SA decided to follow an ethics based foreign policy, especially in the area of human rights, it joined a number of countries who had adopted a similar approach such the United States of America, the Netherlands and Australia. These countries have an established history of human rights diplomacy which is supported by institutional and policy frameworks.
The study argues that although both presidents were committed to a human rights oriented foreign policy, due to constraints that they faced in the continent human rights issues were not consistently and concertedly pursued by them, especially following SA‟s 1995 engagement with Nigeria during the term of the Sani Abacha government. These constraints led to a major shift in SA‟s human rights diplomacy. This shift entailed a move away from unilateral action to reliance on multilateral forums to deal with human rights challenges; the development of continental norms and standards, as well as strengthening continental structures; and conflict resolution and post-conflict reconstruction and development in Africa. This shift became evident in the content of Departmental strategic plans, and reporting both internally and externally to oversight structures such as Parliament. Hardly any proactive plans were developed to address human rights issues in any of the individual countries. Reporting to Parliament also focused on developments at a multilateral level both at the UN and AU with little coverage of human rights issues in individual countries.
The use of multilateral bodies such as the SADC to address human rights issues became more pronounced, the Zimbabwean crisis being the case in point. Despite the merits of the collective approach, its value is diminished if it is undertaken to the exclusion of bilateral engagements by South African diplomats in specific countries or if gross human rights violations are not raised in multilateral bodies. Similarly, the significance of the normative framework and requisite structures cannot be doubted, but because the results of these initiatives are only realisable in the medium to long term, this approach needs to be buttressed by bilateral diplomatic engagements.
During the period from 1994 to 2008, SA also engaged in a number of conflict resolution and post-conflict reconstruction and development initiatives. These interventions averted human rights violations by securing peace as well as facilitating the development of constitutional and related frameworks to ensure the protection of human rights in the affected states.
In conclusion, with the exception of Nigeria, SA hardly intervened on its own to intercede on behalf of victims of civil and political rights violations in any of the four states covered by the study. Its approach undermined its commitment to promote and protect human rights in the African continent.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2015
Political Sciences
MA
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Tošovská, Lucie. "Univerzalita a relativita lidských práv z pohledu islámu - případová studie Saúdská Arábie." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193696.
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In my diploma thesis I focused on human rights in Islam from the universal and the culture comparative point of view. A goal of my work was to find out, whether it is possible to justify the human rights abuses under the terms of concept of cultural relativism in the Islamic civilisation. The thesis should answer a question if it is possible to apply the principles of cultural relativism in case of human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia. This was achieved by analyzing the most important international and regional tools for human rights protection. The thesis is divided into three chapters, which are dedicating to this issue.
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Hosseinioun, Mishana. "The globalisation of universal human rights and the Middle East." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8f6bdf79-2512-4f32-840a-3565a096ae8d.
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The goal of this study is to generate a more holistic picture of the diffusion and assimilation of universal human rights norms in diverse cultural and political settings such as the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The overarching question to be investigated in this thesis is the relationship between the evolving international human rights regime and the emerging human rights normative and legal culture in the Middle East. This question will be investigated in detail with reference to regional human rights schemes such as the Arab Charter of Human Rights, as well as local human rights developments in three Middle Eastern states, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Having gauged the take-up of human rights norms on the ground at the local and regional levels, the thesis examines in full the extent of socialisation and internalisation of human rights norms across the Middle East region at large.
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Berg, Anders. "Penumbra Suecica : Den negativa föreningsfriheten i Sverige möter Margin of appreciation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-233220.
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This paper discusses if Margin of Appreciation is compatible with the idea of universal human rights. Through the case of Negative freedom of association in Sweden, it studies the phenomenon that Giorgio Agamben has called the State of exception. The questions that are discussed and answered are 1) How does the rights theories of Jack Donnelly and Ronald Dworkin relate to Margin of appreciation, and 2) How has Margin of appreciation been applied in cases concerning the negative freedom of association in Sweden, in the European court for human rights. These questions and answers are then used in the discussion on how Margin of appreciation affects the concept of universal human rights.Denna uppsats diskuterar frågan om Margin of Appreciation är förenligt med tanken om universella mänskliga rättigheter. Genom studier av den negativa föreningsfriheten i Sverige, så undersöks doktrinen Margin of appreciation och hur den förhåller sig till tanken om universella rättigheter. Frågorna som diskuteras och besvaras är 1) hur förhåller sig Jack Donnellys respektive Ronald Dworkins rättighetsteorier till Margin of appreciation, samt 2) Hur har Margin of appreciation tolkats i europadomstolens i fall gällande den negativa föreningsfriheten i Sverige. Dessa frågor tas till hjälp i diskussionen kring hur Margin of appreciation påverkar tanken om universella mänskliga rättigheter.
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Veiga, Marcelo. "Pensamento político moderno e fundamentos dos direitos humanos: perspectivas para o século XXI." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7810.
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Previous issue date: 2007-12-10The present work aims to approach the concepts of human rights and dignity human being from the conception of modern politics. It presents a synthesis of the evolution of the modern thought as for the establishment of the concepts of individual, society and State, basic for the definition of the contours and limits of the human rights seen as universal. After that, exposes the debate concerning the tension produced for the positions that defend the universalism and the cultural relativism, in face of a paradox that demonstrates the affirmation of fundamental rights and, at the same time, its constant disrespect. As alternative for the overcoming of the tension and the paradox, it presents the contributions of Boaventura de Sousa Santos sociologist, who suggests the adoption of a new paradigm supported for the possibility of construction of an intercultural dialogue and for the concepts of emancipation politics and diatopic hermeneusm.
O presente trabalho visa abordar os conceitos de direitos humanos e dignidade humana a partir da concepção política moderna. Apresenta uma síntese da evolução do pensamento moderno no que se refere ao estabelecimento dos conceitos de indivíduo, de sociedade e de Estado, fundamentais para a definição dos contornos e limites dos direitos humanos vistos como universais. Em seguida, expõe o debate acerca da tensão produzida pelas posições que defendem o universalismo e o relativismo cultural, em face de um paradoxo que explicita a afirmação dos direitos fundamentais e, ao mesmo tempo, o seu constante desrespeito. Como alternativa para a superação da tensão e do paradoxo, apresenta as contribuições do sociólogo Boaventura de Sousa Santos, que sugere a adoção de um novo paradigma sustentado pela possibilidade de construção de um diálogo intercultural e pelos conceitos de política emancipatória e hermenêutica diatópica.
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Bajor, William J. "Discussing 'human rights' : an anthropological exposition on 'human rights' discourse." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15382.
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This thesis examines how the displaced Sudanese in Egypt, Kenya, and the United Kingdom discuss the topic of "Human Rights". Whereas many studies on "Human Rights" are primarily concerned with the opinions of outsiders, an attempt is made here to provide an alternative perspective in that the focus of this dissertation is on how the displaced Sudanese, themselves, discuss "Human Rights" in view of their situation as exiles. The thesis begins by tracing the historical evolution of the 'Western' concept of "Human Rights" and investigating the historical relationship between Anthropology and "Human Rights". Attention is paid to the role of the doctrine of "cultural relativism" in the discipline of Anthropology. After briefly looking at Sudan's geographical and social makeup, I explain the difficulties I encountered as an independent scholar conducting research on "Human Rights" and Sudan. This is followed by descriptions of the fieldwork locations. What comes next is the heart and soul of the thesis. After giving brief descriptions of the interviewees, 1 analyse how the interviews were conducted and explain how the issue of "Politics" dominated practically every discussion with the interviewees. Next, excerpts from nineteen interviews are presented for the reader to get acquainted with the conversations between the Interviewees and myself. Finally, an examination is made of how "Human Rights" is employed as a manipulative device (or tool) by the interviewees. This is essentially the crux of the study. The chief aim of the thesis is to present various ways the notion of "Human Rights" can be (and is) interpreted and utilised by the displaced Sudanese in the context of their own circumstances as exiles.
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Falconi, Adalberto Fernandes. "Os direitos humanos e o debate sobre a sua fundamentação perante os ideais universalista e relativista." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2008. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2425.
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Esta pesquisa reúne subsídios doutrinários direcionados aos operadores do direito ou pesquisadores, especialmente àqueles que operam ou pesquisam sobre o tema direitos humanos, haja vista que demonstra a importância de se discutir o tema e buscar o entendimento de sua fundamentação. O trabalho aponta os principais marcos históricos que construíram, ao longo anos, as bases dos direitos humanos. Trabalha a questão dos ideais universalista e relativista, como forma de fundamentação dos mesmos e lança-se ao estudo de diversos temas ligados aos direitos humanos, tais como cultura, globalização, tolerância, identidades, sociedade cosmopolita, multiculturalismo entre outros. Demonstra os diversos estudos referentes aos textos humanistas formados a partir do pós-guerra (II Guerra-Mundial), bem como trilha os movimentos que levaram às grandes revoluções do século XVIII, como o racionalismo e o constitucionalismo. Analisa o fenômeno mundial da globalização e como tem influenciado o campo dos direitos humanos. Apresenta
This investigation gathers doctrinal subsidies directed to both law operators and investigators, especially those who operate and investigate on human rights, since it shows the importance of discussing this issue and looking for its fundamentality understanding. This paper points to the main historical marks which contributed for the fundamentals of human rights. It deals with the issue of universality and relativism ideals, as a way to fundament both of them and studies several issues related to human rights like culture, globalization, tolerance, identities, cosmopolitan society and multiculturalism among others. This work shows several studies related to humanist texts built since World War II, as well as it follows movements which led to great revolutions in the XVIII century such as rationalism and constitutionalism. It analyzes the world phenomenon of globalization and how it influences human rights; presents the difference between culture and identity; points to the main declarations of human rights
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Rumsey, Carolyn A. "Culture, Abstinence, and Human Rights: Zulu Use of Virginity Testing in South Africa’s Battle against AIDS." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20617.
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Virginity Testing, a traditional Zulu pre-nuptial custom that determines the worth of a bride, has been resurrected in communities in KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa as a response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The practice takes place during large community festivals when young girls have their genitals physically examined to determine whether they are virgins and results are made public. Supporters of the tradition claim that in fostering a value of chastity among its youth, it encourages abstinence from sexual intercourse which leads to a lower HIV infection rate and prevents the disease from spreading. Human rights activists disagree; Rather than slowing the spread of a disease, they argue, the practice instead endangers girls. Those who fail are often shunned and turn to prostitution, while those who pass may be exposed as potential targets for rape (due to a myth that says intercourse with a virgin cures HIV/AIDS). Despite a ban on the practice in 2005, the testing festivals continue, and are described by supporters as an important part of the preservation of Zulu culture. This thesis examines the ways in which human rights may be re-negotiated for young girls in Zulu communities while maintaining a respect for local culture. It moves beyond the traditional debate between relativism and universalism in order to propose solutions to rights violations in culturally diverse contexts by exploring ideas of inclusive human rights and capabilities theories.
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Landa, Arroyo César. "The comparative constitutional law on national constitutional system: with regard to the IX World Congress of Constitutional Law." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116290.
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From the process of globalization of law, the comparative constitutional law has gained a leading role for a better understanding and solving old and new constitutional national and international challenges. Therefore, some assumptions and considerations to take into account are presented for the development of the national constitutional order within the framework of the comparative constitutional law, such as universality and relativism of human rights; the concept of power and constitutional democracy; standards of free elections and judicial independence; freedom of expression, media pluralism and access to public information; the economic,social and cultural rights; the new fundamental rights.A partir del proceso de globalización del derecho, el derecho constitucional comparado ha ido adquiriendo un rol protagónico para una mejor comprensión y solución de los viejos y nuevos desafíos constitucionales, tanto nacionales como internacionales. Por ello, se presentan algunos presupuestos y consideraciones temáticas a tomar en cuenta para el desarrollo del ordenamiento constitucional nacional en el marco del derecho constitucional comparado, tales como la universalidad y el relativismo de los derechos humanos; el concepto de poder y democracia constitucional; los estándares de elecciones libres e independencia judicial; la libertad de expresión, la pluralidad informativa y el acceso a la información pública; los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, y; los nuevos derechos fundamentales.
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Purth, Valerie, and Christian Berger. "Frauen*rechte." Universität Leipzig, 2017. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15941.
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Frauen*rechte beschreiben Grund- und Menschenrechte, die für Frauen* und Mädchen* besonders relevant sind, wie beispielsweise das Recht auf politische Partizipation, auf Bildung, auf Gesundheit oder auf körperliche sowie sexuelle Integrität. Bemühungen um und die Konzeption von Frauen*rechten sind sowohl auf inter- als auch auf nationaler Ebene von Frauen*rechtsbewegungen beeinflusst. Trotz des strukturellen male bias des Rechts kennen sowohl das internationale Menschenrechtsregime als auch nationale Rechtsordnungen Gewaltschutzmechanismen, Geschlechterdiskriminierungsver- oder Gleichstellungsgebote. Kritik gegenüber Frauen*rechten wird aus kulturrelativistischen, universalistisch-feministischen, postkolonialen und queer-feministischen Perspektiven geübt.
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Pace, Cristina Luísa. "Cosmopolitan EU? Minority Rights and the Management of Cultural Diversity." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/52372.
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The central purpose of this research is to investigate the main progresses in promoting European integration strategies, social cohesion and sense of belonging (both global and European citizenship) within and by the European Union, taking into account the new multicultural realities of our globalized world; promoting a new model of integration which does involve neither homogenization nor hegemonization, allowing for both protection of human rights and the preservation of cultural values. Integration is in fact considered as a key element of the European Union’s migration policy, as well as a crucial element for the future development of European societies, besides the very identity of Europe itself. To this end a comparison is made between the classic and contemporary cosmopolitan theories and the human rights theory, in order to discover if and in which way they may or should complement each other. The idea of cosmopolitanism is questioned and criticized in parallel with the classical Westphalian sovereignty model, which represented and still represents the dominant governance model of international law and relations, notwithstanding the recent rise and development of international global institutions and non-governmental actors, proposing an alternative and new model of “global governance”. I therefore analyze the relationship between two famously conflicting ideologies of human rights: universalism and cultural relativism, in their philosophical and metaethical meaning of the liberal-communitarian debate; in the historical perspective of the post cold-war scenario, which saw the rise and establishment of an international community based on a “common view and scope” and on allegedly “shared values and principles”. The main purpose here is the one of investigating whether or not those values and principles, certified and promoted by the UDHR and other important treaties and declarations since 1948, can be really considered universal and universally shared, besides all cultural differences and relativism. I consider these issues as historically and ideologically related to the actual structure of the international and European system of protection of minorities and cultural diversity, which developed on a parallel although different line. The main intention here is the one of investigating merits and faults of this system, analyzing the new concept and definition of minorities in the European Union context, the European Union competences in this field and the possible mutual cooperation between the EU and other international actors acting for the protection of minority rights. Following OHCHR indications, there is still “no internationally agreed definition as to which groups constitute a minority”, while it is always stressed the fact that the existence of a minority should be recognized as a matter of fact and that any definition must include both objective and subjective aspects (race, ethnicity, language or religion but also identity and sense of belonging). I eventually evaluate different models of integration and European mechanisms of protection of cultural diversity, suggesting a path for a new model of European integration and human rights protection. The role of both states and supranational institutions like the European Union in protecting those rights is considered as essential in this respect.
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Naji, Jalal Naji Thib. "Lidská práva: Univerzalita vs. Regionalismus." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-405892.
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Human Rights: Universality vs. Regionalism Jalal Naji Abstract The basic idea of the existence of certain rights that human beings are entitled to has been present, in some form or another, throughout the history of mankind long before their universal recognition and codification in 1948. The revolutionary work of the United Nations in adopting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948 was the coronation and completion of all the earlier attempts of mankind in identifying the safeguards of humanity. Of course, the current shape, structure and context of international modern-day human rights never existed on the international sphere before 1948 as all the earlier efforts to identify human rights can be characterized as sporadic, localized, flawed, incomprehensive and even discriminatory as they only recognised certain rights to particular categories of people, such as ascribing rights only for citizens, for believers of a religion, or only for freemen and aristocrats. Conversely, UDHR's human rights standards are ascribed to everyone without discrimination. The foundation of international human rights is premised on the universality concept which indicates that all human beings are equal and that human rights are universally enjoyed by all mankind without discrimination. However, this majestic...
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Ingange-wa-ingange, Jean Desire. "The African human rights system : challenges and prospects." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3698.
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The world has seen gradual evolution of regional human rights arrangements. The adoption by the UN General Assembly of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 10, 1948, was followed by the creation of numerous regional instruments that address concerns of particular importance in the regional context. Three world regions, Africa, the Americas and Europe, have established their respective regional instruments together with the supervisory mechanism, such as commissions and courts.
The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, with its emphasis on group rights and individual duties challenges the Western liberal account of rights, as expressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The cultural differences brought to the fore not only the tension between individual and group rights but also the question as to whether of the universalism of human rights is possible. The study advocates for a moderate universalism of human rights, which can only be achieved through a dialogue among different cultural approaches to the notion of human rights.
This study examines the content and substance of human rights norms of the African system with a view to recommending the possible strategies for their reform. Its central thesis is, the system is rather weak and therefore needs to be reformed. Toward this end, the study analyses the provisions of the African Charter. Thereafter, it explores its weaknesses and proposes strategies for their reform. The African human rights mechanisms face a number of common and particular challenges. Prospectively, Africa is going through a tremendous and interesting phase. These challenges are not insurmountable.Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law
LL.D.
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Guindon, Ľubica. "Univerzalismus lidských práv ve světle plurality kulturních hodnotových vzorů Afriky." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-298119.
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Ľubica Guindon :Universalism of Human Rights in the Light of pluralism of African cultural values The purpose of this thesis is to analyze actual discourse in international law terms about universal or culturally determined characters of human rights. This theoretical problem is introduced with the focus on legal qualification of female circumcision (FC/ FGM ) in international human rights protection. The study goes beyond the scope of international law and reaches cross-disciplinary analysis related to the African context and its cultural, political and social factors. Chapter One addresses the theoretical issues of the notion of human rights, its sources and models in international law. This passage challenges an African approach to human rights bills including a catalogue of individual duties towards family, state and society as a whole. This concern about collective identity of a person within his or her community is a very important feature of African understanding of human rights and human dignity, and can enrich the universal consensus in this field. Within the theoretical issues of the international human rights protection it is necessary to look at the global, regional and local dimension of legal regulation. The most influential strategies on the global level are universal treaties with...
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Moodie, Nicolette. "Denial of inheritance rights for women under indigenous law : a violation of international human rights norms." Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17502.
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Throughout sub-Saharan Africa, women and girls are denied their right to inherit from their
husbands and fathers as a result of the operation of the indigenous law rule of male
primogeniture, in terms of which an heir must be male. This violates prohibitions on gender
discrimination, as well as other, more specific provisions found in international human rights
treaties. However, courts in both South Africa and Zimbabwe have in recent years upheld the
rule. States Parties to relevant treaties have an obligation to ensure equal inheritance rights for
women and girls. In the case of South Africa, provisions of the Constitution are also relevant.
After discussing the operation of the indigenous law of inheritance, the international human
rights provisions violated by it, as well as the recommendations of the South African Law
Commission and legislative proposals on this issue, the writer suggests that legislation should be
adopted to ensure equality for women and girls, while retaining the positive aspects of indigenous law and culture.Constitutional, International & Indigenous Law
LL. M. (Law)
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Svárovská, Gabriela. "Neviditelní nositelé lidských práv." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-304027.
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The idea of universal applicability of human rights has been a symbol of hope that peace and justice in the world is possible, since the late 1940s. Although it is a fiction, and anthropology can proof this bringing countless evidence, strong general awareness of this idea still inspires many in their strive for freedom and dignity as well as opposition to violence. The aim of this thesis is to bring two controversial examples, illustrating how and why value-driven struggle for promotion of human rights fails. The aim is nevertheless not to compromise this noble idea but to contribute to its more thorough understanding as well as more effective implementation. A chapter on so called female genital circumcision (also known as female genital mutilation) offers critical analyses of the international campaign for eradication of this practice, led by international feminist movement since the late 1970s. The attention is drawn mainly to manipulation of facts and unfair argumentation, thanks to which the so called female genital circumcision was labelled cruel practice of backward societies serving degradation and control of women, making more structured understanding of reality impossible. A chapter dedicated to abortion tries to see political and cultural influences hidden under the surface of debate on...
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Liu, Han-Ching, and 劉漢青. "A Comparative Study of Cultural Relativism Between Western and Non-western Conceptions of Human Rights inthe age of Japanese Postwar." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33400603251529403158.
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碩士國立中正大學
戰略暨國際事務研究所
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In recent years, human rights have become a global issue. This conception was proposed to be one of methods for establishing a peace world after World Wars. The definition of human rights still has many disputes until now. However, whether there is one set of universal standards for human rights as the Universalists said (the Charter of the United Nations in 1945, Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948), or just like the Cultural relativists’ conception, it will produce different ideas in the different cultures which would be perfect fit to its people's rights and interests, such as “the Asian values” which is proposed by Singapore Premier Lee Kuan Yew in 1992. First of all, this article takes the liberalism to construct the conception of Western human rights as the universal principle. Secondly, discuss that whether one’s growth background, environment and culture would change its conception of human rights with Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Finally, take postwar human rights Development Process in Japan as the example, “the Japanese morals, the Western art (technology)” to find out the possibility to establish a dialog between different cultures.
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Lopes, Inês Magalhães. "Do Kamo, ser-no-mundo e a universalização da concepção individualista de pessoa: um olhar crítico sobre a idealização da Universalidade dos Direitos Humanos e a sua relação com a Antropologia." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/15209.
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Assumindo-se um olhar crítico sobre a questão da idealização da universalidade dos direitos humanos e, subsequentemente da concepção individualista de pessoa, procura-se essencialmente constituir um argumento em defesa dessa idealização. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento detalhado de outras formas de conceptualizar a pessoa - conforme o trabalho antropológico torna acessível - é apresentado como um elemento determinante para se pensar essa questão. Coloca-se em foco o exemplo particular da descrição da
realidade Canaque conforme as palavras de Maurice Leenhardt, sendo apresentada a hipótese de a forma particular desta sociedade conceptualizar a pessoa poder ser o fundamento do seu quotidiano pautado pela recorrência de atos de violência. Num esforço em tornar esta concepção mais próxima do contexto de discussão dos direitos humanos, é apresentada nos seus pontos de semelhança com a concepção fenomenológica da mesma. Coloca-se então em questão a viabilidade da leitura fenomenológica da vida
humana face à individualista na evidência desta aproximação e, posteriormente, abre-se caminho para se refletir como – tendo este exemplo do caso dos Canaque por referência - o relativismo cultural, enquanto perspetiva crítica de maior relevância na antropologia sobre a viabilidade da noção de universalização dos direitos humanos, se poderá tornar antagónica a princípios fundamentais da própria disciplina.In a critical perspective on the question of the idealization of the universality of human rights and, therefore, the individualist conception of the person, an argument in defense of such idealization is sought. For that purpose, the detailed knowledge of other ways of conceptualizing the person - as the work of anthropology makes accessible - is presented as a determinative element for thinking such a question. It is the example of the Canaque reality which is placed in focus – as it was described by Maurice Leenhardt -, with the purpose of suggesting the hypothesis of the particular way in which this society conceptualizes the person being the basis for reoccurring acts of violence in their daily life. In the effort of bringing this conception closer to the context of the discussion of human rights, it is presented as possessing some possible similarities with the phenomenological conception of the person. The viability of the phenomenological interpretation of human life in comparison to the individualist one is then brought to question and, afterwards, the path to thinking cultural relativism - the most relevant and predominant critical stance on the universalization of human rights offered by anthropology - as possibly contrary to vital principles of the discipline becomes clearer.
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Balinska, Ivanna. "Os Direitos Humanos: a corrente universalista vs. relativista na questão dos direitos dos refugiados: os Direitos Humanos na Fundação Bracara Augusta, na Loja Europa Jovem." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/43488.
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Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Relações InternacionaisOs Direitos Humanos são um dos pilares das Relações Internacionais, pois constitui uma vasta área de estudo das mesmas. Desta forma, o indivíduo ocupa uma lugar na arena internacional manifestando os seus direitos junto das mais variadas instâncias nacionais e internacionais. Por sua vez, os Estados, o individuo, o Direito Internacional e, em especial, as organizações internacionais, desempenham um papel fundamental na formação dessas instituições. Por um lado, é verdade que o Estado tem um papel fundamental na formação das instâncias nacionais que defendem os Direitos Humanos. Por outro lado, também é verdade que o individuo desempenha um papel igualmente importante para a existência das respetivas instituições. Pretendese assim perceber a origem dos Direitos Humanos, mais especificamente os direitos dos refugiados, junto de diferentes instituições e contrastá-las com o regime de Direitos Humanos de Portugal. Por isso, foram selecionadas várias instituições como as Nações Unidas, a União Europeia e a Amnistia Internacional. Porém, existem outras instituições que defendem os Direitos Humanos e revelam-se protetoras dos mesmos. No entanto, o debate que aqui se pretende estabelecer é entre os defensores dos direitos humanos mais universalistas e os que relativizam os Direitos Humanos. Os teóricos realistas defendem que o Estado é o ator principal na arena internacional. O indivíduo ocupa um lugar subordinado ao Estado. Esta é uma hipótese que é defendida ao longo deste relatório de estágio. Será posto em destaque o caso da Fundação Bracara Augusta mais concretamente a Loja Europa Jovem, que se revela uma defensora dos Direitos Humanos trazendo um relato vivo da experiência pessoal.
Human Rights are one of the pilars of International Relations, it´s constitute vaste area of study in International Relations. Thus, the individual occupies a place in the international arena expressing their rights in the various national and international instances. In turn, the states, the individual, international law and, in particular, international organizations play a key role in the formation of these institutions. On the one hand, it is true that the state has a key role in the formation of national bodies that defend Human Rights. On the other hand, it is also true that the individual plays an equally important role for the existence of the respective institutions. The aim is to understand the origin of human rights, specifically the rights of refugees, with different institutions and contrast them with the regime of human rights in Portugal. Therefore, it was selected several institutions like the United Nations, the European Union and Amnesty International. However, there are other institutions that defend human rights and prove to be protectors of them. The debate here established is between the defenders of the universal human rights and those who relativize Human Rights. Realists theorists argue that the state is the main actor in the international arena. The individual occupies a subordinate place in the State. This is a hypothesis that is advocated throughout this internship report. Will be highlighted at the case of Bracara Augusta Foundation specifically the Youth European Store, which reveals a human rights defender bringing a vivid account of personal experience.