Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'University of Benin'

New agricultural technologies are promoted in developing countries to bring about some combination of economic, environmental, and or health benefit. All of these benefits are considered to improve the livelihoods of the households that adopt them. However, the adoption of these new innovations by farm households is never uniform but is based on each household?s evaluation of the utility of the new technology with relation to that household?s attributes. This study looks at the adoption of a new agricultural crop?soybeans?that has been promoted for its nutritional effects in the Tamberma region of Benin and Togo. Variables affecting adoption and disadoption are based on five broad categories of adoption determinants found in the literature: household preferences, resource endowments, economic incentives, risk and uncertainty, and biophysical characteristics. A sixth category of farmer?s perceptions is added to this model to determine current perceptions of soybean utility in the study area. A Probit model is employed to determine factors affecting adoption and disadoption rates in the study area. Variables statistically correlated with the adoption decision include: education, extension, membership, health, cash cropping, and soil quality. Variables statistically correlated with the disadoption decision include: education, experience, expected price, and type of soil.

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FINAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTERS OF TECHNOLOGIAE IN NURSING IN THE FACULTY OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS SCIENCES AT THE CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2015
Beliefs and awareness towards prostate cancer screening among men is very crucial for early detection and management of the condition. From various literatures reviewed, prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death amongst men. In Nigeria, it is the most common male cancer and may be as high as that seen in African Americans in the United State. In most developing countries e.g Benin Republic, Gambia, Senegal, Ghana, and Nigeria, access to health care and prostate cancer screening methods for early detection is limited. AIM: The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge, belief and attitude of male students in the Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria towards prostate cancer screening in order to curb the high incidence and death rate resulting from this disease. POPULATION: The study populations will be Faculty of Social and management Science students of range 18-35 years at Benson Idahosa University, Benin-City, Nigeria. SAMPLE: All students will be selected from the number of male students that are registered in the Faculty of Social Science. METHODOLOGY: This design selected for this study is qualitative cross-sectional. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION: Interviews and questionnaires will be used as tool for data collection. KEY FINDINGS: The students had never received information from their health care provider about prostate cancer. Very few were able to identify the possible symptoms of prostate cancer. There is low level of knowledge about prostate cancer screening and they do not know what abnormal prostate specific antigen (PSA) is. Majority of the participants gained informed knowledge about prostate cancer screening for the first time from this study. The students have a pronounced negative attitude towards prostate cancer screening. Lack of awareness about cancer screening programs is also identified as a major barrier why many Nigerian men do not go for screening. The level of education has a positive influence to prostate cancer and screening. Prostate cancer screening is not a taboo to Bini culture. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study revealed that there is low level of knowledge about prostate cancer among male university students in Benin-City, Nigeria. RECOMMENDATIONS: Initiation of cancer teachings in schools, churches, and traditional gatherings. Demonstrations with the use posters in public places about prostate cancer menace and screening should be 3 encouraged. There should be implementation of policy that every male student from age 30 be involved in health education and promotion programs for prostate cancer. KEYWORDS: male, University students, knowledge of prostate cancer, beliefs and attitude towards screening for prostate cancer, Prostate cancer screening

Dating violence has been reported globally as a public health and socio-cultural issue affecting millions of female university students in dating relationships. The serious health implications can affect academic performance and the total wellbeing of the individual and the society. Literature on risk and protective factors for dating violence among students at universities is limited in Nigeria. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the perceptions of risk and protective factors for dating violence among female students at the University of Benin, Nigeria, using a case study methodology. In this study, a sample of 90 participants was recruited to participate in nine focus groups. Data were collected through focus group discussions. Thematic content analysis was employed to analyse the data, which yielded 24 themes. These were grouped according to the four levels of the socio-ecological framework: individual, interpersonal, community and societal level factors regarding risk of and protection from dating violence among female students. Thirteen themes were identified under risk factors for dating violence among female students, while 11 were identified under protective factors. Individual level risk factors included alcohol and substance abuse, poor interpersonal skills, poor control of emotions, possessiveness and risky sexual behavior. Interpersonal level risk factors included negative childhood experiences, influence from others and clash in belief systems between partners. Community level risk factors included patriarchy and violence in the community, and societal level risk factors included the influence of technology on relationships, absence of regulations to protect women from abuse and poverty. Individual level protective factors included maturity and self-knowledge/acceptance before dating, self-protective behaviours and control. Interpersonal level protective factors included having elders as good role models, trusting relationships, mutual respect between partners and an open relationship and transparency between partners. The community level protective factors included cultural norms to reduce violence and the university response, while societal level protective factors included public awareness and laws to protect women from violence. The findings raise the need for the university management and other stakeholders on campus to develop community awareness campaigns around healthy dating relationships among partners, and to improve the practice of dating violence prevention. Policy makers in Nigeria can use the findings to develop policies and regulations to address dating violence and other forms of violence on Nigerian campuses.

This study explored the appropriateness of the concept of strategic leadership in the development and improvement of higber education in an African university called, for the purposes of tbis study, the AU3. It examined whether strategic leadership as it emerged in Western countries-had any resonance and relevance for the AU3, and explored the ways in which strategic leaders (SLs) interpreted and gave meanings to their roles. The study adopted a phenomenological approach with a qualitative case study design. A purposive sample of 20 strategic leaders was selected. The data collection instrument was semi-structured interviews. The research findings suggested that to enact strategic leadership the individual in the role should: be able to provide clarification of what helshe does and be able to understand the context in which he/she operates. The study contended that: strategic leadership requires three characteristics: elucidation - the ability to identify with their roles and responsibilities and link these to the strategic goals and mission of AU3; externalisation - the ability to consolidate their role tasks, provide evidence, and evaluate job tasks; and realisation - the ability to understand the complexity of their roles. The study further argued that SLs develop a distinctive shape of values and beliefs which impacted on the decisions they made. The study concluded with three types of leader: the 'emollient leader', who is concerned with 'hanging on in there', making the situation calmer in the hope of averting confrontation; the 'hypochondriac leader', who assumes constantly that something is wrong with their approach in performing their role, who is distracted by the environment and its constituencies; and the 'mirroring leader', who cannot see beyond their technical expertise. This study aims to help policy makers and those in charge of SLs' recruitment, selection, and development to better understand what competences are required to lead the university.

This work compares the procedures used in the Emergency Departments in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) in Nigeria and in Manchester Royal Infirmary (MRI) in the UK. It goes on to develop a discrete event model of the latter in Rockwell Arena®.Raw data from UBTH were obtained over a number of visits by interviewing senior administrators, clinicians and nursing staff and by tracking patients over a period of 2 months between 1 July and 29 August, 2011. Information from MRI was supplied through an approved ethical protocol to the National Research Ethics committee (REC Reference 13/NN/0175, IRAS ID 124168, dated March 4, 2013). This embraced patient journeys, locations, investigations and tests for the 98236 patients who attended the ED between April 2012 and March 2013. These (anonymised) data were obtained as spreadsheets from the original Symphony® records, which were then manipulated and analysed using the computer language, R. Anecdotal information on ED operations, patient flow and procedure duration times were also obtained from ED staff. All of this information identified similarities and differences between patient journeys in the two hospitals and were used to generate appropriate process maps. Proposals were made to improve the recoding and maintenance of patients’ records in UBTH. In the case of MRI, each patient’s journey was expressed as a journey-string, which was an ordered list of locations and milestones derived from the time-stamps recorded in the original spreadsheets. A large transition matrix (168 by 168) was generated from the set of journey strings and established the probability of a patient going from one location to any another. This reflects all the decisions which were made at each step of the patient’s journey. The number of destinations from a particular source reflects the options available at a particular instant in time, while the size of each probability reflects the preferred destination. The transition matrix together with the duration and resource requirement of the process associated with the destination is the key to the generation of a process map for each journey through the system. This methodology is original and can be applied generally. This was used as a basis for the journey-path model. In the final MRI model the 4h deadline was not included since the mechanism for its actual implementation was somewhat vague. Instead some isolated models based on patients’ priorities and resource re-allocation were described. From these it was inferred that changing the priority of a patient may not in itself be sufficient to alter the journey profile and in order to do so resources must be re-allocated. The only alternative would appear to be the fast-tracking of patients.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent)
Aim To analyze the demographic profile, clinical data and radiographs of patients who had third molar surgery under general anaesthesia at the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of the Western Cape over a 10 year period. Introduction Minor oral surgical procedures are carried out by Maxillofacial and Oral Surgeons daily. The surgical removal of third molars is a large part of Minor Oral Surgery which is common throughout the world. The general impression of third molar surgery performed by experienced professionals is the ease of the operation, however no-matter how experienced one may be, a simple procedure should never be underestimated (Carvalho and Do Egito Vasconselos, 2011). New surgical techniques, as well as extensive training, skill and experience have led to the evolution of oral surgery and allowed this procedure to be carried out in a less traumatic manner. Certain factors precipitate third molar surgery to be performed in theatre as opposed to the dental clinic setting. These factors will be discussed in this research report.

L’université du Bénin (ex Dahomey), étudiée entre 1950 et 2002, est un essai de contribution à l’histoire des universités en Afrique subsaharienne. L’ambition de cette recherche a été de montrer comment une université a pu être un lieu-clé dans le processus de construction nationale du Dahomey-Bénin, au lendemain des indépendances africaines de 1960. Créée en 1970, grâce essentiellement à l’appui de la France, l’université du Bénin, à l’instar de toutes celles de l’Afrique francophone, est marquée par un conflit permanent entre continuité et rupture avec le système éducatif hérité de l’époque coloniale. Conçue comme l’institution publique de formation des élites, l’université du Bénin est aussi un haut lieu de militantisme de la jeunesse et d’opposition au pouvoir, avec des répercutions sur la vie nationale entière. Étudier l’histoire de l’université, c’est en définitive, faire l’histoire de la société, de la jeunesse, des élites, du pouvoir, de l’administration et des relations internationales. Aussi, comprendre les enjeux des transformations de l’enseignement supérieur au Bénin aujourd’hui, nous apparaît-il, à la lueur de nos propres recherches, nécessiter des collaborations internationales permettant de croiser les échelles d’analyse et de multiplier les points de vue
The University of Benin (ex Dahomey), studied between 1950 and 2002, is an attempt to contribute to the history of universities in sub-Saharan Africa. The ambition of this research was to show how a university could be a key place in the process of national construction of Dahomey-Benin, following the independence of Africa in 1960. Established in 1970, with mainly to the support of France, the University of Benin, like all those in French-speaking Africa, is marked by a permanent conflict between continuity and rupture with the educational system inherited from the colonial era. The Benin University, conceived as a public institution for the training of elites, is also a center of youth activism and opposition to power, with repercussions on the entire national life. To study the history of the university means ultimately to study the story of the society, youth, elites, power, administration and international relations. To understand the challenges of the transformations of higher education in Benin today, it appears to us, in the light of our own research, to require international collaborations allowing to cross the scales of analysis and to diversify the points of view

L’université du Bénin (ex Dahomey), étudiée entre 1950 et 2002, est un essai de contribution à l’histoire des universités en Afrique subsaharienne. L’ambition de cette recherche a été de montrer comment une université a pu être un lieu-clé dans le processus de construction nationale du Dahomey-Bénin, au lendemain des indépendances africaines de 1960. Créée en 1970, grâce essentiellement à l’appui de la France, l’université du Bénin, à l’instar de toutes celles de l’Afrique francophone, est marquée par un conflit permanent entre continuité et rupture avec le système éducatif hérité de l’époque coloniale. Conçue comme l’institution publique de formation des élites, l’université du Bénin est aussi un haut lieu de militantisme de la jeunesse et d’opposition au pouvoir, avec des répercutions sur la vie nationale entière. Étudier l’histoire de l’université, c’est en définitive, faire l’histoire de la société, de la jeunesse, des élites, du pouvoir, de l’administration et des relations internationales. Aussi, comprendre les enjeux des transformations de l’enseignement supérieur au Bénin aujourd’hui, nous apparaît-il, à la lueur de nos propres recherches, nécessiter des collaborations internationales permettant de croiser les échelles d’analyse et de multiplier les points de vue
The University of Benin (ex Dahomey), studied between 1950 and 2002, is an attempt to contribute to the history of universities in sub-Saharan Africa. The ambition of this research was to show how a university could be a key place in the process of national construction of Dahomey-Benin, following the independence of Africa in 1960. Established in 1970, with mainly to the support of France, the University of Benin, like all those in French-speaking Africa, is marked by a permanent conflict between continuity and rupture with the educational system inherited from the colonial era. The Benin University, conceived as a public institution for the training of elites, is also a center of youth activism and opposition to power, with repercussions on the entire national life. To study the history of the university means ultimately to study the story of the society, youth, elites, power, administration and international relations. To understand the challenges of the transformations of higher education in Benin today, it appears to us, in the light of our own research, to require international collaborations allowing to cross the scales of analysis and to diversify the points of view

Storico dell’arte, docente e politico, Giuseppe Mazzariol (Venezia, 1922 - Treviso, 1989) è stata una figura centrale del panorama culturale italiano dagli anni Cinquanta per il suo impegno e il suo innovativo approccio alla diffusione della cultura. A Venezia Mazzariol collabora con le maggiori istituzioni culturali - lo IUAV, l’Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, la Fondazione Querini Stampalia, la Biennale Internazionale d’Arte, Università Internazionale d’Arte … - ed è attivo nel dibattito politico sul futuro della città lagunare, in particolare negli anni in cui presiede il Consorzio per lo Sviluppo Economico Sociale (CoSES). Oggi, la documentazione raccolta e conservata da Mazzariol nell’arco della sua brillante carriera compone i due archivi personali: l’Archivio Giuseppe Mazzariol conservato presso la Fondazione Querini Stampalia e l’Archivio Fototeca Giuseppe Mazzariol conservato presso il Dipartimento di Filosofia e Beni Culturali dell’Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia. Nella seguente ricerca vengono presentati i censimenti analitici afferenti ai due archivi in questione. Tramite questi, si pongono le basi per la realizzazione di un futuro inventario e per un progetto di riunione virtuale delle carte dei due archivi. I censimenti sono introdotti dalla biografia di Giuseppe Mazzariol, dalla storia archivistica e dalla descrizione del contenuto di quest’ultimi.

The purpose of this study was to gain an increased understanding of the college students 'self-presentation on social media, emphasizing whether the use of social media affects the college students' well-being. It is also studied whether the use of social media has changed due to the corona pandemic. This essay aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the research topic. A qualitative approach was used in the study, where a total of four semi-structured interviews were conducted. All participants were students at Södertörn University. The collected material was interpreted with the help of theories of Goffman's dramaturgical perspective on role appearances and self-presentation, as well as Scheff's theory of social ties and its role in human life. The theories were used interchangeably to conduct a content analysis. The survey shows that the informants have a daily use of social media that is focused on communication purposes and a social interaction with family and friends. The results of the study show numerous positive aspects of the use of social media. However, there are considerably negative impacts on the informants' well-being. In addition, the participants were continuously seeking approval from others, as well as an idealization of themselves in order to place themselves in social cohesion. This resulted in the college students engaging in presenting themselves in a favorable way on social media. Finally, the results show that the informants experienced a negative impact on self-esteem, stress, anxiety and depression due to their use of social media platforms.
Syftet med denna studie var att få en ökad förståelse för högskolestudenternas självpresentation på sociala medier, med fokus att belysa om användningen av sociala medier påverkar högskolestudenternas välbefinnande. Utgångspunkten var att få en uppfattning om studenternas användning av sociala medier och deras upplevelser av vad de tror att sociala medier bidrar med och om sociala mediers inflytande i deras liv. Denna studie har genomförts med hjälp av fyra intervjupersoner som var högskolestudenter vid intervjuernas tidpunkt. Sammanfattningsvis går det att utläsa att användningen av sociala medier bidrar till en rad positiva aspekter. Sociala medier underlättar kommunikation och sökning av information. Den förstärker sociala relationer och bidrar till ökad social sammanhållning och gemenskap för användarna. I studien framkom att utöver de positiva aspekterna som sociala medier erbjuder kan det uppstå flera negativa aspekter som kan påverka människans välmående. Deltagarna upplevde att det ställdes krav och förväntningar på dem som lett till att de valt att presentera sig själva på ett visst sätt som enligt deras mening skulle gynna publiken på sociala medier. Detta ledde till stress, nedstämdhet och depression. Resultaten visar även att ständiga jämförelser med andra användare kan bero på bekräftelsebehov, som i sin tur kan leda till att användarnas självförtroende påverkas negativt. Detta kan exempelvis illustreras genom att respondenterna kan sätta högre krav gällande sina respektive självpresentationer på diverse sociala medier.
sociologi

Paradoxically enhanced cognitive processes in neurological disorders provide vital clues to understanding neural function. However, what determines whether the neurological damage is impairing or enhancing is unclear. Here we use the performance of patients with two disorders of the striatum to dissociate mechanisms underlying cognitive enhancement and impairment resulting from damage to the same system. In a two-choice decision task, Huntington\'s disease patients were faster and less error prone than controls, yet a patient with the rare condition of benign hereditary chorea (BHC) was both slower and more error prone. EEG recordings confirmed significant differences in neural processing between the groups. Analysis of a computational model revealed that the common loss of connectivity between striatal neurons in BHC and Huntington\'s disease impairs response selection, but the increased sensitivity of NMDA receptors in Huntington\'s disease potentially enhances response selection. Crucially the model shows that there is a critical threshold for increased sensitivity: below that threshold, impaired response selection results. Our data and model thus predict that specific striatal malfunctions can contribute to either impaired or enhanced selection, and provide clues to solving the paradox of how Huntington\'s disease can lead to both impaired and enhanced cognitive processes.

La vicenda del trasferimento della capitale del regno d’Italia da Torino a Firenze è nota e non mancano importanti studi di riferimento sugli aspetti storico-politici e amministrativi di questo delicato passaggio. Meno indagate risultano alcune questioni più propriamente tecniche, di carattere urbanistico e soprattutto architettonico: in questo ambito la letteratura approfondisce il tema dell’ingrandimento della città scelta provvisoriamente come capitale, ossia Firenze, e dei nuovi significati che Torino, ormai ex-capitale, tenta più o meno consapevolmente di assumere, mentre sfiora soltanto il problema della scelta delle sedi per l’apparato burocratico. La ricerca di dottorato colma, in maniera innovativa, tale vuoto perché, a partire dal trasferimento delle sedi governative da Torino e a Firenze, si pone l’obiettivo di rintracciare il dibattito culturale da esso generato. In questi stessi anni iniziano infatti a delinearsi specifiche politiche per i beni culturali, chiamate a superare i localismi pre-unitari per elaborare un quadro di tutela nazionale: le differenti logiche di intervento, in un’alternanza tra prerogative locali e governative spesso in disaccordo, scatenano vivaci discussioni facilmente ripercorribili attraverso la pubblicistica del tempo e gli sberleffi offerti dalla satira, ricca di vignette sul tema, che raccoglie gli umori dell’opinione pubblica e offre una prospettiva sul senso di un disorientamento diffuso tra i cittadini. Il trasferimento, fortemente intriso di provvisorietà, si presta quindi ad essere un interessante caso studio, una sorta di banco di prova per comprendere quali siano state le difficoltà di trovare un sottile equilibrio tra le strategie di tutela per gli edifici messi a disposizione, tutti di grande valore storico e architettonico, e le necessarie modifiche per le nuove destinazioni d’uso. Un equilibrio reso ancora più precario se messo a confronto con la stretta tempistica delle operazioni di trasloco di mezzi, documenti e uomini. Nell’ottobre del 1864 è stabilito che le operazioni dovranno attuarsi nel più breve tempo possibile e comunque a partire dal maggio dell’anno successivo. In pochi mesi occorre quindi provvedere alla sistemazione di tutte le sedi fiorentine, lasciando uno strascico di ulteriore incertezza circa il destino di quelle torinesi, abbandonate in fretta e furia. Esistono attenzioni e criteri specifici per riconvertire le sedi ministeriali a nuovi impieghi? Certamente le disposizioni sulla soppressione dei conventi e le leggi sull’esproprio giocano un ruolo di primo piano, qui analizzato criticamente e posto a confronto con le moderne teorie sul restauro che proprio in questi stessi anni si dibattono con vivacità. Il tema della provvisorietà accompagna quindi costantemente gli eventi e suggerisce di ricostruire le vicende in una prospettiva storica più ampia, che travalica i primi anni di unità nazionale e giunge al passato recente: nel momento in cui i ministeri trovano una sistemazione nella città di Roma, la celeberrima ‘terza Roma’ destinata ad assumere il ruolo di capitale definitiva del regno d’Italia, vanno identificate nuove destinazioni d’uso negli edifici torinesi e fiorentini. Possono essere individuate logiche comuni tra le due città apparentemente chiuse ad ogni confronto tra loro? L’aspra dialettica tra le esigenze governative e gli obiettivi municipali non determina più ora il prevalere delle istanze del governo centrale, ma si configura in una netta vittoria da parte delle due città. Torino e Firenze sono consapevoli dei vincoli rappresentati dalla normativa statale, soprattutto quella in via di definizione riferita ai beni culturali e, facendo presa sulla sua debolezza e fragilità, individuano con astuzia le pieghe attraverso le quali far emergere le loro specifiche esigenze, anche in chiave di risarcimento per il periodo in cui sono state messe a disposizione della macchina statale. La tesi è organizzata in un primo capitolo dedicato all’inquadramento normativo riferito ai ‘monumenti’, oggi diremmo beni culturali, nel periodo pre e post unitario: il servizio di tutela, assai disomogeneo nelle varie realtà locali, cerca con difficoltà di proporsi in una prospettiva nazionale. Il percorso tracciato, com’è noto, evidenzia importanti criticità che perdurano per molto tempo e non possono essere trascurate nella ricostruzione delle scelte politiche attuate durante il trasferimento della capitale. Per comprendere la complessità di tali operazioni, è stato necessario identificare la ‘consistenza’ di una macchina burocratica così complessa. L’organizzazione amministrativa nei vari uffici ministeriali cambia anche considerevolmente in funzione del peso politico assunto da ciascun ministero, e le differenze in termini di competenze, unità e numero di uffici si traducono in spazi architettonici più o meno ampi, collocati in edifici di proprietà statale dall’alto valore rappresentativo oppure relegati in stabili anonimi e regolati da contratti di affitto. Per organizzare il consistente materiale di studio in modo chiaro ed esaustivo, è stato scelto lo strumento della schedatura delle sedi ministeriali torinesi e fiorentine, che occupa i capitoli centrali del lavoro. L’indagine è stata condotta facendo un costante riferimento alle fonti bibliografiche e documentarie, queste ultime conservate sia presso gli archivi storici della città di Torino e di Firenze, sia presso gli archivi di Stato di Torino, Firenze e Roma, in modo da privilegiare il costante confronto tra la dimensione municipale e quella centrale. Le voci di schedatura delineano in sintesi i caratteri storici e architettonici di ciascun edificio, mentre approfondiscono maggiormente l’ambito cronologico riferito alle esigenze governative e locali sino ai più recenti cambiamenti: l’analisi quindi supera lo studio delle sue peculiarità artistiche, del resto già presenti in molte pubblicazioni indicate in una bibliografia specifica, allo scopo di intrecciare inediti rapporti tra il singolo stabile e le vicende risorgimentali e post risorgimentali, in una chiave di lettura innovativa. Incrociando i dati desunti dalle schede, interpretati anche sulla base del sistema normativo sui beni culturali di inizio Novecento, si è giunti alla stesura del capitolo conclusivo che individua per le sedi ministeriali ormai dismesse cinque famiglie in base alla funzione che le accomuna: didattica, militare, culturale, amministrativa e residenziale. L’indagine cercherà di capire se è possibile cogliere una logica comune di recupero e riutilizzo degli edifici, che diventano chiara espressione della volontà di trasmettere una serie di valori omogenei, nel solco del difficile percorso verso l’acquisizione di una solida identità nazionale. I complessi architettonici sottoposti all’indagine sono stati l’espressione di un continuo cambiamento d’uso, quasi destinato a non avere mai fine. Possibile che le scelte operate siano state dettate soltanto da fortuite contingenze e da singole occasioni d’uso? Poco probabile. L’approfondimento critico dello studio attraverso l’indispensabile confronto con il coevo piano normativo dedicato ai beni culturali, inserito volutamente all’inizio e alla fine della stesura della tesi, ha permesso di cogliere alcuni atteggiamenti comuni alle due città, forse non sempre consapevoli, che testimoniano una chiara espressione di attenzione ad un bisogno di volta in volta collettivo o municipale. E’ stato possibile dimostrare che l’identità nazionale tra la fine dell’Ottocento e l’inizio del Novecento è stata costruita, varrebbe la pena dire strutturata, soprattutto tentando di rispondere a queste esigenze: istruire i cittadini, rafforzare la memoria collettiva e garantire l’unità tanto amministrativa quanto militare, a fondamento di un sentire comune che, almeno nelle intenzioni dei diversi attori politici e amministrativi, presto avrebbe potuto e dovuto accomunare tutto il popolo italiano.

This work involves the development of novel organic methodology utilizing the principles of green chemistry and exclusively in environmentally benign solvents. The methodologies are developed in two different areas, namely the direct formation of tetrahydropryanols in both ionic liquid and water and C-X activation in aqueous media The development of methodologies for direct tetrahydropyranol derivatives synthesis was completed in both ionic liquid and water. In the method that utilized ionic liquid as the solvent, the ionic liquid used was butylmethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [bmim][PF6], in which a simple homoallyl alcohol and an aldehyde reacted in the presence of a catalytic amount of cerium triflate hydrate to yield the exclusive formation of tetrahydropyranol derivatives. In the method that utilized water as the solvent, the acid source used was Amberlite IR-120RTM Plus resin, which has a sulfonic acid moiety. In the presence of the resin and under sonication in water, a simple homoallyl alcohol and an aldehyde yields the direct formation of tetrahydropyranol derivatives in water Various factors have limited the extension of the aqueous methodology onto nonactivated C-X bonds and have been limited to activated C-X bonds such as allyl halides. Therefore, the overall goal of the C-X activation project was to develop an environmentally friendly, aqueous solvent based novel methodology that would allow for the addition of nonactivated simple alkyl halides onto the appropriate electrophilic system. We started from the relatively facile addition of an unactivated alkyl halide to a 1,4-unsaturated system, using electron-deficient alpha-phthalimidoacrylate derivates, to form alpha-amino acid derivatives. The next stage involved the addition of unactivated alkyl halides to alpha-imino esters to form alpha-amino acid derivatives, followed by the addition to an imine to form amine derivatives. The culmination of the project was also the most difficult and resulted in the first report of a high yield Barbier-Grignard type carbonyl alkylation with non-activated halides in water
acase@tulane.edu