Journal articles on the topic 'University of Birmingham Dental Students' Society'

The BBG is a facility of the City of Birmingham Park and Recreation Board and operates as a coalition of the City's professional staff and resources as well as those of the Botanical Society (Friends), Alabama Cooperative Extension System (both groups maintaining offices at the BBG), 2 local community colleges, 12 specialized plant societies (that aid in the maintenance of collections), 100+ garden clubs, numerous related groups, and a strong community support. Current discussions with the University of Alabama in Birmingham will lead to certified programs at the Gardens. There are no formal contracts but informal agreements that are formed for each project. The Society sponsored the 1980 Master Plan and updates it every 10 years, employs a professional educator, and sponsors numerous special activities and programs, many in conjunction with the previously mentioned groups. Internships are hired and paid through the City. Students are rotated weekly through the various operations of the Gardens, including administration, education, taxonomy, and the Library. A special project is done in the area of interest to the student.

Purpose of the study A focused and vocational university programme such as dentistry may limit the opportunities for graduates who find that clinical dentistry is not for them. It is important that those advising and recruiting people into the profession should ascertain whether applicants have a realistic idea of what lies ahead. Basic procedures On the presumption that final-year undergraduate students have acquired a more realistic impression of the profession than potential entrants, it was of interest to investigate possible differences in the perceptions of dentistry between the two groups. The perceptions of dentistry have been categorised and compared by anonymous questionnaire between final-year dental students (n=79) and successful undergraduate applicants (n=109) at the same institution in the United Kingdom. The overall response rate was 100% in both cases. Main findings It is clear that both groups are concerned with personal and professional matters followed by career opportunities and financial matters, respectively. Health matters pose the least concern. However a number of significant differences have emerged. Significantly fewer students (p=0.001) considered the dental career as a positive contribution to society. A greater proportion of applicants considered the study of mathematics at school to be useful (p=0.001). Significantly more applicants valued technical and manual skills as contributing to a ‘good’ dentist (p=0.001). More students mentioned occupational flexibility, security and independence as a positive aspect of a career (p=0.001); however students identified more job stresses in dentistry (p=0.001). Principal conclusion Applicants appeared to have a more ‘idealistic’ view of dentistry than the senior students, however similarities between the responses of students and applicants are encouraging for the future of the profession.

Abstract Objective A large number of digital tools supporting students have emerged over recent years which are encouraged in tutoring. A study conducted at the University of Montpellier (France) among 3rd, 4th, and 5th year dentistry students aimed primarily to identify the type of pedagogical support the students preferred according to their discipline. The secondary aim was to evaluate the student satisfaction after establishing a new pedagogical support. Materials and Methods A total of 165 questionnaires were completed. The main questions concerned pedagogical use of information technology and multimedia tools, choice of dentistry disciplines most justifying their use, and pedagogical gaps in these disciplines. Next, a program of pedagogical videos was developed for the most corresponding discipline. A satisfaction survey was finally conducted. Results Nearly 95.7% of students found online classes and E-learning via the virtual learning environment useful, with the most requested type being video. Demand was stronger in conservative dentistry and endodontics (27%), prosthetics (19%), and periodontology (18%). The most apprehended disciplines were endodontics in the 3rd year, endodontics and prosthetics in the 4th year, and prosthetics in the 5th year. Regarding satisfaction, 100% of students appreciated these videos and 99.4% considered they fulfilled expectations. Conclusion All students requested videos, especially for clinical subjects such as endodontics. With digital technology, our world is experiencing a technological revolution resulting in many daily life changes. With students evolving in a digitally saturated society, our ways of learning and teaching need rethinking. Digital technology can help improve learning effectiveness and develop pedagogical practices more adapted to today's students.

Dental caries is the most common problem in the world. Tooth and oral diseases are most common lessions in Indonesian society (60%). The purpose of this study was to find out the index of def-t PAUD students of Kelurahan Jati Padang city which is can be use to guide planning, actuating, controlling and evaluating dental health programme by Dentistry Faculty of Andalas University. The research has been used descriptive methode and used total sampling. Samples consist for def-t index was 13 girls and 20 boys and categorized based on WHO caries categorize. The result has been shown that def-t index PAUD studentsi is 5,18. The summarized from this research have been shown that def-t PAUD students in highly categorized.

Background: Internet and digital devices are one of the essentialities of present-day life as we depend on them for information, inter-personal relationships, entertainment and even economic transactions. The number of hours being spent by individuals has been increasing day by day. Due to addictive nature of the problem, internet addiction or digital addiction disorder has been coined. This study was carried among medical students associated with King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia, with aim to analyze epidemiological aspects of internet/digital usage among the group specified.Methods: It was a prospective study. 153 subjects responded to online questionnaire sent through Whatsapp. Majority of subjects responding were female medical students, followed by dental students.Results: Results from the study found that about 21.57% of students were using internet for more than 10 hours out of 24 on daily basis. The most common used applications on mobiles was WhatsApp (94.12%). 42.48% of students suffered from sleep disturbance. 44.4% thought that digital devices are very important for their lives.Conclusions: Study reveals a very serious trend in terms of time spent by students on internet and also the adverse health issues due to same, with evidence of dependence in a subset of students. Study recommend that awareness is a key factor as internet usage is more personal but having an impact not only on individual but also on society as well.

This article examines the socio-psychological aspects of a tolerant person, as well as the factors that determine the strategies of interethnic interaction in a multinational society, which were formed in historical practice and are determined by the economic and political structure of society as a whole. The student environment is one of the most intense and intense places of interethnic contacts. Traditionally, in an educational institution, an important way to improve the educational process, which involves comfortable psychological interpersonal relationships, is to develop methods that contribute to the formation of interethnic tolerance. The North Ossetian state medical Academy is a modern multi-level system of continuous training of specialists of higher medical and pharmaceutical education belonging to different national confessions. An important activity of SOGMA is the development of international relations and cooperation with foreign students. The annual events are aimed at forming a positive attitude of students to cultural differences. Representatives of various ethnic communities meet at the University, various systems of worldview and perception of the world are formed, as a result, students ' stereotypes of interethnic consciousness and behavior are strengthened. The study involved 50 students of the 1st year of dental and 50 students of the 6th year of medical faculties of the fgbou VO SOGMA. Diagnostics of General communicative tolerance V. V. Boyko allows you to diagnose tolerant and intolerant attitudes that manifest themselves in the process of communication. E. Bogardus ' scale of social distance determines the degree of psychological closeness of people and the ease of their interaction. Tolerance is an important component of effective interethnic interaction of medical students, which serves as the basis for resolving social and interethnic conflicts and achieving mutual respect for the interests of all religious denominations.

Um aumento significativo de recém-nascidos com microcefalia ocorreu desde 2015 no Brasil. Este relato descreve ações extensionistas desenvolvidas pelos discentes do curso de Odontologia de uma universidade pública brasileira. De 2017 a 2019, efetuaram-se ações de prevenção de doenças e promoção de saúde bucal, acompanhamento do desenvolvimento dentário/craniofacial e tratamento odontológico em indivíduos com Microcefalia. Foram atendidas 17 crianças e 2 adolescentes. Referente a hábitos alimentares e higiene oral, observou-se dieta pastosa e noturna, ausência de escovação da língua e a dentária, apenas uma vez por dia. Na análise facial, desarmonia e comprometimento funcional orofacial. No exame intraoral, observou-se biofilme visível, interposição lingual anterior atípica, mastigação unilateral, bruxismo dentário e desenvolvimento dentário normal. Realizaram-se abordagens educativas de higiene oral aos familiares, atenciosos ao aprendizado. O atendimento odontológico ocorreu de acordo com as necessidades de risco de cárie, desgastes dentários e doença periodontal. Houve a promoção do conhecimento científico e os benefícios advindos do ensino, pesquisa e extensão destas ações proporcionaram um elo entre a comunidade acadêmica e a sociedade.
 Palavras-chave: Assistência Odontológica; Pessoas com Deficiências; Saúde Pública; Odontologia
 Promotion of oral health in individuals with microcephaly: Experience report
 Abstract: A significant increase in newborns with microcephaly has occurred since 2015 in Brazil. This report describes extension actions developed by students of the Dentistry course at a Brazilian public university. From 2017 to 2019, actions for preventing oral diseases, monitoring dental/craniofacial development, and dental treatment were made available to individuals with microcephaly by students of the Dentistry course at UESB. Seventeen children and two teenagers were attended. A pasty and nocturnal diet, absence of tongue, and dental brushing were observed only once a day regarding eating habits and oral hygiene. In facial analysis, disharmony and orofacial functional impairment. Visible biofilm, atypical anterior lingual interposition, unilateral chewing, dental bruxism, and normal tooth development were observed in the intraoral examination. Educational approaches on oral hygiene were carried out to family members, attentive to learning. The dental care was following the needs of risk of caries, dental wear, and periodontal disease. Scientific knowledge was promoted. The benefits arising from teaching, research, and the extension regarding these actions link the academic community and society.
 Keywords: Dental Care; People with disabilities; Public Health; Dentistry

Background: Oral function deterioration is related to a variety of factors, including aging, decline in activities of daily living, malnutrition, and cognitive decline. This cross-sectional study examined the effects of aging on oral function in healthy individuals. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 175 healthy, independent patients aged 40–89 years, without dementia and with ≥20 teeth, who visited a local dental clinic in Japan. Patients were compared with 92 university students aged 20–29 years. The seven criteria proposed by the Japanese Society of Gerodontology to diagnose “oral hypofunction” were observed and statistically analyzed. Results: Compared with those in the control group, the degree of tongue coating was increased in the group aged over 80 years, occlusal force was decreased in the group aged 70–79 years, tongue motor function was decreased in the groups aged 60–69 years and older, and tongue pressure was decreased in the groups aged 70–79 years and older. Conclusions: Healthy, independent individuals maintained several oral function criteria across aging, including oral mucosal wetness, occlusal force, lip motor function, masticatory function, and swallowing function. Tongue motor function and tongue pressure decreased with aging, indicating that these may be rehabilitation targets.

The article highlights the level of interest and motivation of students with different levels of health of students during physical education classes. The influence of various factors on the attitude of students to a physically active, healthy lifestyle has been studied. The study of motives that enhance the desire of student youth to regular physical education and sports is one of the important pedagogical problems in physical education, as motives are crucial in behavior and stimulation of active activities. Due to the low motivation to engage in physical education among modern student youth, there is a need to find ways to increase this motivation and highlight the experience of its implementation in the educational process of the medical university, which determines the relevance of our study.
 The aim of the study is to study the mechanisms of personal health of students of medical institutions of higher education and ways to strengthen and preserve it through physical self-improvement with the use of health technologies, which is vital for professional development of students in distance learning.
 Data from a questionnaire survey of students of 1-2 courses of medical, dental and pharmaceutical faculties of Donetsk National Medical University aged 17-23 years to different types, forms and means of physical activity in free time were used. The proposed algorithm for compiling a preventive and health program for the development of health of EG students contributed to their physical self-improvement, which was reflected in the state of functional systems of the body, resulting in significant changes in personal health. Thus, the obtained data revealed a positive trend: the high level of health of future professionals increased by 5.5%, above the average by 14.5%, and the average by 8.9%. The low and below average health levels of the subjects decreased by 10.0% and 18.9%, respectively. Involving students in physical education classes is an integral part of overall development, an important factor in strengthening all aspects of health. In turn, the study of the mechanisms of personal health of students of higher medical institutions and ways to preserve it, based on physical self-improvement with the use of health technologies, will increase students' motivation to exercise, which will positively affect their emotional and physical health. During the study it was found that the formation of a healthy lifestyle of students of higher medical education is a process of acquiring knowledge, skills, abilities about a healthy lifestyle, which provides the foundation of physical, spiritual well-being and success in professional activities; the formation of a stable motivation for caring for their own health and physical training, development of physical and mental qualities, creative use of physical culture, to ensure high efficiency and creative longevity, the ability to work professionally without psychological costs for successful professional activity in the chosen specialty. conditions of distance learning. The formation of a socially active personality in harmony with physical development is an important condition for preparing a graduate of a higher education institution for professional activity in society.

Nathan Jacobson, who died on 5 December 1999, was an outstanding algebraist, whose work on almost all aspects of algebra was of fundamental importance, and whose writings will exercise a lasting influence. He had been an honorary member of the Society since 1972.Nathan Jacobson (later known as ‘Jake’ to his friends) was born in Warsaw (in what he describes as the ‘Jewish ghetto’) on 5 October 1910 (through an error some documents have the date 8 September); he was the second son of Charles Jacobson (as he would be known later) and his wife Pauline, née Rosenberg. His family emigrated to the USA during the First World War, first to Nashville, Tennessee, where his father owned a small grocery store, but they then settled in Birmingham, Alabama, where Nathan received most of his schooling. Later the family moved to Columbus, Mississippi, but the young Nathan entered the University of Alabama in 1926 and graduated in 1930. His initial aim was to follow an uncle and obtain a degree in law, but at the same time he took all the (not very numerous) mathematics courses, in which he did so well that he was offered a teaching assistantship in mathematics in his junior (3rd) year. This marked a turning point; he now decided to major in mathematics and pursue this study beyond College. During his final year at Alabama he applied for admission and financial aid to three top graduate schools in the country: Princeton, Harvard and Chicago. He was awarded a research assistantship at Princeton; after the first year he was appointed a part-time instructor for two years, and during his fourth year he was appointed a Procter Fellow. The stipend was enough to enable him to make a grand tour of Europe by car in 1935, in the company of two Princeton fellow-students at the time: H. F. Bohnenblust and Robert J. Walker.

Abstract Introduction The positive attitude and behaviour of dental students can be improved during their undergraduate studies and is considered an essential factor in promoting the oral self-care habits of their patients and society in general. Aim This study was conducted to evaluate the oral health knowledge, attitudes and behaviours among undergraduate dental students at a private university, based on the year of undergraduate studies. Material and methods A self-administered questionnaire based on the Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioural Inventory was distributed among 783 undergraduate dental students from 1st to 5th year. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. The Mann–Whitney U test and one-way ANOVA tests (Kruskal–Wallis test) were used. Results The scores of oral health knowledge, attitude and behaviour between preclinical and clinical dental students were found to have statistically significant differences (P < 0.001). The variation of knowledge, attitude and behaviour scores from 1st to 5th year undergraduate studies was shown to be statistically significant with the year of study (P < 0.001). The study showed significant improvement in the knowledge, attitude and behaviour of the final year dental students as compared with the 1st year dental students. Conclusion Preclinical students need properly designed oral health educational programs to increase their attitude and behaviour toward oral health.

COVID-19 pandemic has caused a profound effect on the public mental health around the world. Fear and anxiety of this new disease and uncertainties about the future has led to stress to the society and especially to university students. The objective of this study is to assess depression, anxiety, and stress level experienced by dental students of the Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) during the first period of Movement Control Order (MCO) by Malaysia government. A Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was distributed online to all USIM’s dental students to assess their psychological impact and mental health status. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics of the respondents. A total of 175 students were involved in this study. Majority of the respondents are female (79.4%), first year dental students (25.7%) and were staying at home with their family (94.9%) in the midst of the outbreak. Overall, the depression, anxiety and stress (DASS-21) scores were normal. However, the proportion of student’s anxiety level was apparently higher than depression and stress. A significant finding showed that students who stayed at home were more anxious than those who stayed at hostel (p=0.035). Pandemic COVID-19 lockdown had impacted the psychological state of the USIM’s dental students mainly on their anxiety level. Mental health among the students should be carefully monitored by the university particularly at the faculty level to prevent further mental breakdown.

What opportunities do dental hygienists have to search for information in his or her daily professional life? Do dental technicians continue to update their skills after graduation? Do private dental practitioners have access to databases? Are graduating students experiencing that training in information literacy is relevant in their professional life?These questions gave birth to the idea to study if and in what ways dental hygienists, dental technicians and dentists are searching for information in their professional life, and which information resources they have access to. Through a study of this kind we were hoping to evaluate our work with teaching information literacy. We sent a survey to 164 students that had graduated from the Faculty of Odontology during the years 2005-2009, and got 97 responses. From the responses we have seen that the most frequently used resources were Google, books, colleagues and journals. A far larger percentage of those who work within the public sector and universities have access to a library than those within the private sector. We have observed differences between the three professional groups in terms of search patterns and choice of sources. 79 % of the respondents answered that they benefit from what they learned through the library's instruction and guidance in their work. Thus, the lack of time often determines how often, and where, the information searching is done. Many expressed that they have forgotten what they learned during their studies and comment that refreshing these skills would be beneficial. The results made us think about how we could adjust our teaching in order to prepare the students for their professional life, without cutting down on the regular teaching which the students need in order to manage their studies. How do we highlight the future usefulness of information literacy? The students who graduate from Malmo University will be a part of the surrounding society with which the library should interact. Do we inform students of the services the library can offer them as professionals? Disposition Round table discussion A 10 minute presentation of our study, then a 25 minute discussion in smaller groups based on the questions below and finally 5 minutes to summarize. Learning for school or learning for life? What is important to you - the education or the future professional life or both? In what way can we better prepare students for professional life? What services have we to offer professionals today? Should we offer them other services in addition to the ones we currently offer? Should we evaluate the education based on the perspective of "lifelong learning"? Is it relevant?

Abstract: Oral health is still a problem in Indonesia, including in North Sulawesi. Oral health is affected by oral health behavior. Dental students have good knowledge about oral health, therefore, they can become good models for their families and society. Oral health behavior become more positive and better with increasing education. This study was aimed to analyze the difference in oral health behavior between first semester and fifth semester dental students at PSPDG FK Unsrat (Dental Program Study of Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University). This was a descriptive analytical study with a cross sectional design. Data were obtained by using questionnaires. Samples were obtained by using total sampling method. Data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test to obtain the difference between both groups. The results showed that there were 41 respondents divided into two groups: first semester students and fifth semester students. Both groups had good oral health behavior with an average score of 89.1 for the first semester students and of 98.7 for the fifth semester students. The statistical test comparing the oral health behavior of both groups showed a P value of 0.001. Conclusion: There were a significant difference in oral health behavior between the first semester and the fifth semester dental students at PSPDG FK Unsrat. The fifth semester students had better oral health behavior than the first semester students.Keywords: oral health behavior, dental studentsAbstrak: Kesehatan gigi dan mulut hingga kini masih menjadi masalah di Indonesia, termasuk di Sulawesi Utara. Kesehatan gigi dan mulut dipengaruhi oleh perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Mahasiswa kedokteran gigi memiliki pengetahuan mengenai kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang dapat menjadi contoh bagi keluarga dan masyarakat. Perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut menjadi lebih positif dan lebih baik dengan meningkatnya tingkat pendidikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut antara mahasiswa PSPDG FK Unsrat semester I dan semester V. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Sampel penelitian menggunakan teknik total sampling berjumlah 41 sampel yang terbagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu mahasiswa semester I dan mahasiswa semester V. Perbedaan perilaku kedua kelompok dianalisis menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan seluruh mahasiswa pada kedua kelompok memiliki perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang baik dengan skor rerata pada mahasiswa semester I sebesar 89,1 dan pada mahasiswa semester V sebesar 98,7. Hasil uji statistik perbandingan perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut antara kedua kelompok menunjukkan nilai P=0,001. Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut mahasiswa PSPDG Unsrat semester I dan semester V. Mahasiswa semester V memiliki perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang lebih baik dibandingkan mahasiswa semester I.Kata kunci: perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut, mahasiswa kedokteran gigi

Aim: To compare following the Cuban Revolution, Cuba’s economy and civil society was transformed by the initiation of a program of nationalization and political consolidation. The Cuban government operates a national health system and assumes fiscal and administrative responsibility for the healthcare of its citizens. Other industrialized nations continue to surpass the US in health-related outcomes indicating areas of improvement in its healthcare system. Assessing the successes and failures as well as the advantages and disadvantages of other countries’ healthcare systems may be instrumental in the development of modifications to the organization and delivery system of healthcare in the US. This paper aims to report the information attained from previous literature as well as from first-hand observations from a public health trip to Cuba in order to compare the healthcare systems in Cuba and the United States. Materials and Methods: A group of New York University College of Dentistry faculty and students traveled to Cuba in April 2019 for professional research and professional meetings (CFR 515.564). While in Cuba, the researchers took written notes of the lecture-based material and conversations. Upon return to the United States, published literature was searched for the collection of any additional data and all qualitative data and quantitative data was compiled and organized. Since 1959, Cuba has made continuous adjustments and improvements to its universal, free and accessible healthcare system. Results: There have been notable improvements to the country’s public health status, such as the implementation of an immunization program and subsequent eradication of communicable diseases, such as polio and rubella. Additionally, the implementation of the National Program on Dentistry guarantees dental care to all Cuban children under the age of 19. Today, the Cuban National Health System (NHS) initiatives have evolved to combat the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Conclusion: Recognizing the advantages as well as the disadvantages of the Cuba’s National Health System (NHS) would be useful for future policymakers in the United States. Cuban approaches to health could be tailored to the United States environment to improve healthcare effectiveness and population health status in the future.

O curso de graduação em Odontologia não pode se apartar de seu papel social formador e transformador na construção de um profissional cidadão, reflexivo e que transforme a sua realidade em função das demandas da sociedade. O ensino de graduação que permeie a educação com base na comunidade pode se consubstanciar como ferramenta essencial na construção do olhar sociocomportamental em estudantes universitários, na medida em que promovam a compreensão dos fatores que afetam o bem estar e a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos no cotidiano, tendo o corpo docente como construtor de conhecimentos e fundamentos, gestor de ações planejadas, metódicas e realizadas com determinado objetivo, recriando e superando os modelos de ensino/aprendizagem. 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With globalization, the university-work transition has become increasingly challenging for graduates and employers. In the new context, the mission of university has shifted, and knowledge is no longer considered as singular [1]. The traditional role of universities in producing knowledge has changed to give more focus on the demands of society. The “codified knowledge” acquired from didactic teaching in universities can be at odds with the often “informal and tacit” knowledge required in the workplace. The development of information technology makes the nature of work changing very fast; graduates need to achieve attributes that help them not only do the work corresponding with their disciplines, but be able to learn new skills and new knowledge. This paper presents the primary results of a questionnaire survey among 25 employers of VNU School of Law’s graduates to explore employers’ evaluation of the employability of graduates from Vietnam National University Hanoi. Applying theories of graduate attributes [2], employability [3] and graduate transferable skills [4], [5], the survey explores the gap between university study and the requirements at the work market of graduates. This paper argues that there is considerable distance between university knowledge and skills and the nature of the work. Graduates lack transferable skills, those that allow them to acquire the necessary skills, to satisfy the requirements of the morden workplace, to transfer abstract cognitive skills. These skills are needed before the graduates enter the work market as the employers expect them to practice these skills competently at work. Although these skills can be generated through work, the employers do emphasise their importance for univesrity graduates. Therefore the university teaching and learning process should be reviewed and revised (if necessary) to develop these transferable skills during the time at the university.
 Keywords
 Graduate attributes, employability, Vietnam, general competences, transferable skills
 References
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IntroductionIn late 2016, I undertook a short-term, three-month project to share some of my research through my Instagram account using the categorising hashtag #AustralianBeachspace. Much of this work emerged from my PhD thesis, which is being published in journal articles, but has yet to be published in any accessible or overarching way. I wanted to experiment with the process of using a visual social media tool for research dissemination. I felt that Instagram’s ability to combine text and image allowed for an aesthetically interesting way to curate this particular research project. My research is concerned with representations of the Australian beach, and thus the visual, image-based focus of Instagram seemed ideal. In this article, I briefly examine some of the existing research around academic practices of research dissemination, social media use, and the emerging research around Instagram itself. I then will examine my own experience of using Instagram as a tool for depicting curated, aesthetically-driven, research dissemination and reflect whether this use of Instagram is effective for representing and disseminating research. Research DisseminationResearchers, especially those backed by public funding, are always bound by the necessity of sharing the findings and transferring the knowledge gained during the research process. Research metrics are linked to workload allocations and promotion pathways for university researchers, providing clear motivation to maintain an active research presence. For most academics, the traditional research dissemination strategies involve academic publications: peer-reviewed scholarly books and journal articles.For academics working within a higher education policy climate that centres on measuring impact and engagement, peer-reviewed publications remain the gold standard. There are indicators, however, that research dissemination strategies may need to include methods for targeting non-academic outputs. Gunn and Mintrom (21), in their recent research, “anticipate that governments will increasingly question the value of publicly funded research and seek to evaluate research impact”. And this process, they argue, is not without challenges. Education Minister Simon Birmingham supports their claim by suggesting the Turnbull Government is looking to find methods for more meaningful ways of evaluating value in higher education research outcomes, “rather than only allocating funding to researchers who spend their time trying to get published in journals” (para 5).It therefore makes sense that academics are investigating ways of using social media as a way of broadening their research dissemination, despite the fact social media metrics do not yet count towards traditional citations within the university sector.Research Dissemination via Social MediaThere has been an established practice of researchers using social media, especially blogging (Kirkup) and Twitter, as ways of sharing information about their current projects, their findings, their most recent publications, or to connect with colleagues. Gruzd, Staves, and Wilk (2348) investigated social media use by academics, suggesting “scholars are turning to social media tools professionally because they are more convenient for making new connections with peers, collaboration, and research dissemination”. It is possible to see social media functioning as a new way of representing research – playing an important role in the shaping and developing of ideas, sharing those ideas, and functioning as a dissemination tool after the research has concluded.To provide context for the use of social media in research, this section briefly covers blogging and Twitter, two methods considered somewhat separated from university frameworks, and also professional platforms, such as Academia.edu and The Conversation.Perhaps the tool that has the most history in providing another avenue for academics to share their work is academic blogging. Blogging is considered an avenue that allows for discussion of topics prior to publication (Bukvova, 4; Powell, Jacob, and Chapman, 273), and often uses a more conversational tone than academic publishing. It provides opportunity to share research in long form to an open, online audience. Academic blogs have also become significant parts of online academic communities, such as the highly successful blog, The Thesis Whisperer, targeted for research students. However, many researchers in this space note the stigma attached to blogging (and other forms of social media) as useless or trivial; for instance, in Gruzd, Staves, and Wilk’s survey of academic users of social media, an overwhelming majority of respondents suggested that institutions do not recognise these activities (2343). Because blogging is not counted in publication metrics, it is possible to dismiss this type of activity as unnecessary.Twitter has garnered attention within the academic context because of its proliferation in conference engagement and linking citation practices of scholars (Marht, Weller, and Peters, 401–406). Twitter’s platform lends itself as a place to share citations of recently published material and a way of connecting with academic peers in an informal, yet meaningful way. Veletsianos has undertaken an analysis of academic Twitter practices, and there is a rise in popularity of “Tweetable Abstracts” (Else), or the practice of refining academic abstracts into a shareable Tweet format. According to Powell, Jacob, and Chapman (272), new media (including both Twitter and the academic blog) offer opportunities to engage with an increasingly Internet-literate society in a way that is perhaps more meaningful and certainly more accessible than traditional academic journals. Like blogging, the use of Twitter within the active research phase and pre-publication, means the platform can both represent and disseminate new ideas and research findings.Both academic blogs and Twitter are widely accessible and can be read by Internet users beyond academia. It appears likely, however, that many blogs and academic Twitter profiles are still accessed and consumed primarily by academic audiences. This is more obvious in the increasingly popular specific academic social media platforms such as ResearchGate or Academia.edu.These websites are providing more targeted, niche communication and sharing channels for scholars working in higher education globally, and their use appears to be regularly encouraged by institutions. These sites attempt to mediate between open access and copyright in academic publishing, encouraging users to upload full-text documents of their publications as a means of generating more attention and citations (Academia.edu cites Niyazov et al’s study that suggests articles posted to the site had improved citation counts). ResearchGate and Academia.edu function primarily as article repositories, albeit with added social networking opportunities that differentiate them from more traditional university repositories.In comparison, the success of the online platform The Conversation, with its tagline “Academic rigour, journalistic flair”, shows the growing enthusiasm and importance of engaging with more public facing outlets to share forms of academic writing. Many researchers are using The Conversation as a way of sharing their research findings through more accessible, shorter articles designed for the general public; these articles regularly link to the traditional academic publications as well.Research dissemination, and how the uptake of online social networks is changing individual and institution-wide practices, is a continually expanding area of research. It is apparent that while The Conversation has been widely accepted and utilised as a tool of research dissemination, there is still some uncertainty about using social media as representing or disseminating findings and ideas because of the lack of impact metrics. This is perhaps even more notable in regards to Instagram, a platform that has received comparatively little discussion in academic research more broadly.Instagram as Social MediaInstagram is a photo sharing application that launched in 2010 and has seen significant uptake by users in that time, reaching 700 million monthly active users as of April 2017 (Instagram “700 Million”). Recent additions to the service, such as the “Snapchat clone” Instagram Stories, appear to have helped boost growth (Constine, para 4). Instagram then is a major player in the social media user market, and the emergence of academic research into the platform reflect this. Early investigations include Manikonda, Hu and Kambhampati’s analysis social networks, demographics, and activities of users in which they identified some clear differences in usage compared to Flickr (another photo-sharing network) and Twitter (5). Hochman and Manovich and Hochman and Schwartz examined what information visualisations generated from Instagram images can reveal about the “visual rhythms” of geographical locations such as New York City.To provide context for the use of Instagram as a way of disseminating research through a more curated, visual approach, this section will examine professional uses of Instagram, the role of Influencers, and some of the functionalities of the platform.Instagram is now a platform that caters for both personal and professional accounts. The user-interface allows for a streamlined and easily navigable process from taking a photo, adding filters or effects, and sharing the photo instantly. The platform has developed to include web-based access to complement the mobile application, and has also introduced Instagram Business accounts, which provide “real-time metrics”, “insights into your followers”, and the ability to “add information about your company” (Instagram “Instagram Business”). This also comes with the option to pay for advertisements.Despite its name, many users of Instagram, especially those with profiles that are professional or business orientated, do not only produce instant content. While the features of Instagram, such as geotagging, timestamping, and the ability to use the camera from within the app, lend themselves to users capturing their everyday experience in the moment, more and more content is becoming carefully curated. As such, some accounts are blurring the line between personal and professional, becoming what Crystal Abidin calls Influencers, identifying the practice as when microcelebrities are able to use the “textual and visual narration of their personal, everyday lives” to generate paid advertorials (86). One effect of this, as Abidin investigates in the context of Singapore and the #OOTD (Outfit of the Day) hashtag, is the way “everyday Instagram users are beginning to model themselves after Influences” and therefore generate advertising content “that is not only encouraged by Influences and brands but also publicly utilised without remuneration” (87). Instagram, then, can be a very powerful platform for businesses to reach wide audiences, and the flexibility of caption length and visual content provides a type of viral curation practice as in the case of the #OOTD hashtag following.Considering the focus of my #AustralianBeachspace project on Australian beaches, many of the Instagram accounts and hashtags I encountered and engaged with were tourism related. Although this will be discussed in more detail below, it is worth noting that individual Influencers exist in these fields as well and often provide advertorial content for companies like accommodation chains or related products. One example is user @katgaskin, an Influencer who both takes photos, features in photos, and provides “organic” adverts for products and services (see image). Not all her photos are adverts; some are beach or ocean images without any advertorial content in the caption. In this instance, the use of distinctive photo editing, iconic imagery (the “salty pineapple” branding), and thematic content of beach and ocean landscapes, makes for a recognisable and curated aesthetic. Figure 1: An example from user @katgaskin's Instagram profile that includes a mention of a product. Image sourced from @katgaskin, uploaded 2 June 2017.@katgaskin’s profile’s aesthetic identity is, as such, linked with the ocean and the beach. Although her physical location regularly changes (her profile includes images from, for example, Nicaragua, Australia, and the United States), the thematic link is geographical. And research suggests the visual focus of Instagram lends itself to place-based content. As Hochman and Manovich state:While Instagram eliminates static timestamps, its interface strongly emphasizes physical place and users’ locations. The application gives a user the option to publicly share a photo’s location in two ways. Users can tag a photo to a specific venue, and then view all other photos that were taken and tagged there. If users do not choose to tag a photo to a venue, they can publically share their photos’ location information on a personal ‘photo-map’, displaying all photos on a zoomable word map. (para 14)This means that the use of place in the app is anchored to the visual content, not the uploader’s location. While it is possible to consider Instagram’s intention was to anchor the content and the uploader’s location together (as in the study conducted by Weilenmann, Hillman, and Jungselius that explored how Instagram was used in the museum), this is no longer always the case. In this way, Instagram is also providing a platform for more serious photographers to share their images after they have processed and edited them and connect the image with the image content rather than the uploader’s position.This place-based focus also shares origins in tourism photography practices. For instance, Kibby’s analysis of the use of Instagram as a method for capturing the “tourist gaze” in Monument Valley notes that users mostly wanted to capture the “iconic” elements of the site (most of which were landscape formations made notable through representations in popular culture).Another area of research into Instagram use is hashtag practice (see, for example, Ferrara, Interdonato, and Tagarelli). Highfield and Leaver have generated a methodology for mapping hashtags and analysing the information this can reveal about user practices. Many Instagram accounts use hashtags to provide temporal or place based information, some specific (such as #sunrise or #newyorkcity) and some more generic (such as #weekend or #beach). Of particular relevance here is the role hashtags play in generating higher levels of user engagement. It is also worth noting the role of “algorithmic personalization” introduced by Instagram earlier in 2017 and the lukewarm user response as identified by Mahnke Skrubbeltrang, Grunnet, and Tarp’s analysis, suggesting “users are concerned with algorithms dominating their experience, resulting in highly commercialised experience” (section 7).Another key aspect of Instagram’s functionality is linked to the aesthetic of the visual content: photographic filters. Now a mainstay of other platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, Instagram popularised the use of filters by providing easily accessible options within the app interface directly. Now, other apps such as VCSO allow for more detailed editing of images that can then be imported into Instagram; however, the pre-set filters have proven popular with large numbers of users. A study in 2014 by Araújo, Corrêa, da Silva et al found 76% of analysed images had been processed in some way.By considering the professional uses of Instagram and the functionality of the app (geotagging; hashtagging; and filters), it is possible to summarise Instagram as a social media platform that, although initially perhaps intended to capture the everyday visual experiences of amateur photographers using their smart phone, has adapted to become a network for sharing images that can be for both personal and professional purposes. It has a focus on place, with its geotagging capacity and hashtag practices, and can include captions The #AustralianBeachspace ProjectIn October 2016, I began a social media project called #AustralianBeachspace that was designed to showcase content from my PhD thesis and ongoing work into representations of Australian beaches in popular culture (a collection of the project posts only, as opposed to the ongoing Instagram profile, can be found here). The project was envisaged as a three month project; single posts (including an image and caption) were planned and uploaded six times a week (every day except Sundays). Although I have occasionally continued to use the hashtag since the project’s completion (on 24 Dec. 2016), the frequency and planned nature of the posts since then has significantly changed. What has not changed is the strong thematic through line of my posts, all of which continue to rely heavily on beach imagery. This is distinct from other academic social media use which if often more focused on the everyday activity of academia.Instagram was my social media choice for this project for two main reasons: I had no existing professional Instagram profile (unlike Twitter) and thus I could curate a complete project in isolation, and the subject of my PhD thesis was representations of Australian beaches in literature and film. As such, my research was appropriate for, and in fact was augmented by, visual depiction. It is also worth noting the tendency reported by myself and others (Huntsman; Booth) of academics not considering the beach an area worthy of focus. This resonates with Bech Albrechtslund and Albrechtslund’s argument that “social media practices associated with leisure and playfulness” are still meaningful and worthy of examination.Up until this point, my research outputs had been purely textual. I, therefore, needed to generate a significant number of visual elements to complement the vast amount of textual content already created. I used my PhD thesis to provide the thematic structure (I have detailed this process in more depth here), and then used the online tool Trello to plan, organise, and arrange the intended posts (image and caption). The project includes images taken by myself, my partner, and other images with no copyright limitations attached as sourced through photo sharing sites like Unsplash.com.The images were all selected because of their visual representation of an Australian beach, and the alignment of the image with the themes of the project. For instance, one theme focused on the under-represented negative aspects of the beach. One image used in this theme was a photo of Bondi Beach ocean pool, empty at night. I carefully curated the images and arranged them according to the thematic schedule (as can be seen below) and then wrote the accompanying textual captions. Figure 2: A sample of the schedule used for the posting of curated images and captions.While there were some changes to the schedule throughout (for instance, my attendance at the 2016 Sculpture by the Sea exhibition prompted me to create a sixth theme), the process of content curation and creation remained the same.Visual curation of the images was a particularly important aspect of the project, and I did use an external photo processing application to create an aesthetic across the collection. As Kibby notes, “photography is intrinsically linked with tourism” (para 9), and although not a tourism project inherently, #AustralianBeachspace certainly engaged with touristic tropes by focusing on Australian beaches, an iconic part of Australian national and cultural identity (Ellison 2017; Ellison and Hawkes 2016; Fiske, Hodge, and Turner 1987). However, while beaches are perhaps instinctively touristic in their focus on natural landscapes, this project was attempting to illustrate more complexity in this space (which mirrors an intention of my PhD thesis). As such, some images were chosen because of their “ordinariness” or their subversion of the iconic beach images (see below). Figures 3 and 4: Two images that capture some less iconic images of Australian beaches; one that shows an authentic, ordinary summer's day and another that shows an empty beach during winter.I relied on captions to provide the textual information about the image. I also included details about the photographer where possible, and linked all the images with the hashtag #AustralianBeachspace. The textual content, much of which emerged from ongoing and extensive research into the topic, was somewhat easier to collate. However, it required careful reworking and editing to suit the desired audience and to work in conjunction with the image. I kept captions to the approximate length of a paragraph and concerned with one point. This process forced me to distil ideas and concepts into short chunks of writing, which is distinct from other forms of academic output. This textual content was designed to be accessible beyond an academic audience, but still used a relatively formal voice (especially in comparison to more personal users of the platform).I provided additional hashtags in a first comment, which were intended to generate some engagement. Notably, these hashtags were content related (such as #beach and #surf; they were not targeting academic hashtags). At time of writing, my follower count is 70. The most liked (or “favourited”) photo from the project received 50 likes, and the most comments received was 6 (on a number of posts). Some photos published since the end of the project have received higher numbers of likes and comments. This certainly does not suggest enormous impact from this project. Hashtags utilised in this project were adopted from popular and related hashtags using the analytics tool Websta.me as well as hashtags used in similar content styled profiles, such as: #seeaustralia #thisisqueensland #visitNSW #bondibeach #sunshinecoast and so on. Notably, many of the hashtags were place-based. The engagement of this project with users beyond academia was apparent: followers and comments on the posts are more regularly from professional photographers, tourism bodies, or location-based businesses. In fact, because of the content or place-based hashtagging practices I employed, it was difficult to attract an academic audience at all. However, although the project was intended as an experiment with public facing research dissemination, I did not actively adopt a stringent engagement strategy and have not kept metrics per day to track engagement. This is a limitation of the study and undoubtedly allows scope for further research.ConclusionInstagram is a platform that does not have clear pathways for reaching academic audiences in targeted ways. At this stage, little research has emerged that investigates Instagram use among academics, although it is possible to presume there are similarities with blogging or Twitter (for example, conference posting and making connections with colleagues).However, the functionality of Instagram does lend itself to creating and curating aesthetically interesting ways of disseminating, and in fact representing, research. Ideas and findings must be depicted as images and captions, and the curatorial process of marrying visual images to complement or support textual information can make for more accessible and palatable content. Perhaps most importantly, the content is freely accessible and not locked behind paywalls or expensive academic publications. It can also be easily archived and shared.The #AustralianBeachspace project is small-scale and not indicative of widespread academic practice. However, examining the process of creating the project and the role Instagram may play in potentially reaching a more diverse, public audience for academic research suggests scope for further investigation. Although not playing an integral role in publication metrics and traditional measures of research impact, the current changing climate of higher education policy provides motivations to continue exploring non-traditional methods for disseminating research findings and tracking research engagement and impact.Instagram functions as a useful platform for sharing research data through a curated collection of images and captions. Rather than being a space for instant updates on the everyday life of the academic, it can also function in a more aesthetically interesting and dynamic way to share research findings and possibly generate wider, public-facing engagement for topics less likely to emerge from behind the confines of academic journal publications. 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