Journal articles on the topic 'University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Institute of Education'

This paper conducts a sociolinguistic study of pet names used among couples in Nsukka metropolis. It seeks to identify the pet names used among couples within Nsukka metropolis, examine the implications of the identified pet names, identify the sociolinguistic factors that contribute to the differences in the use of pet names among couples, and ascertain the language used by couples within Nsukka metropolis in communicating pet names. This research studies pet names used in six selected areas in Nsukka metropolis – Echara, Ngwuru, Ihe n’Owerre, Amaeze, Nru, and University community. This study adopts the descriptive method in analysing the data gathered. From the findings, it is observed that couples within Nsukka metropolis use both English and Igbo pet names in addressing their spouses. The identified pet names are used by the couples in communicating what they feel for each other; either to express the masculinity or femininity of their partners or to express how beautiful or handsome their partners are, and to portray their respect for their partners. Sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, occupation, region and educational background are identified to serve as determinants as to why couples use pet names. In conclusion, couples within Nsukka metropolis use pet names they feel are suitable in communicating their feelings for their spouses and also use the language they feel is appropriate in communicating the said feelings.

Abstract The study determined food hygiene knowledge and practices among food handlers in University of Nigeria, Nsukka Campus. Two specific objectives, two corresponding research questions, and two null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design. The population for the study was 165 food handlers. There was no sampling done. A researchers’- designed food hygiene knowledge and practices questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. Frequencies and percentages were used to answer the research questions while Chi-square (X2) statistic was used to test the hypotheses at .05 level of significance. Findings showed among others that all the respondents (100%) who have no formal education were knowledgeable about food hygiene; 90.8 per cent of those who have primary education, 92.3 per cent of those who have secondary education and 92.3 of those who have no tertiary education had good knowledge of food hygiene. There was no significant difference in the level of food hygiene knowledge possessed by food handlers based on level of education (P = >.05). There was no significant difference in the food hygiene practices of food handlers based on level of education (P = >.05). The study recommended among others, that managers of food business establishments should frequently supervise the hygienic condition under which food handlers working for them prepare food.

This study focuses on repositioning guidance and counseling and curriculum innovation in higher education in Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was employed in the study. The study covered four Federal universities in the South-West Geopolitical zone of Nigeria, namely University of Ibadan in Oyo State; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife in Oshun State; University of Lagos in Lagos State; and University of Ilorin in Kwara State. The population of the study comprised 241 made up of 195 student counselors and 46 professional counselors from the four selected federal universities in the South-West Geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The sampling for the study was drawn through simple random sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was developed by the researcher using strongly agreed, agreed, disagreed, and strongly disagreed options. The questionnaire was face-validated using five experts - two in the department of Measurement and Evaluation in University of Nigeria Nsukka, one in Curriculum in Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, one in Guidance and Counseling, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka; and one in Guidance and Counseling in University of Calabar, Cross River State. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for answering the research questions. A mean of 2.5 and above was accepted while any mean less than 2.5 was rejected. The findings of the study reveal, among other things that education, sense of industry, problem solving, conducive/enabling environment, and planning are various ways professional counselors help in repositioning curriculum innovation in higher education in Nigeria. It is also recommended among other things that both expert teachers/professional counselors and student counselors should participate in the repositioning of guidance and counseling and the design and development of innovative curriculum.

Purpose: The study identified the rationale for material selection in landscaping for checking intrusion in public and private primary schools in Nsukka urban, Enugu state, Nigeria. Methodology/Approach/Design: A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Three research questions guided the study. The population for the study was 102 respondents comprising 82 public/private school teachers and 20 builders. Due to the manageable size of the population, there was no sampling as the entire population was used for the study. The instrument used for data collection was a 25-item questionnaire derived from literature reviewed. The instrument was validated by three experts from the Faculty of Vocational and Technical Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to determine the reliability of the instrument and a reliability coefficient of .85 was obtained. The data collected for this study was analyzed using mean and t-test. Results: The findings revealed some rationale for material selection in landscaping for checking intrusion in public and private primary schools which includes; the durability, maintenance, aesthetic and cost of each landscaping material; the initial and ongoing costs, the availability of the material to be used and the life cycle assessment considerations such as material performance, and impact on the environment and the ability to reuse the material. Practical Implications: The results of the study might be of interest to school principals and builders. The study reflects the common perceptions about landscaping to prevent intrusion into schools, and hence of practical implications to concerned education authorities in Nsukka urban, Nigeria. Originality/Value: The study identified the effects of poor landscaping in public and private primary schools which include; exposure of schools to risk of attacks, theft and exposure of schools to ecological problems such as flooding, erosions, deep gullies and a degrading environment.

<p>Over the years, Nigeria and indeed world leaders have been battling to combat the raging poverty and unemployment rates. Although vocational education has been identified as a panacea to these, significant studies reporting obstacles to the implementation of visuals arts as vocational education programs in tertiary institutions have remained grossly insufficient. This is the issues addressed in the study. Survey research design was adopted while 200 purposively selected art education and vocational education respondents from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, provided participated in the study. Among others, that the respondents agreed that the problems facing the implementation of visual art in tertiary institutions as a vocational education program range from poor awareness to lack of parental support. Further studies examine from students’ perceptive, on how best to implement visuals arts as vocational education programs are recommended.</p>

In this study, we assessed the management control system used for effective job performance among librarians in five federal university libraries and five State university libraries in South East, Nigeria. Our 38-item questionnaire was validated by three experts: one from the Department of Science Education (Education Measurement and Evaluation unit) and two from the Department of Library and Information Science at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Later we used descriptive statistics and found out that the university libraries adopted performance appraisal system, duties rotation system, controlled activities system and regulation of staff attendance to a great extent, and also that the management control system has contributed to the effective job performance since it enables employees to understand their job expectations and to encourage librarians’ positive work attitude. Based on these findings, we recommended that performance appraisal and staff evaluation should be performed from time to time to identify areas which require improvements. Henceforth, federal and state governments in Nigeria should make funds available for university libraries to enable them adopt effective management control system and procure facilities and resources to enhance job performance in their libraries among others

The study determined consumers’ perception of onions and okra dried with load adaptive drying technology (LADT). Random sampling technique was used to select equal number of adult male, adult female, young men and young women as respondents. Structured interview schedule was used to elicit data from the respondents, while, percentage, mean score and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data. All the respondents had a favourable perception of Onions and Okra dried with LADT. Willingness to use was dependent on taste, aroma and texture in the case of Onions. For Okra, willingness to use was dependent on colour and texture. There was a general willingness to use the products dried with the load adaptive technology, it was, therefore, necessary for the Centre for Lion Gadgets and Technologies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka (CLGT) to collaborate with agricultural extension agencies to disseminate the product to farmers and processors for use. Keywords: photovoltaic, dryer, load adaptive, consumers, perception, okra, onion

AbstractThe study focused on construction waste reduction awareness as a step within Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The method of collaborative action research was used with a questionnaire as an instrument. Data collected from 61 participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentage, mean, and t-test) and multiple regressions. Results revealed that there were graduates of different degree levels and non-graduates working at the construction sites, where 4.9 % and 27.9 % had PhD and Master degrees, respectively. Improper material storage was agreed to be the main cause of construction waste, while the most effective reduction measure was applying source reduction through the calculated procurement. Multiple regressions revealed that awareness was significantly positively predicted by gender, qualification and status. However, both cause and reduction of construction waste were noted to be human related, thereby necessitating a campaign against construction waste at various sites, with the aim of raising motivated and inspired change agents.

The study examined security awareness as a panacea for effective management of safe school Initiative and students’ academic achievement in unity schools in Nigeria. Three research questions guided the study. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprises 104 principals of unity schools in Nigeria. There was no sampling technique adopted since the entire population was manageable. The instrument for data collection was structured questions developed by the researchers titled: “Safe School Initiative Questionnaire (SSIQ)”. The instrument was validated by three experts, two from the Department of Educational Foundations and one in the Department of Science Education (Measurement and Evaluation Unit), all from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The reliability yielded a co-efficient of 0.83 using Cronbach Alpha techniques. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions. The findings of the study revealed that the rationale for launching safe school initiative was to protect Nigeria students in school from being attacks, to reduce the dropout rate, to enable the students to be conscious of security situation in schools, prevent future attacks on schools, and general protection of education sector in Nigeria. The findings of the study also revealed that school based management strategies can be adopted for safe school initiative implementation in unity schools in Nigeria. Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendation were made, among other that, federal government should provide safety facilities especially perimeter fencing in unity school in Nigeria.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the interventions of final year pharmacy students of University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) during clinical ward rounds in a secondary and a tertiary hospital in Enugu State, Nigeria.Methods: Students were instructed at the start of their clerkship by pharmacist preceptors on how to appropriately document clinical interventions across the hospitals. A pharmacist reviewed each intervention entered by the students for appropriateness. All data collected were entered into the IBM Statistical Products and Service Solutions (SPSS) for Windows, Version 21.0 for analysis. Descriptive statistics, including mean and percentages, were used to analyze data obtained. Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research and Ethics committee of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State.Results: The students documented interventions for three hundred and eight (308) patients. There were more females among the patients (157) and most were aged 19-35 y (92). The common types of interventions performed were drug-drug interactions (14%), therapeutic duplication (11%), and patient and family education (11.7%). The most common additional laboratory test recommended was Serum-Electrolyte-Urea-Creatinine (SEUCr) (30.77%). The most common form of patient education rendered was on dietary and lifestyle modifications in ulcer (1.9%). No characteristic of the patients had a statistically significant relationship with the types and frequency of clinical interventions.Conclusion: Final year pharmacy students of UNN demonstrated competencies in experiential education. They were able to make valid clinical interventions that contributed to patient care in the two hospitals during their clinical clerkship.

This paper explores the possibilities of using mobile technology in the teaching and learning of the English language. A sample of 50 Sandwich students/teachers of the English language was drawn through a multi-stage sampling technique. The instrument used to collect data for this study is a ten-item questionnaire on integrating mobile phones in the teaching and learning of English. This instrument was validated by two language experts in the Department of English and Literary Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Data collected for this study were analysed using the percentage system represented in line charts. The results showed that mobile phones are instrumental in teaching and learning of English in classrooms. The paper concludes that M-learning promotes cooperative and collaborative learning through the enhancement of learner&rsquo;s use of authentic English language that would make it possible for them to construct their own knowledge. Based on the results of this research, the researchers recommend that mobile phone can be integrated in teaching and learning of English as a Second Language.

The study investigated the effect of bibliotherapy on the truant behaviour of schooling adolescents in North West Nigeria. Two research questions were posed to guide the study. The study adopted a Quasi-experimental design. The population for the study comprised of 824 identified SSII schooling adolescents with truancy behavioural problems drawn from the four selected schools in the North West Nigeria. The sample size used for the study was 296 SS II schooling adolescents with truant behaviour. The study adopted a structured questionnaire which was developed by the researchers for data collection. The instrument was validated by three experts drawn from Department of Educational Foundations (Special Education Unit), University of Nigeria, Nsukka; Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling, Aminu Kano College of Islamic and Legal Studies, Kano State and Department of Psychology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria. The reliability of the instruments was subjected to Cronbach Alpha Statistics and reliability coefficient of 0.91 was obtained. Mean score and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. The findings of the study revealed that school location is not a significant factor in the mean truancy behaviour of schooling adolescents; though urban schooling adolescents had a reduced mean truancy behaviour compared to their rural counterpart. The findings of the study with respect to the interaction effect of treatments and gender on schooling adolescents’ truancy behaviours revealed no significant interaction effect of treatments and gender. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that special educators, guidance counsellors, educational psychologists, and curriculum planners should plan a programme of intervention based on the bibliotherapy techniques for schooling adolescents.

This study determined the behavioral skill outcome of technical education students engaged in cooperative learning. Specifically, the study sought to identify the effects of cooperative learning on technical education student’s communication skill, problemsolving skill and critical thinking skill. There were three research questions posed, and the analysis was driven by three null hypotheses tested at (P<.05) level of significance. It has adopted a quasi-experimental design for the study and intact classes were assigned to treatment groups. The study's population was 41 students of Technical Education (TE), consisting of 41 year 3 students of Industrial Technical Education at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, which was the treatment group allocated to the teaching method of cooperative learning. The instrument used for data collection was the self-assessment inventory of communication skills (CSSAI), the inventory of problem-solving skills (PSSI), and the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST). Three technical education experts had subjected the instruments to face and content validation. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the study questions while Paired-sample t-test was used to answer the null hypotheses. Findings showed, among others, that there is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest mean scores taught by Automobile Lighting System students who use cooperative learning in terms of behavioral skill outcome. Among others, it was proposed that technical education teachers be encouraged to use the cooperative learning method in teaching automotive lightening program.

Higher Education Studies wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Higher Education Studies is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please contact us for the application form at: hes@ccsenet.org Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 3 Arbabisarjou Azizollah, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran Arwa Aleryani, Saba University, Yemen Aurora-Adina Colomeischi, Stefan cel Mare University, Romania Aynur Yürekli, İzmir University of Economics, Turkey Bo Chang, Ball State University, USA Carmen P. Mombourquette, University of Lethbridge, Canada Evrim Ustunluoglu, Izmir University of Economics, Turkey Ezgi Pelin Yildiz, Kafkas University in KARS, Turkey Huda Fadhil Halawachy, University of Mosul, Iraq Hüseyin Serçe, Selçuk University, Turkey Jayanti Dutta, Panjab University, India John Rafferty, Charles Sturt University, Australia John W. Miller, Benedict College, USA Kartheek R. Balapala, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia Mei Jiun Wu, Faculty of Education, University of Macau, China Meric Ozgeldi, Mersin University, Turkey Minna Körkkö, Unversity of Lapland, Finland Mirosław Kowalski, University of Zielona Góra, Poland Muhammad Ishtiaq Ishaq, Global Institute Lahore, Pakistan Nayereh Shahmohammadi, Academic Staff, Iran Oktavian Mantiri, Asia-Pacific International University, Thailand Qing Xie, Jiangnan University, China Rouhollah Khodabandelou, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Saheed Ahmad Rufai, Lagos State University, Nigeria Salwa El-Sobkey, Modern University for Technology and Information, Egypt Savitri Bevinakoppa, Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia Waldiney Mello, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Yvonne Joyce Moogan, Leeds University Business School, United Kingdom Zahra Shahsavar, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess and compare the knowledge and help-seeking behaviors toward depression among pharmacy students and non-pharmacy students. Design/methodology/approach The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey and was carried out among undergraduate students of the oldest and largest university in Eastern Nigeria, the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Open-ended questions were used to assess the participants’ recognition of depression and their preferred source of help for a vignette character. The open-ended responses were categorized based on the similarity of thematic content and presented as frequencies/percentages. Findings A total of 118 out of the 200 pharmacy students sampled responded (59 percent) and 270 students out of the 300 non-pharmacy students surveyed responded (90 percent). A significantly higher proportion of pharmacy students correctly labeled the vignette as depression (61.9 percent) compared to non-pharmacy students (39.6 percent) (χ2=16.57, p=<0.001). Psychologists were the most recommended source of help by both groups of students surveyed. A statistically significant greater proportion of pharmacy students recommended psychiatrists compared to non-pharmacy students (χ2=3.79, p=0.044). There was a significant association between academic level of study and ability to correctly label the vignette among pharmacy and non-pharmacy students [(χ2=18.08, p<0.001), (χ2=10.35, p=0.016)], respectively. Originality/value This is the first time the depression literacy of pharmacy students has been surveyed in an African country. The findings from this study are interesting in the context of current efforts to decrease the enormous treatment gap for depression by improving its recognition in community pharmacy settings.

The paper posits the Regional Training and Research Institute for Distance and Open Learning (RETRIDAL) as an institution established for the purpose of enhancing Open and Distance Learning in the West African sub-region. The institute has pursued this mandate with an unparalleled vigour since its establishment in 2003 —a partnership of the Commonwealth of Learning and the National Open University of Nigeria. It is the opinion of this paper that enhancing the Open and Distance Learning mode of education in the West African subregion will require building capacity. Consequently, RETRIDAL has championed this cause through workshops and training sessions as well as commissioning research studies in Nigeria and other West African countries. The objective is to produce suitably qualified manpower that is able to utilise ODL to mitigate the exploding demand for access to education in the sub-region. The paper also foresees a future of ODL and RETRIDAL for West Africa, as many universities are keying into the distance education paradigm.

There is a critical shortage of trained human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) providers in resource-limited settings. To strengthen preservice HIV training for postgraduate health care providers, University of Maryland’s Institute of Human Virology and Center for Clinical Care and Research Nigeria collaborated with University of Nigeria to plan and implement a comprehensive 4-week course in HIV medicine. The first course was piloted with 30 postgraduate doctors. Mean objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE), pretest, and posttest scores score were 51%, 53%, and 75%, respectively; follow-up examination at 6 months showed mean score of 74%. In multivariate regression analysis, pretest score was positively associated with posttest score (22.03, P < .001) and OSCE (0.29, P = .04), age negatively associated with pretest score (−0.94, P = .001), and female gender positively associated with OSCE score (6.15, P = .05). Six- and 18-month online surveys revealed trainees continued to apply knowledge and skills gained. North–south university collaborations to develop practicum-based preservice curricula offer a sustainable way to strengthen preservice evidence-based HIV medicine training with long-lasting retention of skills and knowledge.

<p><em>It is commonplace to see academic staff (teaching staff) in Nigerian Universities stagnated for a long period of time that is without promotions, due to lack of funds for further academic development and publications. The popular syndrome of “publish or perish” has, over the time, had its toll on academic staff of Nigerian Universities. As succour, the Federal Government of Nigeria set up Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) in 2011 as an intervening agency, to, among other objectives, fund academic staff trainings in tertiary institutions within and outside the country. It has, however, been worrisome that many Universities have not been accessing funds allocated to them due to their inability to fulfil the conditions attached and thereby depriving academic staff of the opportunity of accessing Government funds for academic advancement. This work titled “TETFund International Programmes and Academic Staff Development in South East Nigeria” an attempt to determine the extent to which Universities in the South Eastern part of Nigeria have been able to access and utilize funds allocated to them by this agency with respect to training of academic staff overseas. Two universities were selected for this work viz; University of Nigeria, Nsukka and Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. Published works of TETFund as well as literature on related terms were reviewed. The survey research was adopted as research design. Primary data were collected with the aid of questionnaire and analysed with correlation coefficient. It was found that there is positive significant relationship between TETFund’s international training programmes and academic staff advancement/development in the Universities in South East of Nigeria. It further revealed that funds allocated to these Universities overtime were under accessed due to their inability to meet conditions. It was recommended that the Universities should expedite action to meeting the conditions for assessment by getting better acquainted with the modalities/conditions for assessment. It is recommended that the Universities should avoid partiality in nominating staff for trainings, conferences and workshops. As well, it was recommended that TETFund should give opportunity to institutions that missed their funds to access them in the next year.</em><em></em></p>

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of automobile industries workshop craftsmen in relation to the integration of automobile mechatronics technology into the curriculum of automobile trade programmes in technical colleges in Nigeria. Three research questions guided the study. A survey research design was adopted for the study. The population for the study is 31 comprising 23 automobile industries workshop craftsmen who are currently working in automobile companies in Enugu state, and eight (8) automobile trades’ technical teachers in technical colleges in Enugu state. A structured questionnaire titled Instrument for Integrating Automobile Mechatronics Sub-systems (IIAMS) was used for data collection. Two experts from the Department of Industrial Technical Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, and one expert from Anambra Motor Manufacturing Company (ANAMCO) face validated the instrument. The reliability co-efficient of the instrument was found to be 0.87 using Cronbach Alpha. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for the research questions, while t-test was used to test the null hypotheses. The results of the study indicate that that automobile craftsmen find difficulties in servicing some automobile mechatronics sub-systems, while 16 mechatronics sub-systems were agreed on to be integrated into the automobile curriculum. It was recommended that these mechatronics sub-systems should be integrated into technical college curriculum and that technical colleges should partner with automobile industries for effective training of craftsmen. The study will contribute positively to the understanding of automobile mechatronics technology, and how it can be integrated into the curriculum.

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of automobile industries workshop craftsmen in relation to the integration of automobile mechatronics technology into the curriculum of automobile trade programmes in technical colleges in Nigeria. Three research questions guided the study. A survey research design was adopted for the study. The population for the study is 31 comprising 23 automobile industries workshop craftsmen who are currently working in automobile companies in Enugu state, and eight (8) automobile trades’ technical teachers in technical colleges in Enugu state. A structured questionnaire titled Instrument for Integrating Automobile Mechatronics Sub-systems (IIAMS) was used for data collection. Two experts from the Department of Industrial Technical Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, and one expert from Anambra Motor Manufacturing Company (ANAMCO) face validated the instrument. The reliability co-efficient of the instrument was found to be 0.87 using Cronbach Alpha. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for the research questions, while t-test was used to test the null hypotheses. The results of the study indicate that that automobile craftsmen find difficulties in servicing some automobile mechatronics sub-systems, while 16 mechatronics sub-systems were agreed on to be integrated into the automobile curriculum. It was recommended that these mechatronics sub-systems should be integrated into technical college curriculum and that technical colleges should partner with automobile industries for effective training of craftsmen. The study will contribute positively to the understanding of automobile mechatronics technology, and how it can be integrated into the curriculum.

The impacts of climate change risks, risk management mechanisms, and the physical environment under which farm households operate play significant roles in poverty and hidden hunger dynamics in developing countries. Extreme weather events are most often triggers of changes in risk management, which also affect the capacity of households to absorb the resultant shocks. This paper based on primary data collected as part of a PhD dissertation in the Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, presents an analysis of farm households’ levels of vulnerability to extreme weather events in South-eastern Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used in the selection of 120male-and 120 female-headed farm households that constituted the sample for the study. Both structured interview schedule and focus group discussion guide were used to gather data from the respondents, which were analyzed using UNDP vulnerability index. Using household adaptive capacity approach, data were collected on human, economic and institutional capacity of farmers in coping with extreme weather events. Female-headed households were more vulnerable than their male-headed counterparts to the effect of extreme weather events with respect to some of the indicators such as farming income, years of formal education, farm size, land ownership status, number of extension contacts, access to weather information, access to remittance, membership of cooperative and assistance from National Emergency Management Agency in the area. Overall, using household adaptive capacity approach, the results of the gender-based vulnerability analysis showed male-headed farming households with a vulnerability index of 0.38 while the female-headed farming households, on the other hand, had vulnerability index of 0.68. Although female-headed farm households were more vulnerable than their male counterparts, the farmers were all generally highly vulnerable to the incidence of natural disasters because of low adaptive capacity. The study recommends that government and development partners with the responsibility of protecting the environment should be gender-sensitive and redirect more effort in mitigating the negative agricultural effects caused by extreme weather events, especially among female-headed farm households who are more vulnerable.

The Workshop on Islarnization of Knowledge was held Shaban 20-22,1409/March 27-29, 1989 at Usmanu Danfodiyo University in Sokoto, Nigeria.It was jointly sponsored by the University's Center for Islamic Studies, theIslamic Education Trust of Nigeria, the Muslim World League, and theInternational Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). The Center for Islamic Studiesis headed by Dr. Omar Bellu, a specialist in Arab Islamic Studies who servesas the University's Vice-President, and as Secretary of the Nigerian Councilof Scholars. The Islamic Education Trust is headed by Al-Hajj Ahmad Lemu,the Supreme Judge in Niger State and a prorrtlnent leader of the IslamicMovement in Nigeria who has established a number of Arabic Islamic Schoolsconsidered among the best for teaching Islamic and secular sciences.Objectives:The objective of the Workshop was to determine the means through whichUsmanu Danfodiyo University, in cooperation with the Islamic EducationTrust and other Islamic organizations could devise a program of action forthe Islamization of general and higher education in Nigeria. It also aimedat revising curricula for various academic disciplines to accommodate Islamicperspectives and to meet Islamic norms; developing and producing teachingand reading materials for various disciplines; and developing staff to servicethe revised curricula along Islamic lines.The Workshop's attendance was restricted to the professors and teachingstaff at Othman Dan Fodio University, and a number of youths from outsidethe university. On average, about eighty persons, including three or fourwomen, attended each session. The participants paid special tribute to themartyr Isma'il al-Faruqi for his pioneering role in the Islarnization ofKnowledge.The Seminar's Discussions:The first working session, chaired by Professor 'Abdul-Karirm Hussain, ...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the utilization of building information modelling (BIM) software for project planning in construction industries in Ondo-State. Approach/Methodology/Design: Three research questions guided the study. A survey research design was adopted for the study. The population for the study comprised of 31 construction industries with 126 Contractors and Building consultants in construction industries in Ondo-State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire consisting of 41 items developed by the ERASMUS + programme was used for data collection. Two experts from the Department of Industrial Technical Education (Building/Woodwork), University of Nigeria, Nsukka, and one expert from Bablor Construction Company, Akure South, Ondo-State validated the instrument. The reliability co-efficient of the instrument was 0.86. Data collected were analyzed using mean to answer the research questions, while t-test was used to answer the hypotheses. Findings: It was found that the extent to which building information modelling (BIM) software are utilized are still very low. The study therefore, recommend that education and training programmes on BIM software uses should be organized for construction industries, BIM should be made compulsory for all personnel involved in construction process and a standard contract document should be made available by the government/professional bodies for all building constructors to ensure the usability of BIM for construction project to enhance the construction design, process, analyze and resolve potential hazards and ensure that the building project is completed timely. Practical Implications: The study revealed the benefit of BIM software application for project planning Hence, the importance of BIM software cannot be overemphasized in achieving high building quality, innovative virtual design and project management in the modern world. Originality/value: This paper shows that Building information modelling software is an innovative way to practically design and manage project plan. BIM adoption is needed to enhance building performance and operation.

Achatina achatina snail specie are considered by many people in Nigeria, Ghana and other parts of West Africa to be the most prized snail for eating. In general, lectins bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membrane, thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis or other biochemical changes in the cell. It has been deduced that lectins could be toxic and can as well be used as potent administrations that could be used or serve as substitutes for routine treatment or management of many disorders. Based on these, the toxicity of the Achatina achatina snail lectin in animals was investigated with a view to determining the nutritional value of the snail as food stuffs by carrying out tests to determine the blood values of Liver Function Tests (LFT) parameters in Albino Wistar Rats administered with the lectin. A total of 120 samples of the Nigeria Achatina achatina snail specie were collected, authenticated at the Zoology Department of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka and 80mls of pooled crude Lectin extract was obtained. Purifications were performed on 20mls of the crude extract in three steps viz, Ammonium sulphate precipitation and Dialysis (Partial purifications), Con A Sepharose 4B affinity Chromatography column (Complete purification). The affinity purified lectin was used for all the tests conducted in this research. The crude, partially and complete/affinity purified Lectin extracts were subjected to Haemagglutination tests. The Lectin was further assessed to determine its effects on Liver Function Tests (LFT) parameters viz, Total bilirubin (TB), Conjugate bilirubin (CB), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alanine transaminase (ALT) as follows: A total of Thirty-five (35) male Albino Wistar Rats weighing 101-180g and aged 2-3 months obtained from the Animal house of University of Nigeria, Nsukka, were used in this research. The animals were Grouped into 5 (A-E) and allowed for 2 weeks acclimatization. Graded doses of 0.04ml, 0.05ml and 0.06ml of the Affinity purified Lectin were administered intra-peritoneally to each of the rats in Groups A-D (test groups) according to their body weights at intervals of 2 days for 1 week. Group E served as the control. Two (2) mls of blood was collected from each of the rats before and 24 hours after the last day of lectin administration for the following tests: TB, CB, ALP, AST and ALT (performed by means of Roche Cobas C111 automated chemistry analyser). The results of the research showed as follows: On complete/affinity purification, 15mls of pure sample containing only the high molecular weight lectin was obtained. The respective haemagglutination tests on the crude, partially and affinity purified Lectin showed on standardization preferential agglutinations with Blood group A type. Bar charts statistics show that there was Post lectin administration mean increase in TB, CB and AST when the Post administrations values were compared with the Pre values. The Bar charts statistics show that there was Post lectin administration mean decrease in ALP and ALT. However, the differences in the Pre and Post administration mean values of these parameters were further subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test statistics aimed at determining whether the mean increases or decreases in these assessed parameters were statistically significant. The ANOVA statistics show that the effects of the lectin on all the assessed LFT parameters viz, TB, CB, ALP, AST and ALT were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). The results obtained in this research has succeeded in demonstrating that the A. achatina snail lectin is non-toxic, non-carcinogenic and therefore point to its nutritive value as food stuff, hence supports the snail eating education.

Journal of Education and Training Studies (JETS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JETS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 9Angel H. Y. Lai, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong KongCengiz Alyilmaz, TurkeyCharlotte Alverson, University of Oregon, USAChris Prince Udochukwu Njoku, University of Nigeria, NigeriaCynthia M. Compton, Wingate University, USAEbru Temiz, Niğde Ömer Halis Demir University, TurkeyElena Jerves, University of Cuenca, EcuadorErkan Atalmış, Kahramanmaras Imam University, TurkeyErkut Tutkun, TurkeyFethi Kayalar, Erzincan University, TurkeyHalide Nur Ozudogru Erdogan, Abant Izzet Baysal University, TurkeyHalil Erdem Çocuk, Mersin University, TurkeyHatice Irem Ozteke Kozan, Necmettin Erbakan University, TurkeyIbrahim Can, TurkeyIoannis Syrmpas, University of Thessaly, GreeceJohn Cowan, Edinburgh Napier University, UKJosé D Badia, University of Valencia, SpainKun-Hsi Liao, Taiwan Shoufu University, TaiwanKürşad Çağrı Bozkirli, TurkeyLaima Kyburiene, Kaunas University of Applied Sciences, LithuaniaLisa Marie Portugal, Grand Canyon University, USALorna T. Enerva, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, PhilippinesM. Fatih Karahuseyinoglu, Firat Universitesi, TurkeyMan-fung Lo, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongMarcie Zaharee, The MITRE Corporation, USAMarco Antonio Catussi Paschoalotto, University of São Paulo, BrazilMehmet Akif Ziyagil, TurkeyMehmet Inan, Marmara University, TurkeyMeral Seker, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, TurkeyMichail Kalogiannakis, University of Crete, GreeceMin Gui, Wuhan University, ChinaMustafa Çakır, Marmara Üniversity, TurkeyMustafa Önder, Şekeroğlu-Muş Alparslan University, TurkeyNele Kampa, Leibniz-Institute for Science and Mathematics Education (IPN), GermanyNerina Fernanda Sarthou, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, ArgentinaNurşat Biçer, TurkeyÖnder Dağlıoğlu, TurkeyÖzgür Ulubey, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, TurkeyRichard H. Martin, Mercer University, USARichard Penny, University of Washington Bothell, USARui Manuel Carreteiro, National Institute of Psychology and Neurosciences, PortugalSadia Batool, Preston University Islamabad, PakistanSelloane Pitikoe, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South AfricaSenem Seda Şahenk Erkan, Marmara University, TurkeyStamatis Papadakis, University of Crete, GreeceThomas K. F. Chiu, The University of Hong Kong, Hong KongYakup Koç, Erzincan University, TurkeyYi Lu, American Institute for Research, USAZeki Coskuner, Firat Universitesi, Turkey Robert SmithEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Education and Training StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://jets.redfame.com

Journal of Food Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Journal of Food Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please contact us for the application form at: jfr@ccsenet.org Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 2 Ammar Eltayeb Ali Hassan, University of Troms&oslash;, Norway Bernardo Pace, Institute of Science of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Italy Cheryl Rosita Rock, California State University, United States Diego A. Moreno-Fern&aacute;ndez, CEBAS-CSIC, Spain Elke Rauscher-Gabernig, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Austria Jose Maria Zubeldia, Clinical Regulatory Consultant for the HIV &amp; Hepatitis C initiative at Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Spain Leonardo Mart&iacute;n P&eacute;rez, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, Argentina Marco Iammarino, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Italy Marta Mesias, Spanish National Research Council, Spain Mohd Nazrul Hisham Daud, Malaysian Agricultural Research &amp; Development Institute, Malaysia Olutosin Otekunrin, Federal University of Agriculture, Nigeria Rozilaine A. P. G. Faria, Federal Institute of Science, Education and Technology of Mato Grosso, Brazil Tanima Bhattacharya, Novel Global Community Education Foundation, Australia Teodora E. Coldea, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Romania Xingjun Li, Academy of the National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, China

International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Reviewers for Volume 12, Number 2 Abdul Rouf Dar, University of Florida, USA Ahmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria Ahmet Ozan Gezerman, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey Amal A. M. Elgharbawy, International Institute for Halal Research and Training, Malaysia Ayodele Temidayo Odularu, University of Fort Hare, South Africa Donatus Bekindaka Eni, University of Buea, Cameroon Elnaz Rostampour, Islamic Azad University, Iran Fatima Tuz Johra, Kookmin University, Bangladesh Hesham G. Ibrahim, Al-Mergheb University, Libya Hongbin Liu, University of Washington, USA Kevin C. Cannon, Penn State Abington, USA Khaldun M. Al Azzam, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences &amp; Technology, Saudi Arabia Nanda Gunawardhana, Saga University, Japan Nanthaphong Khamthong, Rangsit University, Thailand Nejib Hussein Mekni, Al Manar University, Tunisia Rabia Rehman, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Rafael Gomes da Silveira, Federal Institute of Education, Brazil Sintayehu Leshe, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia Sitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USA Syed A. A. Rizvi, Hampton University, USA Tony Di Feo, Natural Resources Canada, Canada Vin&iacute;cius Silva Pinto, Instituto Federal Goiano, Brazil Albert John On behalf of, The Editorial Board of International Journal of Chemistry Canadian Center of Science and Education

Family which is the main trust of socialization is faced with many challenges in the contemporary world. Couples no longer fancy each other. Children are in constant struggle with parents. Many marriages are experiencing either divorce, separation or face off as a result of conflict. The present study deals primarily with causes, consequences and strategies in managing family conflict and how it applies to one’s understanding of emotion and struggling of power. The study made use of descriptive survey design. The sample of the study was 300 parents from different States of the Federation on Masters and Bachelor sandwich programme in the Department Educational Foundations who offers Sociology of Education in the Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka drawn through random sampling technique. A 54 item Strategies for Managing Family Conflict Questionnaire (SMFCQ) developed by the researchers was used for data collection. Data collected was analyzed using mean and standard deviation. Result indicated that infertility, financial difficulties, poor communication between family members, lack of sexual satisfaction/gratification can lead to conflict in the family. Family conflicts inflict people for the course of their life and prevent them from experiencing their full potential. It causes feeling of fear, of insecurity, rejection, and guilt which may lead to the development of ill-health, separation, divorce or even death. Strategies for dealing with conflict which such as focusing on the area of interest, striving to stay positive focusing on cooperation instead of control, approaching conflict with the aim to understand, resolve and respond are identified among others. It was recommended that conflict education be giving to couples at the period of courtship.Keywords: Family; conflict; Family conflict; Emotion and Power Struggles

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 3Abdul Azim Akhtar, Independent Academic & Researcher, Delhi, IndiaAmany Albert, Beni-Suef University, EgyptAnastasia Panagakos, Cosumnes River College, USAAntónio Calha, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, PortugalAurora Pestaño, University of San Jose Recoletos (USJR), PhilippinesAyşegül Sili Kalem, Necmettin Erbakan Universitesi, TurkeyBo Li, St Ambrose University, USADaniel Tia, University of Félix Houphouët-Boigny Abidjan, GRATHEL , Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)E.Ozan Aksoz, Anadolu University, TurkeyFahri ÖZSUNGUR, Adana Science and Technology University, TurkeyGülsüm Depeli, Hacettepe University, TurkeyHao Liu, Beijing Normal University, ChinaHenry Poduthas, West Texas A&M University, USAIoannis Makris, High School of Pedagogical and Technical Education, GreeceIvan Lenard, Elementary school Ladimirevci, CroatiaJibrin Ubale Yahaya, National Open University of Nigeria NOUN, NigeriaLaura Diaconu Maxim, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University" of Iasi, RomaniaMałgorzata Haładewicz, Opole University of Technology, PolandMd. Nasir Uddin, Prime Minister’s Office, BangladeshMei-Ling Lin, National Open University, TaiwanMichael Brooks, North Carolina A&T State University, USAMohamed Mehdi Jelassi, IHEC Carthage, TunisiaNadarajah Pushparajah, University of Jaffna, Sri LankaPeriyasami Anbarasan, Indian Institute of technology Delhi, IndiaRachita Shrivastava Roy, Department of Higher Education,Chhatisgarh-India, IndiaRima Meilita Sari, STKIP Al-Washliyah, IndonesiaUğur DEMİRCİ, Turkish National Police, Turkey James YoungEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Social Science StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://ijsss.redfame.com

The story of Adult education in Nigeria is not complete without the activities of itinerant Islamic scholars and traders dating as far back as the 14th century. The Methodist mission, the Church Missionary Society (C.M.S) and other Christian churches pioneered what can be termed as “modern literacy” in Nigeria. The major difference between the activities of Islamic missionaries and Christian missionaries is the acceptance of western education in the south and its rejection in the north. Despite this early involvement in literacy activities, illiteracy still persists in Nigeria. Literacy developments efforts in Nigeria include collaboration with UNESCO in the establishment of an Adult Literacy Institute in Ibadan. In 1965, the University of Ibadan started the training of professional adult educators. Other initiatives include pre-primary education, primary education, the first three years of secondary education (JSS), and literacy for adolescents, adults and women’s education. To help improve literacy development situation, the International Community on Education has put forward a 12 points benchmark on literacy delivery. With the current rate of illiteracy and the fact that the deadline of 2015 which was earlier scheduled for halving the illiterates population could not be met, the credibility of the government activities, most especially in the area of funding, commitment, programmes, strategies and the institutions established on the success or otherwise on the benchmarks as far as Nigeria is concerned has been called into question. Using relevant literature on the topic and personal experience of the researcher, this paper is written, to access Nigeria’s performance in the realization of these benchmarks. However, it established the problems and offers possible recommendations that if applied, would put the country on track again as post 2015 literacy development strategy.

International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 4 &nbsp; Abdul Rouf Dar, University of Florida, USA Ahmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria Ahmet Ozan Gezerman, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey Asghari Gul, Comsats IIT, Pakistan Ayodele Temidayo Odularu, University of Fort Hare, South Africa Binod P Pandey, The Pennsylvania State University, USA Di Cui, Temple University, USA Elnaz Rostampour, Islamic Azad University, Iran Fatima Tuz Johra, Kookmin University, Bangladesh Han Zhang, TP Therapeutics, USA Hesham G. Ibrahim, Al-Mergheb University, Libya Ho Soon Min, INTI International University, Malaysia Juan R. Garcia, Research Institute on Catalysis and Pertrochemistry (INCAPE), Argentina Khaldun M. Al Azzam, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology, Saudi Arabia Madduri Srinivasarao, Purdue University, USA Mohamed Abass, Ain Shams University, Egypt Mustafa Oguzhan Kaya, Siirt University, Turkey Nejib Hussein Mekni, Al Manar University, Tunisia Praveen Kumar, Texas Tech University, USA Qun Ye, Institute of Materials Reseach and Engineering, Singapore R. K. Dey, Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), India Rabia Rehman, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Rodrigo Vieira Rodrigues, University of S&atilde;o Paulo, Brazil Saurav Sarma, University of Columbia Missouri, USA Sitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USA Syed A. A. Rizvi, Nova Southeastern University, USA Vijay Ramalingam, Columbia University, USA Zhixin Tian, Tongji University, China &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Albert John On behalf of, The Editorial Board of International Journal of Chemistry Canadian Center of Science and Education

Journal of Agricultural Studies (JAS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JAS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 3Ahmad Reza Pirali Zefrehei, Gorgan University, IranAlessandra M. Lima Naoe, Federal University of Tocantins, BrazilAlexandru Ioan Apahidean, Univ. of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, RomaniaAna Daniela Lopes, Universidade Paranaense, BrazilAnca-Luiza Stanila, ICPA, RomaniaAndré Luiz Rodrigues Magalhães, UFAPE, BrazilAngel Ramon Sanchez Delgado, Universidade federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BrazilArnaud Z. Dragicevic, IRSTEA, FranceBenard Kiplangat Rop, University of Nairobi, KenyaCamilla H. M. Camargos, University of Campinas, BrazilCleber Duarte, University of Guararapes, BrazilDarwin Pangaribuan, University of Lampung, IndonesiaEben von Well, Agricultural Research Council, South AfricaEliana Mariela Werbin, National University of Cordoba, ArgentinianEmmanuel E. Omeje, University of Nigeria, NigeriaEric Krawczyk, University of Michigan, USAEric Owusu Danquah, CSIR-Crops Research Institute, GhanaFernando Rodrigues de Amorim, State University of Paulista (UNESP), BrazilGuitong Li, China Agricultural University, ChinaHabu Saleh Hamisu, National Horticultural Research Institute, NigeriaHedayatollah K. Soureshjani, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IranJacquelin Teresa Camperos Reyes, São Paulo State University (UNESP), BrazilJorge A. López, University Tiradentes, BrazilJuliana Nneka Ikpe, Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, NigeriaLuh Suriati, Warmadewa University, IndonesiaMahyar Gerami, Sana Institute of Higher Education, IranMaría Francisca Perera, ITANOA, EEAOC-CONICET, ArgentinaMariana Esteves, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture University of Sao Paulo, BrazilMohamed Mattar, King Saud University, Saudi ArabiaMohammed El Basuini, Kagoshima University, JapanMohammed Jamal Uddin, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), BangladeshNkemkanma Vivian Agi, Rivers State University Port Harcourt, NigeriaOlga Mykhailenko, National University of Pharmacy, UkraineRadu Liviu Sumalan, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary, RomaniaRaul Pașcalău, Banat's University, RomaniaSaiful Irwan Zubairi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), MalaysiaSarir Ahmad, Abdul Wali Khan University, PakistanShubha Kumari, ICAR-RCER, IndiaSina Nabaei, Azad University, IranSudu Hakuruge Pushpa Malkanthi, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri LankaSybelle Mesquita Silva, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, BrazilToncho Gospodinov Penev, Trakia University, BulgariaTugay Ayasan, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, TurkeyUtkarsh R. Moon, Mahatma Gandhi College of Science, IndiaZakaria Fouad Abdallah, National Research Centre, EgyptZeinab Mohammadi Shad, Iowa State University, USAZhao Chen, Clemson University, USA Richard WilliamsEditorial AssistantJournal of Agricultural Studies--------------------------------------Macrothink Institute5348 Vegas Dr.#825Las Vegas, Nevada 89108United StatesPhone: 1-702-953-1852 ext.521Fax: 1-702-420-2900Email 1: jas@macrothink.orgEmail 2: jas@macrothink.comURL: http://jas.macrothink.org

Journal of Food Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Journal of Food Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please contact us for the application form at: jfr@ccsenet.org Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 5 &nbsp; Ammar Eltayeb Ali Hassan, University of Troms&oslash;, Norway Asima Asi Begic-Akagic, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Bosnian Bojana Filipcev, University of Novi Sad, Serbia Bruno Alejandro Irigaray, Facultad de Qu&iacute;mica, Uruguay Diego A. Moreno-Fern&aacute;ndez, CEBAS-CSIC, Spain Eganathan Palanisami, Meta Procambial Biotech Private Limited, India Elsa M Goncalves, Instituto Nacional de Investigacao Agr&aacute;ria, Portugal Greta Faccio, Independent Scientist, St. Gallen, Switzerland Jelena Dragisic Maksimovic, University of Belgrade, Serbia Meena Somanchi, United States Department of Agriculture, United States Milla Santos, Universidade Federal De Uberlandia, Brazil Mohd Nazrul Hisham Daud, Malaysian Agricultural Research &amp; Development Institute, Malaysia Olutosin Otekunrin, Federal University of Agriculture, Nigeria Rozilaine A. P. G. Faria, Federal Institute of Science, Education and Technology of Mato Grosso, Brazil Wesam Al-Jeddawi, Clemson University, USA

The paper explores the benefits and barriers of Support Services (SS) in learning undergraduate mathematics through the distance-and-online mode. The aim was to explore SS that employ accessible and advanced technologies to improve the students’ distance-and-online learning of mathematics at university-level. Samples of students from the University of Lagos’ Distance Learning Institute (DLI) and the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) were selected purposively for this mixed-methods research study designed to understand how distance-and-online students perceived undergraduate mathematics, with regard to SS in the two Open and Distance Learning (ODL) institutions in Nigeria. The analyses of the data included a one-sample binomial test and students’ narratives. The Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CTML), which has become increasingly influential in distance-and-online education, was used as a lens to explain student benefits and barriers of SS in undergraduate mathematics learning. The findings, which were consistent between quantitative and qualitative analyses, revealed that print materials, the Learning Management System (LMS), online processing of admission, registration, results checking and availability of course materials online all have significant benefits for students who are learning mathematics. However, the findings show that apart from uploading the course materials and leaving occasional information on the LMS, many mathematical activities were not available on the platform. The students’ desire for audio and visual systems, as advocated in CTML, also did not find expression in the findings, as students strongly disagreed that the utilisation of these technologies in their institutions was prevalent, thus creating barriers to the learning of mathematics in the institutions. The paper recommends that the SS which encourage constructivist–based learning aimed at inspiring, supporting and satisfying students’ needs, should be the major focus for improvements in the mathematics programmes offered through this mode.

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 5Abdul Azim Akhtar, Independent Academic & Researcher, Delhi, IndiaAgboola O. Paul, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MalaysiaAhmet Yıkmış, Abant Izzet Baysal Univeersity, TurkeyAnna Maria Mouza, International Hellenic University, GreeceAntónio Calha, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, PortugalAurora Pestaño, University of San Jose Recoletos (USJR), PhilippinesBassam Yousef Ibrahim Banat, Al-Quds University, PalestineBishnu Prasad Dahal, Tribhuvan University, NepalBo Li, Miami University, USADaniel Tia, University of Félix Houphouët-Boigny Abidjan, GRATHEL, Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)Encarnación ABAD ARENAS, National University of Distance Education (UNED), SpainFahri ÖZSUNGUR, Adana Science and Technology University, TurkeyIoannis Makris, High School of Pedagogical and Technical Education, GreeceIvan Lenard, Elementary School Ladimirevci, CroatiaJehu Onyekwere Nnaji, University of Naples II,Italy and Globe Visions Network Italy, ItalyJibrin Ubale Yahaya, National Open University of Nigeria NOUN, NigeriaLaura Diaconu Maxim, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University" of Iasi, RomaniaLing Wei, China Foreign Affairs University, ChinaMd. Nasir Uddin, Prime Minister’s Office, BangladeshRachita Shrivastava Roy, Department of Higher Education,Chhatisgarh-India, IndiaRonaldo R. Larioque, Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology, PhilippinesShyue Chuan CHONG, New Era University College, MalaysiaSusheelabai Srinivasa, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, United StatesTracey A. Monson, CCIP for Childcare in Practice, Queens University Belfast, Republic of IrelandWahyu Nugroho, Sahid University of Jakarta, IndonesiaXian-Liang Tian, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, ChinaYanzhe Zhang, Jilin University, China, China/AustraliaYusramizza Md Isa, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia James YoungEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Social Science StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://ijsss.redfame.com

International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. &nbsp; Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 2 &nbsp; Abdul Rouf Dar, University of Florida, USA Ahmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria Ahmet Ozan Gezerman, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey Amer A. Taqa, Mosul University, Iraq Asghari Gul, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan Ayodele Temidayo Odularu, University of Fort Hare, South Africa Binod P Pandey, The Pennsylvania State University, USA Brice Ulrich Saha Foudjo, Catholic University of Cameroon, Cameroon Elnaz Rostampour, Islamic Azad University, Iran Fes Sun Fabiyi, Bowen University, Nigeria Ho Soon Min, INTI International University, Malaysia Hongbin Liu, University of Washington, USA Kevin C. Cannon, Penn State Abington, USA Khaldun M. Al Azzam, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology, Saudi Arabia Merve Kaya, Toros Agri., Turkey Mohamed Abass, Ain Shams University, Egypt Monira Nessem Michael, National institute of standards (NIS), Egypt Mustafa Oguzhan Kaya, Siirt University, Turkey Nanda Gunawardhana, Saga University, Japan Nanthaphong Khamthong, Rangsit University, Thailand Rabia Rehman, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Rodrigo Vieira Rodrigues, University of S&atilde;o Paulo, Brazil Sie-Tiong Ha, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia Sitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USA Souheyla Boudjema, University of Tlemcen, Algeria Syed A. A. Rizvi, Hampton University, USA Tony Di Feo, Natural Resources Canada, Canada Zhixin Tian, Tongji University, China Albert John On behalf of, The Editorial Board of International Journal of Chemistry Canadian Center of Science and Education

Hepatitis is an important liver disease caused by Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Majority of people infected with HBV are unaware, presenting symptoms only at an advanced stage of the disease. Therefore this study determines the knowledge, attitude, practice and sero-prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection among fresh undergraduate students of Olabisi Onabanjo University, so as to detect the infection early and institute treatment. Sera from fresh undergraduate students on medical checkup were screened for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using Rapid Diagnostic Test strip, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and molecular method using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD). Structured questionnaire was administered to obtain socio-demographic information, risk factors and knowledge of the students about Hepatitis. The awareness of HBV infection was 182 (45.5%). Major sources of information include electronic media 71 (39%), internet 64 (35%) and health workers 60 (33%). Majority of the students 352 (88%) had poor knowledge and 260 (65%) had negative attitude towards HBV infection. The prevalence of HBsAg is 12 (3%) for both the Rapid Diagnostic Test strip and ELISA methods. The presence of HBV DNA in the HBsAg positive samples also confirmed the presence of Hepatitis B virus and RAPD resolved the DNA into different polymorphic bands. The carriage of HBsAg by these students called for concern as they could be potential source of spread for the infection. There is genetic variation in the HBV DNA. Education on risk factors of Hepatitis B virus in order to prevent transmission of the virus is required.

Journal of Mathematics Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether Journal of Mathematics Research publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 4 &nbsp; Abimbola Abolarinwa, Landmark University, Nigeria Ahmed Saad Rashed, Zagazig University, Egypt Cibele Cristina Trinca Watanabe, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Brazil Cinzia Bisi, Ferrara University, Italy Denis Khleborodov, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Gener Santiago Subia, NUeva Ecija University of Science and Technology, Philippines Hayat REZGUI, Ecole normale Sup&eacute;rieure de Kouba, Algeria Jalal Hatem, Baghdad University, Iraq Liwei Shi, China University of Political Science and Law, China Maria Alessandra Ragusa, University of Catania, Italy Martin Anokye, University of Cape Coast, Ghana Mashadi Ali, Riau University, Indonesia Mohammad A. AlQudah, German Jordanian University, Jordan N. V. Ramana Murty, Andhra Loyola College, India &Ouml;zg&uuml;r Ege, Ege University, Turkey Philip Yordanoff Philipoff, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Rami Ahmad El-Nabulsi, Athens Institute for Education and Research, Greece Rovshan Bandaliyev, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan Sanjib Kumar Datta, University of Kalyani, India Sergiy Koshkin, University of Houston Downtown, USA Shenghua Ni, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA Vishnu Narayan Mishra, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, India Xingbo WANG, Foshan University, China Xinyun Zhu, University of Texas of the Permian Basin, USA Zoubir Dahmani, University of Mostaganem, Algeria &nbsp; Sophia Wang On behalf of, The Editorial Board of Journal of Mathematics Research Canadian Center of Science and Education

Journal of Mathematics Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether Journal of Mathematics Research publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 6 &nbsp; Abimbola Abolarinwa, Landmark University, Nigeria Cibele Cristina Trinca Watanabe, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Brazil Denis Khleborodov, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Francisco Bulnes, Research Department in Mathematics and Engineering, TESCHA, Mexico Gabriela Ciuperca, University Lyon 1, France Gane Sam Lo, Universite Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis, Senegal Gener Santiago Subia, Wesleyan University, Philippines Jalal Hatem, Baghdad University, Iraq Maria Alessandra Ragusa, University of Catania, Italy Martin Anokye, University of Cape Coast, Ghana Mashadi Ali, Riau University, Indonesia Meltem Erden Ege, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Turkey Mohammad A. AlQudah, German Jordanian University, Jordan Mohammad Sajid, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia Mustapha El Moudden, Moulay Ismail University, Morocco Omur Deveci, Kafkas University, Turkey &Ouml;zen &Ouml;ZER, Kirklareli University, Turkey Philip Yordanoff Philipoff, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Rami Ahmad El-Nabulsi, Athens Institute for Education and Research, Greece Rosalio G. Artes, Jr., Mindanao State University, Philippines Sanjib Kumar Datta, University of Kalyani, India Sergiy Koshkin, University of Houston Downtown, USA Vishnu Narayan Mishra, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, India Xinyun Zhu, University of Texas of the Permian Basin, USA &nbsp; Sophia Wang On behalf of, The Editorial Board of Journal of Mathematics Research Canadian Center of Science and Education

International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 1 &nbsp; Abdul Rouf Dar, University of Florida, USA Ahmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria Ahmet Ozan Gezerman, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey Asghari Gul, Comsats IIT, Pakistan Ayodele Temidayo Odularu, University of Fort Hare, South Africa Elnaz Rostampour, Islamic Azad University, Iran Fatima Tuz Johra, Kookmin University, Bangladesh Greg Peters, University of Findlay, USA Ho Soon Min, INTI International University, Malaysia Hongbin Liu, University of Washington, USA Khaldun Mohammad Al Azzam, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology, Saudi Arabia Maolin Lu, Yale University, USA Merve Kaya, Toros Agri., Turkey Mohamed Abass, Ain Shams University, Egypt Nanthaphong Khamthong, Rangsit University, Thailand Prathapan Sreedharan, Cochin University, India R. K. Dey, Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), India Rabia Rehman, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Sahar A. El-Molla, Ain Shams University, Egypt Sitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USA Yu Chen, Henkel Co. Ltd., USA Albert John On behalf of, The Editorial Board of International Journal of Chemistry Canadian Center of Science and Education

Journal of Mathematics Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether Journal of Mathematics Research publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 5 &nbsp; Abdessadek Saib, University of Tebessa, Algeria Ahmed Saad Rashed, Zagazig University, Egypt Alan Jalal Abdulqader, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Iraq Alberto Simoes, University of Beira Interior, Portugal Ali Berkol, Space and Defense Technologies &amp; Baskent University, Turkey Arman Aghili, University of Guilan, Iran Chung-Chuan Chen, National Taichung University of Education, Taiwan Denis Khleborodov, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Gener Santiago Subia, NUeva Ecija University of Science and Technology, Philippines Guoping Zhan, Zhejiang University of Technology, China Hayat REZGUI, Ecole normale Sup&eacute;rieure de Kouba, Algeria Kuldeep Narain Mathur, University Utara Malaysia, Malaysia Marek Brabec, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic Maria Alessandra Ragusa, University of Catania, Italy Mohammad A. AlQudah, German Jordanian University, Jordan N. V. Ramana Murty, Andhra Loyola College, India Neha Hooda, New Jersey City University, United States &Ouml;zg&uuml;r Ege, Ege University, Turkey Paul J. Udoh, University of Uyo., Nigeria Philip Yordanoff Philipoff, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria Rami Ahmad El-Nabulsi, Athens Institute for Education and Research, Greece Rovshan Bandaliyev, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan Salih Abdalla, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Sudan Sanjib Kumar Datta, University of Kalyani, India Sergiy Koshkin, University of Houston Downtown, USA Suzana Blesic, , Italy Vinodh Kumar Chellamuthu, Dixie State University, USA Wenqiang Feng, The University of Tennessee, United States Xiaofei Zhao , Texas A&amp;M University , United States Xingbo WANG, Foshan University, China Zoubir Dahmani, University of Mostaganem, Algeria

The operation of hydrokinetic turbine depends on river flow and pressure head (∆H) which are of high potential in many parts of Nigeria. This study attempts the analysis of the potential of the area upstream of Ikere Gorge dam for hydrokinetic potential. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to determine the hydrological parameters of the sub-basins. Pearson Moment Correlation and linear regression methods were used to find the relationships between morphometric properties and the discharge parameters. Hydrological modeling and statistical computations were done to estimate the theoretical potential of the catchment. The result shows that River Oshe has 9.542 MW, which is the highest potential while River Konsun with 1.161 MW has the lowest potential Pearson Moment Correlation shows that there is strong positive relation of 0.7 between slope and pressure head (∆H) at 0.05 significant levels. The result of the multiple regression show that hydro-geomorphic factors explained 59.1% of the variance in the explanation of hydrokinetic power potential upstream of Ikere gorge dam. References Alaska Center for Energy and Power (ACEP) (2011). Hydrokinetic energy (In-River, Tidal and Ocean Current), Retrieved from http://energy-alaska.wikidot.com/ on April 20th, 2014 Aschenbrenner, F. (2008). Innovation on traditional waterwheels for renewable energy // Power electronics and motion Control conference, Portoroz, Slovenia, pp.1625 Bahleda, M., and Hosko, M. A. (2007). Assessment of water power potential and development Needs: Electric power research institute, California Bhattacharya, A.K., and Bolaji, G.A. (2012). Fluid Flow Interactions in Ogun River, International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences, 2 (2): 22-23. Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI (2012). Fish passage through turbine: Application of convectional hydropower data to hydrokinetic technology Palo Alto, USA Energy Information Administration (2014). Retrieved on Dec. 20th, 2014 from www.eia.gov/electricity Epler, J. (2010). Tidal Resources characteristics from acoustics Doppler current profiler, An Unpublished M.Sc.Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, USA Evan, M. (2012). Hydrokinetic Power: An Analysis of Its Performance and Potential in the Roza and Kittas Canals. An Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis, the Evergreen State College, USA Ifabiyi, I.P. and Wahab, S. (2017). Theoretical potential of hydrokinetic energy in the Upper Ogun and Upper Kaduna River basins, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 19 (1): 242-256. Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, USA. ISSN: 1520-5509. Jsd-africa@clarion.edu Kosnik, L. (2008). The Potential of Water Power in the Fight against Global Warming in the USA, Energy policy, doi: 10.1016/ J. enpol. (05), 009. Kusakana, K., and Vermaak, H. J. (2013). Hydrokinetic Power Generation for Rural Electricity Supply: Case of South Africa. Renewable Energy, 1 (55): 467-73. Ladokun, L.L., Ajao, K.R., and Sule, B.F. (2013). Hydrokinetic Energy Conversion System: Pros -pects and Challenges in Nigerian Hydrological setting, Nigerian Journal of Technology, 3 (32): 538-549. Miller, V.B, Ramde, E.W., Grandoville, R.T., and Schaefer, L.A. (2010). Hydrokinetic Power for Energy Access in Rural Ghana, Renewable Energy International Journal, 1(36): 671-675. Mohibullah, M., Radzi, A. M., and Hakim, M.I.A. (2004). Basics Design Aspects of Micro Hydropower Plant and Its Potential Development in Malaysia // Power and Energy Conference, Kualar Lumpur, pp. 220-223. Neitsch, S.L, Arnold, J.G., Kiniry, J.R and Williams, J.R. (2009). Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation Version 2009 Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory-Agriculture Research Service, Blackland Research Center- Texas Agrilife Research., USA. Ofuani, A.I. (2013). Combating climate change through renewable energy legislation in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges. Paper Presented at university of Ilorin/ UCC (Ghana) International Conference held at university of Ilorin. May 1st-4th 2011. Stephen, V.A, Paul, T.A., and Daniel, J.G. (2012). Survival and Behaviour of Fish interacting With Hydrokinetic Turbines, 9th ISE, Vienna, USA Vermaak, H.J., Kusakana, K., and Koko, S.P. (2013). Status of Micro-hydrokinetic River Technology in Rural Applications: A Review of literature: Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 29(14): 625-633. Wahab, S., Ifabiyi, I.P. and Adeogun, A.G. (20017). SWAT analysis of Ikere Gorge Basin for Hydrokinetic power estimation in selected rural settlement of Oke Ogun, Nigeria. Ruhuna Journal of Science. 8(2):24-43 Ruhuna, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. eISSN: 2536-8400. DOI: http//:doi.org/10.4038/rjs.v8il. Copyright (c) 2018 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of climate-smart integrated fertilizer management on proximate qualities and lycopene contents of three watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)varieties grown in sandy loam soil. The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the Department of Agricultural Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka between the months of Augustto October 2017cropping season. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, with three replications, three main plots (Citrullus lanatus varieties (Sugar baby, Koalack and Charleston grey))and six sub-plots (fertilization treatments). Climate-smart integrated fertilizer considered was combination of Goat manure (GM) and Nitrogen Phosphorus PotassiumNPK15: 15: 15 fertilizer which is regarded as most nutrient-rich fertilizer with climate change mitigation and adaptation potential. The study found that the pH of the watermelon varieties were statistically similar and that Charleston grey treated with 50 kg ha-1NPK + 15 t ha-1GM had the highest interactive effect on pH value which was statistically similar with 100 kg ha-1NPK + 10 t ha-1GM treatment. It was discovered that Koalack variety had the highest moisture contents when treated with 100 kg ha-1NPK + 10 t ha-1GM, crude protein content when treated with 150 kg ha-1NPK + 5 t ha-1GM, crude fibre content when treated with 20 t ha-1GM, ether extract and total soluble solid contents when treated with 50 kg ha-1NPK + 15 t ha-1GM. For the lycopene content, it was found that Sugar baby variety had the highest mean value (0.61g/100g) when compared with Charleston grey and Koalack varieties. Sugar baby variety treated with 20t/ha-1GM had highest (0.89g/100g) interactive effect when compared with other varieties and fertilizer treatments. In conclusion, the proximate qualities and lycopene contents of the three varieties increased with the increase in the amount of GM contents of the fertilizer combinations in sandy loam soil. Climate-smart integrated fertilizer improves the proximate qualities of Koalack variety and the lycopene contents of Sugar baby variety more than in other varieties grown in the same sandy loam soil. Therefore, climate-smart integrated fertilizer is recommended for the production of the identified Citrullus lanatus varieties as a nutrition sensitive production strategy in sandy loam soils by farmers in study area.

The global spread of Salafism, though it began in the 1960s and 1970s, only started to attract significant attention from scholars and analysts outside of Islamic studies as well as journalists, politicians, and the general public following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks perpetrated by Al-Qaeda Central. After the attacks, Salafism—or, as it was pejoratively labeled by its critics inside and outside of the Islamic tradition, “Wahhabism”—was accused of being the ideological basis of all expressions of Sunni militancy from North America and Europe to West and East Africa, the Arab world, and into Asia. According to this narrative, Usama bin Laden, Ayman al-Za- wahiri, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, and other Sunni jihadis were merely putting into action the commands of medieval ‘ulama such as Ibn Taymiyya, the eighteenth century Najdi Hanbali Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, and modern revolutionary ideologues like Sayyid Qutb and ‘Abdullah ‘Azzam. To eradicate terrorism, you must eliminate or neuter Salafism, say its critics. The reality, of course, is far more complex than this simplistic nar- rative purports. Salafism, though its adherents share the same core set of creedal beliefs and methodological approaches toward the interpretation of the Qur’an and hadith and Sunni legal canon, comes in many forms, from the scholastic and hierarchical Salafism of the ‘ulama in Saudi Arabia and other Muslim majority countries to the decentralized, self-described Salafi groups in Europe and North America who cluster around a single char- ismatic preacher who often has limited formal religious education. What unifies these different expressions of Salafism is a core canon of religious and legal texts and set of scholars who are widely respected and referenced in Salafi circles. Thurston grounds his fieldwork and text-based analysis of Salafism in Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country and home to one of the world’s largest single Muslim national populations, through the lens of this canon, which he defines as a “communally negotiated set of texts that is governed by rules of interpretation and appropriation” (1). He argues fur- ther that in the history of Nigerian Salafism, one can trace the major stages that the global Salafi movement has navigated as it spread from the Arab Middle East to what are erroneously often seen as “peripheral” areas of the Islamic world, Africa and parts of Asia. The book is based on extensive fieldwork in Nigeria including interviews with key Nigerian Salafi scholars and other leading figures as well as a wide range of textual primary sourc- es including British and Nigerian archival documents, international and national news media reports, leaked US embassy cables, and a significant number of religious lectures and sermons and writings by Nigerian Salafis in Arabic and Hausa. In Chapter One, Thurston argues that the Salafi canon gives individ- ual and groups of Salafis a sense of identity and membership in a unique and, to them, superior religious community that is linked closely to their understanding and reading of sacred history and the revered figures of the Prophet Muhammad and the Ṣaḥāba. Salafism as an intellectual current, theology, and methodological approach is transmitted through this can- on which serves not only as a vehicle for proselytization but also a rule- book through which the boundaries of what is and is not “Salafism” are determined by its adherents and leading authorities. The book’s analytical framework and approach toward understanding Salafism, which rests on seeing it as a textual tradition, runs counter to the popular but problematic tendency in much of the existing discussion and even scholarly literature on Salafism that defines it as a literalist, one-dimensional, and puritani- cal creed with a singular focus on the Qur’an and hadith canon. Salafis, Thurston argues, do not simply derive religious and legal rulings in linear fashion from the Qur’an and Prophetic Sunna but rather engage in a co- herent and uniform process of aligning today’s Salafi community with a set of normative practices and beliefs laid out by key Salafi scholars from the recent past. Thurston divides the emergence of a distinct “Salafi” current within Sunnis into two phases. The first stretches from 1880 to 1950, as Sun- ni scholars from around the Muslim-majority world whose approaches shared a common hadith-centered methodology came into closer contact. The second is from the 1960s through the present, as key Salafi institutions (such as the Islamic University of Medina and other Saudi Salafi bodies) were founded and began attracting and (perhaps most importantly) fund- ing and sponsoring Sunni students from countries such as Nigeria to come study in Saudi Arabia, where they were deeply embedded in the Salafi tra- dition before returning to their home countries where, in turn, they spread Salafism among local Muslims. Nigeria’s Muslim-majority north, as with other regions such as Yemen’s northern Sa‘ada governorate, proved to be a fertile ground for Salafism in large part because it enabled local Muslims from more humble social backgrounds to challenge the longtime domi- nance of hereditary ruling families and the established religious class. In northern Nigeria the latter was and continues to be dominated by Sufi or- ders and their shaykhs whose long-running claim to communal leadership faced new and substantive theological and resource challenges following the return of Nigerian seminary students from Saudi Arabia’s Salafi scho- lastic institutions in the 1990s and early 2000s. In Chapters Two and Three, Thurston traces the history of Nigerian and other African students in Saudi Arabia, which significantly expanded following the 1961 founding of the Islamic University of Medina (which remains the preeminent Salafi seminary and university in the world) and after active outreach across the Sunni Muslim world by the Saudi govern- ment and Salafi religious elite to attract students through lucrative funding and scholarship packages. The process of developing an African Salafism was not one-dimensional or imposed from the top-down by Saudi Salafi elites, but instead saw Nigerian and other African Salafi students partici- pate actively in shaping and theorizing Salafi da‘wa that took into account the specifics of each African country and Islamic religious and social envi- ronment. In Nigeria and other parts of West and East Africa, this included considering the historically dominant position of Sufi orders and popular practices such as devotion to saints and grave and shrine visitation. African and Saudi Salafis also forged relationships with local African partners, in- cluding powerful political figures such as Ahmadu Bello and his religious adviser Abubakar Gumi, by attracting them with the benefits of establishing ties with wealthy international Islamic organizations founded and backed by the Saudi state, including the Muslim World League. Nigerian Salafis returning from their studies in Saudi Arabia actively promoted their Salafi canon among local Muslims, waging an aggressive proselytization campaign that sought to chip away at the dominance of traditional political and religious elites, the Sufi shaykhs. This process is covered in Chapter Four. Drawing on key sets of legal and exegetical writ- ings by Ibn Taymiyya, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, and other Salafi scholars, Nigerian Salafis sought to introduce a framework—represented by the canon—through which their students and adherents approach re- ligious interpretation and practice. By mastering one’s understanding and ability to correctly interpret scripture and the hadith, Salafis believe, one will also live a more ethical life based on a core set of “Salafi” principles that govern not only religious but also political, social, and economic life. Salaf- ism, Thurston argues, drawing on the work of Terje Østebø on Ethiopian Salafism, becomes localized within a specific environment.As part of their da‘wa campaigns, Nigerian Salafis have utilized media and new technology to debate their rivals and critics as well as to broad- en their own influence over Nigerian Muslims and national society more broadly, actions analyzed in Chapter Five. Using the Internet, video and audio recorded sermons and religious lectures, books and pamphlets, and oral proselytization and preaching, Nigerian Salafis, like other Muslim ac- tivists and groups, see in media and technology an extension of the phys- ical infrastructure provided by institutions such as mosques and religious schools. This media/cyber infrastructure is as, if not increasingly more, valuable as the control of physical space because it allows for the rapid spread of ideas beyond what would have historically been possible for local religious preachers and missionaries. Instead of preaching political revo- lution, Nigerian Salafi activists sought to win greater access to the media including radio airtime because they believed this would ultimately lead to the triumph of their religious message despite the power of skeptical to downright hostile local audiences among the Sufi orders and non-Salafis dedicated to the Maliki juridical canon.In the realm of politics, the subject of Chapter Six, Nigeria’s Salafis base their political ideology on the core tenets of the Salafi creed and canon, tenets which cast Salafism as being not only the purest but the only true version of Islam, and require of Salafis to establish moral reform of a way- ward Muslim society. Salafi scholars seek to bring about social, political, and religious reform, which collectively represent a “return” to the Prophet Muhammad’s Islam, by speaking truth to power and advising and repri- manding, as necessary, Muslim political rulers. In navigating the multi-po- lar and complex realm of national and regional politics, Thurston argues, Nigerian Salafi scholars educated in Saudi Arabia unwittingly opened the door to cruder and more extreme, militant voices of figures lacking the same level of study of the Salafi canon or Sunni Islam generally. The most infamous of the latter is “Boko Haram,” the jihadi-insurgent group today based around Lake Chad in Nigeria, Chad, and Niger, which calls itself Jama‘at Ahl al-Sunna li-l-Da‘wa wa-l-Jihad and is led by the bombastic Abubakar Shekau. Boko Haram, under the leadership first of the revivalist preacher Mu- hammad Yusuf and then Shekau, is covered at length in the book’s third and final part, which is composed of two chapters. Yusuf, unlike mainstream Nigerian Salafis, sought to weaponize the Salafi canon against the state in- stead of using it as a tool to bring about desired reforms. Drawing on the writings of influential Arab jihadi ideologues including Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi and the apocalyptic revolutionary Juhayman al-‘Utaybi, the lat- ter of whom participated in the 1979 seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Yusuf cited key Salafi concepts such as al-walā’ min al-mu’minīn wa-l-bara’ ‘an al-kāfirīn (loyalty to the Believers and disavowal of the Disbelievers) and beliefs about absolute monotheism (tawḥīd) as the basis of his revival- ist preaching. Based on these principle, he claimed, Muslims must not only fulfill their ritual duties such as prayer and fasting during Ramadan but also actively fight “unbelief” (kufr) and “apostasy” (ridda) and bring about God’s rule on earth, following the correct path of the community of the Prophet Abraham (Millat Ibrāhīm) referenced in multiple Qur’anic verses and outlined as a theological project for action by al-Maqdisi in a lengthy book of that name that has had a profound influence on the formation of modern Sunni jihadism. Instead of seeing Boko Haram, particularly under Shekau’s leadership, as a “Salafi” or “jihadi-Salafi” group, Thurston argues it is a case study of how a group that at one point in its history adhered to Salafism can move away from and beyond it. In the case of Shekau and his “post-Salafism,” he writes, the group, like Islamic State, has shifted away from the Salafi canon and toward a jihadism that uses only stripped-down elements from the canon and does so solely to propagate a militaristic form of jihad. Even when referencing historical religious authorities such as Ibn Taymiyya, Thurston points out, Boko Haram and Islamic State leaders and members often do so through the lens of modern Sunni jihadi ideologues like Juhay- man al-‘Utaybi, al-Maqdisi, and Abu Mus‘ab al-Zarqawi, figures who have come to form a Sunni jihadi canon of texts, intellectuals, and ideologues. Shekau, in short, has given up canonical Salafism and moved toward a more bombastic and scholastically more heterodox and less-Salafi-than- jihadi creed of political violence. Thurston also pushes back against the often crude stereotyping of Af- rican Islamic traditions and movements that sees African Muslims as being defined by their “syncretic” mix of traditional African religious traditions and “orthodox” Islam, the latter usually a stand-in for “Arab” and “Middle Eastern” Islam. Islam and Islamic movements in Africa have developed in social and political environments that are not mirrors to the dominant models of the Arab world (in particular, Egypt). He convincingly points out that analysis of all forms of African Islamic social and political mobi- lization through a Middle East and Egypt-heavy lens obscures much more than it elucidates. The book includes useful glossaries of key individuals and Arabic terms referenced in the text as well as a translation of a sermon by the late, revered Salafi scholar Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani that is part of the mainstream Salafi canon. Extensive in its coverage of the his- tory, evolution, and sociopolitical and religious development of Salafism in Nigeria as well as the key role played by Saudi Salafi universities and religious institutions and quasi-state NGOs, the book expands the schol- arly literature on Salafism, Islam in Africa, and political Islam and Islamic social movements. It also contributing to ongoing debates and discussions on approaches to the study of the role of texts and textual traditions in the formation of individual and communal religious identity. Christopher AnzaloneResearch Fellow, International Security ProgramBelfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University& PhD candidate, Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University

This study aims to determine the effect of the whole language approach to the ability to read and write in English in early stages of children aged 5-6 years in one of the kindergartens in the Yogyakarta Special Region. The population in this study were 43 children who were in the age range of 5-6 years in the kindergarten. Twenty-nine participants were included in the experimental class subjects as well as the control class with posttest only control group design. Observation is a way to record data in research on early reading and writing ability. The results of Multivariate Anal- ysis of Covariance (Manova) to the data shows that 1) there is a difference in ability between the application of the whole language approach and the conventional approach to the ability to read the beginning of English; 2) there is a difference in ability between applying a whole language approach and a conventional approach to writing English beginning skills; 3) there is a difference in ability between the whole language approach and the conventional approach to the ability to read and write the beginning in English Keywords: Whole language approach, Early reading, Early writing, Early childhood Reference Abdurrahman, M. (2003). Pendidikan bagi Anak Berkesulitan Belajar. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Aisyah, S., Yarmi, G., & Bintoro, T. (2018). Pendekatan Whole Language dalam Pengembangan Kemampuan Membaca Permulaan Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan, 160–163. Alhaddad, A. S. (2014). 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The EDCTP community meets biennially to share research findings, plan new partnerships and collaborations, and discuss maximising impact from EDCTP-funded research. In 2018, the Ninth EDCTP Forum took place in Lisbon, Portugal, from 17–21 September 2018. The Lisbon meeting was the largest international conference focusing on clinical research on poverty-related infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. It started with a strong commitment, from European and African EDCTP member countries, for a successor programme to EDCTP2 (2014–2024). It provided a platform for the presentation of project results and discussion of progress in clinical research and capacity strengthening in sub-Saharan Africa.The theme of the Ninth Forum was ‘Clinical research and sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa: the impact of North-South partnerships’. This reflected not only the broader scope of a larger EDCTP research programme but also the growing awareness of the need for global cooperation to prepare for public health emergencies and strengthen health systems. The theme highlighted the impact of Europe-Africa partnerships supporting clinical research and the clinical research environment, towards achieving the sustainable development goals in sub-Saharan Africa.A central topic of the Forum was the discussion of the character and scope of an EDCTP successor programme, which should start in 2021 under the next European Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon Europe. On 17 September, a high-level meeting on this topic took place immediately before the opening of the Forum1. On 19 September, the plenary session continued this discussion through a panel of representatives of strategic partners. There was consensus on the added value of the programme for Europe and the countries in sub-Saharan Africa and political commitment to a successor programme. Poverty-related infectious diseases and a partnership approach will remain central to the programme. There was also a general awareness that all participating countries would need to engage more strongly with a successor programme, both in its governance and in their financial contributions to its objectives.The Forum hosted 550 participants from more than 50’countries. The programme consisted of keynote addresses by policy makers, research leaders, and prominent speakers from Europe and Africa in 5 plenary presentations. There were 9 symposia, 45 oral presentations in parallel sessions, and 74 electronic poster presentations. Abstracts of the plenary, oral and poster presentations are published in this supplement to BMJ Global Health.EDCTP is proud of its contribution to strengthening clinical research capacity in Africa, with more than 400 postgraduate students and 56 EDCTP fellows supported under the first EDCTP programme. The second programme developed a comprehensive fellowship scheme. More than 100 EDCTP fellows (former and current) participated in a one-day pre-conference to discuss the further development of our Alumni Network launched in 2017. The Forum also offered scholarships to many early and mid-career researchers from sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. With the support of the European Union, EDCTP member countries and sponsors, they were able to present results of their studies and meet colleagues from Africa and Europe.The Forum also provided the appropriate platform for recognising individual and team achievements through the four EDCTP 2018 Prizes. With the support of the European Union, EDCTP recognised outstanding individuals and research teams from Africa and Europe. In addition to their scientific excellence, the awardees made major contributions to the EDCTP objectives of clinical research capacity development in Africa and establishing research networks between North and South as well as within sub-Saharan Africa.Dr Pascoal Mocumbi Prize Professor Souleyman Mboup (Professor of Microbiology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar; Head of the Bacteriology-Virology Laboratory of CHU Le Dantec, Dakar; and President of IRESSEF, Senegal) was recognised for his outstanding achievements in advancing health research and capacity development in Africa.Outstanding Research Team Prize The prize was awarded to the team of the CHAPAS (Children with HIV in Africa – Pharmacokinetics and acceptability of simple antiretroviral regimens) studies, led by Professor Diana Gibb (MRC Clinical Trials Unit, United Kingdom).Outstanding Female Scientist Prize The prize was awarded to Professor Gita Ramjee (Chief Specialist Scientist and Director of the HIV Prevention Research Unit of the South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa) for her outstanding contributions to her field.Scientific Leadership Prize The prize was awarded to Professor Keertan Dheda (Head of the Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity and Head of the Division of Pulmonology at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town, South Africa) for his research contributions and leadership.Partnership is at the core of the EDCTP mission. In the year before the Forum, Nigeria and Ethiopia were welcomed as the newest member countries of the EDCTP Association, while Angola became an aspirant member. Partnership was also demonstrated by the many stakeholders who enriched the programme by organising scientific symposia, collaborative sessions and workshops. We thank our sponsors Novartis, Merck, the European Union, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), the Institute of Health Carlos III (Spain), the National Alliance for Life Sciences and Health (France), the Medical Research Council (United Kingdom), the Swedish International Development Agency (Sweden), ClinaPharm (African CRO), the Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung (Germany), The Global Health Network (United Kingdom), PATH, and ScreenTB. We gratefully acknowledge the support of our partners and hosts of the Forum, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.The tenth EDCTP Forum will take place in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020.

Liberal education is a product of the Western academy and is today most prominent in the USA, but in recent years has been described in various national contexts where it has seldom existed before. However, the spread of liberal education has been underexplored in some regions, such as sub-Sharan Africa, and empirical research is limited on how liberal education curricula are adapted in African contexts. In this qualitative case study, I explore the global, national, and local forces that have influenced an African liberal education program—the General Studies curriculum at the University of Nigeria Nsukka—over time. Analysis of primary and secondary textual sources indicates that at the global level the legacies of colonialism, dynamics of globalization, and agency of transnational partners and actors have influenced the character and evolution of General Studies in Nigeria since its inception.

<p>The study investigated parenting styles of in-school adolescents in south-East, Nigeria. Three research questions were formulated to guide the study at .05 level of significance. The study adopted a survey research design. The population for the study consisted 137,095 in-school adolescents in secondary school in South East, Nigeria. The sample for the study was 1200 senior secondary school II adolescents. The instrument for data collection was a 53-item questionnaire. The instrument was validated by three experts, two from the department of educational foundations, and one from the department of science education, all from faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Mean and standard deviation were used for data analysis. The study reveals, among others, that the parenting styles in-school adolescents were exposed to were authoritative, authoritarian and permissive. The study recommended, among others, that more school counselors should be employed and retained through in-service training programmes, capacity building workshops and refresher courses on adolescent value and moral upbringing. </p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0779/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>