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Nicholls, Rob. "Spectrum management issues for heterogeneous networks in commons spectrum." info 18, no. 4 (June 13, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-02-2016-0010.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse some of the spectrum management policy implications of an evolving set of wireless technologies. Specially, deployment of heterogeneous networks (HetNets) as part of the rollout of long-term evolution networks and their expected use as the heart of next-generation services raises the question as to whether such networks should lead to any spectrum management policy changes. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes the use and variety of HetNets when using licensed and unlicensed or commons spectrum. Findings The paper demonstrates that there is little need to change current spectrum licensing regimes to deal with these networks in a licensed spectrum. However, it also shows that the deployment of HetNets other than WiFi in an unlicensed spectrum creates an information asymmetry, which means that spectrum regulators will find assessment of spectrum demand more difficult. The paper also highlights the problem facing spectrum regulators when there is a potential for interference to unlicensed services which are widely deployed but have no right to protection from interference. Practical implications Spectrum regulators will need to understand the extent to which an unlicensed spectrum is being used by mobile network operators to deliver wireless broadband services. This understanding is needed to be able to address potential interference with other services using an unlicensed spectrum and to be able to forecast spectrum demand. Originality/value The development of technologies that are designed to be used by existing mobile network operators for the delivery of wireless broadband services using an unlicensed spectrum creates novel regulatory challenges. This paper reviews some of these.
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Reddy, S. Reddy Vamshidhar, and Sanjay Dhar Roy. "SBT (Sense Before Transmit) Based LTE Licenced Assisted Access for 5 GHz Unlicensed Spectrum." Wireless Personal Communications 119, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 2069–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08318-1.
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AbstractUtilization of unlicensed spectrum under licensed assisted access ensuring fair co-existence with Wi-Fi networks is a good solution to address immense usage of mobile data. Radio communication operation of LTE in unlicensed frequency band is referred as LTE-unlicensed (LTE-U) or LTE-licensed assisted access. In this paper, we consider a HGNW in which coverage area of Wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi)’s Access Point is integrated within the LTE-U small base station’s cellular network coverage area. To overcome the disadvantages of existing LTE-U technics like carrier sense adaptive transmission and listen before talk, we proposed a new methodology i.e., sense before transmit in this paper by adopting a transmit power control mechanisms using reciprocity theorem based on the channel state information to assign the secondary carriers in the uplink as well as in the downlink directions in the unlicensed spectrum to carry the traffic. In our proposal, LTE-U users are allowed to use the unlicensed spectrum provided that the interference produced at Wi-Fi users due to LTE-U activities is remained below a certain threshold. We evaluated the performance of proposed network model in terms of outage probability and achievable throughputs.
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Wang, Ganggui, Celimuge Wu, Tsutomu Yoshinaga, Rui Yin, Tutomu Murase, Kok-Lim Alvin Yau, Wugedele Bao, and Yusheng Ji. "Coexistence Analysis of D2D-Unlicensed and Wi-Fi Communications." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (March 23, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5523273.
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By enabling direct communications between nearby user equipment (UE), device-to-device (D2D) communication has become one of the key technologies in 5th generation (5G) mobile networks. D2D communication brings new communication opportunities for mobile devices, especially in a highly dense network. In this paper, D2D communication in the unlicensed spectrum, namely, D2D-Unlicensed (D2D-U), is discussed. The use of unlicensed frequency bands can ease the shortage of spectrum resources and improve network performance. However, the D2D-U in 5G has significant effects on the network performance of existing unlicensed networks sharing the same frequency bands, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Therefore, it is necessary to design a fair coexistence scheme for D2D-U. To understand the coexistence problem, in this paper, we first formulate the network performance of D2D-U and Wi-Fi under two different coexistence schemes, namely, listen before talk (LBT) and duty cycle mechanism (DCM). Then, we use computer simulations to investigate a mode selection scheme that switches between these two schemes and point out the best possible solution for the coexistence between D2D-U and Wi-Fi.
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Tian, Ye, Lin Ma, and Xue Zhi Tan. "Collusion-Resistant Spectrum Allocation Based on Pricing Game and Multi-Stage Auction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 1588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.1588.
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With the urgent needs of improving spectrum’s efficiency, dynamic spectrum allocation based on auction has become a popular method, which makes unlicensed users to use the vacant spectrum released by primary users. However, the collusion behavior between unlicensed users harms system’s efficiency and profit. Although many kinds of mechanism have been proposed to solve this problem, resisting collusion is still a tough problem. In this paper, we study the nature of collusion behavior and revenue, and model a multi-stage auction for centralized spectrum allocation. In order to balance the collusion-resistance and revenue-optimization, we propose an algorithm with unit price priority and one step revenue optimization, which can combat collusion between unlicensed users and encourage them to compete with each other so that improve system’s total profit to some degree. With the simulation results, our algorithm shows a good performance on collusion-resistance and system’s revenue comparing with the other two algorithms.
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Jones, Steve. "Unlicensed Broadcasting: Content and Conformity." Journalism Quarterly 71, no. 2 (June 1994): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909407100212.
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This paper examines the extent and content of pirate radio broadcasting in the United States. While it is assumed that unlicensed broadcasts provide an alternative to commercial radio broadcasts, such broadcasts do not offer a substantially alternative form of programming. They rely on popular music that is often programmed on licensed, commercial radio, and they rarely program music other than pop and rock ‘n’ roll. As a result, this study claims it is spectrum use and access the FCC seeks to control, and not content.
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Sitompul, Asril. "MASALAH HUKUM DALAM PENGGUNAAN SPEKTRUM FREKUENSI RADIO DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 2, no. 3 (April 23, 2018): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.2.3.2013.405-426.
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Meanwhile there are nine telecommunications operators in Indonesia have the license to use radio frequency spectrum (Mobile Network Operator – MNO) and some operators that did not have the license. With the increase of the cellular and fixed wireless operators and the increase of users of the internet provided by Internet Service Provider (―ISP‖) through wireless networks using radio frequency spectrum, then the need of Radio frequency spectrum also increased. The effort to overcome the rare radio frequency spectrum conducted by development of radio frequency spectrum technology, among others by using multiple access system. This system may be conducted by division of time, frequency, or code. Other system is by using the concept of Mobile Virtual Network Operator (―MVNO‖) by relationship between the licensed and unlicensed operators, i.e. by leasing of the spectrum. In Indonesia, there was no regulation regarding MVNO, so there was a question about whether the MVNOs include in the category of radio frequency spectrum users and whether or not the MVNO required to have license and pay the BHP for the use of frequency. Therefore it is necessary to have a change in the existing regulations to make clear the status and the existence of the unlicensed users of radio frequency spectrum as the MVNOs. Keyword: Spectrum, users, utilization, MVNO, regulation
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Wu, Fanyi, Hongliang Zhang, Boya Di, Jianjun Wu, and Lingyang Song. "Device-to-Device Communications Underlaying Cellular Networks: To Use Unlicensed Spectrum or Not?" IEEE Transactions on Communications 67, no. 9 (September 2019): 6598–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2019.2917901.
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DasMahapatra, Suddhendu, Ishita Gandhi, Kartik Nair, and Shivendra Nath Sharan. "Sensing schedule optimization to minimize interference with primary users in cognitive radio network." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i3.pp1399-1404.
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<p class="Abstract">Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum, which is a limited resource, is facing the challenge of fulfilling the need of ever-growing users. To accommodate these users in an efficient manner, the idea of Cognitive Radio (CR) was proposed. It allows unlicensed users to use the licensed bands when the primary user is not using its band. To check the availability of the free spectrum, the system should be able to sense the RF environment around it, thus spectrum sensing becomes an important aspect of CR. In this work, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to determine the periodic sensing schedule to maximize the number of transmission opportunities for unlicensed band users as well as to minimize interference with licensed users. This optimization scheme generates a maximum number of transmission opportunities with minimum interruption to the licensed user’s communication. The MATLAB software is used for simulation.</p>
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Ramezanipour, Iran, Hirley Alves, Pedro H. J. Nardelli, and Ari Pouttu. "A Throughput and Energy Efficiency Scheme for Unlicensed Massive Machine Type Communications †." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 21, 2020): 2357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082357.
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In this paper, the throughput and energy efficiency of an unlicensed machine type communications network is studied. If an outage event happens in the network, there is a possibility for packet retransmission in order to obtain a lower error probability. The concept of spectrum sharing is used here for modeling the network, which allows the two types of licensed and unlicensed users to share the same uplink channel allocated to the licensed users. However, it is done in a way that no harm is done to the licensed nodes’ transmission for sharing the same channel with the unlicensed users, while licensed nodes’ transmission causes interference on the unlicensed network. Poisson point process is used here to model the location of the nodes and the effect of interference on the network. We study how different factors such as the number of retransmissions, SIR threshold and outage can affect the throughput and energy efficiency of the network. Throughput and energy efficiency are also both studied in constrained optimization problems where the constraints are the SIR threshold and the number of retransmission attempts. We also show why it is important to use limited transmissions and what are the benefits.
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A, Hyils Sharon Magdalene, and D. Shalini Punithavathani. "A Novel Spectrum Decision Pattern for The Favorable Cognitive Radio Based Internet of Things in 5G System." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 5 (June 30, 2021): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.e2808.0610521.
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The Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum decision in Cognitive Radio (CR) allows unlicensed users of wireless communication schemes to conquer the unoccupied spectrum slots as a resolution for barely spectrum. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a broad-arriving network and its object is linked by wireless communication technologies, donating cost- efficiency and generously opens to remote users. When IoT is applied, it is injured by challenges of susceptibility in the forceful surrounding situations, allotment and use of bandwidth, ease of approach and expense to buy RF spectrum. The object is permeated with cognitive capacity and is capable to model RF spectrum decisions to attain interference-release and wireless connectivity due to their Quality of Service (QoS) demands. Therefore the spectrum decision through an unlicensed user on CR influences an importance in CR-based IoT in 5G system and further network. This article depicts a systematic sustainment of the spectrum decision structure to CR Network. So, this can be mainly achieved by applying a favorable spectrum sensing technique and a novel spectrum decision framework. Presently, the wireless connectivity is intended to greater capacity, immense machine connectivity, and greater data range, low end-to-end latency, low cost and coherent Quality of Experience (QoE) condition. Hence, 4G is being substituted by 5G. Being in this 5G, the vast connectivity can be properly inspired by using the novel techniques, which is applied under the Energy detection spectrum sensing system. Also, a novel spectrum decision framework is designed for the optimum application of applying the IoT in 5G system ie., the effective use of an allocated RF spectrum is differently underutilized because of the standard handling with the licensed users are called as Primary Users (PUs).
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Laili Ismail, Noor, Murizah Kassim, Mahamod Ismail, and Roslina Mohamad. "A Review of Low Power Wide Area Technology in Licensed and Unlicensed Spectrum for IoT Use Cases." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v7i2.1174.
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There are many platforms in licensed and license free spectrum that support LPWA (low power wide area) technology in the current markets. However, lack of standardization of the different platforms can be a challenge for an interoperable IoT environment. Therefore understanding the features of each technology platform is essential to be able to differentiate how the technology can be matched to a specific IoT application profile. This paper provides an analysis of LPWA underlying technology in licensed and unlicensed spectrum by means of literature review and comparative assessment of Sigfox, LoRa, NB-IoT and LTE-M. We review their technical aspect and discussed the pros and cons in terms of their technical and other deployment features. General IoT application requirements is also presented and linked to the deployment factors to give an insight of how different applications profiles is associated to the right technology platform, thus provide a simple guideline on how to match a specific application profile with the best fit connectivity features.
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Yewale, Vijay N., and Dhanya Dharmapalan. "Promoting Appropriate Use of Drugs in Children." International Journal of Pediatrics 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/906570.
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Promotion of appropriate and safe drugs in children is the need of the hour globally. Pediatric population by itself is a spectrum of different physiologies with significant variation in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Unfortunately, 50–90% of drugs used in children today have never been actually studied in this population, and the results of drug studies done in adults are often extrapolated for use in children. Many medicines in pediatrics are off label or unlicensed. There is a spurt in drug resistance due to the overzealous prescription of antimicrobials not indicated, such as, using inadequate dosage or duration of drug regime leading to partially treated infections, using the wrong antimicrobial due to ignorance of causative organism, and finally using indigenous, irrational combinations. Availability of properly labeled and safe pediatric formulations, regular audit by pharmacists, judicious prescriptions, proper counseling about drug administration, surveillance of adverse effects, and pediatric drug trials can be the best possible interventions to offer appropriate medicines to children and thereby save millions of lives.
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Bisht, Yogesh Singh. "Device to Device based Women Safety System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35045.
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Device-to-device (D2D) communication, which offers ultra-low latency for user communication, is projected to play a large role in future cellular networks. This new mode could work in either licensed or unlicensed spectrum. It's a fresh take on the classic cellular communication model. Its advantages, however, come with a slew of technological and financial difficulties that must be addressed before it can be fully integrated into the cellular ecosystem. This paper discusses the main characteristics of D2D communication and how we can use this to build Human Safety Device.
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Luitel, Subash, and Sangman Moh. "Energy-Efficient Medium Access Control Protocols for Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks: A Comparative Survey." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 3781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113781.
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The increase of application areas in wireless sensor networks demands novel solutions in terms of energy consumption and radio frequency management. Cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) are key for ensuring efficient spectrum management, by making it possible to use the unused licensed frequency spectrum together with the unlicensed frequency spectrum. Sensor nodes powered by energy-constrained batteries necessarily require energy-efficient protocols at the routing and medium access control (MAC) layers. In CRSNs, energy efficiency is more important because the sensor nodes consume additional energy for spectrum sensing and management. To the best of authors’ knowledge, there is no survey on “energy-efficient” MAC protocols for CRSNs in the literature, even though a conceptual review on MAC protocols for CRSNs was presented at a conference recently. In this paper, energy-efficient MAC protocols for CRSNs are extensively surveyed and qualitatively compared. Open issues, and research challenges in the design of MAC protocols for CRSNs, are also discussed.
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Djellab, H., A. Bouarfa, and S. Bojanic. "Performance Evaluation of System in Free Space Optic Utilizing Gaussian Optical Filter in Different Detection Scheme." Journal of Optical Communications 41, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2019-0032.
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Abstract In recent years, free space optical communication (FSO) has become a leader for its unique characteristics: large bandwidth, unlicensed spectrum, simple implementation, low power and high data rate. However, we use as a transmission medium for Spectral Amplitude Coding-Optical Code Division Multiple Access SAC OCDMA system. In this paper, we investigate the optimum received power of FSO communication system employing SAC OCDMA, by using different detection technique, such us Spectral Direct Detection SDD and Single Photodiode Detection (SPD) technique under optical Gaussian filter decoder schemes with Modified Double Weight code (MDW). In this work, the adverse effects of atmospheric channel limit the possibility of a large FSO communication, moderate turbulence and hazy weather conditions are considered. The results show that the performance of the proposed system with wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) multiplexer (MUX) based on Gaussian optical filter with SDP detection fares better than the system employing SDD technique.
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Parvez, Imtiaz, M. G. S. Sriyananda, İsmail Güvenç, Mehdi Bennis, and Arif Sarwat. "CBRS Spectrum Sharing between LTE-U and WiFi: A Multiarmed Bandit Approach." Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5909801.
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The surge of mobile devices such as smartphone and tablets requires additional capacity. To achieve ubiquitous and high data rate Internet connectivity, effective spectrum sharing and utilization of the wireless spectrum carry critical importance. In this paper, we consider the use of unlicensed LTE (LTE-U) technology in the 3.5 GHz Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) band and develop a multiarmed bandit (MAB) based spectrum sharing technique for a smooth coexistence with WiFi. In particular, we consider LTE-U to operate as a General Authorized Access (GAA) user; hereby MAB is used to adaptively optimize the transmission duty cycle of LTE-U transmissions. Additionally, we incorporate downlink power control which yields a high energy efficiency and interference suppression. Simulation results demonstrate a significant improvement in the aggregate capacity (approximately 33%) and cell-edge throughput of coexisting LTE-U and WiFi networks for different base station densities and user densities.
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Moy, Christophe, Lilian Besson, Guillaume Delbarre, and Laurent Toutain. "Decentralized spectrum learning for radio collision mitigation in ultra-dense IoT networks: LoRaWAN case study and experiments." Annals of Telecommunications 75, no. 11-12 (August 27, 2020): 711–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12243-020-00795-y.
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AbstractThis paper describes the theoretical principles and experimental results of reinforcement learning algorithms embedded into IoT devices (Internet of Things), in order to tackle the problem of radio collision mitigation in ISM unlicensed bands. Multi-armed bandit (MAB) learning algorithms are used here to improve both the IoT network capability to support the expected massive number of objects and the energetic autonomy of the IoT devices. We first illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approach in a proof-of-concept, based on USRP software radio platforms operating on real radio signals. It shows how collisions with other RF signals are diminished for IoT devices that use MAB learning. Then we describe the first implementation of such algorithms on LoRa devices operating in a real LoRaWAN network at 868 MHz. We named this solution IoTligent. IoTligent does not add neither processing overhead, so it can be run into the IoT devices, nor network overhead, so that it requires no change to LoRaWAN protocol. Real-life experiments done in a real LoRa network show that IoTligent devices’ battery life can be extended by a factor of 2, in the scenarios we faced during our experiment. Finally we submit IoTligent devices to very constrained conditions that are expected in the future with the growing number of IoT devices, by generating an artificial IoT massive radio traffic in anechoic chamber. We show that IoTligent devices can cope with spectrum scarcity that will occur at that time in unlicensed bands.
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Arshid, Kaleem, Iftikhar Hussain, Muhammad Khawar Bashir, Shahid Naseem, Allah Ditta, Natash Ali Mian, Misha Zahid, and Israr Ali Khan. "Primary User Traffic Pattern Based Opportunistic Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Networks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (March 2, 2020): 1674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051674.
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Through the expeditious expansion of the wireless network, the unlicensed bandwidth-based devices are growing substantially as compared to the present vacant bandwidth. Cognitive radio networks present a proficient solution to the spectrum shortage diminution hitch by allowing the usage of the vacant part of the spectrum that is not currently in use of the Primary User licensed bandwidth to the secondary user or cognitive radio user. Spectrum management procedure in cognitive radio network comprises of spectrum sharing, sensing and handoff. Spectrum handoff plays a vital role in spectrum management and primarily focuses on single handoff strategies. This paper presents a primary user traffic pattern-based opportunistic spectrum handoff (PUTPOSH) approach to use in the cognitive radio networks. PUTPOSH permits a secondary user to sense the arrival of a primary user and use an opportunistic handoff scheme. The opportunistic handoff scheme firstly detects the arrival of the primary users by energy detection sensing and secondly, it allows a cognitive radio user to decide whether to do handoff or not contingent upon the overall service time to reduce the unused handoffs. The handoffs can either be reactive or proactive based on the arrival rate of the primary user. The simulation results show that the presented PUTPOSH approach (a) minimizes the number of handoffs and the overall service time, and (b) maintains the channel utilization and throughput of the system at a maximal point.
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Semba Yawada, Prince, and Mai Trung Dong. "Performance Analysis of New Spectrum Sensing Scheme Using Multiantennas with Multiuser Diversity in Cognitive Radio Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (September 3, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8560278.
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The spectrum detection (SD) is a critical step in cognitive radio (CR) to identify the available spectrum and avoid interference and harm to primary users (PUs). Nonetheless, the practical detection process is often compromised with problems of receptors uncertainty, shadows, and multipath fading. To overcome these problems, a cooperative SD scheme is proposed by exploiting the system multiantenna (MUA) with the multiuser diversity (MUD). The SD gives unlicensed secondary users (SUs) the opportunity to use the licensed spectral band until the PU makes its appearance. By allowing the cooperation between the SUs of the same spectral band, the time of the detection is reduced and increases the general dexterity, which is the strong point of cooperative SD. In this paper, we proposed an SD scheme using a new MUA design. The scheme proposed is a clear difference compared to other systems because in this design weight of quantification is multiplied by each receiving antenna. The scheme has the ability to detect low-level signals to facilitate sharing between the SU and PU system. The numerical results are made to prove the performance of the proposed system compared to the conventional system. The results obtained confirm the efficiency of the proposed scheme.
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Zhai, Linbo, Hua Wang, and Chengcheng Liu. "Distributed Schemes for Crowdsourcing-Based Sensing Task Assignment in Cognitive Radio Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5017653.
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Spectrum sensing is an important issue in cognitive radio networks. The unlicensed users can access the licensed wireless spectrum only when the licensed wireless spectrum is sensed to be idle. Since mobile terminals such as smartphones and tablets are popular among people, spectrum sensing can be assigned to these mobile intelligent terminals, which is called crowdsourcing method. Based on the crowdsourcing method, this paper studies the distributed scheme to assign spectrum sensing task to mobile terminals such as smartphones and tablets. Considering the fact that mobile terminals’ positions may influence the sensing results, a precise sensing effect function is designed for the crowdsourcing-based sensing task assignment. We aim to maximize the sensing effect function and cast this optimization problem to address crowdsensing task assignment in cognitive radio networks. This problem is difficult to be solved because the complexity of this problem increases exponentially with the growth in mobile terminals. To assign crowdsensing task, we propose four distributed algorithms with different transition probabilities and use a Markov chain to analyze the approximation gap of our proposed schemes. Simulation results evaluate the average performance of our proposed algorithms and validate the algorithm’s convergence.
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Srinivasan, Sundar, KB Shivakumar, and Muazzam Mohammad. "Semi-supervised machine learning for primary user emulation attack detection and prevention through core-based analytics for cognitive radio networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 9 (September 2019): 155014771986036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719860365.
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Cognitive radio networks are software controlled radios with the ability to allocate and reallocate spectrum depending upon the demand. Although they promise an extremely optimal use of the spectrum, they also bring in the challenges of misuse and attacks. Selfish attacks among other attacks are the most challenging, in which a secondary user or an unauthorized user with unlicensed spectrum pretends to be a primary user by altering the signal characteristics. Proposed methods leverage advancement to efficiently detect and prevent primary user emulation future attack in cognitive radio using machine language techniques. In this paper novel method is proposed to leverage unique methodology which can efficiently handle during various dynamic changes includes varying bandwidth, signature changes etc… performing learning and classification at edge nodes followed by core nodes using deep learning convolution network. The proposed method is compared with that of two other state-of-art machine learning-based attack detection protocols and has found to significantly reduce the false alarm to secondary network, at the same time improve the overall detection accuracy at the primary network.
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Rehman, Aasia, and Deo Prakash. "Detection of PUE Attack in CRN with Reduced Error in Location Estimation Using Novel Bat Algorithm." International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 6, no. 2 (July 2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2017070101.
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Cognitive Radio Network Technology makes the efficient utilization of scarce spectrum resources by allowing the unlicensed users to opportunistically use the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Network due to its flexible and open nature is vulnerable to a number of security attacks. This paper is mainly concerned with one of the physical layer attack called Primary User Emulation Attack and its detection. This paper solves the problem of PUE attack by localization technique based on TDOA measurements with reduced error in location estimation using a Novel Bat Algorithm (NBA). A number of cooperative secondary users are used for detecting the PUEA by comparing its estimated position with the known position of incumbent. The main goal of NBA is to minimize two fitness functions namely non-linear least square and the maximum likelihood in order to optimize the estimation error. After evaluation, simulation results clearly demonstrates that NBA results in reduced estimation error as compared to Taylor Series Estimation and Particle Swarm Optimization.
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Bankov, Dmitry, Evgeny Khorov, and Andrey Lyakhov. "LoRaWAN Modeling and MCS Allocation to Satisfy Heterogeneous QoS Requirements." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 27, 2019): 4204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194204.
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LoRaWAN infrastructure has become widely deployed to provide wireless communications for various sensor applications. These applications generate different traffic volumes and require different quality of service (QoS). The paper presents an accurate mathematical model of low-power data transmission in a LoRaWAN sensor network, which allows accurate validation of key QoS indices, such as network capacity and packet loss ratio. Since LoRaWAN networks operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the model takes into account transmission attempt failures caused by random noise in the channel. Given QoS requirements, we can use the model to study how the performance of a LoRaWAN network depends on the traffic load and other scenario parameters. Since in LoRaWAN networks the transmissions at different modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) typically do not collide, we use the model to assign MCSs to the devices to satisfy their QoS requirements.
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Omondi, Gevira, and Vitalis K. Oduol. "An Optimal Eigenvalue Based Spectrum Sensing Algorithm for Cognitive Radio." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 10 (October 31, 2015): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss10.444.
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Spectrum is a scarce resource, and licensed spectrum is intended to be used only by the spectrum owners. Various measurements of spectrum utilization have shown unused resources in frequency, time and space. Cognitive radio is a new concept of reusing licensed spectrum in an unlicensed manner. The unused resources are often referred to as spectrum holes or white spaces. These spectrum holes could be reused by cognitive radios, sometimes called secondary users. All man-made signals have some structure that can be potentially exploited to improve their detection performance. This structure is intentionally introduced for example by the channel coding, the modulation and by the use of space-time codes. This structure, or correlation, is inherent in the sample covariance matrix of the received signal. In particular the eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix have some spread, or in some cases some known features that can be exploited for detection. This work aims to implement, evaluate, and eventually improve on algorithms for efficient computation of eigenvalue-based spectrum sensing methods. The computations will be based on power methods for computation of the dominant eigenvalue of the covariance matrix of signals received at the secondary users. The proposed method endeavors to overcome the noise uncertainty problem, and perform better than the ideal energy detection method. The method should be used for various signal detection applications without requiring the knowledge of the signal, channel and noise power.
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Salameh, Osama, Herwig Bruneel, and Sabine Wittevrongel. "Performance Evaluation of Cognitive Radio Networks with Imperfect Spectrum Sensing and Bursty Primary User Traffic." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (June 2, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4102046.
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In this paper, we introduce a four-dimensional continuous-time Markov chain model to evaluate the performance of cognitive radio networks. In such networks, secondary (unlicensed) users may opportunistically use the frequency channels not currently occupied by primary (licensed) users in order to increase the utilization of the wireless spectrum. Secondary users perform channel sensing before as well as during transmission in order not to interfere with primary users. The proposed model assumes that primary users arrive according to a bursty arrival process and moreover takes the possible occurrence of sensing errors (false alarms and misdetections) into account. Several performance measures including the collision rate between primary and secondary users, the blocking probabilities of primary or secondary users, and the mean delay of secondary users are derived and illustrated through numerical examples. The results show that the system performance strongly depends on the degree of burstiness in the arrival process of primary users. It is also observed that the quality of service of the primary network can be seriously compromised due to misdetection by secondary users.
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Ancans, Guntis, Vjaceslavs Bobrovs, Arnis Ancans, and Evaldas Stankevicius. "Analysis on Interference Impact of Wi-Fi on Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 8, no. 1 (January 2016): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2016010104.
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Transition from Analogue Terrestrial Television Broadcasting to Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) in the 470-862 MHz band made available amount of spectrum so-called digital dividend for other services i.e. 790-862 MHz band (800 MHz) to mobile service. Recently the 694-790 MHz band (700 MHz) was also allocated to mobile service in ITU Region 1. Spectrum allocated to a broadcasting service but not used locally is called as TV white spaces (TVWS). It is possible to introduce TVWS services in 470-790 MHz band under the condition that other services in this band already operating, or planned in the country and in neighboring countries, are adequately protected and this use does not violate the current ITU Radio Regulations. TVWS under some conditions locally could be used for mobile communication systems e.g. unlicensed Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) using cognitive radio. As TVWS are located in the UHF band, the use of TVWS can provide significantly better coverage and wall penetration inside buildings than 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz range Wi-Fi frequencies. The exact amount of available spectrum for TVWS at any location will be dependent upon each country national situation e.g. DTTB planning configuration, other services use in the band. In case of deploying Wi-Fi in the TVWS the interference impact of Wi-Fi on DTTB has to be taken into account. The aim of this paper is to analyze the interference impact of Wi-Fi on DTTB. In this paper the interference occurring probability in DTTB receiver was evaluated by using Spectrum Engineering Advanced Monte-Carlo Analysis Tool (SEAMCAT).
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Riobó, Miguel, Rob Hofman, Iñigo Cuiñas, Manuel García Sánchez, and Jo Verhaevert. "Wideband Performance Comparison between the 40 GHz and 60 GHz Frequency Bands for Indoor Radio Channels." Electronics 8, no. 11 (October 29, 2019): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111234.
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When 5G networks are to be deployed, the usability of millimeter-wave frequency allocations seems to be left out of the debate. However, there is an open question regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the main candidates for this allocation: The use of the licensed spectrum near 40 GHz or the unlicensed band at 60 GHz. Both bands may be adequate for high performance radio communication systems, and this paper provides insight into such alternatives. A large measurement campaign supplied enough data to analyze and to evaluate the network performance for both frequency bands in different types of indoor environments: Both large rooms and narrow corridors, and both line of sight and obstructed line of sight conditions. As a result of such a campaign and after a deep analysis in terms of wideband parameters, the radio channel usability is analyzed with numerical data regarding its performance.
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Miah, Md Sipon, Kazi Mowdud Ahmed, Md Khairul Islam, Md Ashek Raihan Mahmud, Md Mahbubur Rahman, and Heejung Yu. "Enhanced Sensing and Sum-Rate Analysis in a Cognitive Radio-Based Internet of Things." Sensors 20, no. 9 (April 29, 2020): 2525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092525.
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Spectrum sensing plays a vital role in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) for identifying the spectrum hole. However, an individual cognitive radio user in a CRN does not obtain sufficient sensing performance and sum rate of the primary and secondary links to support the future Internet of Things (IoT) using conventional detection techniques such as the energy detection (ED) technique in a noise-uncertain environment. In an environment comprising noise uncertainty, the performance of conventional energy detection techniques is significantly degraded owing to the noise fluctuation caused by the noise temperature, interference, and filtering. To mitigate this problem, we present a cooperative spectrum sensing technique that comprises the use of the Kullback–Leibler divergence (KLD) in cognitive radio-based IoT (CR-IoT). In the proposed method, each unlicensed IoT device that is capable of spectrum sensing, which is called a CR-IoT user, makes a local decision using the KLD technique. The spectrum sensing performed with the KLD requires a smaller number of samples than other conventional approaches, e.g., energy detection, for reliable sensing even in a noise uncertain environment. After the local decision is made, each CR-IoT user sends its own local decision result to the corresponding fusion center, which makes a global decision using the soft fusion rule. The results obtained through simulations show that the proposed KLD scheme achieves a better sensing performance, i.e., higher detection and lower false-alarm probabilities, enhances the sum rate, and reduces the total time as compared to the conventional ED scheme under various fading channels.
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Khan, Muhammad Irshad, Muhammad Irfan Khattak, Gunawan Witjaksono, Zaka Ullah Barki, Sadiq Ullah, Imran Khan, and Byung Moo Lee. "Experimental Investigation of a Planar Antenna with Band Rejection Features for Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) Wireless Networks." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (June 2, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2164716.
Full textAbstract:
The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) has authorized the use of unlicensed ultra-wide band (UWB) spectrum in the frequency range from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz for a variety of short-range applications, including wireless monitors and printers, camcorders, radar imaging, and personal area networks (PANS). However, the interference between coexisting narrowband channels and UWB signals that share the same spectrum should be avoided by designing UWB antennas with band notch characteristics. This work presents a printed monopole antenna (PMA) with slots of different shapes etched in the radiating element to obtain band rejection in the three coexisting communication bands, i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), and International Telecommunication Union (ITU). A rectangular slot is etched to reject the WiMAX band (3.01-3.68 GHz), an upturned C slot stops the WLAN band (5.18-5.73 GHz) while an inverted-U slot halts the ITU frequency band (7.7-8.5 GHz). The proposed antenna occupies a volume of 32 x 30 x 1.6 mm3 and it radiates efficiently (>90%) with a satisfactory gain (>1.95 dBi) in the unnotched UWB frequency range. The simulations are performed in High Frequency System Simulator (HFSS), while the measurements are conducted in antenna measurement facility and found in close agreement with the former.
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Li, Mingfu, and Hsin-Ling Tsai. "Energy-Efficient Device Discovery Mechanism for Device-to-Device Communications in 5G Networks." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020270.
Full textAbstract:
The conventional direct device discovery scheme which uses the random access protocol and encounters contentions or collisions is highly energy and time-consuming. To reduce the energy consumption of user equipments (UEs), this work proposes a two-phase hybrid device discovery mechanism for device-to-device (D2D) communications. In the first phase, the evolved packet core (EPC) or base station (BS) uses the location information of UEs to judge whether two UEs are able to establish a D2D link. In the second phase, UEs use Wi-Fi Direct to discover their target UEs. The BS directly assigns UEs’ states and allocates appropriate Wi-Fi channels to UEs. UEs no longer have to search or listen to all channels, thus reducing the discovery delay. The proposed mechanism saves cellular spectrum resources because it uses unlicensed bands for D2D discovery and communications. The performance of the proposed hybrid D2D discovery mechanism is also theoretically analyzed in this paper. Evaluation results show that the proposed D2D discovery mechanism has better performance in terms of energy consumption, discovery delay and discovery success rate, compared with the conventional direct D2D discovery scheme, especially in the network scenarios with smaller cells such as 5G networks. Additionally, the analytic results coincide with simulation results, demonstrating that our theoretic analysis is accurate.
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Khosla, Arpit, and Anuradha C.B. "Framework for Demystifying M2M Spectrum Regulation." Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 6, no. 3 (August 31, 2018): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v6n3.139.
Full textAbstract:
The evolving M2M landscape not only cuts across diverse verticals but also embraces a range of networks and devices. This diversity leads to varied and dynamic requirements, which make regulatory policy formulation a daunting challenge. In this fast-changing environment, of all the regulatory policy dimensions, the one that confounds the regulator the most is the regulation of Spectrum. The typical dilemmas that regulators face in the domain of spectrum can be boiled down to questions like- Is the unlicensed band sufficient to maintain scalability with QOS for various use cases, Does the demand and other requirements warrant a separate licensed band for M2M etc. As expected, there is no panacea for spectrum access regulation. This can be attributed to the fact that the technical requirements (for example data throughput, reliability, range, and output power etc.) vary dramatically across the spectrum of use cases. To exacerbate the confusion in sizing up the varied and fast-changing technical requirements, a regulator is also expected to align its spectrum access policies to regulations and standards of other verticals. The advent of new Cognitive Radio, DSA, and other technologies, definitely don’t make the task of regulator any simpler.
To us, the aforementioned situation implied that long-standing spectrum regulation principles and practices might have to go through an evolution. We do not claim that the basic objective of balancing spectrum demand, supply, and utilization will change. However, we believe that the way the regulator looks at these dimensions needs to change. To uncover this systematic change we researched the evolving practices of access network’s spectrum regulation across the globe, across verticals and across stakeholders. Then we tried to identify a pattern, which we crystallized into a simple framework. Our analysis is primarily based on secondary research.
Via our paper, we wanted to share our perspective on the changed way in which regulator should look at Demand, supply, and utilization of Spectrum. In our paper, we propose a framework of factors, when considered, will help regulators look at this new world with an evolved lens. Using some selective samples our study also attempts at illustrating, as to how some of the proposed approaches (e.g. understanding spectrum demand) have been implemented by certain regulators. In certain sections of the paper, we also augment our view with specific data points from certain vertical industries. Finally, our study delves into earmarking and detailing the policy levers (e.g. Spectrum fees, sharing regulations, License Authorization Model) which can help regulator in reaching the aspired policy posture. The policy levers include both traditional and new age levers.
Overall this framework attempts to demystify the spectrum policy regulation in the age of M2m/IOT. Additionally, our paper can also serve as a reference to many new players in M2M/IOT, who do not have a clear idea, as to what all ways, can a regulators spectrum policy impact their solution or their vertical.
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Khosla, Arpit, and Anuradha C.B. "Framework for Demystifying M2M Spectrum Regulation." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 6, no. 3 (August 31, 2018): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v6n3.139.
Full textAbstract:
The evolving M2M landscape not only cuts across diverse verticals but also embraces a range of networks and devices. This diversity leads to varied and dynamic requirements, which make regulatory policy formulation a daunting challenge. In this fast-changing environment, of all the regulatory policy dimensions, the one that confounds the regulator the most is the regulation of Spectrum. The typical dilemmas that regulators face in the domain of spectrum can be boiled down to questions like- Is the unlicensed band sufficient to maintain scalability with QOS for various use cases, Does the demand and other requirements warrant a separate licensed band for M2M etc. As expected, there is no panacea for spectrum access regulation. This can be attributed to the fact that the technical requirements (for example data throughput, reliability, range, and output power etc.) vary dramatically across the spectrum of use cases. To exacerbate the confusion in sizing up the varied and fast-changing technical requirements, a regulator is also expected to align its spectrum access policies to regulations and standards of other verticals. The advent of new Cognitive Radio, DSA, and other technologies, definitely don’t make the task of regulator any simpler.
To us, the aforementioned situation implied that long-standing spectrum regulation principles and practices might have to go through an evolution. We do not claim that the basic objective of balancing spectrum demand, supply, and utilization will change. However, we believe that the way the regulator looks at these dimensions needs to change. To uncover this systematic change we researched the evolving practices of access network’s spectrum regulation across the globe, across verticals and across stakeholders. Then we tried to identify a pattern, which we crystallized into a simple framework. Our analysis is primarily based on secondary research.
Via our paper, we wanted to share our perspective on the changed way in which regulator should look at Demand, supply, and utilization of Spectrum. In our paper, we propose a framework of factors, when considered, will help regulators look at this new world with an evolved lens. Using some selective samples our study also attempts at illustrating, as to how some of the proposed approaches (e.g. understanding spectrum demand) have been implemented by certain regulators. In certain sections of the paper, we also augment our view with specific data points from certain vertical industries. Finally, our study delves into earmarking and detailing the policy levers (e.g. Spectrum fees, sharing regulations, License Authorization Model) which can help regulator in reaching the aspired policy posture. The policy levers include both traditional and new age levers.
Overall this framework attempts to demystify the spectrum policy regulation in the age of M2m/IOT. Additionally, our paper can also serve as a reference to many new players in M2M/IOT, who do not have a clear idea, as to what all ways, can a regulators spectrum policy impact their solution or their vertical.
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Gueye, Ibrahima, Ibra Dioum, Idy Diop, K. Wane Keita, Papis Ndiaye, Moussa Diallo, and Sidi Mohamed Farssi. "Performance of Hybrid RF/FSO Cooperative Systems Based on Quasicyclic LDPC Codes and Space-Coupled LDPC Codes." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (December 30, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8814588.
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Free space optical (FSO) communication systems provide wireless line of sight connectivity in the unlicensed spectrum, and wireless optical communication achieves higher data rates compared to their radio frequency (RF) counterparts. FSO systems are particularly attractive for last mile access problem by bridging fiber optic backbone connectivity to RF access networks. To cope with this practical deployment scenario, there has been increasing attention to the so-called dual-hop (RF/FSO) systems where RF transmission is used at a hop followed by FSO transmission to another. In this article, we study the performance of cooperative transmission systems using a mixed RF-FSO DF (decode and forward) relay using error-correcting codes including QC-LDPC codes at the relay level. The FSO link is modeled by the gamma-gamma distribution, and the RF link is modeled by the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) model. Another innovation in this article is the use of cooperative systems using a mixed FSO/RF DF relay using quasicyclic low-density parity check (QC-LDPC) codes at the relay level. We also use the space-coupled low-density parity check (SC-LDPC) codes on the same scheme to show its importance in cooperative optical transmission but also in hybrid RF/FSO transmission. The latter will be compared with QC-LDPC codes. The use of mixed RF/FSO cooperative transmission systems can improve the reliability and transmission of information in networks. The results demonstrate an improvement in the performance of the cooperative RF/FSO DF system based on QC-LDPC and SC-LDPC codes compared to RF/FSO systems without the use of codes, but also to the DF systems proposed in the existing literature.
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Raschellà, A., O. Aldhaibani, S. Pizzi, M. Mackay, F. Bouhafs, G. Araniti, Q. Shi, and M. C. Lucas-Estañ. "A Centralized Win-Win Cooperative Framework for Wi-Fi and 5G Radio Access Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (September 8, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5515271.
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Cooperation to access wireless networks is a key approach towards optimizing the use of finite radio spectrum resources in overcrowded unlicensed bands and to help satisfy the expectations of wireless users in terms of high data rates and low latency. Although solutions that advocate this approach have been widely proposed in the literature, they still do not consider a number of aspects that can improve the performance of the users’ connections, such as the inclusion of (1) cooperation among network operators and (2) users’ quality requirements based on their applications. To fill this gap, in this paper we propose a centralized framework that is aimed at providing a “win-win” cooperation among Wi-Fi and cellular networks, which takes into account 5G technologies and users’ requirements in terms of Quality of Service (QoS). Moreover, the framework is supported by smart Radio Access Technology (RAT) selection mechanisms that orchestrate the connection of the clients to the networks. In particular, we discuss details on the design of the proposed framework, the motivation behind its implementation, the main novelties, its feasibility, and the main components. In order to demonstrate the benefits of our solution, we illustrate efficiency results achieved through the simulation of a smart RAT selection algorithm in a realistic scenario, which mimics the proposed “win-win” cooperation between Wi-Fi and cellular 5G networks, and we also discuss potential benefits for wireless and mobile network operators.
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Aggarwal, Geetika, Xuewu Dai, Reza Saatchi, Richard Binns, and Ajay Sikandar. "Experimental Demonstration of Single-Channel EEG Signal Using 32 × 32 Pixel OLED Screen and Camera." Electronics 8, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8070734.
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Currently, the radiofrequency (RF)-based wireless technology deployed in electroencephalography (EEG) to diagnose brain diseases suffers from frequency spectrum and electromagnetic interference, and might also have adverse effects on the health of patients and equipment used in hospitals, especially in RF-restricted zones like intensive care units (ICUs). Optical wireless communication (OWC), specifically visible light communication (VLC), is featured in 5G network to complement the radiofrequency (RF) technologies due to the fact that huge unlicensed bandwidth and available infrastructure, both indoor and outdoor, reduces the implementation cost. The conventional VLC systems deploy photodiodes as receivers, requiring hardware and infrastructure modifications in addition to smaller field of view (FOV), but the use of cameras reduce the infrastructure cost due to inbuilt filters and a wider FOV coverage gives the ability to scale a larger area. The wider FOV and the movement of camera rotation, without any additional adjustments to maintain the line-of-sight (LOS), allows the patient to be anywhere within the room and FOV. This paper demonstrates a novel healthcare system for EEG using visible light optical camera communication (VL-OCC), where a 32 × 32 pixel OLED screen acts as transmitter and the receiver section consists of several different cameras such as digital single-lens reflex camera (DLSR), android smartphone, and Thorlabs camera. The experiments were performed in LOS deploying on-off keying (OOK) modulation at several distant measurements to determine the system reliability and stability through bit error rate (BER) performance. The proposed system results depict that the DSLR camera outperforms the smartphone and Thorlabs cameras, as it is capable of transmitting an error free bit rate of 2.8 kbps at 30 fps up to 5.5 m.
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Kurekin, Andrey, Benjamin Loveday, Oliver Clements, Graham Quartly, Peter Miller, George Wiafe, and Kwame Adu Agyekum. "Operational Monitoring of Illegal Fishing in Ghana through Exploitation of Satellite Earth Observation and AIS Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 3 (February 1, 2019): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030293.
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Over the last decade, West African coastal countries, including Ghana, have experienced extensive economic damage due to illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing activity, estimated at about USD 100 million in losses each year. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing poses an enormous threat to the conservation and management of the dwindling fish stocks, causing multiple adverse consequences for fisheries, coastal and marine ecosystems and for the people who depend on these resources. The Integrated System for Surveillance of Illegal, Unlicensed and Unreported Fishing (INSURE) is an efficient and inexpensive system that has been developed for the monitoring of IUU fishing in Ghanaian waters. It makes use of fast-delivery Earth observation data from the synthetic aperture radar instrument on Sentinel-1 and the Multi Spectral Imager on Sentinel-2, detecting objects that differ markedly from their immediate background using a constant false alarm rate test. Detections are matched to, and verified by, Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, which provide the location and dimensions of ships that are legally operating in the region. Matched and unmatched data are then displayed on a web portal for use by coastal management authorities in Ghana. The system has a detection success rate of 91% for AIS-registered vessels, and a fast throughput, processing and delivering information within 2 h of acquiring the satellite overpass. However, over the 17-month analysis period, 75% of SAR detections have no equivalent in the AIS record, suggesting significant unregulated marine activity, including vessels potentially involved in IUU. The INSURE system demonstrated its efficiency in Ghana’s exclusive economic zone and it can be extended to the neighbouring states in the Gulf of Guinea, or other geographical regions that need to improve fisheries surveillance.
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Weiss, Martin B. H., and Arnon Tonmukayakul. "A Transaction Cost Analysis of Secondary vs. Unlicensed Spectrum Use." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2103878.
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"Cognitive Radio Technology Based Spectrum Allocation for D2d-U Communication." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 1S3 (December 30, 2019): 520–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a1117.1291s419.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, a heterogeneous network consists of Device to Device (D2D) communication users and Cognitive Radio (CR) network users are considered. D2D users can communicate through licensed band or unlicensed band. Unlicensed band accessing D2D users are called as D2D-U users. CR users are using the unlicensed band for data transmission and they have the capability to access the licensed band when it is not in use. This proposed system is considering D2D-U users and Wi-Fi users in a local geographical area and applying scheduling technique for both to access the licensed band without affecting the licensed user’s transmission. The proposed system evaluated the data sum rate against number of user. The simulation results are generated and discussed
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Dhilip Kumar, R., and V. Nagarajan. "Implementation and Performance Measure of Fuzzy AHP for Resource Allocation in 5G." Fluctuation and Noise Letters, November 2, 2020, 2150020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477521500206.
Full textAbstract:
Spectrum seems to be the lifeblood of wireless communication, which is of high demand as the traffic doubles every year. This increasing demand drives towards 5G NR, which is expected to support 100 folds increase in mobile devices, gigabit user data rate, ultra-low latency, high traffic and ultra-reliability. Since most of the available spectrum has been saturated, new methods that make use of spectrum in efficient manner must be considered. Through flexible 5G NR framework, 5G is aimed to utilize shared/unlicensed spectrum. Cognitive radio is the key enabler for operating through shared/unlicensed spectrum. In this situation, network interference caused by secondary users (SU) in accessing the unlicensed band for cognitive radio can be overcome by implementation of efficient resource management techniques. The interference issue among SU can be minimized to a large extent by efficiently allocating the available spectrum. Fuzzy Analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) seems to be an appropriate solution for spectrum allocation among SU without creating interference among themselves. The mathematical model proves that FAHP allocated the spectrum to the best SU.
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Rachmapramita, Arum, Nachwan Mufti Adriansyah, and Budi Syihabuddin. "Analisis Koeksistensi Jaringan LTE Non Lisensi dan Wi-Fi Pada Frekuensi 5GHz." JURNAL INFOTEL 9, no. 3 (August 30, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v9i3.289.
Full textAbstract:
By the 2020 the traffic internet demand will be increasing, so that the utilization of spectrum frequency should be maximize and use wisely. LTE-U which is using unlicensed spectrum frequency may be option to fulfil the demand of the internet traffic. Unfortunately it has to adapt and coexistence with Wi-Fi which already exist in unlicensed spectrum frequency. In this research, will talk about the minimum distance needed so that LTE-U eNodeB and Wi-Fi can be coexistence in indoor and outdoor deployment LOS and NLOS condition. The coexistence analyze in ACIR value. The result, minimum distance needed is in range 16 m-35 m for indoor deployment. In the other hand 51 m-199 m for outdoor deployment. With software simulation in 51 m distance the mean CINR value is 15 dB, and for 16 m distance the mean SIR value is 0.62 dB.
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Yoza-Mitsuishi, Nadia, Peter Mathys, and David Reed. "Spectrum sharing analysis for unlicensed use in 6 GHz using Risk-Informed Interference Assessment." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3427661.
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Nikolić, Zorica, Nenad Milošević, Milorad Tošić, Valentina Nejković, and Filip Jelenković. "Wireless Networks Coexistence in Unlicensed Bands." IJEEC - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING 1, no. 1 (December 29, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/ijeec1701001n.
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Mobile communication networks are constantly evolving, and each new generation provides considerably higher datatransmission capabilities. Having in mind predictions of high cellular data traffic growth over the next few years, it is clear that thelicensed band communications would have problems to support such a high bandwidth demand. One of the possible solutions to thisproblem is to adaptively use some additional spectrum out of the dedicated licensed band, such as the unlicensed bands. LTE-Astandard introduced a new mechanism, named Carrier Aggregation, which provides the possibility to simultaneously use multiplefrequency bands, such as the licensed and unlicensed bands. In order to work in an unlicensed band, LTE has to employ some newprocedures that provide shared access with other systems using the same frequency band, such as WiFi. These procedures includespectrum sensing, dynamic frequency selection, as well as the coordination of the shared access. Performance measurements and theanalysis of the procedures in 5 GHz frequency band will be shown in this paper. Since there is no available LTE hardware operating in5 GHz band, it has to be made in a laboratory using the software radio approach. The description of such an experiment may becomplex, and therefore we describe and propose the concept of the automatic experiment code generation. The automatic codegeneration is based on the semantic descriptions of experiments, and it is flexible due to the adoption of the domain and systemontologies for formal representation of the semantics of the problem.
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Basaure, Arturo, Heikki Kokkinen, Heikki Hämmäinen, and V. Sridhar. "Flexible Spectrum Management: Approaches for India." Telecom Business Review 8, no. 1 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.21863/tbr/2015.8.1.003.
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Radio spectrum for commercial mobile services continues to be scarce. Countries around the world have recognized the importance of efficient utilization of this scarce resource and have initiated regulatory and policy steps towards flexible approaches to spectrum management, including sharing of licensed spectrum, and releasing unlicensed spectrum for mobile services. Technologies for shared access and the associated standardization activities have also progressed towards possible large scale deployments. In this paper, we analyze the evolution of spectrum management policies using a causal model and indicate how the markets can lock in to either centralized or flexible approach. We also cite a use case of a flexible spectrum management approach using spectrum band fill option and indicate its suitability to the Indian context.
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Layton, Roslyn, and David Witkowski. "Evaluating Security Implications of Spectrum Allocation in Licensed and Unlicensed Use: 5G vs. Wi-Fi." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3761157.
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Sharkey, William W., Fernando Beltrán, and Mark Bykowsky. "Comparing the Ability of Different Auction Mechanisms to Efficiently Designate Spectrum between Licensed and Unlicensed Use." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2214022.
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A, Darwin Nesakumar, and Inbamalar T M. "A Study of Cognitive Radio Sensing Techniques for Optimum Spectrum Utilization." Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications 13 (September 4, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2666255813999200904134324.
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Background: The spectrum scarcity plays a vital role in wireless communications. We are in the situation to use it through an efficient methodology. Objective: To identify the holes in the spectrum through an efficient spectrum sensing and to allocate the bands to the unlicensed users (Secondary Users- SU). Methods: It has been proposed to make a comparative study among the existing spectrum sensing methods based on the following parameters such as Probability detection (Pd) measurement, Algorithm, Decision fusion method, Network model. Results: Comparative study has been made to find the pros and cons of the existing techniques with their limitations and the field of application. CSS (Cooperative Spectrum Sensing) technique significantly consumes less energy and reporting time to FC (Fusion Centre) since it utilizes LLR (Log Likelihood Ratio) Method to find the Probability of detection using Chair-varshney rule in local sensing with parallel report approach in the cluster based network. Conclusion: Through the study and the comparison of parameters in literature, it is found that CSS provide better detection. Therefore, this technique can be considered as an efficient technique to find the holes and to share the frequency with SU’s.
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Kjendal, Dave. "LoRa-Alliance Regional Parameters Overview." Journal of ICT Standardization, April 30, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.13052/jicts2245-800x.914.
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The LoRaWAN® Regional Parameters specification defines the adaptation of the LoRaWAN® Link Layer specification to comply with the various regulations enforced throughout the world on the use of various frequency bands of unlicensed spectrum which are available. It defines default values for Link Layer parameters and channel plans. Each of the regional channel plans can be broadly characterized as dynamic channel plans, with a small number of default channels, or fixed channel plans, where all channels are defined then selectively activated by the network. Regional parameters are defined for a vast majority of countries in the world, using 9 main channel plans, and support for additional countries is regularly added.
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Orumwense, Efe F., and Khaled Abo-Al-Ez. "Exploiting TV White Spaces for Smart Grid Communications." Journal of Communications, 2020, 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12720/jcm.15.8.613-618.
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Although Smart Grid (SG) is conceived to be a fundamental paradigm shift in the area of power grid, it faces one major challenge which is an efficient and reliable communications structure. In this paper, we identify a possible way in which SG can exploit the use of TVWS for communications using a two-way cognitive radio-based switching procedure. This procedure enable gateways to sense and utilize TVWS channels for communication when they are declared vacant and if occupied by a Primary User (PU), the gateway can alternatively switch transmission over to an unlicensed spectrum band. The optimum sensing time that takes account of the overhead brought about by the sensing process is evaluated. The theoretical analysis are validated through the numerical results.
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"Performance Prediction of OFDM-Based Cognitive Radio for Next-Generation Networking Capabilities." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 9, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 1911–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.f8423.059120.
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As a pioneering technology, next generation of mobile networks would overcome many problems of daily life activities. This new technology has many challenges that are tried to be destroyed. In this regard, to optimize the utilization of the allowed spectrum, an essential tool such as cognitive radio (CR) must be employed. It provides opportunity to use spectrum in strategic manner to both licensed and unlicensed users in such a way that the available spectrum is exploited in an efficient strategy. Meanwhile, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) multicarrier transmission mechanism represents one of the more familiar techniques that are widely applied in free space systems of communication. Since this algorithm has the capability of satisfying the prime aspect of CR, which is associated with locally exploiting the unused spectrum autonomously, OFDM procedure is investigated as a CR system’s candidate. In other words, it is of interest to study its behavior when it is combined with CR technology. Here, our goal is to treat the problem of spectrum sensing techniques in conjunction with OFDM signal. Simulation results show that OFDM spectral correlation can be enhanced via varying the number of samples. Also, OFDM pilot is mandatory and acts as a flag for OFDM frames. So, it is of importance to boost it for better detection. Additionally, the probability of detection (Pd ) is estimated for different values of signal strength when the false alarm probability (Pf ) is fixed. Moreover, receiver operating characteristic, which is the variation of Pd as a function of Pf for a fixed SNR, is drawn for two cases; theoretical and simulated. It is found that the two cases are of high degree of coincidence.
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"Performance Evaluation of 5G/WiFi-6 Coexistence." International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 14 (December 10, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9106.2020.14.116.
Full textAbstract:
The fifth-generation mobile communication network (5G) is the promising technology nowadays to provide not only a higher speed compared to 4G but also a revolution of services to cover different industrial sectors such as health, production, energy, and many. WiFi-6 is a new wireless local area network (WLAN) technology that is suitable to work in an office, home, and dense areas. As a new technology, 5G has some limitations concerning coverage and capacity. To overcome these limitations, one possible solution is to use the free unlicensed spectrum available in Wi-Fi technology, therefore, a complement solution of 5G/WiFi-6 coexistence is proposed to make both technologies complement each other in providing a better quality of service for the end-user concerning a higher speed, low latency, and higher capacity. According to OFDM modulation, the proposed model divides the cell into two virtual zones, the inner zone represents WiFi-6 technology surrounded by 5G technology. All resources will be shared between the two technologies taken into consideration that more bandwidth should be given to the most inner zone with high intensity of traffic. The call admission control algorithm will be based on a minimum bit rate to be given to each zone that should be satisfied to admit the call. The model is solved using MOSEL-2 simulation language, to study different performance parameters such as BER, utilization, blocking probability, latency, throughput, and aggregate average bit rate in both zones. The simulation results show that coexistence causes some degradation in 5G performance, however, a positive effect on the overall cell performance is achieved by balancing the load all over the whole cell.