Relevant bibliographies by topics / Unpaid care work

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Unpaid care work'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Unpaid care work"

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Della Giusta, M., and S. Jewell. "Unpaid work and conformity: why care?" Cambridge Journal of Economics 39, no. 3 (December 2, 2014): 689–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beu061.

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Kidder, Thalia. "Time Use Studies and Unpaid Care Work." Gender & Development 21, no. 3 (November 2013): 606–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2013.861117.

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Appelbaum, Eileen, Thomas Bailey, Peter Berg, and Arne L. Kalleberg. "Shared Work-Valued Care: New Norms for Organizing Market Work and Unpaid Care Work." Economic and Industrial Democracy 23, no. 1 (February 2002): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x02231007.

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Ghosh, Anweshaa, and Deepta Chopra. "Paid work, unpaid care work and women's empowerment in Nepal." Contemporary South Asia 27, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2019.1687646.

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Mudrazija, Stipica. "WORK-RELATED OPPORTUNITY COSTS OF PROVIDING UNPAID FAMILY CARE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.491.

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Abstract Older Americans living in the community who need help with basic activities of daily living overwhelmingly rely on unpaid care provided most commonly by working-age family members. Because unpaid family care limits the demand for nursing facilities and reduces expenses paid by Medicaid and other government programs, previous estimates of its economic value have mostly focused on estimating the benefits of unpaid family care. However, to assess accurately the overall economic value of unpaid family care and define better the scope for policy intervention, it is also important to account for the costs of such care, yet our knowledge of their magnitude remains limited. This study assesses the impact of unpaid family caregiving on the likelihood of working and hours worked for caregivers, and calculates the related cost of forgone earnings today and in 2050. To do so, it matches family caregivers from the National Study of Caregiving with non-caregivers from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, and uses projections from the Urban Institute’s DYNASIM microsimulation model to inform calculations of future costs of foregone earnings. Results suggest that the cost of foregone earnings attributable to caregiving is currently about $67 billion. By mid-century, it will likely more than double, outpacing the growth of disabled older population as the share of better-educated caregivers with higher earning capacity increases. Policymakers can use these results to inform their current and future policy efforts aimed at assisting family caregivers who are facing the challenge of balancing work and caregiving responsibilities.
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Ramya, R. "Care Work and Time Use: A Focus on Child Care, Personal Care and Elderly Care Time." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 7, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v7i2.306.

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Today the concept of ‘time poverty’ is gaining much attention. Since time is a limited factor, when more of it is devoted to paid and unpaid work, less time is available for leisure, which results in high time poverty. Time is often more precious than money and is regarded as a natural and universal concept. A woman’s position in the society and family as well as her time allocation is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. Therefore a woman’s paid works as well as her unpaid domestic work especially care work are equally significant as it produces significant influence upon her time allocation. Across globe, women and girls does the vast majority of care giving work in the home which creates disproportional responsibilities finally result in time poverty. This paper mainly focuses on the care time (child care, elderly care and personal care time) devoted by working women across different occupations
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Addati, Laura. "Transforming care work and care jobs for the future of decent work." International Journal of Care and Caring 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/239788221x16099530336652.

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The article is an edited version of a keynote speech given at the 2019 Global Carework Summit and highlights the findings of the International Labour Organization report Care Work and Care Jobs for the Future of Decent Work. It takes a comprehensive look at the nexus between unpaid care work, paid work and paid care work, and its contributions to the future of work debates and global policy work around the achievement of gender equality.
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Kobayashi, Erika, Yoko Sugihara, Taro Fukaya, and Jersey Liang. "Volunteering among Japanese older adults: how are hours of paid work and unpaid work for family associated with volunteer participation?" Ageing and Society 39, no. 11 (July 17, 2018): 2420–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18000545.

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AbstractAs the population ages, older adults are increasingly expected to play multiple productive roles. This study examined how hours of paid or unpaid work were associated with volunteering among older Japanese. Data came from the 2012 National Survey of the Japanese Elderly, a nationwide survey of Japanese aged 60 and older (N = 1,324). We performed multinominal logistic regression analyses to predict volunteering (regular or occasional versus non-volunteer) based on hours of paid work and unpaid work for family consisting of sick/disabled care, grandchild care and household chores. Those who worked moderate hours were most likely to be a regular volunteer while working 150 hours or more per month had a lower probability of volunteering, regardless of whether the work was paid or unpaid. Thus, full-time level work competed with volunteering for both paid and unpaid work for family, but it was more so for paid work. By types of activities, doing household chores and substantial grandchild care were positively associated with volunteering, and the latter complementary relationship was explained by a larger community network among grandparents. Our findings indicate that delaying retirement from full-time paid work may reduce the supply of regular volunteers in the community. Thus, policies to increase part-time work for older adults as well as the types of volunteer work in which paid workers can participate are necessary.
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Mitchell, G. "A Right to Care? Unpaid Care Work in European Employment Law." Industrial Law Journal 43, no. 1 (February 18, 2014): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwt025.

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Glucksmann, Miriam, and Dawn Lyon. "Configurations of Care Work: Paid and Unpaid Elder Care in Italy and the Netherlands." Sociological Research Online 11, no. 2 (July 2006): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1398.

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Most current sociological approaches to work recognise that the same activity may be undertaken within a variety of socio-economic forms - formal or informal, linked with the private market, public state or not-for-profit sectors. This article takes care of the elderly as an exemplary case for probing some of the linkages between paid and unpaid work. We attempt to unravel the interconnections between forms of care work undertaken in different socio-economic conditions in two settings, the Netherlands and Italy. The research is part of a broader programme concerned with differing interconnections and overlaps between work activities. In this article, we are concerned with: 1) how paid and unpaid care work map on to four ‘institutional’ modes of provision - by the state, family, market, and voluntary sector; and 2) with the configurations that emerge from the combination of different forms of paid and unpaid work undertaken through the different institutions. Despite the centrality of family-based informal care by women in both countries, we argue that the overall configurations of care are in fact quite distinct. In the Netherlands, state-funded care services operate to shape and anchor the centrality of family as the main provider. In this configuration, unpaid familial labour is sustained by voluntary sector state-funded provision. In Italy, by contrast, there is significant recourse to informal market-based services in the form of individual migrant carers, in a context of limited public provision. In this configuration, the state indirectly supports market solutions, sustaining the continuity of family care as an ideal and as a practice.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Unpaid care work"

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Esquivel, Valeria Renato. "Time use in the city of Buenos Aires. Measuring, analysing and valuing unpaid care work." Thesis, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536792.

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Isaac, May Florence. "Motherhood as a protean career for educated mothers in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/212505/1/May_Isaac_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis challenges our ideas of what motherhood and ‘career’ means. Investigating contemporary motherhood practice, it reveals how for many educated Australian mothers, regardless of paid work engagement, motherhood is a skilled and meaningful ‘job’ and a ‘career’ in itself. The study contributes the notion of motherhood as a protean career to career theory by demonstrating how educated mothers experience motherhood over six stages – Starting Strong, Shifting Ground, Digging Deep, Aiming High, Learning Lots and Taking Stock. Motherhood as a protean career can fundamentally reshape how organisations, society and mothers themselves perceive and value the work and experience of motherhood.
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Azong, Jecynta A. "Economic policy, childcare and the unpaid economy : exploring gender equality in Scotland." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22827.

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The research undertaken represents an in-depth study of gender and economics from a multi-disciplinary perspective. By drawing on economic, social policy and political science literature it makes an original contribution to the disciplines of economics and feminist economics by advancing ideas on a feminist theory of policy change and institutional design. Equally, the study develops a framework for a multi-method approach to feminist research with applied policy focus by establishing a pragmatic feminist research paradigm. By espousing multiple research philosophies, it extends understanding of gender differences in policy outcomes by connecting theories from feminist economics, feminist historical institutionalism and ideational processes. Jointly funded by the Economic and Social Research Council UK and the Scottish Government, this project attempts to answer three key questions: What is the relative position of men and women in the Scottish economy and how do childcare responsibilities influence these? Which institutions, structures and processes have been instrumental in embedding gender in Scottish economic policy? To what extent and how is the Scottish Government’s approach to economic policy gendered? Quantitative analysis reveals persistently disproportionate differences in men and women’s position in the labour market. Women remain over-represented in part-time employment and in the public sector in the 10years under investigation. Using panel data, the multinomial logistic regression estimation of patterns in labour market transitions equally reveal disproportionate gendered patterns, with families with dependent children 0-4years at a disadvantage to those without. Qualitative analysis indicates that these differences are partly explained by the fact that the unpaid economy still remains invisible to policymakers despite changes in the institutional design, policy processes and the approach to equality policymaking undertaken in Scotland. Unpaid childcare work is not represented as policy relevant and the way gender, equality and gender equality are conceptualised within institutional sites and on political agendas pose various challenges for policy development on unpaid childcare work and gender equality in general. Additionally, policymakers in Scotland do not integrate both the paid and unpaid economies in economic policy formulation since social policy and economic policy are designed separately. The study also establishes that the range of institutions and actors that make-up the institutional setting for regulating and promoting equality, influence how equality issues are treated within a national context. In Scotland, equality regulating institutions such as parliament, the Scottish Government, equality commission and the law are instrumental variables in determining the range of equality issues that are embedded in an equality infrastructure and the extent to which equality issues, including gender, are consequently embedded in public policy and government budgets. Significantly despite meeting all the attributes of an equality issue, unpaid care is not classified as a protected characteristic in the Equality legislation. These institutions can ameliorate, sustain or perpetuate the delivery of unequitable policy outcomes for men and women in the mutually dependent paid and unpaid economy. Thus, economic, social and political institutions are not independent from one another but are interrelated in complex ways that subsequently have material consequences on men and women in society. In summary, there are interlinkages between the law, labour market, the unpaid economy, the welfare state and gendered political institutions such that policy or institutional change in one will be dependent on or trigger change in another. These institutions are gendered, but are also interlinked and underpin the gender structure of other institutions to the extent that the gendered norms and ideas embedded in one institution, for example legislation or political institutions, structure the gendered dimensions of the labour market, welfare state, and the unpaid economy. By shedding light on institutional and political forces that regulate equality in addition to macroeconomic forces, the analysis reveals the important role of institutions, policy actors and their ideas as instrumental forces which constantly define, redefine and reconstruct the labour market experiences of men and women with significant material consequences.
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Swenson, Haley S. "Reproducing Inequality: Cooking, Cleaning, and Caring in the Austerity Age." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468929824.

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Brodin, Helene. "Does Anybody Care? : Public and Private Responsibilities in Swedish Eldercare 1940-2000." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-419.

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Giles, Paul N. "The gender myth: Discourses of sexuality, sport and work among boys and girls in a primary school." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36574/1/36574_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis investigates the social construction of sex/gender in 116 upper primary school students. Particular attention is paid to the Gender Myth - a belief that the manifestation of sex/gender is polarized, that the male half of such a dualism is superior to the female half, that such differentiated sex/gender is grounded in essential biological difference between males and females; and the way that it impacts on these school children, in reference to their internalization of discourses and practices associated with sport, work and domesticity, and sexuality.
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Hunter, Nina. "Measuring and valuing unpaid care work : assessing the gendered implications of South Africa's home-based care policy." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1000.

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Dlamini, Nonhlanhla Zanele. "Uneven burdens? : gender, time use and unpaid care work : a case study in Matsanjeni, Swaziland." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2776.

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The dissertation explores the differences in time spent by women and men in different activities in Matsanjeni Swaziland. We classify the activities under the Systems of National Accounts (SNA), as SNA activities, non-SNA activities and non Productive activities. The study used a 24 hours time diary to collect data from a sample of 50 respondents, 25 of whom were women and 25 were men. The results show that on average, women and men spend almost equal time doing SNA activities, with men spending slightly more time than women. On the other hand, the results show that women spend a lot more time on Non SNA activities compared to men. Finally, the results show that men spend more time on Non Productive activities compared to women.
Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2005.
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Matthews, Ann. "Unpaid Household Work: A Site of Learning for Women with Disabilities." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/26424.

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This thesis explores women's learning in unpaid household work through the lenses of impairment and disability. Informal learning from this standpoint is a perspective that is not yet integrated into the adult learning literature. The impetus for the study came from dissatisfaction with the social undervaluing of unpaid housework and carework, and the largely unrecognized learning behind the work, which is predominantly done by women. Disability and impairment provide unique lenses for making visible what people learn and how they learn in this context. Those who have or acquire impairment in adulthood need to learn how to do things differently. For this study I have taken a segment of data from a 4-year, 4-phase project on Unpaid Housework and Lifelong Learning in which I participated. The participants in this segment are women and men with disabilities who took part in 2 focus groups (11 women), an on-line focus group (20 women), and individual interviews (10 women and 5 men). Learning is explored through three different themes: first, learning related to self-care; second, learning to accept the impaired body; and third, strategies and resources used in the learning process. Analysis of the data shows that the learning that happens through unpaid household work is multidimensional, fluid, and diverse. Learning is accomplished through a complex 4-dimensional process involving a blend of the body, mind, emotions, and the spiritual self. Furthermore, what participants learned and how they learned is influenced by the sociocultural context in which it takes place. Learning, when seen as a 4-dimensional process, provides a framework for challenging traditional Western cultural beliefs about what counts as learning and knowledge. Such beliefs have cultivated the viewpoint that learning is individualistic, cognitive, and based on reason. I contest these beliefs by disrupting the binaries that support them (e.g., mind vs. body, reason vs. emotion). Participants used both sides of the binaries in their learning processes, negating the oppositional and hierarchical categories they establish. The concepts in the binaries still exist but the relationship between them is not oppositional, nor is one concept privileged over another, either within or across binaries.
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Lilly, Meredith Lenore. "The Labour Supply of Unpaid Caregivers in Canada." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/11226.

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The Labour Supply of Unpaid Caregivers in Canada, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Meredith Lenore Lilly, Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 2008. As medical care increasingly shifts from the hospital to the home, responsibility for care has also shifted from the state and paid care, to the family and unpaid care. Unpaid caregivers are family members and friends who provide homecare services to recipients in their place of residence without financial compensation, as a result of their close personal relationships. This research tests the multiple hypotheses that unpaid caregiving has an impact on (1) the probability of labour force participation (LFP); (2) hours of labour force work; and (3) earnings by caregivers in Canada. We analyzed the 1996 and 2002 General Social Surveys, applying multivariate probit, logistic, and OLS regression analyses to four equations: 1) the probability of labour force participation; 2) the hourly wage; 3) weekly hours of labour market work; and 4) the probability of being an unpaid caregiver. Results indicate that unpaid caregiving was negatively associated with labour force participation; however, the impact on hours of labour market work and wages was uncertain. Women and men caregivers were impacted differently: only caregiving men in 1996 had significantly lower wages than non-caregivers, and only women in 1996 worked significantly fewer hours in the labour market. When caregiving was defined broadly, only men in 1996 were significantly less likely to be employed than non-caregivers. Yet when we controlled for caregiving intensity in 2002, both male and female primary caregivers were much less likely to be in the labour force than non-caregivers, while secondary caregivers were no less likely to be employed than non-caregivers. We conclude that when caregiving responsibilities are relatively small, individuals seem able to balance both caregiving with employment. Yet when caregiving commitments become heavy, it becomes increasingly difficult to balance employment with caregiving. We make a number of policy recommendations ranging from improving caregiver access to financial supports, formal care and respite services, particularly for primary caregivers. We also encourage the development of workplace legislation and caregiver friendly workplaces for the majority of caregivers who remain in the labour market.
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Books on the topic "Unpaid care work"

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Budlender, Debbie. Why should we care about unpaid care work? Harare, Zimbabwe: UNIFEM, 2004.

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Samantroy, Ellina, and Subhalakshmi Nandi. Gender, Unpaid Work and Care in India. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003276739.

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A right to care?: Unpaid care work in European employment law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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Huq, Lopita. Review of literature on unpaid care work in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Centre for Gender and Social Transformation, BRAC Development Institute, BRAC University, 2013.

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Women's paid and unpaid labor: The work transfer in health care and retailing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993.

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W, Livingstone D. Lifelong learning in paid and unpaid work: Survey and case study findings. New York: Routledge, 2010.

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Sri Lanka. Janalēkhana hā Saṅkhyālēkhana Depārtamēntuva., ed. Monetary valuation of unpaid work and disaggregating GDP by sex: Case study, 1998. [Colombo]: Dept. of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka, 2004.

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Economic evaluations of unpaid household work: Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1987.

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Nandi, Subhalakshmi, and Ellina Samantroy. Gender Unpaid Work and Care in India. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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Nandi, Subhalakshmi, and Ellina Samantroy. Gender Unpaid Work and Care in India. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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Book chapters on the topic "Unpaid care work"

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Akintola, Olagoke. "Unpaid HIV/AIDS Care, Gender and Poverty: Exploring the Links." In Unpaid Work and the Economy, 112–39. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230250550_5.

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Samantroy, Ellina. "Valuing women's unpaid work in India." In Gender, Unpaid Work and Care in India, 44–64. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003276739-5.

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Ibnouf, Fatma Osman. "Women and Unpaid Care Work: A Review." In War-Time Care Work and Peacebuilding in Africa, 31–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26195-5_3.

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Apak, Meral. "Unpaid Care Labour, Voluntary Work and Motherhood." In Breastfeeding Privatization in Public Education, 25–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0260-4_3.

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Charmes, Jacques. "Definition and Measurement of Work and Unpaid Care Work." In Dimensions of Resilience in Developing Countries, 143–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04076-5_6.

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Mitra, Sona. "Dimensions of women's unpaid work in India." In Gender, Unpaid Work and Care in India, 23–43. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003276739-4.

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Khurana, Sakshi. "Women informal workers and the right to ‘Care'." In Gender, Unpaid Work and Care in India, 86–100. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003276739-8.

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Hayes, L. J. B. "Work-time technology and unpaid labour in paid care work." In Law and Time, 179–95. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. | Series: Social justice: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315167695-10.

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Furukubo, Sakura. "Basic Income and Unpaid Care Work in Japan." In Basic Income in Japan, 131–39. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137348081_9.

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Nandi, Subhalakshmi. "Conclusion." In Gender, Unpaid Work and Care in India, 185–90. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003276739-14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Unpaid care work"

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Mitchell, Kimberly, Xiaopeng Zhao, John Hooten, Robert Bray, and Luke Macdougall. "Designing a Multi-disciplinary Class to Create a Social Robot for Alzheimer's." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002538.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is associated with memory loss and cognitive impairments that affect daily life. Approximately 5.8 million older adults in the U.S. are living with AD (Alzheimer’s Association, 2020). People with AD often require high levels of care and assistance to maintain daily activities. The majority of care provided to a person living with AD or other forms of dementia is from a family caregiver, representing 18.6 billion hours of unpaid care valued at $244 billion (Alzheimer’s Association, 2020). The long duration, time-intensive nature of caregiving imposes high burdens on caregivers. To ease the burden on caregivers and to help assist those living with AD and other forms of dementia, several social robots have been developed. The existing robots on the market have high price points, and because of this are not accessible to a majority of the population. To address this issue, in the fall 2021 semester, undergraduate and graduate students in mechanical, aerospace, and biomedical engineering, computer science, graphic design, and architecture studied and created a low-cost social robot option. This study poses two research questions: 1. How can students understand the functional problems and needs associated with AD? 2. How can different disciplines work together to create a social robot? Students read literature reviews, conducted stakeholder meetings, designed two low-cost prototypes and performed preliminary user testing. The paper will outline guidelines for the build, interaction, and capabilities of a multi-disciplinary class in evaluating and creating new and existing social robots for dementia and Alzheimer’s care. Keywords: Social Robots, Alzheimer’s, Caregivers
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Markopoulos, Evangelos, Marlena Schmitz, and Baiba Ziga. "An ESG aligned Global Gender Equity Model for creating equitable corporate and government organisations." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001524.

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Living in the 21st century does not necessarily mean that men and women are treated fairly and respectfully regarding their respective needs and thus in a gender equitable way. On the one hand, women still do three times the amount of unpaid care work, earn 18% less for the same work, make up the minority of C-Suite Level leaders with only 22% compared to 78% of men (which has become even worse due to the Covid-19 Pandemic) and have to deal with issues such as the glass ceiling or glass cliff which prevent their careers from flourishing, to name a few issues. On the other hand, studies by experts conducted in the field of gender equity have shown that women were rated as more effective leaders during and before a crisis, that female participation in the workforce could add between 12-18 trillion dollars to global GDP and increase profits of companies whilst reducing turnover rates and improving productivity as well as employee satisfaction, therefore potentially benefitting society as a whole. To understand why the world has not become gender equitable yet despite the many benefits it would provide, the research conducted in this paper includes academic primary and secondary research, an international literature review, 13 individual interviews with top level managers and/or diversity, equity and inclusion experts (DEI) as well as a global survey with 66 respondents. The results led to the conclusion that there is a need for a shift away from the patriarchal system towards a gender equitable society, which can be achieved with the help of the Global Gender Equity Model (GGEM). The GGEM is a new conceptual model for understanding and describing the implementation of the factors that create gender equitable nations. It is based on four socioeconomic pillars (People, Economy, Education, Governance) aligned with ESG (Environment, Social Governance) criteria adopted by private and public organizations. The four pillars of the GGEM model blend the traditional corporate and government systems of global nations with the current need for individual and collective accountability, collaboration as well as transparency and free flow of information. These pillars were found to be associated with equitable environments and can be seen as both interdependent and positively reinforcing of each other. This means the relative strength of any one pillar has the potential to either positively or negatively influence national gender equity. The GGEM uses the principles behind these pillars to develop and deliver an assessment tool and guidelines that are holistic in their approach to help transform nations from their current inequitable state. The model has been developed to benefit any organization by enacting some or all of these principles no matter their location or the path selected to achieving true gender equity. The integration of the GGEM model with the ESG index has been designed to incentivise the adaptation of the model towards achieving faster and higher organizational ESG scoring. The paper also presents the limitations of the model at its current stage and areas of further research which can support it with technologies and processes that can give adaptation efficiency and implementation consistency.
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Piotrovsky, Dmitry D. "THE RHYME AND THE FORMULA IN POPULAR FAROESE POETRY." In 49th International Philological Conference in Memory of Professor Ludmila Verbitskaya (1936–2019). St. Petersburg State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062353.26.

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The main means which organizes the verse in popular Faroese poetry is end rhyme. In four-line stanzas the rhyme connects the second and the fourth lines, in two-line ones both present lines. The Faroese rhyme is not strict. It is enough only to repeat the stressed vowel, the consonant following after might vary. The part of the word which follows the stressed vowel may undergo significant changes. The masculine ending sometimes rhymes with the feminine one. Even the stressed vowel might vary to some extent. The Faroese rhyme is often trivial. The ballads on the Faroese Isles were oral. So, some special formula technique was applied for their transition. The means of the formula technique are formulas and repetitions. The formulas are metrically conditioned reproducible word groups having the length of one line, meanwhile the repetitions are metrically non-conditioned sequences of different length. The formulas and repetitions, as well as they perform the same function of the building material for the oral poetic text, also possess the same structure. They both are composed from permanent end variable parts. In repetitions their entwinement takes different forms. They may follow one another, usually first comes the permanent part then the variable one. The permanent part sometimes occupies the second half of one stanza and then the first half of the following stanza. The permanent end variable parts might cross one another. In this case the permanent part occupies unpair lines and the variable part occupies pair ones. The distribution of these parts of both formulas and repetitions is tied to the rhyming places of the verse. The rhyming word is usually located in the variable part but sometimes it is found in the permanent part. This one more time proves that there is no impenetrable boundary between formulas and repetitions. Refs 8.
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4

Urbane, Marta. "The Future of the Employee’s Right to Disconnect in the European Union and Latvia." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002285.

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The right to disconnect refers to a worker's right to be able to disconnect from work and refrain from engaging in work-related electronic communication, like emails and other messages, during non-work hours and holidays. The Latvian Labor Law does not directly determine the right to disconnect from digital devices, however, such rights arise from certain legal norms. Examples of the provisions of the Labor Law relate to the general rules on rest periods and breaks in work. The recent research results of remote work during Covid-19 pandemic conducted by the author show that for 69.3% of respondents working remotely possibility to disconnect from digital devices outside working hours (when the assigned work tasks have been completed) is extremely crucial. If the rights to disconnect are not explicitly regulated, the risk of disbalance between work and private life is at stake. The increase in workload during the emergency caused by COVID-19 was indicated by 42.7% of respondents in Latvia. That shows that another problem of lack of regulation of rights to disconnect could be unpaid overtime. The research shows that 14.7% of respondents were not paid for overtime work when working from home. The practice shows a critical need for sustainable and predictable changes in the legal system to protect employees’ rights and thus ensure stable employment in general in Latvia. It was also recently decided by Employment Committee MEPs that EU countries must ensure that workers are able to exercise the right to disconnect effectively. Some of the member states in the European Union have recently implemented the right into their legal system (Portugal, Spain, France), but each member state takes a different approach. That means that discussion is no longer if there is a need to implement the “right to disconnect” in national legal acts, but how to implement the right efficiently not only at a national level but at the EU level as well.The goal of the research is to provide an in-depth analysis of the legal status of the “right to disconnect” in the legal system of the European Union and Latvia. In order to reach the goal, the author is using various scientific research methods. The paper is based on a quantitative research method and analytical, comparative, case law analysis method to provide valid conclusions on the current role of the “right to disconnect” in Latvia and the European Union. The author also offers recommendations on how to implement the “right to disconnect” efficiently to avoid violation of employees’ rights and ensure a sustainable work environment.In the result, the author has concluded that the biggest impediment of the employee's right to disconnect is the lack of clear legislative preconditions that would encourage businesses to preserve employees' freedom to disconnect, resulting in a more sustainable working environment - both in the office and remotely.Finally, the author concludes that there is a need to adjust regulation in Latvia to meet the needs of widespread use of remote work. The author also concludes that a significant role to protect employees’ right to disconnect is for governmental authorities to explain the right to disconnect to employees and employers.
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Castelli, Alessandro Francesco, Lorenzo Pilotti, and Emanuele Martelli. "Optimal Design and Operation Planning of VPPs Based on Hydrogen Storage and Hydrogen Combined Cycle." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-82609.

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Abstract Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) and Multi-Energy Systems (MESs) are aggregated energy systems comprising renewable energy sources, energy storage systems and dispatchable units. The presence of such diverse systems unlocks the possibility of a near-zero carbon emission energy generation while overtaking the main drawback of renewables sources that is their lack of control. Among the different energy storage systems, large scale (seasonal) H2 storages (e.g. salt cavern or depleted oil field) would allow shifting the excess solar energy from the hot to the cold season. High round-trip efficiency (electricity to electricity) and unpaired operational flexibility could be achieved using H2 in state-of-the-art combined cycles. This work investigates the optimal design and operation of a fully renewable VPPs integrating PV panels, batteries for short-term storage, electrolyzers, H2 seasonal storage and H2-fired combined cycles. The optimal design and optimal yearly operation of such complex VPP are formulated as Mixed Integer Linear Programs (MILP) and solved to global optimality imposing to meet the highest possible fraction of the electricity demand profile. Results indicate that the optimal VPP design features a 490 MWhel of battery, 687 MWel of PV panels, 392 MWel of electrolyzer and requires a minimum H2 storage size of 168 GWhH2,LHV to power a combined cycle of 58 MWel. In case of a geological H2 seasonal storage availability, the resulting cost of generated electricity is above 430 $/MWhel, considerably higher with respect to the average electricity prices in Italy (in the range 50–80 $/MWhel) underlining the need of achieving better power-to-gas efficiencies and lower specific investment costs of conversion technologies in the next years. Furthermore, if the H2 storage needs to be built on purpose, the resulting cost of electricity would be even higher.
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Reports on the topic "Unpaid care work"

1

Suh, Jooyeoun, Changa Dorji, Valerie Mercer-Blackman, and Aimee Hampel-Milagrosa. Valuing Unpaid Care Work in Bhutan. Asian Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200065-2.

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A growing body of scholarly literature has attempted to measure and value unpaid care work in various countries, but perhaps only the government statistical agencies in the United States and the United Kingdom have seriously undertaken periodic and systematic measures of the time spent on unpaid work at the national level, and partially incorporated those values into their gross domestic product(GDP). One country that has been ahead of its time on aspects of societal welfare measurement is Bhutan, which produces the Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index. However, until the first GNH Survey, in 2008, Bhutan did not have any sense of the size and distribution of unpaid work, despite its strong societal norms about the value of volunteering and community work. This paper is the first to estimate the value of unpaid care work in Bhutan. It shows the pros and cons of various approaches and their equivalent measures of unpaid care work as a share of GDP. As with similar studies on the topic, this paper also finds that women spend more than twice as much time as men performing unpaid care work, regardless of their income, age, residency, or number of people in the household. The paper also provides recommendations for improving the measurement of unpaid care work in Bhutan.
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2

Rost, Lucia. Measuring unpaid care work in household surveys. Oxfam, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2018.2456.

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3

Chopra, Deepta, Kas Sempere, and Meenakshi Krishnan. Assessing Unpaid Care Work: A Participatory Toolkit. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.016.

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This is a participatory toolkit for understanding unpaid care work and its distribution within local communities and families. Together, these tools provide a way of ascertaining and capturing research participants’ understanding of women’s unpaid care work – giving special attention to the lived experiences of carrying out unpaid care work and receiving care. Please note that these tools were developed and used in a pre-Covid-19 era and that they are designed to be implemented through face-to-face interactions rather than online means. We developed the first iteration of these tools in our ‘Balancing Care Work and Paid Work’ project as part of the Growth of Economic Opportunities for Women (GrOW) programme. The mixed-methods project sought to collect data across four countries – India, Nepal, Tanzania, and Rwanda – with data collected in four sites in each country (16 sites in total). The participatory tools were developed with two main intentions: (1) as a data collection tool to gain a broader understanding of the social norms and perspectives of the wider community in each of the 16 sites; and (2) to be implemented with our local partners as a sensitisation tool for the community regarding women’s unpaid care work burdens. While it is not essential to apply these tools in the order that they are presented, or even all of them, we would suggest that this toolkit be used in its entirety, to gather in-depth knowledge of social norms around the distribution of unpaid care, and the impacts that these have on care providers’ lives and livelihoods.
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Patchett, Hannah. Who cares? The gendered distribution of unpaid care work in Jordan. Oxfam International, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.9493.

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Rost, Lucia, Amber Parkes, and Andrea Azevedo. Measuring and Understanding Unpaid Care and Domestic Work: Household Care Survey Toolkit. Oxfam, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6775.

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This toolkit provides guidance on using Oxfam’s Household Care Survey (HCS) methodology, which was developed by Oxfam as part of the WE-Care initiative to transform the provision of unpaid care and domestic work (UCDW). UCDW underpins all our lives yet is overwhelmingly provided by women and girls. Recognising UCDW is essential for any initiative that aims to understand and address gender inequality. The HCS is a quantitative survey tool that generates context-specific evidence on how women, men and children spend their time, how care is provided, by whom, and the main factors that affect people’s responsibilities for UCDW, such as access to care services, infrastructure and social norms. The HCS can be used to generate a baseline, or to measure the impact of a specific policy or programme. The methodology can be integrated into different projects with different objectives and adjusted for use in various contexts. The HCS toolkit is designed to be used by development practitioners, policy makers, employers, academics and researchers. Part A provides guidance for planning, collecting, analysing and using HCS data. Part B provides guidance for understanding, adjusting and using the HCS questions. Both sections should be read before undertaking the survey.
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Coffey, Clare, Patricia Espinoza Revollo, Rowan Harvey, Max Lawson, Anam Parvez Butt, Kim Piaget, Diana Sarosi, and Julie Thekkudan. Time to Care: Unpaid and underpaid care work and the global inequality crisis. Oxfam, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.5419.

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7

Perrin, Jean-Patrick. Why We Care: An overview of the distribution of unpaid care work in Ma’an, southern Jordan. Oxfam, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7741.

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The concept of unpaid care work is not widely known in Ma’an or other parts of Jordan. As a result, the benefits of unpaid care to individuals’ lives, as well as its negative impact on women who bear a disproportionate share of it at the household level, are overlooked by both local communities and policy makers. As such, women remain largely excluded from playing an active role in the economy, and receive limited or no recognition for the significant role that they play within the household. In 2020, Oxfam commissioned a study on unpaid care work in Jordan’s southern region of Ma’an. The purpose of the study was to better understand what care work women and men do, how it is distributed, and how people think about it. The study found that women perform the vast majority of care work activities, and that gender norms compound an unequal redistribution of unpaid care. This paper presents the study results and makes recommendations on how the Government of Jordan, donors and NGOs can encourage the redistribution of unpaid care work and improve women’s access to livelihood opportunities.
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8

Oloo, Ruth, and Amber Parkes. Addressing Unpaid Care and Domestic Work for a Gender-equal and Inclusive Kenya: WE-Care policy briefing. Oxfam, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7314.

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Care work is the heartbeat of every society: it contributes to our wellbeing as a nation and is crucial for our social and economic development. Yet the disproportionate responsibility for unpaid care work results in time poverty and significant opportunity costs, particularly among the poorest and most marginalized women and girls. This policy brief outlines why unpaid care work is a critical development, economic and gender equality issue for Kenya. It draws on two sets of evidence from Oxfam’s Women’s Economic Empowerment and Care (WE-Care) programme, which explore the impact of women and girls’ heavy and unequal unpaid care responsibilities both before and during COVID-19.
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9

Mugehera, Leah, and Amber Parkes. Unlocking Sustainable Development in Africa by Addressing Unpaid Care and Domestic Work. Oxfam, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.5501.

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10

Chauhan, Dharmistha, and Swapna Bist Joshi. Care Principles: Guidelines for promoting care-responsive institutional strategies. Oxfam, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8038.

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Care work, both unpaid and underpaid, is mostly carried out by women, and still remains largely invisible in policies and projects across many organizations. The principles outlined in this guide aim to influence institutional policies towards recognizing, planning, adopting and monitoring strategies that reduce and redistribute care work.
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