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Journal articles on the topic 'Unpleasant odor'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 17 July 2025

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Zakrzewska, Marta, Marco Tullio Liuzza, and Jonas K. Olofsson. "Body odor disgust sensitivity (BODS) is related to extreme odor valence perception." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (2023): e0284397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284397.

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Odors are important disease cues, and disgust sensitivity to body odors reflects individual differences in disease avoidance. The body odor disgust sensitivity (BODS) scale provides a rapid and valid assessment of individual differences. Nevertheless, little is known about how individual differences in BODS might correlate with overall odor perception or how it is related to other differences in emotional reactivity (e.g., affect intensity). We investigated how BODS relates to perceptual ratings of pleasant and unpleasant odors. We aggregated data from 4 experiments (total N = 190) that were conducted in our laboratory, and where valence and intensity ratings were collected. Unpleasant odors were body-like (e.g., sweat-like valeric acid), which may provide disease cues. The pleasant odors were, in contrast, often found in soap and cleaning products (e.g., lilac, lemon). Across experiments, we show that individuals with higher BODS levels perceived smells as more highly valenced overall: unpleasant smells were rated as more unpleasant, and pleasant smells were rated as more pleasant. These results suggest that body odor disgust sensitivity is associated with a broader pattern of affect intensity which causes stronger emotional responses to both negative and positive odors. In contrast, BODS levels were not associated with odor intensity perception. Furthermore, disgust sensitivity to odors coming from external sources (e.g., someone else’s sweat) was the best predictor of odor valence ratings. The effects were modest in size. The results validate the BODS scale as it is explicitly associated with experimental ratings of odor valence.

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Tran Thi Thu, Hien, Chuc Nguyen Van, Hung Khong Manh, Thuy Ly Bich, and Thang Le Minh. "Determination of potential odor causing compounds in the condensate water from the manufacturing process of unsaturated polyester resin." Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption 10, no. 4 (2021): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/jca.2021.080.

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Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) condensate water contains biodegradable organic compounds, including those that create unpleasant odor. Those odors can adversely impact the environment, human health, and, most of all, the uncomfortably. It is important to identify odor-originated chemical compounds to propose a suitable treatment. In this study fractional distillation method to separate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from UPR condensate water is applied. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy (GC - MS) was used to examine the chemical compounds in URP condensate water. The results showed that unpleasant odors came from the first distillated fraction of URL condensate water, and its composition suggested potential odor compounds of propanoic acid.

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Tizard, Ian, and Loren Skow. "The olfactory system: the remote-sensing arm of the immune system." Animal Health Research Reviews 22, no. 1 (2021): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252320000262.

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AbstractOdors may be pleasant or unpleasant and in practice, pleasant odors are attractive while unpleasant odors are repellent. However, an odor that is noxious to one species may be attractive to another. Plants, predators, and pathogens may enhance their transmission by manipulating these signals. This may be especially significant when odors attract arthropod disease vectors. Odor detection may also be important in small prey species for evasion of macropredators such as large carnivores. Conversely, pleasant odors may identify family members, parents, or sexual partners. They may also generate signals of good health or fitness and contribute to the process of mate selection. In this review, we seek to integrate these odor-driven processes into a coherent pattern of behaviors that serve to complement the innate and adaptive immune systems. It may be considered the ‘behavioral immune system’.

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Janni, Kevin. "Reflections on Odor Management for Animal Feeding Operations." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (2020): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050453.

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Most animal feeding operation owners recognize that they need to manage odors from their operations as part of their social relationship with their neighbors and local community. That was not always the case. Odors, whether pleasant or unpleasant, can evoke strong emotions and physiological responses. Odors from animal feeding operations are normally considered unpleasant and offensive if strong smelling and smelled often or for long periods of time. Animal feeding operation owners need to be aware of their odor emissions and the impacts the odors have on their neighbors and community. Good neighbor relations and effective communications can help identify odor problems and communicate what is being done to manage them. Odor management research and education includes odor basics, key processes including generation, emissions and dispersion, impacts, community and neighbor relations, and numerous mitigation practices. Animal feeding operation owners considering practices to reduce odor emissions or their impacts need to weigh the costs, expected effectiveness, and how the practice fits into the overall operation. Policymakers need science-based information to make informed decisions that balance the concerns and needs of neighbors and the community and the businesswomen and men that own and operate the animal feeding operations. This paper provides a broad overview of animal feeding operation odors and odor management.

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Feng, Guo, and Jiawei Lei. "The Effect of Odor Valence on Facial Attractiveness Judgment: A Preliminary Experiment." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (2022): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050665.

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The role of social odors on human social interactions, including face evaluation, has been widely indicated. However, for nonsocial odors, there has not been a consistent conclusion. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the effect of suprathreshold nonsocial odors on facial attractiveness judgment when the visual input is ambiguous. We designed a 3 (odor valence: neutral, pleasant, and unpleasant) × 7 (continuous levels of morphed fuzziness of attractiveness: 37.5% to 62.5%) within-subject experiment. A total of 30 participants (18 females) completed the whole experiment simultaneously for three consecutive days. The results showed that faces presented with pleasant and neutral odors were judged as significantly more attractive than those with unpleasant odors. The intervention effect of odor valence on facial attractiveness differed by fuzzy attractiveness levels. Results also suggested that male faces were perceived as more attractive than female faces no matter the odor conditions. The results of this study provide evidence to support the cross-modal emotion integration effect of olfaction and vision. Follow-up studies need to be conducted to reveal the underlying mechanism of odor valence on visual fact attractive judgment.

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Manesse, Cédric, Arnaud Fournel, Moustafa Bensafi, and Camille Ferdenzi. "Visual Priming Influences Olfactomotor Response and Perceptual Experience of Smells." Chemical Senses 45, no. 3 (2020): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa008.

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Abstract Whereas contextual influences in the visual and auditory domains have been largely documented, little is known about how chemical senses might be affected by our multisensory environment. In the present study, we aimed to better understand how a visual context can affect the perception of a rather pleasant (floral) and a rather unpleasant (damp) odor. To this end, 19 healthy participants performed a series of tasks including odor detection followed by perceptual evaluations of odor intensity, pleasantness, flowery, and damp characters of both odors presented at 2 different concentrations. A visual context (either congruent or incongruent with the odor; or a neutral control context) preceded odor stimulations. Olfactomotor responses as well as response times were recorded during the detection task. Results showed an influence of the visual context on semantic and motor responses to the target odors. First, congruency between context and odor increased the saliency of the olfactory feature of the memory trace, for the pleasant floral odor only (higher perceived flowery note). Clinical applications of this finding for olfactory remediation in dysosmic patients are proposed. Second, the unpleasant odor remained unaffected by visual primes, whatever the condition. In addition, incongruency between context and odor (regardless of odor type) had a disruptive effect on odor sampling behavior, which was interpreted as a protective behavior in response to expectancy violation. Altogether, this second series of effects may serve an adaptive function, especially the avoidance of, or simply vigilance toward, aversive and unpredictable stimuli.

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Karageorgos, Petros, Manolis Latos, Christina Kotsifaki, Mihalis Lazaridis, and Nicolas Kalogerakis. "Treatment of unpleasant odors in municipal wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 10 (2010): 2635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.211.

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The purpose of this paper to present a case study on how to address the odor problem from secondary sources within a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) by first identifying the locations of the problem and second by evaluating alternative treatment technologies. The WWTP of Chania is a typical 100,000 equivalent inhabitants-facility in a warm semi-arid environment which is located close to residential areas. The installation of a chemical scrubber to control major odor sources within the plant did not succeed in eliminating complaints by nearby residents, and additional measures were required. In this case study we identify all major secondary sources of odor within the plant and evaluate the effectiveness of the different technologies that were employed to address this problem (cover installation, gas and liquid phase oxidation, activated carbon/permanganate absorption, FeCl3 addition). In particular, we found that installation of covers and reduction of turbulence at two key locations within the WWTP was the best strategy to combat unpleasant odors. Furthermore, when the central chemical scrubber was near capacity the installation of an auxiliary system of activated carbon absorption coupled to permanganate oxidation was deemed to be a safe approach. However, despite the very high removal efficiency (&gt;99.5%) of the unit, the addition of FeCl3 in the liquid phase was required in order to achieve complete deodorization (below the human odor threshold level).

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Wojnarowska, Magdalena, Mariusz Sołtysik, Adam Sagan, Jadwiga Stobiecka, Jarosław Plichta, and Grażyna Plichta. "Impact of Odor Nuisance on Preferred Place of Residence." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (2020): 3181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083181.

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Context of the research: Research is increasingly carried out to take into account the social behavior of residents, the type of industry located in the area, and perceived preference for the place of residence. The quality of life in urban space is increasingly seen as a problem of cooperation between various stakeholders. These studies not only identify factors and sources of odor emissions, but also serve as the basis for creating systems to alert people living in areas adjacent to industrial areas or harmful and unpleasant industrial emissions. In recent years, environmental issues, particularly unpleasant sensory experiences, have been one of the most important acceptance criteria. Aim of the article: The aim of the study is to assess the impact of odor nuisance in the south-eastern part of Kraków (Płaszów) on the residents’ decision to leave their place of residence. In particular, the research goal was achieved to indicate which of the unpleasant odors may cause a change of residence, as well as to assess the degree of their impact on the decision to move, taking into account the social and demographic characteristics of residents. New in the article: The novelty of the work was the finding out of the residents’ opinions about the quality of life by accepting the place of residence, taking into account the aspect of odor nuisance. Previous studies on odor nuisance have focused on the emission of odors from individual plants. A novelty of this research is its implementation in an urban area, in which numerous industrial plants are located, with various odors emitted. Research methodology: To assess odor nuisance, a measuring tool developed in accordance with VDI 3883 guidelines was used, based on the latest research results on odor and noise nuisance. The questionnaire was developed based on German experience. Conclusions from the research: The data obtained as a result of the research allow us to state that specific smells are so burdensome that they may cause the necessity to leave the place of residence, because the respondents feel various unpleasant smells that have an adverse impact upon the quality of life that they perceive. A possible need for relocation of domiciles out of the current place of residence due to unpleasant smells would affect the perceptible, specific level of grief—the greater it is, the more attached the residents are to their current place of residence.

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Stankovic, Milos, Milkica Nesic, and Jana Milic. "Effects of unpleasant odors on emotion recognition: The right hemisphere and valence-specific hypotheses." Psihologija 53, no. 2 (2020): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi190704019s.

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The right hemisphere has traditionally been considered as dominant in odor and emotion perception, whereas little is known about odor influence on emotion recognition. This study aimed to examine a possible difference in the recognition of basic emotions presented to the left or the right visual field following short-term left or right nostril treatment with an unpleasant odor. A total of 60 right-handed female participants completed an emotion recognition task in conditions of the right and left nostril treatment with an unpleasant odor (isovaleric acid). Results showed the right hemisphere advantage in speed, but not in the accuracy of basic emotion recognition after the right nostril treatment with an unpleasant odor, while the left nostril treatment had no effect. The right hemisphere and valence-specific hypotheses in emotion recognition were not confirmed, whereas the model of the right hemisphere dominance in odor perception was confirmed.

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Madigan, Nancy K., Howard Ehrlichman, and Joan C. Borod. "Hedonic Ratings of Odors as a Function of Odor Sequence in Older Adults." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 1 (1994): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.27.

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Pleasant and unpleasant odors were presented to 20 subjects in two same-valence blocks, i.e., all pleasant ones first, all unpleasant ones second, or vice versa, and in alternation. Hedonic ratings increased for the second block of odors which followed the first block of oppositely valenced odors. Alternation did not appear to affect hedonic ratings. These findings suggest that presentation of odors can alter hedonic ratings, producing a contrast effect when odors are given in a blocked fashion.

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McQueen, Rachel H., and Sara Vaezafshar. "Odor in textiles: A review of evaluation methods, fabric characteristics, and odor control technologies." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 9-10 (2019): 1157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519883952.

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During use, textile items can develop unpleasant odors that arise from many different sources, both internal and external to the human body. Laundering is not always effective at removing odors, with odor potentially building up over time due to incomplete removal of soils and odorous compounds and/or malodors transferred during the laundering process. Textile odor can lead to consumer dissatisfaction, particularly as there are high expectations that clothing and textile products meet multiple aesthetic and functional needs. The problem of odor in textiles is complex and multi-faceted, with odorous volatile compounds, microorganisms, and precursors to odor, such as sweat, being transferred to, and retained by, fabrics. This article reviews the literature that specifically relates to odor within textiles. Methods for evaluating odor in textiles, including methods for collecting odor on textile substrates, as well as sensory and instrumental methods of odor detection, were reviewed. Literature that examined differences among fabrics that varied by fabric properties were reviewed. As well, the effectiveness of specific odor controlling finishing technologies to control malodor within textiles was also examined.

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Nordin, Steven, Lina Aldrin, Anna-Sara Claeson, and Linus Andersson. "Effects of Negative Affectivity and Odor Valence on Chemosensory and Symptom Perception and Perceived Ability to Focus on a Cognitive Task." Perception 46, no. 3-4 (2017): 431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006616686990.

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The aim was to gain understanding for the impact of negative affectivity (NA) and odor valance on perceptual aspects during low-level odorous exposure. Fifty-five young adults who were either relatively low or high in NA (anxiety, depression, and somatization) were randomized for exposure to either limonene (pleasant odor) or pyridine (unpleasant odor). In an exposure chamber, they took part in baseline, blank and stable exposure sessions, during which they rated odor intensity, impact on ability to focus on an imagined cognitive task, and intensity of symptoms. The results showed higher ratings of negative impact on ability to focus during exposure to the unpleasant odor compared with the pleasant odor, and an association between NA and symptom intensity, with 18% of the variance in symptom intensity explained by somatization. The association between NA and symptom intensity was found to be driven by the factor sex. These results imply (a) that prior findings of odorous exposure that interfere negatively with work performance may be due to impact of an unpleasant odor on ability to focus on cognitive tasks and (b) that there are associations between NA, sex, and symptoms that may partly be referred to attentiveness to and interpretation of bodily sensations.

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Rosenfeld, P. E., and I. H. Suffet. "Understanding odorants associated with compost, biomass facilities, and the land application of biosolids." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 9 (2004): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0569.

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Odorous water and air can result from compost, biomass facilities and land application of biosolids. Common odorous compounds from these biodegradation systems include alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, solvents and various sulfur and nitrogen compounds. Each odorant possesses a unique individual odor signature i.e. odor character or quality, odor threshold concentration and chemical concentration. This paper develops an initial understanding of how the volatile odorous chemicals and their relative concentrations produced are related to the total odor quality from the process by their odor threshold concentrations. The compost process is used as an example. It was estimated, that on day 1 and 7, the primary fatty acids controlling the fermented and rotten odors were butyric acid and valeric acids, individually, unpleasant and rancid odors, respectively, although acetic acid had the highest fatty acid concentration on both days. In the same way, aldehydes and ketones controlled the disappearance of the sweet odor from day 1 to 7.

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Kharlamova, Marianna D., Mikhailo Adamovich, Kseniya S. Romanovskaya, Mikhail A. Spirin, Lana R. Mustaeva, and Nikolay Adamovich. "Decomposition of individual components of bio-organic waste: volatile organic compounds and the impact on health and psycho-emotional state." RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 31, no. 3 (2023): 390–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2023-31-3-390-406.

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The study considers the impact on the person’s health and psycho-emotional state of unpleasant odors arising from the storage and accumulation of bioorganic waste, including food waste (meat, poultry, fruits and vegetables) and bird droppings. The survey data of poultry and livestock farms’ employees in Serbia are given. The impact of unpleasant odors on the Waste sorting complex (Moscow region) employees’ vital signs is assessed. The impact of high-intensity odor groups for individual components of food waste (pork meat, poultry meat, vegetables and fruits) and bird droppings was studied by interviewing volunteers and measuring their vital signs.

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Urban-Kowalczyk, M. "Odors hedonic judgment in patients with schizophrenia. Influence of negative symptoms and β-endorphin levels". European Psychiatry 33, S1 (2016): s264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.684.

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IntroductionThe relationship between olfactory and emotional processing is an area of increasing interest in schizophrenia research.ObjectivesOlfactory identification deficits are well described in schizophrenia while the results for pleasantness ratings remain unclear.AimsEvaluation of odor identification and hedonic judgment related to severity of negative symptoms and β-endorphin concentration.MethodsFifty outpatients with schizophrenia were included in the study: 25 with negative symptoms (PN) and 25 without predominant negative symptoms (P). They were compared with 23 healthy individuals. In all study groups University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and odor hedonic evaluation were performed. Clinical symptoms severity was evaluated using PANSS. Plasma concentrations of β-endorphin were assayed in all participants.ResultsPN made more odor identification errors than controls (P = 0.000) and P sample (P = 0.001). Hedonic judgments of unpleasant odors were significantly more pleasant in PN sample than in P (P = 0.03) and controls (P = 0.041). PN had significantly higher concentration of β-endorphin than P sample (P = 0.014) and controls (P = 0.009). No relationship between β-endorphin concentration and odors identification and odor hedonic judgment was found in both patient samples and controls.ConclusionsIncreased level of β-endorphin is related to predominance of negative symptoms but probably it is not involved in olfactory identification performance and hedonic judgment in schizophrenia. Patients with predominant negative symptoms revealed different pattern of pleasantness rating – they experience unpleasant odors as more pleasant. Alterations in smell identification and hedonic judgment could be differentially expressed in some subtypes of schizophrenia.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

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Ratko, A. А., Yu V. Duko, and V. V. Shevchuk. "Effect of concentration of deodorizing reagents on the emission of odor-forming substances in pork manure." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 61, no. 3 (2023): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2023-61-3-234-242.

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Complaints on unpleasant odor occurring near pig-breeding complexes and frequently, at a considerable distance from them, are one of the key factors that are limiting the development of pig-breeding industry. Unpleasant odor takes place as a result of anaerobic decomposition of the manure and also due to liquid slurry at the pig-breeding facility. Despite the fact, that the effect of unpleasant odor on human health is under-investigated, the people suffer natural aversion to the smell of manure. The smell of swine manure can be an unpleasant factor affecting the quality of the life of people living in the cities close to the pig-breeding complexes and also have an effect on the price of the real estate located within this area. Tightening of standards regulating the level of odor can also be a limiting factor for this branch of industry. Detailed research aimed at the selection of the optional composition of chemical reagents for deodoration and disinfection of liquid slurry waste at a pig breeding complex is presented. It has been determined, that the effect of disinfection and suppression of unpleasant odor for a long time is provided by the composition of ammonium persulphate, peracetic acid and formalin, the composition that contains sulphuric acid, sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide and finally, the composition that contains sodium nitrite and ammonium molybdate. It was showed that the abovementioned mixtures are effective in relation to the samples of manure in laboratory (the volume of manure taken for the experiment was 200-400 ml), as well as semi-industrial conditions (the volume of manure – 80 liters). The manure mixtures obtained as a result of such treatment are environmentally friendly and can be used for the production of organo-mineral fertilizers.

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Syrjänen, Elmeri, Håkan Fischer, Marco Tullio Liuzza, Torun Lindholm, and Jonas K. Olofsson. "A Review of the Effects of Valenced Odors on Face Perception and Evaluation." i-Perception 12, no. 2 (2021): 204166952110095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211009552.

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How do valenced odors affect the perception and evaluation of facial expressions? We reviewed 25 studies published from 1989 to 2020 on cross-modal behavioral effects of odors on the perception of faces. The results indicate that odors may influence facial evaluations and classifications in several ways. Faces are rated as more arousing during simultaneous odor exposure, and the rated valence of faces is affected in the direction of the odor valence. For facial classification tasks, in general, valenced odors, whether pleasant or unpleasant, decrease facial emotion classification speed. The evidence for valence congruency effects was inconsistent. Some studies found that exposure to a valenced odor facilitates the processing of a similarly valenced facial expression. The results for facial evaluation were mirrored in classical conditioning studies, as faces conditioned with valenced odors were rated in the direction of the odor valence. However, the evidence of odor effects was inconsistent when the task was to classify faces. Furthermore, using a z-curve analysis, we found clear evidence for publication bias. Our recommendations for future research include greater consideration of individual differences in sensation and cognition, individual differences (e.g., differences in odor sensitivity related to age, gender, or culture), establishing standardized experimental assessments and stimuli, larger study samples, and embracing open research practices.

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Nimitkeatkai, Hataitip, Motoaki Doi, Yuko Sugihara, Katsuhiko Inamoto, Yoshinori Ueda, and Hideo Imanishi. "Characteristics of Unpleasant Odor Emitted by Gypsophila Inflorescences." Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 74, no. 2 (2005): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.74.139.

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Kroupi, Eleni, Ashkan Yazdani, Jean-Marc Vesin, and Touradj Ebrahimi. "EEG Correlates of Pleasant and Unpleasant Odor Perception." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 11, no. 1s (2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2637287.

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Xu, Meicong, Xi Chen, Isao Takahashi, Yoko Mizutani, Hisashi Hirata, and Toshifumi Sugiura. "Unpleasant odor accelerates the sound processing in brain." International Journal of Psychophysiology 94, no. 2 (2014): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.804.

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Djordjevic, Jelena, Julie A. Boyle, and Marilyn Jones-Gotman. "Pleasant or Unpleasant: Attentional Modulation of Odor Perception." Chemosensory Perception 5, no. 1 (2012): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12078-011-9107-3.

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Minig, Charlotte, Alexandra Meißner, and Martin Steinhaus. "Characterization of Odor-Active 2-Ethyldimethyl-1,3,6-trioxocane Isomers in Polyurethane Materials." Polymers 16, no. 24 (2024): 3573. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16243573.

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Polyurethane materials, widely used in indoor environments, occasionally exhibit unpleasant odors. An important source of polyurethane odorants is polyether polyols. Previous studies identified odorous 2-ethyldimethyl-1,3,6-trioxocanes in polyurethane materials and polyols but did not investigate the odor activity of the individual isomers. In the present work, an isomer mixture of the precursor dipropylene glycol was fractionated through preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. After the conversion to the corresponding trioxocanes, gas chromatography-olfactometry analyses revealed that just one positional isomer, namely 2-ethyl-4,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-trioxocane, was odor active. Moreover, we observed clear differences in the odor threshold concentrations among its stereoisomers. Only two out of eight isomers displayed an odor, both with an earthy smell and one being approximately 60 times more potent than the other. These insights contribute to a better understanding of polyurethane odor on a molecular level and provide a basis for effective odor control.

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Ayabe-Kanamum, Saho, Tadashi Kikuchi, and Sachiko Saito. "Effect of Verbal Cues on Recognition Memory and Pleasantness Evaluation of Unfamiliar Odors." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 1 (1997): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.1.275.

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The experiment investigated the effect of verbal cues on recognition memory for unfamiliar odors. 58 participants learned 20 odors of chemical substances. The control group learned the odors without accompanying verbal labels whereas two other groups learned the odors with accompanying verbal labels. The labels referred to relatively pleasant or unpleasant odor sources. On a memory test, administered 15 min. and also 1 wk. after the learning phase, participants were asked to recognize 10 learned odors from 10 unlearned odors and to evaluate each odor's pleasantness. Analysis showed (a) the verbal labels did not facilitate recognition of the unfamiliar odors, (b) recognition performance was lower after 1 wk. than after 15 min., and (c) rated pleasantness tended to be affected by the verbal label assigned to the odor in the learning phase.

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Bensafi, Moustafa, Noam Sobel, and Rehan M. Khan. "Hedonic-Specific Activity in Piriform Cortex During Odor Imagery Mimics That During Odor Perception." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 6 (2007): 3254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00349.2007.

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Although it is known that visual imagery is accompanied by activity in visual cortical areas, including primary visual cortex, whether olfactory imagery exists remains controversial. Here we asked whether cue-dependent olfactory imagery was similarly accompanied by activity in olfactory cortex, and in particular whether hedonic-specific patterns of activity evident in olfactory perception would also be present during olfactory imagery. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure activity in subjects who alternated between smelling and imagining pleasant and unpleasant odors. Activity induced by imagining odors mimicked that induced by perceiving real odorants, not only in the particular brain regions activated, but also in its hedonic-specific pattern. For both real and imagined odors, unpleasant stimuli induced greater activity than pleasant stimuli in the left frontal portion of piriform cortex and left insula. These findings combine with findings from other modalities to suggest activation of primary sensory cortical structures during mental imagery of sensory events.

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Tatuk, Tojibatus Sa'adah, and Haryanta Dwi. "Physicochemical Properties of Liquid Organic Fertilizer from a Mixture of Fish Waste and Coffee Grounds." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS 08, no. 01 (2025): 148–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14677950.

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Liquid fertilizer made from fish waste contains relatively high nutrients and effectively removes unpleasant odors during production. Coffee grounds are often used to remove unpleasant odors in rooms. This study aims to utilize coffee grounds to remove unpleasant odors in the production of liquid organic fertilizer from fish waste. The factorial experiment's first factor was the raw material for making liquid organic fertilizer (LOF), consisting of cow blood waste (P1) and fish waste (P2), while the second factor was the addition of coffee grounds at levels of 0% (K0), 10% (K1), 20% (K2), 30% (K3), and 40% (K4). The experiment was repeated three times using a completely randomized design (CRD). The results showed that adding coffee grounds at 20-30% of the total material could reduce the strong odor to a milder one, changing to a fermented smell at the end of the LOF production. Adding coffee grounds increased the macro and micronutrient content and reduced the C/N ratio in the resulting LOF. Adding 20-30% coffee grounds from the total raw materials is a solution to the problem of producing LOF from fish waste that remove unpleasant odors, while also utilizing coffee grounds that is usually discarded and can pollute the environment.

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Lee, Hoik, Abdul Wahab Jatoi, Yamaguchi Kyohei, et al. "Deodorant activity of phthalocyanine complex nanofiber." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 6 (2016): 630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516685280.

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Unpleasant odor is a problem in the modern lifestyle. In order to prevent malodor, we fabricated phthalocyanine combined with nanofibers to prevent unpleasant odor for the first time. Cu-coordinated phthalocyanine was used as an odor preventing agent and methyl mercaptan gas was selected as a model malodorant. This study was conducted with two different polymers, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and silk. A total of 4 wt% of phthalocyanine was incorporated in the solutions of both polymers, resulting in the successful fabrication of nanofibers. It is notable that the deodorant activity test clearly showed a reduction of methyl mercaptan gas in both phthalocyanine incorporated PVA and silk nanofibers. In addition, the phthalocyanine/silk nanofibers exhibited better deodorant performance in comparison to the phthalocyanine/PVA nanofiber.

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WATANABE, Noriko, Hisao YAMASHITA, Hiroshi MIYADERA, and Shigeru TOMINAGA. "Removal of Unpleasant Odor Gases by Ag-Mn Catalyst." NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, no. 1 (1993): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1993.48.

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Watanabe, N. "Removal of unpleasant odor gases using an Ag_Mn catalyst." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 8, no. 4 (1996): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-3373(95)00079-8.

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Fuchs, S., P. Strobel, M. Siadat, and M. Lumbreras. "Evaluation of unpleasant odor with a portable electronic nose." Materials Science and Engineering: C 28, no. 5-6 (2008): 949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.066.

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Ai, Yun, Juan Yang, Haoyu Nie, Thomas Hummel, and Pengfei Han. "Increased sensitivity to unpleasant odor following acute psychological stress." Hormones and Behavior 150 (April 2023): 105325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105325.

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Seong, Hui-Yeong, Eui-Cheol Shin, Youngseung Lee, and Misook Kim. "Characterization of Odor-Active Compounds from Gryllus bimaculatus Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry." Foods 12, no. 12 (2023): 2328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12122328.

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Edible insects have recently attracted attention as an alternative sustainable protein food source. However, consumer aversion remains the major obstacle to successful implementation in the food industry due to their shape and unpleasant odor. Here, we evaluated and compared odor-active compounds from untreated Gryllus bimaculatus (UGB), hot-air dried GB at 70 °C for 10 h (AGB), freeze-dried GB (FGB), steam-heated GB at 121 °C and 14.5 psi for 15 min (SGB), and defatted GB by hexane (DFGB). Each sample was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). The most volatile compounds were detected in UGB, followed by SGB, DFGB, AGB, and FGB by GC-MS analysis. In GC-O analysis, fourteen compounds were identified as cricket or cricket-related odor among twenty identified compounds. Cyclododecane had the strongest cricket-related odor found only in UGB. DFGB received the lowest total scores of intensity for cricket-related odors, while SGB received the highest scores. It seems that defatting could reduce cricket-related odors. This study may provide theoretical information for the GB odors according to the four processing methods.

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Wroniszewska, Alicja, and Jerzy Zwoździak. "Odor Annoyance Assessment by Using Logistic Regression on an Example of the Municipal Sector." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (2020): 6102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156102.

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Around the sewage treatment plant, in the area affected by a large number of complaints about odor annoyance, field measurements of odor properties and questionnaires were carried out. It was confirmed that the inhabitants of the zone closest to the plant are most exposed to the smell, the most intense smell comes from the sludge dryer building, and smells from primary settling tanks and sediment plots are perceived as unpleasant. The analysis of surveys confirmed the problem of odor nuisance, especially in the immediate vicinity, where over 50% of respondents considered odor annoyance as extreme. A division of respondents was introduced into those experiencing severe nuisance and those for whom the smell was not annoying. Then, to relate the probability of occurrence of odor nuisance with a group of independent variables, logistic regression was used to describe the impact of independent variables on the dichotomous dependent variable. It has been shown that the likelihood of experiencing odor nuisance increases with the increase in the intensity of current odors, the parallel noise, and in people who focus on the existing smell, and decreases with increasing satisfaction with their health and in the case of regularly occurring odor.

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Larsson, Maria, Christina Öberg-Blåvarg, and Fredrik U. Jönsson. "Bad Odors Stick Better Than Good Ones." Experimental Psychology 56, no. 6 (2009): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.6.375.

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The influences of perceived odor qualities on the retention of olfactory information across the adult lifespan were examined. Young (19–36 years), young-old (60–74 years), and old (75–91 years) adults (n = 202) rated a set of unfamiliar odors across a series of perceptual dimensions (i.e., pleasantness, intensity, and irritability) at encoding. The overall results indicated that memory for unpleasant olfactory information was better than that for pleasant odors across the lifespan. Also, participants showed better retention for odors perceived with high intensity and irritability than for odors rated with low or medium scores. Interestingly, the old adults showed selective beneficial memory effects for odors rated as highly irritable. To the extent that perceptions of high irritability reflect an activation of the trigeminal sensory system, this finding suggests that older adults may use trigeminal components in odor information to compensate for age-related impairments in olfactory memory.

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Nguyen, Phuong Thi Thanh, and Son Bao Trinh. "Odor pollution treatment technologies: a review." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 2 (2016): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i2.703.

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Odor pollution is especially concerned due to its unpleasant smell, human health impacts and the possibility to be dispersed in a very large area. Odor emission sources from typical industries were introduced. The representative technologies for cleaning odor polluted air stream such as adsorption, absorption, biological treatment, thermal and non-thermal oxidation methods were reviewed in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods were analyzed and compared.

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Yulia Kristyanti and Evanisia More. "Stability Test on Formulation of Roll on Deodorant of Lemongrass Leaf Extract (Cymbopogon citratus)." Socio-Economic and Humanistic Aspects for Township and Industry 3, no. 1 (2025): 180–92. https://doi.org/10.59535/sehati.v3i1.464.

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Body odor is one of the health problems that can occur due to a lack of body hygiene and bacterial contamination that can decompose sweat causes body odor and unpleasant odors. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is one of the bacteria on the skin that can decompose sweat so that it produces compounds that cause body odor. Cosmetics used to reduce or eliminate body odor are deodorants. The lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus) is a plant that has a fresh aroma like lemon and has antibacterial abilities because it contains alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins that have antibacterial abilities. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical properties of deodorant preparations rolled on lemongrass leaf extract concentrations of 30%, 40%, and 50%. This research method is an experimental method consisting of four concentration preparations. The study results showed that the roll-on deodorant preparation of lemongrass leaf extract with concentrations of 30%, 40%, and 50% had good physical properties of the preparation.

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Patel, Muktiben M., Nigam D. Patel, Angela Rekhi, and Alan R. Hirsch. "163 Treatment of Odor-Induced Anxiogenesis With Odor-Induced Anxiolysis." CNS Spectrums 23, no. 1 (2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918000548.

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AbstractStudy ObjectiveTo understand the effects of odor on anxiety.IntroductionReduction of odor-induced anxiety through a presentation of an odor has not heretofore been described.MethodCase report: A 69-year-old right-handed male with a five year history of generalized anxiety disorder, presented with a one and a half month history of hypersensitivity to odors of multiple synthetic chemicals manifest by the perception that these odors were more intense and unpleasant inducing nausea, abdominal cramping, coughing, a need to “get away from the smell”, and panic with intense anxiety. These symptoms would occur whenever he was exposed to these smells, 20 to 25 times a day, and would persist for 10 to 15 minutes after the exposure. When odors induced the above symptoms, exposure to the aroma of cinnamon immediately alleviated these symptoms. He now continues using cinnamon odor whenever the odor induced anxiety and associated symptoms arise. This remedy has been effective over the course of treatment, for almost two years.ResultsAbnormalities on examination: Three per second titubation. Archimedean Spiral Test: Saw tooth pattern with macrographia. Anxious, circumstantial, overly inclusive. Unable to determine how to put on shoe covers. Impaired voluntary upward gave, but intact vertical doll’s eyes. Left torticollis. Bilateral finger to nose dysmetria. Low amplitude, high frequency tremor on extension of both upper extremities. Areflexic. Olfactory Testing: hyposmic. MRI of brain with and without infusion: mild generalized volume loss.ConclusionsThere are myriad mechanisms whereby odor may have reduced the odor-induced anxiety. Since aroma induced anxiogeneis is usually confined to a specific odor, it does not preclude other odors from acting in an anxiolytic manner. The combination of exposure simultaneously of anxiolytic and anxiogenic odors may have acted to increase the threshold of the anxiety producing odor, inhibiting perception of the anxiogenic odor and thus precipitation of anxiety. The two odors could have combined in an additive fashion, changing the olfactory characteristics of the anxiety provoking odor such that it no longer was perceived as the same odor and thus no anxiety. The anxiolytic/anxiogenic odor mixture could have overwhelmed the anxiogenic odor, thus creating the perception of only anxiolytic odor. On a central basis, the anxiolysis and anxiogenesis may have been induced to occur coincidently with anxiolysis superseding anxiogenesis. Alternatively, the odors may have acted as a distractor, changing the focus of attention from anxiogenic odor to a different odor which does not have the same anxiety provoking effect. Maybe because the patient already has demonstrated a heightened odor emotion linkage, he may be more susceptible to any other odor emotion effects. Trial of odors in those with odor induced anxiety warrants consideration.Funding AcknowledgementsNo funding.

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Lamba, Himanshu Ramesh, and Lakhwinder S Hundal. "Biological Solutions for Odor Reduction in Composting Operations." Journal of Waste Management & Recycling Technology 1, no. 1 (2023): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jwmrt/2023(1)117.

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Malykh, Olga. "Assessment, monitoring, and regulation of odors of any origin in industrial enterprises." Okhrana truda i tekhnika bezopasnosti na promyshlennykh predpriyatiyakh (Labor protection and safety procedure at the industrial enterprises), no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-4-2008-07.

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Virtually any enterprise in the food and chemical industries, as well as in treatment facilities, has waste with a distinctive unpleasant smell. Elimination of odors is becoming an urgent task for ensuring safety and labor protection at enterprises, as well as public health protection. Olga Malykh, junior research associate at the company "Odor Laboratory N 1", speaks about the experience of smell research at enterprises, the possibilities of olfactometric research, and modern methods and equipment.

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Gargoubi, Sondes, Walid Chaouch, Mouna Stambouli, Naoufel Bhouri, Chedly Boudokhane, and Riadh Zouari. "Getting rid of the unpleasant odor in new artificial leather using natural and synthetic fragrances." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 25, no. 2 (2019): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq171230027g.

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Usually, new artificial leather items are very smelly because they have been created using numerous chemicals. Their full smell remains until they become old enough. Removal of unpleasant chemical odor is important to preserve the safety and health at workplaces, to meet the demands of consumers and to develop marketing strategies. In this work, we focus on studying odor abatement using natural and synthetic fragrances. We have found that, in well-defined conditions, both types of fragrances efficiently hide the chemical odor. However, the use of the synthetic one combined with paraffin oil was more effective and cheaper.

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Oyama-Okubo, N., and Y. Mikanagi. "Analysis of floral scent components of roses with unpleasant odor." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1404 (September 2024): 875–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2024.1404.119.

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Watanabe, Noriko, Hisao Yamashita, Hiroshi Miyadera, and Shigeru Tominaga. "Removal of unpleasant odor gases using an Ag—Mn catalyst." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 8, no. 4 (1996): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-3373(96)90128-9.

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Humaira, Rahmat Hidayat, Zhi-Hao Wang, and Hendrick. "Odor Classification in Cattle Ranch based on Electronic Nose." International Journal of Data Science 2, no. 2 (2021): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijods.2.2.104-111.2021.

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Unpleasant smell and pollution are the side effects during the cattle ranch activities. That is the reason why the cattle ranch is placed far from the housing residents. The cattle ranch areas are usually not covered by the internet network, but it is also important to monitoring the pollutant in the cattle ranch. The pollutant gases are also produced during the cattle ranch activities such as hydrogen, oxygen, methane, and carbon dioxide. To classify the odor or unpleasant smell in the air, the electronic Nose (e-Nose) become an effective system to monitor and classify the odor in real time. This research, we proposed an e-Nose system that able to classify the odor in cattle ranch. The Backpropagation method is selected to create the e-Nose model. This e-Nose system is able to transmit data to server without the internet network. The Lora Network has been applied by using point to point method. The web application is also made to display the real time data monitoring and prediction of the odor. Based on our test, the e-Nose accuracy is 99% in real time prediction.

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Syrjänen, Elmeri, Marco Tullio Liuzza, Håkan Fischer, and Jonas K. Olofsson. "Do Valenced Odors and Trait Body Odor Disgust Affect Evaluation of Emotion in Dynamic Faces?" Perception 46, no. 12 (2017): 1412–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006617720831.

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Disgust is a core emotion evolved to detect and avoid the ingestion of poisonous food as well as the contact with pathogens and other harmful agents. Previous research has shown that multisensory presentation of olfactory and visual information may strengthen the processing of disgust-relevant information. However, it is not known whether these findings extend to dynamic facial stimuli that changes from neutral to emotionally expressive, or if individual differences in trait body odor disgust may influence the processing of disgust-related information. In this preregistered study, we tested whether a classification of dynamic facial expressions as happy or disgusted, and an emotional evaluation of these facial expressions, would be affected by individual differences in body odor disgust sensitivity, and by exposure to a sweat-like, negatively valenced odor (valeric acid), as compared with a soap-like, positively valenced odor (lilac essence) or a no-odor control. Using Bayesian hypothesis testing, we found evidence that odors do not affect recognition of emotion in dynamic faces even when body odor disgust sensitivity was used as moderator. However, an exploratory analysis suggested that an unpleasant odor context may cause faster RTs for faces, independent of their emotional expression. Our results further our understanding of the scope and limits of odor effects on facial perception affect and suggest further studies should focus on reproducibility, specifying experimental circumstances where odor effects on facial expressions may be present versus absent.

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Yuan, Qunchen, Chunlian Qin, Saisai Zhang, et al. "An In Vitro HL-1 Cardiomyocyte-Based Olfactory Biosensor for Olfr558-Inhibited Efficiency Detection." Chemosensors 10, no. 6 (2022): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10060200.

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Some short-chain fatty acids with a pungent or unpleasant odor are important components of human body odor. These malodors severely threaten human health. The antagonists of malodors would help to improve odor perception by affecting the interaction between odors and their receptors. However, the traditional odor detection and analysis methods, such as MOS, electrochemical, conductive polymer gas sensors, or chromatography-mass spectrometry are not suitable for screening the antagonists since they are unable to detect the ligand efficacy after odor-receptor binding. In this study, RT-PCR results showed that HL-1 cardiomyocytes endogenously express the olfactory receptor 558 (Olfr558) which can be activated by several malodorous short-chain fatty acids. Therefore, an in vitro HL-1 cardiomyocyte-based olfactory biosensor (HCBO-biosensor) was developed by combining cardiomyocytes and microelectrode array (MEA) chips for screening the potential antagonists of the Olfr558. Firstly, it showed that the biosensor specifically responded to ligands of Olfr558 through odor stimulation experiments. Then, an odor response model of HL-1 cardiomyocytes was constructed by a ligand of Olfr558 (isovaleric acid). The response feature of the in vitro HCBO-biosensor to individual odors and mixtures with a potential antagonist (citral or β-damascenone) were extracted and compared. Finally, the Olfr558-inhibited efficiency was indirectly detected by comparing the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of isovaleric acid. The results showed that β-damascenone greatly inhibited Olfr558 while citral showed no significant inhibitory effect. In conclusion, we built a novel screening method for the antagonists of Olfr558 based on HL-1 cardiomyocytes and the MEA chip which will assist odor-related companies to develop novel antagonists of Olfr558.

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Li, Jiayin, Kehua Zou, Weifang Li, Gen Wang, and Weihua Yang. "Olfactory Characterization of Typical Odorous Pollutants Part I: Relationship Between the Hedonic Tone and Odor Concentration." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (2019): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090524.

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The hedonic tone is a suitable evaluation index which can truly reflect the psychological impact of an odor. To find out the relationship between the odor concentration (OC) and hedonic tone (H), dimethyl disulfide, limonene and butyl acetate were presented as typical odorants with different characters. A panel of 16 persons was engaged to rate the hedonic tone of a series sample with various concentrations according to the nine-point scale. The relationship between the hedonic tone and OC was established based on a multivariate logistic regression analysis. The research results demonstrated that the smell of dimethyl disulfide is unpleasant at various concentration levels, and its perceived unpleasantness is increased with OC, and at the critical point (H = −0.5), the odor index of dimethyl disulfide is 0.5 (OC = 3 OUE·m−3). For limonene, its smell is pleasant when the odor index is between 1.4 and 3.3 (OC = 25~1995 OUE·m−3). For butyl acetate, the average results showed an unpleasant character with the corresponding odor index of 1.87 (OC = 74 OUE·m−3). Each odorant has a unique hedonic behavior curve from which the annoyance potential of different odorants can be clearly discriminated, with the order of dimethyl disulfide > butyl acetate > limonene. The regression equations showed a quadratic nonlinear function between the hedonic tone and OC.

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Zelano, C., J. Montag, B. Johnson, R. Khan, and N. Sobel. "Dissociated Representations of Irritation and Valence in Human Primary Olfactory Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 3 (2007): 1969–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01122.2006.

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Irritation and negative valence are closely associated in perception. However, these perceptual aspects can be dissociated in olfaction where irritation can accompany both pleasant and unpleasant odorants. Whereas the sensation of odor reflects transduction at olfactory receptors, irritation reflects concurrent transduction of the odorant at trigeminal receptors. Thus a stimulus can be either a pure olfactant activating the olfactory receptors only or a bimodal odorant activating both types of receptors. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging and a 2 × 2 experimental design contrasting odorant valence (pleasant/unpleasant) and odorant type (pure olfactant/bimodal) we found activity in piriform cortex to be associated with valence, and not type, of odors. In contrast, activity in the olfactory tubercle was associated with type, and not valence, of odors. Importantly, this was found when perceived intensity was held equal across odorants. These findings suggest that dissociable neural substrates subserve the encoding of irritation and valence in olfaction.

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Yao, Xiaolin, Xiaoxue Yao, Kai Xu, et al. "Iron encapsulated microstructured gel beads using an emulsification–gelation technique for an alginate-caseinate matrix." Food & Function 11, no. 5 (2020): 3811–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9fo02184a.

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Development of iron fortifiers in diets is essential for decrease of iron deficiency. The ferrous fumarate loaded microstructured gel beads restrained its unpleasant iron odor and decreased the iron-promoted lipid oxidation in food matrix.

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Fu, Runze, Jianhui Su, Yu He, and Shuai Wang. "A Study on the Formation and Change of Yesso Scallop Odor Characteristics by GC-O-MS, Sensory Evaluation, and Flavor-Precursor Analysis." Aquaculture Research 2023 (June 9, 2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1319841.

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Scallops are exposed to drying and hypoxia for a long duration in the supply chain, leading to quality deterioration and changes in odor characteristics. In this study, quality deterioration of Yesso scallop was simulated under different conditions to explore the formation and change of its unique aroma. Its volatile components were analyzed by partial least squares (PLS) regression, GC-O, and smell threshold, and its odor characteristics were analyzed with reference to flavor precursors. The sensory descriptors selected comprehensively described the odor characteristics of Yesso scallop. The 16 most relevant volatile components for each odor characteristic were identified, and a new star-mark grading method was established to evaluate the role of volatile components in the formation of odor characteristics. The possible odor precursors were determined, providing preliminary information on the generation of pleasant and unpleasant odor characteristics by Yesso scallops. Thus, our results provide a scientific basis for the further study and control of the odor characteristics of aquatic products.

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Mohd Abdul Ghaffar, David David HL, Kim Leah, and Mansyur. "Design and Development of a Smart Trash Bin to Minimize Odor from Household Waste Based on the Internet of Things." Ceddi Journal of Information System and Technology (JST) 3, no. 2 (2024): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.56134/jst.v3i2.51.

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The problem that occurs is that household waste continues to increase along with the development of population and the number of increasingly dense settlements. The existence of this household waste is of concern to the community and the government because it can cause various negative impacts. Based on the results of observations of the existing trash cans, the accumulation of household waste is the source of this unpleasant odor. Smell is connoted as something that tends to disturb comfort, and gives the impression of being unclean and the like, such as fishy, rotten, urine, rancid, and so on. The smell of burning garbage is also dangerous because it contains H2 which reduces the amount of oxygen in the air. This study aims to prevent the occurrence of unpleasant odors from garbage. The tool will be designed using the NodeMCU microcontroller with website-based monitoring and Whatsapp notifications automatically when the trash can is full and automatic deodorizing powder spraying according to the concentration of gas released by the stench. This study uses the Experimental and Comparative Testing method in designing an IoT-based Smart Trash Bin tool and conducting tests on the built system and comparing the test results with the expected system. The results of this study indicate that the Smart Trash Bin tool can work and function as expected, namely being able to minimize the unpleasant odor emitted by the trash can and being able to monitor the sprinkling of deodorizing powder, the status of the height of the trash can and can provide notifications both automatically and manual to officers through the website.

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Izidoro, Catarina, João Botelho, Vanessa Machado, Luis Proença, Ricardo Alves, and José Mendes. "Halitosis Self-Perception and Awareness among Periodontal Patients—An Exploratory Study." Medical Sciences Forum 5, no. 1 (2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/msf2021005009.

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Halitosis is an unpleasant breath odor that interferes with self-confidence and with people’s professional and social lives. The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate the self-perception and awareness of oral malodor among patients with periodontitis.

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