Academic literature on the topic 'Unrestricted VAR'
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Journal articles on the topic "Unrestricted VAR"
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Polito, Vito, and Mike Wickens. "Optimal monetary policy using an unrestricted VAR." Journal of Applied Econometrics 27, no. 4 (2010): 525–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jae.1219.
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Poghosyan, Karen. "A Comparison of Different Short-Term Macroeconomic Forecasting Models: Evidence from Armenia." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 5, no. 2 (2016): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcbtp-2016-0012.
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Abstract We evaluate the forecasting performance of four competing models for short-term macroeconomic forecasting: the traditional VAR, small scale Bayesian VAR, Factor Augmented VAR and Bayesian Factor Augmented VAR models. Using Armenian quarterly actual macroeconomic time series from 1996Q1 – 2014Q4, we estimate parameters of four competing models. Based on the out-of-sample recursive forecast evaluations and using root mean squared error (RMSE) criterion we conclude that small scale Bayesian VAR and Bayesian Factor Augmented VAR models are more suitable for short-term forecasting than traditional unrestricted VAR model.
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Beyaztas, U., and Abdel-Salam G. Abdel-Salam. "Stationary Bootstrap Based Multi-Step Forecasts for Unrestricted VAR Models." Journal of Data Science 18, no. 4 (2021): 682–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.6339/jds.202010_18(4).0006.
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Kębłowski, Piotr. "Monte Carlo comparison of LCCA- and ML-based cointegration tests for panel var process with cross-sectional cointegrating vectors." Przegląd Statystyczny 65, no. 2 (2019): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0533.
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Small-sample properties of bootstrap cointegration rank tests for unrestricted panel VAR process are considered when long-run cross-sectional dependencies occur. It is shown that the bootstrap cointegration rank tests for the panel VAR model based on levels canonical correlation analysis are oversized, whereas the bootstrap cointegration rank tests based on maximum likelihood framework are undersized. Moreover, the former tests are in general outperformed by the latter in terms of performance. The results of the investigation indicate that the ML-based bootstrap cointegration rank tests perform well in small samples for small-sized panel VAR models with a few cross-sections.
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Li, Yuanyuan, and Dietmar Bauer. "Modeling I(2) Processes Using Vector Autoregressions Where the Lag Length Increases with the Sample Size." Econometrics 8, no. 3 (2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/econometrics8030038.
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In this paper the theory on the estimation of vector autoregressive (VAR) models for I(2) processes is extended to the case of long VAR approximation of more general processes. Hereby the order of the autoregression is allowed to tend to infinity at a certain rate depending on the sample size. We deal with unrestricted OLS estimators (in the model formulated in levels as well as in vector error correction form) as well as with two stage estimation (2SI2) in the vector error correction model (VECM) formulation. Our main results are analogous to the I(1) case: We show that the long VAR approximation leads to consistent estimates of the long and short run dynamics. Furthermore, tests on the autoregressive coefficients follow standard asymptotics. The pseudo likelihood ratio tests on the cointegrating ranks (using the Gaussian likelihood) used in the 2SI2 algorithm show under the null hypothesis the same distributions as in the case of data generating processes following finite order VARs. The same holds true for the asymptotic distribution of the long run dynamics both in the unrestricted VECM estimation and the reduced rank regression in the 2SI2 algorithm. Building on these results we show that if the data is generated by an invertible VARMA process, the VAR approximation can be used in order to derive a consistent initial estimator for subsequent pseudo likelihood optimization in the VARMA model.
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Baranowski, Paweł, Małgorzata Mazurek, Maciej Nowakowski, and Marek Raczko. "Czy dezagregacja indeksu cen poprawia prognozy polskiej inflacji?" Przegląd Statystyczny. Statistical Review 2010, no. 1 (2010): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.59139/ps.2010.01.2.
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This paper examines whether forecasting CPI components improves CPI forecast. We exploit quarterly data for Poland, disaggregated into 12 components. We follow methodology used in previous studies for Euro Area (Hubrich, 2005; Reijer and Vlaar, 2006). AR, MA, TAR and unrestricted VAR models are estimated using recursive sample and aggregated into CPI. Using out-of-sample forecasts, these models are evaluated and compared to the benchmark -- equivalents for aggregate CPI. The evidence is mixed. VAR component-forecast outperform benchmark. Contrary to VAR, for AR and TAR models we do not find substantial gain from using disaggregated data. Results for MA models are not robust. Moreover, it seems that results for AR- and VAR-based forecasts are comparable to consensus forecast.
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Plagborg-Møller, Mikkel, and Christian K. Wolf. "Local Projections and VARs Estimate the Same Impulse Responses." Econometrica 89, no. 2 (2021): 955–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta17813.
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We prove that local projections (LPs) and Vector Autoregressions (VARs) estimate the same impulse responses. This nonparametric result only requires unrestricted lag structures. We discuss several implications: (i) LP and VAR estimators are not conceptually separate procedures; instead, they are simply two dimension reduction techniques with common estimand but different finite‐sample properties. (ii) VAR‐based structural identification—including short‐run, long‐run, or sign restrictions—can equivalently be performed using LPs, and vice versa. (iii) Structural estimation with an instrument (proxy) can be carried out by ordering the instrument first in a recursive VAR, even under noninvertibility. (iv) Linear VARs are as robust to nonlinearities as linear LPs.
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Bação, Pedro, Inês Gaspar, and Marta Simões. "Corruption and Economic Growth: The Case of Portugal." Notas Económicas, no. 49 (December 6, 2019): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-203x_49_2.
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In this paper we investigate the impact of corruption on economic growth in Portugal over the period 1980-2018. The empirical approach makes use of a VAR model inspired by the standard Cobb-Douglas aggregate production function. The VAR model includes the capital stock, hours worked, total factor productivity and the corruption perceptions index (CPI) of Transparency International. The CPI combines several sources of information on the level of corruption in each country. The scale of this index goes from 0, the highest level of corruption, to 10, the lowest level. The magnitude of the estimated effect of corruption on economic growth in the unrestricted VAR model is large (and positive), but statistically not significantly different from zero. However, the results from the estimation of a structural VAR model with economically plausible long-run restrictions indicate modest gains from reducing corruption.
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Masoga, Marius, Thabang Kumalo, Bekithemba Qeqe, and Baneng Naape. "Do Energy Prices drive Inflation in South Africa? An unrestricted VAR Approach." Journal of Applied Economics and Business Studies 6, no. 2 (2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34260/jaebs.621.
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This study was aimed at investigating the effects of energy prices on inflation in South Africa. This was achieved by means of econometric analysis and annual time series data spanning from 1994 to 2020. The findings revealed that electricity tariffs and petrol prices exhibit a positive effect on inflation in South Africa. On the contrary, interest rates and the exchange rate as control variables were found to have a negative effect on the inflation rate. The impulse response function indicated that inflation responds positively to innovations in petrol prices, electricity tariffs and money supply in the medium and long term but responds negatively to innovations in interest rates and exchange rates. Further to this, the variance decomposition function revealed that variations in inflation are largely explained by its own innovations and partially explained by innovations in petrol prices, money supply and interest rates. Lastly, the granger causality analysis showed no evidence of causality between inflation and explanatory variables during the specified period. Given that energy prices place upward pressure on inflation, the study recommends a review of the current fuel and electricity tariff structure to provide the much-needed relief to households and businesses.
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Dejong, David N., and Charles H. Whiteman. "Modeling Stock Prices without Knowing How to Induce Stationarity." Econometric Theory 12, no. 4 (1996): 739–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466600007027.
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In “Modeling Stock Prices without Knowing How to Induce Stationarity” (1994, Econometric Theory 10, 701–719), we used posterior-odds calculations to evaluate restrictions imposed by a present-value model of stock prices across the equations of a VAR representation of stock prices and dividends. The results we reported are tainted by the omission of two factors: the Jacobians induced by the mapping of our priors over VAR parameters β into the restricted sample spaces relevant under hypotheses H2-H4 (hence, tainting our calculations of p(Hi|y,X) in (22) for i = 2–4), and an integrating constant needed in calculating the unrestricted probability p(Hi|y,X) in (22). Table 1 reports our revised calculations, which differ substantively from those reported previously.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Unrestricted VAR"
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Marais, Cornelius Theodorus Rattray. "Geïntegreerde bediening in die opbou van 'n identiteitsgedrewe missionale gemeente." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/67789.
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The role that integration and coordination of ministries play in the discovery and development of a missional congregation’s identity is being investigated in this study. The theory of the building up of a congregation is being investigated after which the identity and missional being of a congregation is subjected to scrutiny. It is being argued that the missional congregation identity is a gift from the triune God. This identity is corporative, relational and dynamic and is initiated by God. The challenge for congregations in a post-Christianity world lies in the fact to anew reclaim and deepen their missional identity.
As a result of the research conducted for this study, it is assumed that the intentional integration and coordination of the ministries facilitate the discovery and development of the identity. In this study Nel’s argument that ministries need each other to facilitate the discovery and development of identity is tested. There is synergy between the different ministries in a systems approach and the effectiveness of the ministries is much greater than it would be if they were to function on their own. The various ministries need each other to fully come into their own.
Osmer’s four tasks of practical theology were implemented in this study. The empirical research (quantitative as well qualitative) was conducted among the ministers of the Highveld Synod of the Dutch Reformed Church. One-hundred-and-thirty-nine of the 144 ministers agreed to take part in the quantitative research followed by partly structured interviews with 16 randomly selected ministers. During the empirical study every attempt was made to obtain data in connection with the understanding of ministers regarding the building up, identity and missional being of a congregation as well as the integration and coordination of the ministries that are present in their congregations. The probability exists that an identity-driven missional congregation in which the ministry is integrated and coordinated, could go from strength to strength in the world.
The research has shown that some of the ministers seem to show a flawed understanding that identity is a relational reality. At the same time there exists quite possibly a defective understanding that a congregation’s reason for existence originates in its identity, and that the contributions that the integration and coordination of the ministry play in the discovery and development of the identity, are not fully understood. Most of the ministers are aware of the fact, that they need to develop their congregations as missional congregations, but the ministers do not always have the knowledge, competence, inclination and experience to make the move. An endeavor is made to better understand these core concerns and in the last chapter strategic plans, with an eye on desired outcomes, are presented.<br>Die rol wat die integrering en koördinering van bedienings in die identiteits-ontdekking en -ontwikkeling van ʼn missionale gemeente speel, word in hierdie studie ondersoek. Die teorie van gemeentebou word verken, waarna die identiteit van die kerk en missionale gemeentewees onder die loep kom. Daar word geargumenteer dat die missionale gemeente se identiteit deur die drie-enige God geskenk word. Dié identiteit is korporatief, relasioneel en dinamies en word deur Hom geïnisieer. Die uitdaging vir gemeentes in ʼn post-Christendom wêreld lê daarin om opnuut hul missionale identiteit te herwin en te verdiep.
Die navorsingsvermoede van die studie is dat die doelbewuste integrering en koördinering van die bedienings identiteits-ontdekking en -ontwikkeling fasiliteer. In hierdie studie word Nel se argument dat die bedienings mekaar nodig het om identiteits-ontdekking en -ontwikkeling te fasiliteer beredeneer, maar ook getoets. Binne ‘n sisteembenadering is daar sinergie tussen die verskillende bedienings en die bedienings se effektiwiteit is veel meer as wanneer hulle op hul eie funksioneer. Die verskillende bedienings het mekaar nodig om tot hul volle reg te kom.
Osmer se vier take van prakties-teologiese interpretasie is in dié studie uitgevoer. Die empiriese navorsing (kwantitatief sowel as kwalitatief) is onder die leraars van die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk se Hoëveld Sinode gedoen. 139 leraars (uit ʼn totaal van 144) het ingestem om aan die kwantitatiewe navorsing deel te neem, waarna half-gestruktureerde onderhoude met 16 ewekansig verkose leraars gevoer is. Tydens die empiriese studie is gepoog om data te bekom met betrekking tot leraars se verstaan van gemeentebou, identiteit, missionale gemeentewees, sowel as die integrering en koördinering van die bedienings wat by hul gemeentes teenwoordig is. Die vermoede bestaan dat ʼn identiteitsgedrewe missionale gemeente, waar die bedienings geïntegreer en gekoördineer word, van krag tot krag in ʼn post-Christendom wêreld kan gaan.
In die navorsing is gevind dat daar ʼn gebrekkige besef by van die leraars bestaan dat identiteit ʼn relasionele werklikheid is. Daarbenewens bestaan daar heel moontlik ʼn gebrekkige begrip dat ʼn gemeente se bestaansdoel uit haar identiteit voortspruit. Die bydrae wat die integrering en koördinering van die bedienings in identiteits-ontdekking en -ontwikkeling speel, word heel moontlik ook nie ten volle begryp nie. Meeste van die leraars weet dat hul gemeentes as missionale gemeentes moet ontwikkel, maar die leraars het nie aldag die kennis, vaardighede, lus en ondervinding om dié skuif te maak nie. Daar word gepoog om dié kernsake beter te verstaan en in die laaste hoofstuk word strategiese planne met die oog op verlangde uitkomste voorgelê.<br>Practical Theology<br>PhD<br>Unrestricted
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Duarte, Cláudia Filipa Pires. "Essays on mixed-frequency data : forecasting and unit root testing." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11662.
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Doutoramento em Economia<br>Nas últimas décadas, OS investigadores têm tido acesso a bases de dados cada vez mais abrangentes, que incluem séries com frequências temporais mais elevadas e que são divulgadas mais atempadamente. Em contraste, algumas variáveis, nomeadamente alguns dos principais indicadores macroeconómicos, são divulgados com urn desfasamento temporal significativo e com baixa frequência.
Esta situação levanta questões sobre como lidar com séries com frequências temporais diferentes, mistas. Ao longo do tempo, várias técnicas têm sido propostas. Esta tese debruça-se sobre uma técnica em particular - a abordagem MI(xed) DA{ta) S{ampling), proposta por Ghysels et al. (2004).
No Capitulo 1 eu utilizo a técnica MIDAS para prever o crescimento do PIB na área do euro com base num pequcno conjunto de indicadores, cobrindo séries com diferentes frequências temporais e divulgadas com diferentes desfasamentos. Eu cornparo o desempenho de urn conjunto alargado de regressões MIDAS, utilizando a raiz quadrada do erro quadrático média de previsão e tomando como ponto de referência quer regressões autoregressivas, quer multivariadas (bridge models). A questão sobre a forma de introduzir tcrmos autoregressivos nas equações MIDAS é dirirnida. São consideradas diferentes combinações de variáveis, obtidas através da agregação de previsões ou de regressões multivariadas, assim como diferentes frequências ternporais. Os resultados sugerern que, em geral, a utilização de regressões MIDAS contribui para o aurnento da precisão das previsões.
Adicionalmente, nesta tese são propostos novas testes de raízes unitárias que exploram inforrnação com frequências rnistas. Tipicamente, os testes de raízes unitárias têm baixa potência, especialrnente em amostras pequenas. Uma forma de combatcr esta dificuldade consiste em recorrer a testes que exploram informação adicional de urn regressor estacionário incluído na regressão de teste. Eu avalio se é possível melhorar 0 desempenho de alguns testes deste tipo ao explorar dados com frequêcias temporais mistas, através de regressões MIDAS. No Capitulo 2 eu proponho uma nova classe de testes da familia Dickey-Fuller (DF) com regressores adicionais de frequência temporal mista, tomando por base os testes DF com regressores adicionais (CADF) propostos por Hansen (1995) e uma versão modificada proposta por Pesavento (2006), semelhante ao filtro GLS aplicado ao teste ADF univariado em Elliott et al. (1996).
Em alternativa aos testes da familia DF, Elliott and Jansson (2003) propõem urn teste de raízes unitárias viável que retém propriedades óptimas mesmo na presenc;a de variáveis deterministicas (EJ), tomando por base a versão univariada proposta por Elliott et al. (1996). No Capitulo 3 eu alargo o âmbito de aplicação destes testes de forma a incluir dados com frequência temporal mista. Dado que para implementar o teste EJ é necessário estimar modclos VAR, eu proponho urn modelo VAR-MIDAS não restrito, parcimonioso, que inclui séries de frequência temporal mista e é estimado com técnicas econométricas tradicionais.
Os resultados de urn exercício de Monte Carlo indicam que os testes com dados de frequência temporal mista têrn urn desempenho em termos de potência melhor do que os testes que agregam todas as variáveis para a mcsma frequência temporal (necessariamente a frequência mais baixa). Os ganhos são robustos à dimensão da amostra, à escolha do número de desfasamentos a incluir nas regressões de teste e às frequências temporais concretas. Adicionalmente, os testes da familia EJ tendem a ter urn melhor desempenho do que os testes da familia CADF, independentemente das frequências temporais consideradas. Para ilustrar empiricamentc a utilização destes testes, analisa-se a série da taxa de desemprego nos EUA.<br>Over the last decades, researchers have had access to more comprehensive datasets, which are released on a more frequent and timely basis. Nevertheless, some variables, namely some key macroeconomic indicators, are released with a significant time delay and at low frequencies.
This situation raises the question on how to deal with series released at different, mixed time frequencies. Over the years and for different purposes, several techniques have been put forward. This essav focuses on a particular technique - the MI(xed) DA(ta) S(ampling) framework, proposed by Ghysels et al. (2004).
In Chapter 1 I use MIDAS for forecasting euro area GDP growth using a small set of selected indicators in an environment with different sampling frequencies and asynchronous releases of information. I run a horse race between a wide set of MIDAS regressions and evaluate their performance, in terms of root mean squared forecast error, against AR and quarterly bridge models. The issue on how to include autoregressive terms in MIDAS regressions is disentangled. Different combinations of variables, through forecast pooling and multi-variable regressions, and different time frequencies are also considered. The results obtained suggest that in general, using MIDAS regressions contributes to increase forecast accuracy.
In addition, I propose new unit root tests that exploit mixed-frequency information. Unit root tests typically suffer from low power in small samples. To overcome this shortcoming, tests exploiting information from stationary covariates have been proposed. I assess whether it is possible to improve the power performance of some of these tests by exploiting mixed-frequency data, through the MIDAS approach. In Chapter 2 I put forward a new class of mixed-frequency covariate-augmented Dickey-Fuller (DF) tests, extending the covariate-augmented DF test (CADF test) proposed by Hansen (1995) and its modified version, similar to the GLS generalisation of the univariate ADF test in Elliott et al. (1996), proposed by Pesavento (2006).
Alternatively to the CADF tests, Elliott and Jansson (2003) proposed a feasible point optimal unit root test in the presence of deterministic components (EJ test hereafter), which extended the univariate results in Elliott et al. (1996). In Chapter 3 I go one step further and include mixed-frequency data in the EJ testing framework. Given that implementing the EJ test requires estimating VAR models, in order to plug in mixed-frequency data in the test regression I propose an unconstrained, though parsimonious, stacked skip-sampled reduced-form VAR-MIDAS model, which is estimated using standard econometric techniques.
The results from a Monte Carlo exercise indicate that mixed-frequency tests have better power performance than low-frequency tests. The gains are robust to the size of the sample, to the lag specification of the test regressions and to different combinations of time frequencies. Moreover, the EJ-family of tests tends to have a better power performance than the CADF-family of tests, either with low or mixed-frequency data. An empirical illustration using the US unemployment rate is presented.
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Hernández, José Luis Sánchez. "A study of dynamics of coupled nonlinear circuits." Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-12192004-194550/unrestricted/sanchez%5Fjose%5Fl%5F200505%5Fphd.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005.<br>Feodor Vainstein, Committee Member ; Dieci Luca, Committee Member ; Yi Yingfei, Committee Member ; Wang Yang, Committee Member ; Shui-Nee, Chow, Committee Chair. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Kidd, Kathleen A. "Interaction of kudzu, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.), and arthropods in North Carolina." 2002. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-10282002-172531/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
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Barb, Adam Wesley. "Phosphomannose isomerase in Nicotiana tabacum L. NT1 and Apium graveolens var. dulce L. cell suspension cultures." 2002. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07022002-133330/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
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Pusey, Eleanor Louise. "The van Hiele model of reasoning in geometry a literature review /." 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04012003-202147/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Unrestricted VAR"
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Ooms, Marius. "The Unrestricted VAR and Its Components." In Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48792-7_2.
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Juselius, Katarina. "The unrestricted VAR." In The Cointegrated VAR Model: Methodology and Applications. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199285662.003.0004.
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Abstract The probability approach in econometrics requires an explicit probability formulation of the empirical model so that a fully specified statistical model can be derived and checked against the data. Assume that we have derived an estimator under the assumption of multivariate normality as demonstrated in the previous chapter.
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Juselius, Katarina. "Testing restrictions on β." In The Cointegrated VAR Model: Methodology and Applications. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199285662.003.0010.
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Abstract Chapter 7 discussed the eigenvector decomposition of the long-run matrix Π and inter prated the unrestricted estimates as a convenient description of the information given by the covariances of the data.
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Juselius, Katarina. "Specific-to-general and general-to-specific." In The Cointegrated VAR Model: Methodology and Applications. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199285662.003.0019.
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Abstract Up to this point we have analysed just one set of variables representing a broadly formulated money market model. The unrestricted VAR model estimated at the first stage of the analysis was just a convenient reformulation of the covariances of the data, and bore little resemblance to the underlying economic model. By systematically imposing more and more, statistically acceptable, restrictions on the VAR, we were able to uncover economically meaningful structures in the data. Such a procedure is called general-to specific modelling. However, some of the findings were consistent with our prior economic hypotheses, others seemed to need a further explanation.
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Juselius, Katarina. "Identification of the long-run structure." In The Cointegrated VAR Model: Methodology and Applications. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199285662.003.0012.
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Abstract When the empirical model is estimated with data that are non-stationary in levels, we need to discuss two different identification problems: identification of the long-run structure (i.e. of the cointegration relations) and identification of the short-run structure (i.e. of the equations of the system). The former is about imposing long-run economic structure on the unrestricted cointegration relations, the latter is about imposing short run dynamic adjustment structure on the equations for the differenced process. In this chapter, we shall primarily discuss identification of the long-run relations and leave the short-run adjustment structure to the next chapter.
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Canova, Fabio, Mary Finn, and Adrian R. Pagan. "Evaluating a real business cycle model." In Nonstationary Time Series Analysis and Cointegration. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198773917.003.0008.
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Abstract Most real business cycle models have been assessed by studying the correspondence of their predictions to a set of stylised facts. This paper argues that such tests are not extensive enough and proposes to evaluate the models using standard econometric procedures. Specifically it is argued that these models should be studied by eliciting the restricted VAR representation underlying them and comparing it with the VAR estimated in an unrestricted way from the underlying data. Allowance is made for cases where the driving forces are integrated and when they are stationary. When forces such as technology shocks are integrated these models produce a specific set of predictions about the cointegrating vectors as well as a set of restrictions upon the dynamics. The approach is illustrated using a real business cycle model estimated by Burnside, Eichenbaum and Rebelo. This model has been subjected to some formal testing based upon stylised facts, and it therefore seems an appropriate one upon which to utilize the formal econometric procedures.
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Ukwueze, Ezebuilo R., Chinasa E. Urama, Henry T. Asogwa, and Oliver E. Ogbonna. "Political Economy of Growth Effects of Defense Expenditure in Nigeria." In Handbook of Research on Military Expenditure on Economic and Political Resources. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4778-5.ch021.
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National security is as important as the existence of a nation. Nigeria has witnessed consistent rise in defense expenditure, with attendant opportunity costs. Internal threats have contributed immensely to the rise in defense expenditure as proliferation of arms and uprising of different ethno-rival groups and incipient militancy and insurgency have created insecurity in the country. Similar pressure and general insecurity has been intensified by increasing spate of kidnapping, politically motivated killings, ethno-religious uprisings, and terrorist web-like war by the Boko Haram sect. It is expedient to investigate the political motivation behind the military expenditure rise. This study is poised to estimate the politico-economic determinants of military expenditure in Nigeria using unrestricted VAR model for estimation. The data were sourced from World Bank's WDI, ICRG data, transparency international and SIPRI data, using Stata 13 software. The results show that ethnic violence, index of corruption, quality of governance, population growth, freedom from corruption affect military expenditure. The authors recommend that improved quality of governance will reduce corruption, ethnic violence, and improve welfare.
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Jeswald W, Salacuse. "10 Monetary Transfers and Treatment." In The Law of Investment Treaties. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198850953.003.0010.
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This chapter describes the treatment accorded to monetary transfers by investment treaties. Nearly all investment treaties grant covered investors or investments the freedom to make monetary transfers. However, the precise nature of such provisions in particular treaties depends upon the differing interests of host country governments. While investors want broad and unrestricted guarantees on monetary transfers, host states seek, in varying degrees, to limit their commitments with respect to monetary transfers and to subject them to qualifications and exceptions. Although the provisions on monetary transfers vary from treaty to treaty, they all tend to address six basic issues: (1) the general scope of the investor's rights to make monetary transfers; (2) the types of payments that are covered by such rights; (3) the nature of the currency in which payments may be made; (4) the applicable exchange rate; (5) the time within which the host state must allow the investor to make transfers; and (6) exceptions to the right to make monetary transfers.
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Israel, Jonathan. "The Patriot Revolution, 1780-1787." In The Dutch Republic. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198730729.003.0042.
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Abstract On the morning of 26 September 1781, copies of a revolutionary booklet entitled Aan het Volk van Nederland (To the People of the Nether lands), published anonymously but written by Baron van der Capellen, were found posted up, and strewn, all over the Republic. Its political message was uncompromising. There had been a time, before the coming of the Habsburgs, when the Dutch people had enjoyed a high level of civil liberty and political freedom, being able to hold the rulers of the different provinces in check by means of the colleges of sworn representatives of the citizenry, the militias, and the influence of the guilds. The basis of this inestimable ‘freedom’ had been the unrestricted right of the citizenry to gather, organize, form committees, choose representatives, and express their views. The people had been stripped of their freedom by Charles V and, especially, Philip II. But the Revolt of 1572 had failed to restore their ‘freedom’.1 Although the quest to regain it had provided the essential impulse behind the Revolt against Philip II and the power of Spain, and there was much that was inspiring in it, from the people’s point of view it had ended in failure. Popular participation in civic and provincial government, momentarily revived by the citizens’ guilds and militias, had been suppressed once more by William the Silent and the regents.
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Chowdappa, V. "ACTIVITY PATTERNS AND AWARENESS OF OPEN ACCESS RESOURCES AMONG ACADEMICS IN KARNATAKA: A CASE STUDY OF BANGALORE UNIVERSITY." In Advancing Library and Information Science: Innovations, Practices, and Future Directions. Vyom Hans Publications, 2025. https://doi.org/10.34256/vadlibs.25.4.35.
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The global Open Access (OA) movement has reshaped the landscape of academic publishing by providing free and unrestricted access to scholarly resources such as research papers, datasets, and journals. The idea behind OA is to make research findings available to all, irrespective of geographic location or institutional affiliation, thus promoting knowledge dissemination and enhancing academic collaboration. In India, Open Access has slowly gained traction, but its usage and awareness among academics vary across regions and institutions. Bangalore University, one of the leading educational institutions in Karnataka, represents an interesting case for exploring the patterns of OA usage and awareness. Situated in an urban centre like Bengaluru, the university has access to better infrastructure, resources, and exposure to global academic trends. However, the degree to which academics in Bangalore University utilize OA resources and understand their benefits is yet to be fully understood. This case study aims to explore the activity patterns and awareness of OA resources among academics at Bangalore University, offering a deeper insight into the factors that influence OA engagement in Indian academic institutions.
Conference papers on the topic "Unrestricted VAR"
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Burentegsh, Dorjjugder, and Péter Elek. "Macroeconomic policy empirical analysis using an unrestricted standard VAR Model." In The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2022.11.
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This paper is mainly about key fiscal policy indicators and their interrelations between each other. The model that is used in the analysis is the Vector Autoregressive Model. There are seven variables selected: GDP, Money Supply, Government Revenue, Government Expenditure, Export, Government Debt, and Global Copper Price. Besides VAR estimation, IRFs are computed to define how variables react to certain shocks. The key finding of the research is that both GDP and government revenue are sensitive to copper price changes and the resulting shock. Copper Price is an effective tool to predict these two variables in the shortrun. Government Revenue is an effective tool to impact export in the short-run. Government Debt is not an effective indicator to affect any variables except Government Expenditure. Money Supply is only effective for GDP. Government Expenditure is also not significantly effective in having an impact on other variables, but is weakly affected by Government Revenue, Copper Price, and Export. Most variables considered in the research belong to fiscal policy, thus, effective fiscal policy can be implemented using the results of this paper.
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Sağlam, Yağmur, and Hüseyin Avni Egeli. "Real Exchange Rate Effects on Trade and Immiserizing Growth: The Case of Turkey 2003-2013." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00863.
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The aim of this study is to examine the long run relationship between real exchange rates and trade within terms of immiserizing growth for Turkey. The relationship between real exchange rates and trade are taking into consideration with two approach which are pass-through and standard theory. So it is observed that which approach is valid for Turkey. Also we tried to see if trade policies which on terms of trade create immiserizing growth or not during the period. We used unrestricted Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) analysis to see the relationship between real exchange rate and trade rate, growth. Also we added a dummy into the VAR which demonstrate the structural break for global economic crisis as an exogenous variable. The results of the application are; in the long term there is no cointegration between trade rate and real exchange rates and growth. So for the short term; the dummy was statistically significant and affects the distribution of series; the relationship between trade rate and real exchange rates are very weak and rarely supports the Standard Theory. Also terms of trade impacts growth rate positively but the effects of growth rate on terms of trade is indeterminate. So there is not an immiserizing growth in Turkey for the period between 2003 and 2013.
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Wild, Paul, and Lutz Schröder. "A Characterization Theorem for a Modal Description Logic." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/181.
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Modal description logics feature modalities that capture dependence of knowledge on parameters such as time, place, or the information state of agents. E.g., the logic S5-ALC combines the standard description logic ALC with an S5-modality that can be understood as an epistemic operator or as representing (undirected) change. This logic embeds into a corresponding modal first-order logic S5-FOL. We prove a modal characterization theorem for this embedding, in analogy to results by van Benthem and Rosen relating ALC to standard first-order logic: We show that S5-ALC with only local roles is, both over finite and over unrestricted models, precisely the bisimulation-invariant fragment of S5-FOL, thus giving an exact description of the expressive power of S5-ALC with only local roles.
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Lindberg, Maria, and Börje Johnsson. "Characterisations and Measurements for Free Release: An Overview of the Studsvik Experiences." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1137.
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Abstract The Studsvik site was originally a research facility with many different activities going on. During the years some of the work was ended and the buildings and facilities were free released and some of them torn down. Three research reactors, one in Stockholm and two in Studsvik, have been decommissioned and their sites have been released for unrestricted use. The waste produced was included in the Studsvik waste management system. There are today ongoing decommissioning projects in Studsvik. One is the dismantling and free release of the old Active Central Laboratory, ACL, together with its ventilation building, ACF, another project is the decommissioning of the old evaporator facility. A recently completed project is the decommissioning of the Van de Graaff accelerator building in Studsvik. The Van de Graaff accelerator was in use from 1962 to 1989. During 1990–1997 work was performed in the building with the aim to clean-up the building and to radiologically map the building including sampling and decontamination for free release. In 1998 a permit for decommissioning of the free released building was given from SSI and during 1999 the building itself was demolished. Free release of metals have been carried out at Studsvik since 1987 and up to date 5700 tonnes have been melted of which 5000 tonnes have been free released. The aim of melting low-level scrap metals from the nuclear industry is to safely determine the radioactive content of the metals before the material is released for unrestricted reuse. Melting services are performed as a part of the decommissioning of the nuclear power plant Würgassen in Germany. Decontamination for decommissioning, melting and free release of the material has been performed on two steam generators from the shutdown Ågesta PHWR. The project was performed in 1992–93 and has been reported earlier. Studsvik has worked with decommissioning and free release since the 1980’ies. This paper gives some examples on different projects performed during these years. The paper also describes the procedures on how to release both buildings and material from regulatory control as well as pre-treatment method introduced in order to minimise the waste needed to be put into final storage.
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Sakalli, Mukaddes, Fahriye Altinay, Mutlu Soykurt, et al. "THE ROLE OF MOOCS IN SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY LEARNING AND PROJECTS." In eLSE 2021. ADL Romania, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-21-199.
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During the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic which has transformed the way we used to live, learning has been reshaped through MOOCs which aim to offer interactive online courses that vary in anything and length seem to revolutionize the education system all over the globe. Therefore, universities are developing new online platforms to go beyond their academic responsibilities with MOOCs to promote understanding of how universities could better fulfil the societal expectations of the people who want to learn anything in their own pace and interest. This new type of education allows people free access and unrestricted participation to any course of their choice. The main aim of this research paper is to investigate the impact of MOOCs on societal inclusion and offer practical suggestions to include high-quality MOOCs on societal learning. 70 research participants responded the questions in the workshop. These questions are related to the analysis of online learning environments and the awareness on social responsibility of research participants. After getting seminar about societal values and projects, research participants reflected their ideas and experiences in MOOCs, online learning and social responsibility learning. In this respect, they pointed out how they enhance their learning and societal values to the societal practices. Research relies on qualitative research design. In addition to this, as the results of the study were gathered from the workshop in societal research and development of the center, this research study become road map for the future direction of higher education in the digitalization and social responsibility role.
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Gheorghiu, Victor. "Ultra-Downsizing of ICEs Based on True Atkinson Cycle Implementations. Thermodynamic Analysis and Comparison on the Indicated Fuel Conversion Efficiency of Atkinson and Classical ICE Cycles." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2096.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Ultra-Downsizing (UD) was introduced as an even higher level of downsizing for Internal Combustion Engines ICEs, see [2] SAE 2015-01-1252.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The introduction of Ultra Downsizing (UD) aims to enhance the power, efficiency, and sustainability of ICEs while maintaining the thermal and mechanical strain within acceptable limits. The following approaches are utilized: <ol class="list nostyle"><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">1</span><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>True</b> Atkinson Cycles are implemented utilizing an asymmetrical crank mechanism called Variable Compression and Stroke Ratios (VCSR). This mechanism allows for extended expansion stroke and continuous adjustment of the Volumetric Compression Ratio (VCR).</div></li><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">2</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Unrestricted two or more stage high-pressure turbocharging and intensive intercooling: This setup enables more complete filling of the cylinder and reduces the compression work on the piston, resulting in higher specific power and efficiency.</div></li><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">3</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">The new Load Control (LC) approach is based to continuous VCR adjustment. By adjusting the VCR without resorting to excessive throttling or external Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), a stoichiometric Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) can be maintained. This facilitates easier exhaust gas aftertreatment using a three-way catalyst.</div></li><li class="list-item"><span class="li-label">4</span><div class="htmlview paragraph">Fuel Flexibility: The continuous VCR adaptation capability enables the engine to operate in multi-fuel mode. In addition to gasoline or diesel, the engine can also run on alternative fuels like pure hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) or H<sub>2</sub> blended with gases like CNG, Biogas, e-fuels, or even ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>). This versatility allows for reduced carbon emissions and increased sustainability.</div></li></ol></div><div class="htmlview paragraph">By combining these approaches, the UD concept aims to achieve higher power output, improved efficiency, and reduced environmental impact in ICEs, all while ensuring the durability and strength of engine components remain within acceptable limits.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The thermodynamic analysis is done separately for <b>ideal</b> and <b>real</b> cycles in order to determine the Indicated Fuel Conversion Efficiency (IFCE), formulaically (for ideal cycles) and quantitatively (for real cycles).</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">AVL BOOST © is used to simulate the <b>real</b> cycles (within cylinder and turbocharger) and MATLAB © to process the simulation results.</div></div>
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Jakubick, Alexander T., and Manfred Hagen. "Environmental Risk and Costs/Benefits of the WISMUT Remediation." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4982.
Full textAbstract:
The Uranium mining and milling activities in Eastern Germany before reunification produced more than 232 000 t of U. Following reunification, £ 6.6 billion were committed to remediation of the left behind liabilities. The inventory of the liabilities comprises operations areas (37 km2), waste rock dumps (311 M m3), tailings (160 M m3), an open pit (84 M m3) and five large underground mines (1.53 M m3). The specific activities are 0.5 to 1 Bq/g for the waste rock, 10 Bq/g for the tailings, up to 500 Bq/g for the water treatment residues and 0.2 to 1 Bq/g for scrap metal. The remediation of the risk associated with this inventory is carried out by WISMUT GmbH. The legal framework of the remediation is set by the Federal Mining Act, the Atomic Act, the Radiation Protection Ordinance and the Water Resources Management Act. The large number and variety of objects that release contaminants at very different rates require, remedial measures to be planned and optimized in an integral way for each site. The integration is done on the basis of Conceptual Site Models (CSM). The CSM helps to balance among the objects the remedial effort, the allocation of resources and allows to flexibly adapt remedial measures to the site/object-specific conditions while maintaining conceptual consistency and focus on the overall remediation goals without compromising essential details. The remediation necessity of individual objects or areas is investigated, justified and the type of remedial measures selected on the basis of Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Studies (RI/FS). In the RI/FS the calculated individual effective dose to the public caused by the object/area in the nonremediated and remediated state is compared with the reference level of 1 mSv per year. Based on RI/FS contaminated areas are remediated either for unrestricted or for restricted use. Waste rock piles are remediated by covering in situ, by relocation and/or by backfilling into an open pit. Currently, approximately 40,000 tons of waste rock are backfilled into a pit per day. Backfilling follows a geochemically optimized placement procedure. In cases where the remediation object was judged vulnerable, remediation was supported by risk assessment. A probabilistic risk assessment was used to justify the dry remediation of the tailings ponds. Technically, the most challenging part of dry tailings remediation is the stabilization of the soft, under-consolidated slimes having a high excess pore water pressure and very low shear strengths. Because total cleanup and relocation of contaminants are not always feasible, the remediation is commonly done by covering of the contaminated object or area, i.e. by confinement. The covers used are either barrier covers that limit infiltration by having a low permeability layer incorporated or an evaporative cover which maximizes infiltration storage till it is removed by evapotranspiration. The largest sources of contaminant release are the discharges from flooded mines and from dewatering of the tailings ponds. Discharge rates vary from 30 m3/h to 1000 m3/h. Because the contaminants load in the discharging mine water decreases with time causing the conventional water treatment to become uneconomic, various alternative water treatment technologies are tested at WISMUT to identify suitable and cost efficient replacement options. Considerable amounts of contaminated debris and scrap metals arise from decommissioning and demolition of the structures. The aim is to categorize and recycle the uncontaminated portion of the scrap metal. The categorization of the scrap metal into contaminated and uncontaminated is by measuring the beta-count rate in the field. To improve the selectivity of the field monitors, specially prepared standards reflecting the operational history of the metal at the particular site are used to calibrate the instruments. Approximately £ 3.9 billion were invested into the remediation by end of 2002. A rough calculation of the specific costs of WISMUT remediation when using re-assessed total costs turned out to be approximately £ 22.6 per kg of U3O8 produced. Considering that this sum includes the indirect costs, the specific remediation costs appear in an international comparison very reasonable.