Relevant bibliographies by topics / Unsaturated ester

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Unsaturated ester'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 1 August 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Unsaturated ester"

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Jargalsaikhan, U., S. Javzan, D. Selenge, D. Nedelcheva, S. Philipov, and J. Nadmid. "Fatty acids and their esters from Cicuta virosa L." Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 14 (October 3, 2014): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v14i0.203.

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n-Hexane and chloroform fractions of aerial parts and roots of Cicuta virosa L. were investigated by GC-MS. As a result of the study 25 fatty acids and their esters have been identified. Two unsaturated esters such as linoleic acid ethyl ester (IX, 16.66%), and n- hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (VII, 10.12%), the fatty acid n-hexadecanioc acid (VI, 8.10%) made up the bulk of the aerial parts. Four unsaturated esters such as linoleic acid ethyl ester (IX, 10.15%), dibutylphthalate (XII, 9.55%), n-hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (VII, 8.19%) and 9, 12, 15 - octadecatrienoic acid ethyl ester (X, 5.9
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Penczek, Piotr, Jagolip Sodhi, and Ryszard Ostrysz. "Unsaturated ester resins." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 101, no. 4 (2006): 2627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.24231.

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Tan, Mélissa, Yanis Caro, Juliana Lebeau та ін. "Screening for Volatile α-Unsaturated Ester-Producing Yeasts from the Feces of Wild Animals in South Africa". Life 12, № 12 (2022): 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12121999.

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α-unsaturated esters are fruity-aromatic compounds which are largely spread in the volatilome of many different fruits, but they are rarely found in the volatilome of yeasts. The yeast S. suaveolens has been recently shown to produce relatively high amounts of α-unsaturated esters and it appears to be an interesting model for the production of these compounds. This study aimed to isolate new α-unsaturated ester-producing yeasts by focusing on strains displaying a similar metabolism to S. suaveolens. While the production of α-unsaturated esters by S. suaveolens is believed to be closely related
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Sawada, Kazutaka, and Hiroshi Kitagaki. "Residual mitochondrial transmembrane potential decreases unsaturated fatty acid level in sake yeast during alcoholic fermentation." PeerJ 4 (January 14, 2016): e1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1552.

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Oxygen, a key nutrient in alcoholic fermentation, is rapidly depleted during this process. Several pathways of oxygen utilization have been reported in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaeduring alcoholic fermentation, namely synthesis of unsaturated fatty acid, sterols and heme, and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. However, the interaction between these pathways has not been investigated. In this study, we showed that the major proportion of unsaturated fatty acids of ester-linked lipids in sake fermentation mash is derived from the sake yeast rather than from rice or koji (rice ferme
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van ALEBEEK, Gert-Jan W. M., Katrien van SCHERPENZEEL, Gerrit BELDMAN, Henk A. SCHOLS, and Alphons G. J. VORAGEN. "Partially esterified oligogalacturonides are the preferred substrates for pectin methylesterase of Aspergillus niger." Biochemical Journal 372, no. 1 (2003): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20021471.

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Investigations on the mode of action of Aspergillus niger pectin methylesterase (PME) towards differently C6- and C1-substituted oligogalacturonides (oligoGalpA) are described. De-esterification of methyl-esterified (un)saturated oligoGalpA proceeds via a specific pattern, depending on the degree of polymerization. Initially, a first methyl ester of the oligomer is hydrolysed, resulting in one free carboxyl group. Subsequently, this first product is preferred as a substrate and is de-esterified for a second time. This product is then accumulated and hereafter de-esterified further to the final
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Huang, Sheng-Han, Wan-Yu Huang, Guo-Lun Zhang та Te-Fang Yang. "Facile Synthesis of 3-Substituted Thiazolo[2,3-α]tetrahydroisoquinolines". Molecules 26, № 20 (2021): 6126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206126.

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It was found that 4-hydroxy-2-butenoic ester (11) could not react with 3,4-dihydro-isoquinoline (4a). Individual addition reactions of γ-mercapto-α,β-unsaturated esters (18) and -unsaturated amide (19) with 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines (4) were carried out under appropriate conditions to provide the corresponding thiazolo[2,3-α]isoquinoline derivatives with good yields (up to 87%) and significant diastereomeric selectivity. The mechanism of the crucial reaction was discussed.
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Al-Jabir, Haider, Majid Ibrahim, and Abdulla Abdulla. "The Detection of Bioactive Compounds in Hemp Seed Oil Using GC-MS Techniques." International Journal of Biological Engineering and Agriculture 3, no. 4 (2024): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51699/ijbea.v3i4.88.

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The study was conducted in the Laboratories of the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq in 2023 to detect the bioactive compounds in hemp seed oil using GC-MS technology. The detection device by GC-MS showed 33 bioactive compounds in hemp seed oil. The results indicate that hemp seed oil contained 16 unsaturated fatty acids. It was found that the content of hemp seed oil was high in the two unsaturated fatty acids, Linoleic acid methyl ester and Oleic acid methyl ester. The peak area percentage of these two unsaturated fatty acids was about 44.15% and 37.45%, respectively. The tw
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Srivastava, Akanksha. "CURING AND DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF VINYL ESTERS OF CYCLOALIPHATIC EPOXY RESINS." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 03 (2022): 944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14475.

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Curing and degradation behavior of two unsaturated esters based on cycloaliphatic epoxy resin containing glycidyl epoxy group (C1E) and epoxy cyclohexane group (C2E)were studied using DSC and TGA Techniques. DSC thermograms of ester C1E and C2E mixed with reactive styrene (40% w/w) and initiator benzoyl peroxide (2%) shows that the curing of ester C2E takes place at higher temperature range in comparison to C1E due to their dense rigid structure. The degradation behavior of cured esters are studied using thermal analyst 2000 equipped with 2950 thermal gravimetric analysis at heating rate 100C
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Srivastava, Akanksha. "CURING AND DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF VINYL ESTERS OF CYCLOALIPHATIC EPOXY RESINS." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 03 (2022): 944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14475.

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Curing and degradation behavior of two unsaturated esters based on cycloaliphatic epoxy resin containing glycidyl epoxy group (C1E) and epoxy cyclohexane group (C2E)were studied using DSC and TGA Techniques. DSC thermograms of ester C1E and C2E mixed with reactive styrene (40% w/w) and initiator benzoyl peroxide (2%) shows that the curing of ester C2E takes place at higher temperature range in comparison to C1E due to their dense rigid structure. The degradation behavior of cured esters are studied using thermal analyst 2000 equipped with 2950 thermal gravimetric analysis at heating rate 100C
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Hanessian, Stephen, Daljit S. Dhanoa та Pierre L. Beaulieu. "Synthesis of carbocycles from ω-substituted α,β-unsaturated esters via radical-induced cyclizations". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, № 8 (1987): 1859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-312.

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The intramolecular radical cyclization of ω-bromo α,β-unsaturated esters for the synthesis of carbocyclic compounds is described. The effect of carbon chain substituents, the bulk of the ester group, and the olefin geometry were examined. The highest level of stereoselectivity (trans/cis: 9/1) was achieved with the Z ester via an exo cyclization. The sequential radical cyclization of a dihalodienoate to give a cis-fused bicyclic structure is also described.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Unsaturated ester"

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Michaille, Sylvie. "Photolyse et photo-oxydation des polyesters insatures a l'etat solide." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF2D013.

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L'evolution photolytique et photo-oxydative des polyesters insatures, reticules ou non, exposes a une lumiere polychromatique de longueurs d'onde superieures a 300 nm, a ete etudiee par spectrophotometries ir, irtf, uv-visible. L'influence de chaque parametre d'elaboration a pu etre determinee: nature et concentration des diacides, nature des glycols, nature et concentration des agents reticulants, mode de reticulation. Les mecanismes mettent en jeu l'excitation primaire des groupes fumarates-maleates ou des groupes phtalates, et des reactions radicalaires rendent compte de l'apparition de pro
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Karila, Delphine. "Etude de la réaction d’esters ω-insaturés médiée par l’iode hypervalent et catalysée par le cuivre : développement d’une nouvelle réaction d’aminolactonisation. Application à la synthèse d’hétérocycles originaux fonctionnalisés". Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112228.

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La réaction d’aziridination catalysée par les sels de cuivre permet de former des aziridines à partir d’oléfines en employant une source de nitrènes générée à partir de aryliminoiodanes.Le développement au laboratoire d’une version « one-pot » impliquant l’iodosylbenzène et un sulfonamide ainsi que l’emploi de l’iminoiodane N-Ses a rendu cette réaction plus attractive en synthèse.La première partie de ce travail a été consacrée à l’étude de la réactivité particulière des esters ω-insaturés dans les conditions d’aziridination. En effet, dans ces conditions, l’aziridine subit une ouverture intra
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Xu, Liqun. "Integrated analysis of liquid composite molding (LCM) processes." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1095688597.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xix, 245 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 233-245).
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Leeves, Nigel John. "Autoxidative degradation of unsaturated fatty acid esters." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1985. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/60dddc77-e1aa-4a11-8ee9-50abbfa8a499/1/.

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The autoxidative degradation of methyl cis-9-octadecenaote, methyl cis-9-cis-12-octadecadienoate and methyl cis-9-cis-12-cis-l5 octadecatrienoate promoted by both transition metal ions and photoinitiators produce volatile products. These were collected by cryogenic and chemical traps, then analysed by glc, HPLC and gc-ms. The major products so identified included; 3-heptanone, heptanal and octanal from methyl cis-9-octadecenoate, hexanal,2-hexenal and 2-heptenal from methyl cis-9-cis-12-octadecadienoate, and propanal, 1-penten-3-ol and 1-penten-3-one from methyl linolenate. Methyl octanoate wa
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Piras, Antioco. "Etude par résonnance magnétique nucléaire haute résolution en solution de la structure des polyesters insaturés." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066483.

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Preparation et caracterisation par rmn a haute resolution d'alpha -omega -dihydroxy polyesters insatures modeles par rmn bidimensionnelle: mise en evidence de 3 types de branchements: cours, longs, cycliques. Preparation de polyesters lineaires par synthese en solution ou a partir de diacetates, reactions non adaptables industriellement sans modification des procedes; mise au point d'une technique de dosage de la reaction de saturation des produits industriels et etude des parametres influant sur cette reaction
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林正乾 and Ching-kin Lam. "Oxidation reaction of unsaturated long chain fatty esters: a sonochemical approach." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31212384.

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Lam, Ching-kin. "Oxidation reaction of unsaturated long chain fatty esters : a sonochemical approach /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14777460.

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Li, Ninglin. "Studies on the reduction of unsaturated thioesters using copper hydride." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B44251324.

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Li, Ninglin, and 李宁琳. "Studies on the reduction of unsaturated thioesters using copper hydride." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44251324.

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Johnson, Brett Michael. "Stereoselective Olefin Cross-Metathesis of α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated Phenyl Esters". Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104818.

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Thesis advisor: Amir H. Hoveyda<br>Chapter 1. Catalytic olefin metathesis has developed into a powerful tool in the arsenal of the synthetic chemist as a quick and reliable method to build complexity in biologically active molecules. One particular subset of this class of reactions, catalytic olefin cross-metathesis, has seen great strides within the last decade. Using recently reported well-defined catalysts, chemists have been able to synthesize olefins in a stereoselective fashion via this reaction in a laboratory setting. While many classes of Z olefins have succumbed to this transformatio
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Books on the topic "Unsaturated ester"

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Robbins, Robert 1916. Derivatives of Piperazine, XI: Addition of 1-Arylpiperazines to Alpha, Beta-Unsaturated Nitriles and Esters. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Unsaturated ester"

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Ullett, J. S., and R. P. Chartoff. "Impact modifiers: (5) modifiers for unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins." In Plastics Additives. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6_45.

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Frankel, Edwin N. "Hydroperoxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Esters." In Oxygen Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5568-7_42.

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Yoneda, Norihiko. "Electrochemical Partial Fluorination of α, β -Unsaturated Esters." In Novel Trends in Electroorganic Synthesis. Springer Japan, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-65924-2_35.

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Zaske, Oscar C., and Sidney H. Goodman. "Unsaturated Polyester and Vinyl Ester Resins." In Handbook of Thermoset Plastics. Elsevier, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-081551421-3.50007-2.

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Faulkner, S., R. C. Whitehead, and R. J. Aarons. "Cyclization of Ester Enolates with Unsaturated Thiocarbonyl Compounds." In Six-Membered Hetarenes with One Chalcogen. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-014-00913.

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Schatz, J., and M. Seler. "Acylation of Thiophene with an Ester." In Fully Unsaturated Small-Ring Heterocycles and Monocyclic Five-Membered Hetarenes with One Heteroatom. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-109-00208.

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Raghavendra Srinivasan, Gokul, Safak Yildizhan, Shalini Palani, Lakshmanan Thangavelu, and Ranjitha Jambulingam. "Molecular Contribution of Fatty Acid Esters in Biodiesel Fueled CI Engines." In Diesel Engines [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102956.

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This present chapter set one’s sight on understanding the contribution of fatty acid ester (FAE) molecules in deciding the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of their biodiesel in CI engine. For this purpose, both produced waste animal fat-oil (WaFO) biodiesel and their characterized FAEs, blended in calculated proportions with neat diesel were tested individually under same testing conditions. Preliminary findings confirmed the significant contribution of FAEs in deciding the overall engine characteristics of WaFO biodiesel; and were influenced by their fundamental molecula
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Christie, William W. "Mass spectrometry of fatty acid derivatives." In Applications of Modern Mass Spectrometry in Plant Science Research. Oxford University PressOxford, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198549659.003.0013.

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Abstract The potential of mass spectrometry (MS) for the identification of fatty acids of natural origin has been evident for many years. However, until relatively recently there were few reports of structural analyses on real samples containing unsaturated fatty acids as opposed to model compounds. The topic has been the subject of several reviews (Minnikin 1978; Schmitz and Klein 1986; Jensen and Gross 1987; Murphy 1993). The main problem has been the location of double bonds, although there have also been difficulties with ring structures or branch-points. There are three general approaches
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Herr, R. J. "α-Diazo Ester Insertion into an Aryl C—H Bond." In Six-Membered Hetarenes with Two Unlike or More than Two Heteroatoms and Fully Unsaturated Larger-Ring Heterocycles. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-017-01482.

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Tominaga, Y. "Intramolecular Cyclization of a Quinolizine Ester Followed by De-ethoxycarbonylation." In Six-Membered Hetarenes with Two Unlike or More than Two Heteroatoms and Fully Unsaturated Larger-Ring Heterocycles. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-017-01684.

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Conference papers on the topic "Unsaturated ester"

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Kelley, DH, and MJ Thompson. "The Corrosion Resistance of Thermoset Composites in Alkaline Environments." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98457.

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Abstract Corrosion engineers need guidelines for selecting thermoset resins for aggressive applications such as hot alkali and alkaline peroxide. The suitability of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) for alkaline service depends on factors such as the ester content of the resin, the unsaturated monomer composition, and the cure system. The purpose of the present paper is to show the effect of these factors on the alkaline corrosion resistance of FRP and provide corrosion engineers with the guidance needed for selecting the best epoxy vinyl ester resins for alkaline environments.
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Anwer, Razi, and Mike Durbin. "Benefits Exhibited by Styrene Free Coating Technology." In SSPC 2016 Greencoat. SSPC, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2016-00020.

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Abstract Styrenated Unsaturated Polyester &amp; Vinyl Ester coatings are accepted for use in chemical immersion tank linings. The primary advantage is the increased chemical resistance to harsh commodities and fast turn around time compared to epoxy coatings. However, styrene is becoming heavily regulated due to its safety and health concerns. Styrene also has a pungent odor and contributes to the significant shrinkage in the coating wet film. Typical styrenated coatings often use wax in the top coat to acquire a tack free surface, but this presents a problem while attempting to recoat. The in
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Srinivasan, Sridhar, and Gerrit Buchheim. "High Temperature Corrosion Quantification in Renewable Diesel and Sustainable Aviation Fuel Applications." In MECC 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/mecc2023-20056.

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Abstract Production of Renewable Diesel (RD) and Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) from biological sources (natural oils) has seen exponential growth in recent years, stemming from worldwide government mandated climate change initiatives alongside the need for carbon capture and sequestration. Significant, rapid investments have occurred in retrofitting / adapting existing refinery hydroprocessing infrastructure to process natural oils or coprocess natural oils blended with crudes to produce RD and SAF. This stems from the fact that natural oils have the hydrocarbon (HC) structures to fit withi
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Srinivasan, Sridhar, Winston Robbins, and Gerrit Buchheim. "Quantifying High Temperature Corrosion in Renewable Diesel and Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19457.

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Abstract Production of Renewable Diesel (RD) and Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) from bio / natural oils has seen tremendous interest and investment in recent years, stemming from worldwide government mandated need to reduce fossil fuel CO2 emissions. Significant, rapid investments have occurred in retrofitting / adapting existing refinery hydroprocessing infrastructure to process natural oils or coprocess natural oils blended with crudes to produce RD and SAF. This stems from the fact that natural oils have the hydrocarbon (HC) structures to fit within the mid-distillate fuel product such as
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Rui, Miao, and Changjin Zhu. "Asymmetric Hydrogenation of , -unsaturated ester with Copper Catalyst." In 2015 International Conference on Industrial Technology and Management Science. Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/itms-15.2015.265.

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Swilley, A., C. Nash, D. McCarthy, et al. "New Developments on Reduced Styrene and Styrene-Free Unsaturated Polyester and Vinyl Ester Formulations." In CAMX 2024. NA SAMPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.33599/nasampe/c.24.0255.

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Nusyirwan, Haznam Putra, and Yul Hizhar. "Identification of fracture surfaces in fracture toughness of blends of unsaturated polyester with vinyl ester." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES (ICOMEET2023). AIP Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0243747.

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Han, X., and S. K. Aggarwal. "A Numerical Investigation on Counterflow Flames of Biodiesel/Diesel Surrogate Blends." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95718.

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There is significant interest in increasing the use of biodiesel fuels especially by blending them with petroleum diesel. Biodiesels typically consist of long-chain saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons along with an alkyl (methyl, ethyl or butyl) ester functional group. Previous studies have demonstrated that the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel fuels are mostly determined by the hydrocarbon chain length and the number and location of unsaturated bonds in their molecular structure. The present study aims to characterize the combustion and emission behavior of biodiesel/di
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Van Acker, K., K. Vercammen, A. Vanhulsel, J. Barriga, A. Arnsek, and M. Kalin. "Friction and Wear of Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings Lubricated With Biodegradable Oils." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63340.

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The tribological behaviour of coated machine components lubricated with a biodegradable saturated ester and unsaturated ester oil has been studied. Different diamond-like carbon-based coatings (DLC) were selected as low friction coatings: pure DLC, Si-doped, Ti-doped and W-doped DLC. The performance of the studied ester oils has been compared with sunflower oil and mineral oil lubrication as reference. The oils were all additivated in the same way with conventional anti-wear (AW) and extreme pressure (EP) additives. Different tests have been performed: disc on disc, ball on disc and block on r
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Moser, Bryan, Kenneth Doll, and Michael Jackson. "Serendipitous production of industrially useful p-cymene by catalytic dehydration and isomerization of perillyl alcohol." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ehhi6828.

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As part of our continuing efforts to produce aliphatic polyesters from fats and oils, we were originally attempting to esterify 9-decenoic acid with perillyl alcohol [(4-isopropenyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)methanol] in the presence of catalytic para-toluenesulfonic acid in refluxing toluene to give tris-unsaturated perillyl decenoate as a monomer for subsequent ADMET and thiol-ene polymerization. The esterification procedure had proven simple and effective for several previous esterifications involving different alcohol/acid combinations, but in this case the expected ester was not observed. Instead
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Reports on the topic "Unsaturated ester"

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Suri, Suresh C., and Jacob C. Marcischak. New Application of Bromotrimethylsilane: Elaboration of Aldehydes/Ketones into Homologous Alpha-Beta-Unsaturated Esters via Beta-Hydroxy Esters. Defense Technical Information Center, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada410496.

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Brown, Herbert C., and Ashok M. Salunkhe. Stereoselective Synthesis of cis-and trans-Beta,Gamma-Unsaturated Carboxylic Esters via Reaction of Alkenyldichloroboranes with Ethyl Diazoacetate. Defense Technical Information Center, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada239049.

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Yamane, Koji, Kiyoshi Kawasaki, Kazutaka Sone, Takeru Hara, and Tirto Prakoso. A Fundamental Study for the Prevention of Biodiesel Fuel Oxidation Deterioration (1st Report)~Unsaturated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Thermal Oxidation Characteristics. SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0556.

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Hefetz, Abraham, and Justin O. Schmidt. Use of Bee-Borne Attractants for Pollination of Nonrewarding Flowers: Model System of Male-Sterile Tomato Flowers. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586462.bard.

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The use of bee natural product for enhancing pollination is especially valuable in problematic crops that are generally avoided by bees. In the present research we attempted to enhance bee visitation to Male Sterile (M-S) tomato flowers generally used in the production of hybrid seeds. These flowers that lack both pollen and nectar are unattractive to bees that learn rapidly to avoid them. The specific objects were to elucidate the chemical composition of the exocrine products of two bumble bee species the North American Bombus impatiens and the Israeli B. terrestris. Of these, to isolate and
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