Relevant bibliographies by topics / Unsatured soil

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Academic literature on the topic 'Unsatured soil'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Unsatured soil"

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Grünberger, O., J. L. Michelot, L. Bouchaou, P. Macaigne, Y. Hsissou, and C. Hammecker. "Capillary rise quantification by field injection of artificial deuterium and laboratory soil characterization." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 5 (October 5, 2010): 7757–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-7757-2010.

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Abstract. In arid contexts, water rises from the saturated level of a shallow aquifer to the drying soil surface where evaporation takes place. This process plays important roles in terms of plant survival, salt balance and aquifer budget. A new field quantification method of this capillary rise flow is proposed using micro-injections (6 μL) of deuterium-enriched solution (δ value of 63 000‰ vs. V-SMOW) into unsatured soil at 1 m depth. Evaluation of peak displacement from a profile sampling 35 days later, delivered estimates that were compared with outputs of numerical simulation based on laboratory hydrodynamic measurements. A rate of 3.7 cm y−1 was observed in a Moroccan site where the aquifer level was 2.44 m deep. This value was higher, than other estimates based on natural diffusion with the same depth of aquifer, but lower than the estimates established using integration of van Genutchen closed-form functions for soil hydraulic conductivity and retention curve.
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Fredlund, Delwyn G. "The 1999 R.M. Hardy Lecture: The implementation of unsaturated soil mechanics into geotechnical engineering." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 963–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t00-026.

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The implementation of unsaturated soil mechanics into geotechnical engineering practice requires that there be a paradigm shift from classical soil mechanics methodology. The primary drawback to implementation has been the excessive costs required to experimentally measure unsaturated soil properties. The use of the soil-water characteristic curve has been shown to be the key to the implementation of unsaturated soil mechanics. Numerous techniques have been proposed and studied for the assessment of the soil-water characteristic curves. These techniques range from direct laboratory measurement to indirect estimation from grain-size curves and knowledge-based database systems. The soil-water characteristic curve can then be used for the estimation of unsaturated soil property functions. Theoretically based techniques have been proposed for the estimation of soil property functions such as (i) coefficient of permeability, (ii) water storage modulus, and (iii) shear strength. Gradually these estimations are producing acceptable procedures for geotechnical engineering practices for unsaturated soils. The moisture flux ground surface boundary condition is likewise becoming a part of the solution of most problems involving unsaturated soils. The implementation process for unsaturated soils will still require years of collaboration between researchers and practicing geotechnical engineers.Key words: unsaturated soil mechanics, soil suction, unsaturated soil property functions, negative pore-water pressure, matric suction, soil-water characteristic curve.
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Alzaidy, Mohammed Nawaf Jirjees. "A Theoretical Study of Some Unsaturated Properties for Different Soils." Journal of University of Babylon for Engineering Sciences 26, no. 9 (November 1, 2018): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jubes.v26i9.1720.

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Soil–water characteristic curves (SWCC) can be defined as the relationship between the water content and suction of an unsaturated soil. It considered a basic relation to explanation of the engineering behaviour of unsaturated soil such as hydraulic conductivity and shear strength, So the study of SWCC is useful to reduce the time and cost of unsaturated soil testing for different engineering purposes. An approach model has been used to predict the SWCC for different soils. The influence of the soils on SWCC shape, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and shear strength parameters have been studied in this paper using mathematical models. The results of SWCC show that suction of clay soil is bigger than sandy soil, while the clayey silt soils exhibit an intermediate behaviour at same water content. The values of unsaturated shear strength are increasing while the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is decreasing with increasing soil suction. This behaviour of the last two parameters with soil suction should be taken in consideration for engineering purposes.
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Koyluoglu, U. "Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 12, no. 7 (1993): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-7261(93)90011-f.

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Wang, Q., D. E. Pufahl, and D. G. Fredlund. "A study of critical state on an unsaturated silty soil." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t01-086.

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Critical state models for unsaturated soils have been proposed in recent years; however, the proposed models have been based on limited experimental data. Compacted specimens have generally been used for research, and the complications of soil fabric resulting from the compaction procedures have brought difficulties into the interpretation of fundamental soil behavior. There is a need to undertake further laboratory research studies on unsaturated soils, particularly to obtain a fundamental understanding of the shear strength and critical state of unsaturated soils by testing soil specimens with simple soil structures. Suction-controlled triaxial drained shear tests on an unsaturated silt were carried out as part of this research program. Specimens were prepared by gradually consolidating the initially slurried soil. The resulting specimens had a relatively simple soil fabric and stress history. The results showed that applying suction to an initially saturated specimen has a similar influence on the stress–strain behavior and critical state characteristics as does increasing its density by applying a higher confining pressure. The critical state lines for the unsaturated soil corresponding to different soil suctions are parallel to those for the saturated soil on the (q : p' ' ), (v : p' ' ), and (vw : p' ' ) planes.Key words: critical state, shear strength, unsaturated soils, volume change, triaxial testing.
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Wong, Tai T., Delwyn G. Fredlund, and John Krahn. "A numerical study of coupled consolidation in unsaturated soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 35, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 926–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t98-065.

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This paper first describes the numerical implementation of the coupled formulation for the theory of consolidation of unsaturated soils. The developed computer code is verified using the Mandel-Cryer problem and then is applied to the solution of coupled multidimensional consolidation problems. Using a parametric study, it is demonstrated that, in unsaturated soils, the Mandel-Cryer effect is suppressed and the consolidation process in unsaturated soils is affected significantly by the shape of the soil-water characteristic curve. Finally, the developed model is used to analyze the consolidation of an unsaturated-saturated soil column. Analysis results indicate that the classical "undrained" pore-water pressure response to an externally applied load only occurs in the saturated zone while the pore-water pressure response is subdued in the unsaturated zone. This paper also shows a method of deriving one of the two additional material parameters required for the analysis of unsaturated soils from laboratory test results.Key words: coupled consolidation, unsaturated soils, Mandel-Cryer effect, soil-water characteristic curve.
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Fredlund, D. G., Anqing Xing, M. D. Fredlund, and S. L. Barbour. "The relationship of the unsaturated soil shear strength to the soil-water characteristic curve." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 3 (July 2, 1996): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-065.

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The measurement of soil parameters, such as the permeability and shear strength functions, used to describe unsaturate soil behaviour can be expensive, difficult, and often impractical to obtain. This paper proposes a model for predicting the shear strength (versus matric suction) function of unsaturated soils. The prediction model uses the soil-water characteristic curve and the shear strength parameters of the saturated soil (i.e., effective cohesion and effective angle of internal friction). Once a reasonable estimate of the soil-water characteristic curve is obtained, satisfactory predictions of the shear strength function can be made for the unsaturated soil. Closed-form solutions for the shear strength function of unsaturated soils are obtained for cases where a simple soil-water characteristic equation is used in the prediction model. Key words: soil suction, soil-water characteristic curve, shear strength function, unsaturated soil.
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Houston, Sandra, and Xiong Zhang. "Review of expansive and collapsible soil volume change models within a unified elastoplastic framework." Soils and Rocks 44, no. 3 (July 8, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2021.064321.

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Numerous laboratory tests on unsaturated soils revealed complex volume-change response to reduction of soil suction, resulting in early development of state surface approaches that incorporate soil expansion or collapse due to wetting under load. Nonetheless, expansive and collapsible soils are often viewed separately in research and practice, resulting in development of numerous constitutive models specific to the direction of volume change resulting from suction decrease. In addition, several elastoplastic models, developed primarily for collapse or expansion, are modified by add-on, such as multiple yield curves/surfaces, to accommodate a broader range of soil response. Current tendency to think of unsaturated soils as either expansive or collapsible (or, sometimes, stable), has likely contributed to lack of development of a unified approach to unsaturated soil volume change. In this paper, common research and practice approaches to volume change of unsaturated soils are reviewed within a simple macro-level elastoplastic framework, the Modified State Surface Approach (MSSA). The MSSA emerges as a unifying approach that accommodates complex volume change response of unsaturated soil, whether the soil exhibits collapse, expansion, or both. Suggestions are made for minor adjustments to existing constitutive models from this review, typically resulting in simplification and/or benefit to some of the most-used constitutive models for unsaturated soil volume change. In the review of practice-based approaches, the surrogate path method (SPM), an oedometer/suction-based approach, is demonstrated to be consistent with the MSSA framework, broadly applicable for use with expansive and collapsible soils, and yielding results consistent with measured field stress-path soil response.
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Pham, Hung Q., and Delwyn G. Fredlund. "Volume–mass unsaturated soil constitutive model for drying–wetting under isotropic loading–unloading conditions." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 280–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t10-061.

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A rigorous volume–mass constitutive model is proposed for the representation of drying–wetting under isotropic loading–unloading conditions for unsaturated soils. The proposed model utilizes concepts arising from soil physics and geotechnical engineering research and requires readily obtainable soils data for soil properties. The model can be used to predict void ratio and water content constitutive relationships (and therefore degree of saturation) for a wide range of unsaturated soils. Various stress paths (i.e., loading–unloading and drying–wetting) can be simulated, and hysteresis associated with the soil-water characteristic curve is taken into account. Two closed-form equations for the volume–mass constitutive relationships are presented for soils starting from slurry conditions. A number of test results (i.e., from experimental programs reported in the research literature) were used during the verification of the proposed volume–mass constitutive model. The volume–mass constitutive model captures key unsaturated soil conditions such as air-entry value, water-entry value, and residual conditions. The proposed model appears to satisfactorily predict unsaturated soil behavior for soils ranging from low compressible sands to high compressible clays.
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Menon, Shashank, and Xiaoyu Song. "Coupled Analysis of Desiccation Cracking in Unsaturated Soils through a Non-Local Mathematical Formulation." Geosciences 9, no. 10 (October 2, 2019): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100428.

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The formation of desiccation cracks in unsaturated soils as a discontinuity phenomenon can compromise the integrity of civil infrastructure on unsaturated soils. Because of the singularity at such discontinuities, the mathematical modeling of desiccation cracking is challenging. In this study, we apply a coupled nonlocal peridynamic poroelastic framework to model desiccation cracking in unsaturated soils. The soil skeleton is modeled by a nonlocal peridynamic elastic solid. A peridynamic equivalence of the generalized Darcy’s law is utilized to model unsaturated fluid flow. Cracking is determined by a critical stretch criterion between material points as well as an energy criterion. We present numerical simulations of desiccation cracking in soil bars and thin soil discs for one-dimensional cracking and two-dimensional cracking networks, respectively. The numerical results have demonstrated that the proposed nonlocal mathematical framework is a promising and robust method for modeling desiccation cracking in unsaturated soils.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Unsatured soil"

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Muthineni, Srinivas. "Two Dimensional Numerical Modelling Of Variably Saturated Flows." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/255.

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The prediction of moisture and contaminant transport through unsaturated soil to ground water is becoming increasingly important in the fields of hydrology, agriculture and environmental engineering. Computer aided simulation techniques enables one to conduct a series of systematic numerical experiments to analyze flow phenomenon in subsurface hydrology under various physical and chemical processes. The flow movement depends upon medium characteristics, initial and boundary conditions, which reflect, physical processes occurring below the ground. To understand the effects of physical process an efficient and accurate model is needed. Thus the model developed must be able to handle varied initial and boundary conditions. In this regard, infiltration into a very dry soil becomes a very important problem of study. Most of the earlier numerical models developed are concentrated on the development of an efficient algorithm or the modelling of a particular process which govern the flow in unsaturated or saturated-unsaturated homogeneous medium. Not much work has been done on the analysis of variably saturated flow in layered soil medium. Models to simulate unsaturated flow through dry soils, especially through layered soils with varied boundary conditions are very limited. Further, not much studies have been reported in the literature on the prediction of seepage face development and the phreatic surface movement in variably saturated media with layering. These aspects are very important in determining the flow field and the discharge from the domain. A detailed literature review covering above aspects has been made and is reported in this thesis. In the present work, two dimensional numerical models to predict the movement of wetting front in unsaturated domain and the movement of the phreatic surface in homogeneous and layered porous media under various initial and boundary conditions are developed based on finite difference and finite volume techniques. These models can handle flow in both rectangular flow domains and radial flow domains. The initial condition settings include the handling of very dry soil medium without any transformation of the governing equation, handling of infiltration and constant head conditions at the boundaries under steady state as well as transient scenarios. The models are also able to handle various soil moisture characteristics which depict the nonlinear behaviour between hydraulic conductivity, moisture content and pressure head in a soil media. A mixed form of the governing partial differential equation is used in the present study as it leads to better mass conservation. The finite difference model uses a central difference approximation for the space derivatives and an Eulerian backward difference approximation for the time derivative. The fully implicit formulation is solved iteratively using Strongly Implicit Procedure after making Picard approximation for the highly nonlinear coefficients. The process of infiltration into an initially dry soil leads to the development of a steep wetting front. As the finite volume technique is naturally an upwind method, it is expected to play a positive role in modelling such processes accurately. Hence, a finite volume model is also developed by approximating the convective part using a MUSCL approach and a fully implicit central difference method for the diffusive part of the governing equation. The models developed are validated using both experimental data and numerical solutions for problems reported in the literature. The validation problems cover a wide range of physical scenarios such as: infiltration into a very dry soil, infiltration into a dry soil column with gravity drainage, development of water table mound, steady state drainage in a sand filled wedge shaped tank with seepage face development and transient seepage face development in a rectangular domain. Five test problems are used for the validation of the models. The developed models perform very well for the test problems considered, indicating the models' capability in handling such situations. The results obtained by using the present models for simulating flow through highly unsaturated (very dry) soils show that the models perform very well when compared with models which use transformation techniques to handle such problems. The performance of the present models in comparison with the experimental data and numerical models available in the literature show the suitability of the present models in handling such situations. The present models are also used to analyse various types of unsaturated flow problems with varying initial and boundary conditions. The boundary conditions considered are no flow and /or free flow conditions along the left, right and bottom boundaries with infiltration condition along a part of the top boundary. For the various cases considered in the present study, infiltration rate varies from 5 cm/day to 50cm/day through an initially very dry soil of -15000 cm pressure head in homogeneous and layered soils. Different types of soil media considered vary from sandy loam, loam and clay with horizontal and vertical layering of these soils. A total number of 14 cases are analysed. The results are discussed in terms of pressure head variation in the flow domain along with moisture redistribution for all the cases under consideration. It is observed from these studies that the infiltration rate play an important role on the wetting front movement through layered soils depending on the type of layering and the boundary conditions considered. The soil properties of various layers affect the movement of wetting front by changing the direction of movement. Even though the wetting front movement is predominantly vertical, there is a tendency for the wetting front to move in the horizontal direction as it moves from a coarse soil to fine soil. It is also observed that the vertical layering of soils with different hydraulic conductivity helps in redirecting the flow towards the bottom boundary through the neighboring coarser layers. As finite volume method is more suitable for simulating sharp fronts, it is expected to perform better than finite difference method for simulating infiltration into very dry soils. So, a comparison is made between the performance of these two models by using the above test problems. It is observed from these studies that the performance of both the models are same except that the finite volume method takes much more CPU time than the finite difference model. Considering the type of problems tested, it is observed that for modelling unsaturated and saturated-unsaturated flows, finite difference method is better in comparison to finite volume method. It may be due to the predominant diffusive characteristics of the governing equation even while modelling flow through very dry soils. Proper estimation of the seepage height is an important aspect in finding the discharge through the porous medium. It is observed from the literature that the use of a saturated flow model in such situations can lead to an underestimation of the discharge through the porous medium. This effect is more important when dealing with small dimension problems. It is also observed that various parameters which govern the moisture movement through saturated-unsaturated regions affect proper estimation of the seepage face height and there by discharge. Various factors like effect of boundary conditions, type of soil layering, problem dimension and aspect ratio on seepage face development and the associated phreatic surface formation is studied in the present work. It is seen from the present study that the seepage face development is more in rectangular flow domain than in radial flow domain for both homogeneous and layered soils. It is also seen that the seepage face development in rectangular problems are more sensitive than radial flow problems for various factors considered. The seepage height is also influenced by the tail water level. It is seen from the present study that as the tail water level increases the seepage face reduces with no seepage face development for some of the cases studied. This influence is relatively less for radial flow problems. As the length of the domain increases the seepage height decreases. It is seen that for different cases with same horizontal dimension, as the height of the domain increases the seepage face height also increases. This phenomenon is observed for both homogeneous and layered soil medium. The influence of the aspect ratio, which is the ratio of the length to height of the domain indicate that as the aspect ratio increases the seepage height decreases. The type of the soil layering is observed to have a very strong influence on the seepage face development. The study for understanding the effect of soil layering on the development of seepage face and phreatic surface suggest that as the coarseness of the material increases, the phreatic surface become flatter and its steepness increases with the fineness of the soil. The present model is also used for studying the transient phreatic surface movement and the seepage face development. This is studied for homogeneous and layered rectangular soil medium. The present study is used to understand the effect of specific storage on the phreatic surface movement and the seepage face development. The studies indicate that the influence of specific storage on the seepage face development is insignificant in homogeneous soils with only very little effect in the early time for longer domains. It is also observed that the influence of the specific storage is significant in the case of layered soils. This effect depends on the type of layering and the problem dimension and is observed to have influence for relatively longer period. This observation suggests the importance of specific storage on transient seepage face development. When the specific storage effect is considered the drainage of the soil become faster resulting in a faster decline of the phreatic surface with time. The influence of specific storage is also studied considering the problem dimension effect. It is seen that as the aspect ratio increases, the effect of specific storage on the phreatic surface development decreases. The studies with change in the upstream boundary condition from a constant head to a no flow condition indicate that the effect of specific storage has no significant influence on the phreatic surface development for both homogeneous and layered soils.
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Zuccolo, Paula Lodo. "Procedimento para estimativa da confiabilidade geotécnica a partir de simulações numéricas: aplicação a um talude de solo não saturado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-10072017-095348/.

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Todo cálculo em engenharia está sujeito a incertezas, já que nenhum modelo descreve perfeitamente a realidade e está susceptível a erros de diversas espécies. No entanto, em se tratando de geotecnia, as incertezas podem ser ainda maiores, pois o material estudado – o solo – apresenta grande variabilidade. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo discutir os principais métodos de confiabilidade, e propor um procedimento prático e automático para cálculo da confiabilidade geotécnica a partir do acoplamento de um programa comercial de geotecnia – o GeoStudio – e e um programa acadêmico de confiabilidade – o StRAnD – por meio de um código em linguagem Fortran. O índice de confiabilidade e a probabilidade de falha foram estimados pelo método de primeira ordem (FORM), que mostrou bons resultados e um custo computacional bastante inferior aos métodos de simulação. O exemplo estudado nesse trabalho consistiu em um talude de solo não saturado, de forma a investigar a grande variação dos parâmetros em função da sucção. O uso do FORM nesse caso também se justificou pelo fato de as análises de fluxo terem um longo tempo de processamento. Os resultados encontrados para essa aplicação evidenciaram a importância da variabilidade dos parâmetros nas análises de confiabilidade, que podem modificar totalmente a confiabilidade do sistema. Os resultados mostraram ainda as discrepâncias que podem ocorrer em relação à análise determinística, seja em termos da superfície crítica ou do próprio diagnóstico de segurança do talude. As análises com o FORM forneceram também informações sobre a sensibilidade dos parâmetros, possibilitando reduzir o número de variáveis de forma a considerar apenas as que contribuam de forma significativa na confiabilidade, no caso, coesão, ângulo de atrito, Φb e peso específico. Ainda que os parâmetros hidráulicos não tenham apresentado grande sensibilidade neste exemplo, o aumento da quantidade de água que entra no talude, seja pelo aumento da condutividade hidráulica ou pela intensidade da chuva, mostrou uma tendência de aumento da sensibilidade desses parâmetros.
Every calculation in engineering is subject to uncertainty, since no model perfectly describes the reality and it is susceptible to errors of various kinds. However, when it comes to geotechnics, uncertainties can be even greater, because the studied material – soil – shows great variability. This paper aims to discuss the main reliability methods, and propose a practical and automatic procedure for geotechnical reliability calculation from coupling a commercial geotechnical program – the GeoStudio – and an academic reliability program – the StRAnD – using a Fortran code. The reliability index and the probability of failure were estimated by first-order method (FORM), which showed good results and much lower computational cost than the simulation methods. The sample studied in this work consisted in an unsaturated soil slope, in order to investigate the large variation of the parameters as a function of suction. The use of FORM in this case is also justified by the fact that flow analysis have a long processing time. The results for this application highlighted the importance of the parameters variability on reliability analysis, which can completely change the system reliability. The results also showed discrepancies that may occur in relation to the deterministic analysis, in terms of the critical surface or slope safety diagnosis. Analyses with FORM also provided information on the sensitivity of parameters, enabling to reduce the number of variables in order to consider only those that significantly contribute in reliability, in this case, cohesion, friction angle, Φb , and unit weight. Although the hydraulic parameters have not shown high sensitivity in this example, increasing the amount of water which enters the slope, by increasing hydraulic conductivity or the rainfall intensity, showed a tendency to increase the sensitivity of these parameters.
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Muttharam, M. "Engineering Behaviour Of Ash-Modified Soils Of Karnataka." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/256.

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During a survey of black cotton soil zones of Karnataka, indigenously stabilized black cotton soil deposits were encountered in Belgaum, Bijapur, Bagalkot and Gadag Districts of Karnataka. These modified black cotton soils have low swelling and negligible shrinkage tendencies. Owing to their low volume change potential on moisture content changes, these soils are widely preferred in earth construction activities. The exact origin of these modified black cotton soil deposits is not known. According to anecdotal references, these soils were prepared by mixing unknown proportions of wood ash, organic matter and black cotton soil and allowing them to age for unknown periods of time. As wood-ash was apparently used in their preparation, these modified black cotton soils are referred to as ash-modified soils (AMS) in the thesis. The practice of preparing ash-modified soils is no longer pursued in black cotton soil regions of Karnataka and the available supply of this indigenously stabilized soil is being fast depleted. Also, attempts have not been made to characterize the physico-chemical and engineering properties of AMS deposits of Karnataka. Given the widespread utilization of ash-modified soils in black cotton soil areas of Karnataka, there is a need to understand their physico-chemical and engineering behaviour and the physico-chemical mechanisms responsible for their chemical modification. Swelling and shrinkage of expansive soil deposits are cyclic in nature due to periodic climatic changes. Chemically stabilized black cotton soil deposits are also expected to experience cyclic wetting and drying due to seasonal climatic changes. The impact of cyclic wetting and drying on the swelling behaviour of natural expansive soils is well-documented. However, the impact of alternate wetting and drying on the swelling behaviour of admixture stabilized expansive soils (these include natural - ash-modified soils and laboratory - lime stabilized black cotton soils) has not been examined. Such a study would be helpful to assess the long term behaviour of admixture stabilized soils in field situations. To achieve the above objectives, experiments are performed that study: 1.The physico-chemical and engineering properties of ash-modified soils from different Districts of Karnataka. The physico-chemical and engineering properties of natural black cotton soil (BCS) specimens from locations adjacent to ash-modified soil deposits are also examined to understand and evaluate the changes in the engineering characteristics of the ash-modified soils due to addition of admixtures. 2. Identify the physico-chemical mechanisms responsible for the chemical stabilizationof ash-modified soils. 3.The influence of cyclic wetting and drying on the wetting induced volume changebehaviour of admixture stabilized black cotton soils, namely, ash-modified blackcotton soils and lime stabilized black cotton soils.
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Robert, Dilan Jeyachandran. "Soil-pipeline interaction in unsaturated soils." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265508.

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Pipelines that are used for the transport of energy and services are very important lifelines to modem society. Though pipelines are generally buried in unsaturated soils, the design guidelines are based on the assumption that the soil is either dry or fully saturated. For certain geotechnical problems, this assumption may not be acceptable because the water meniscus formed between soil particles creates an additional normal force between them by suction, which in turn forms temporary bonds. A recent series of large-scale physical model experiments at the Pipeline Engineering Research Laboratory (PERL) of Tokyo Gas, Japan show a higher peak load under unsaturated conditions compared to dry conditions. In contrast, recent experiments performed at Cornell University (CU) show that the soil-load due to lateral pipeline movement in dry and unsaturated sands are virtually the same. Thus, the effect of partial saturation on soil loading to pipeline may be different depending on soil type, moisture content and density. The current study investigates this problem through triaxial testing and constitutive modelling of the unsaturated soils used for the experiments and finite element simulations of the experiments. The mechanical behaviour of the sands used in the physical model experiments has been investigated by conducting a series of laboratory experiments. When compacted to the same energy level, Tokyo Gas sand exhibits larger strength in unsaturated conditions than in dry conditions at low confining stress levels mainly due to the suction-induced apparent cohesion generated by the fine particles present in the sand. In contrast, for coarser Cornell sand, the suction effect is found to be small even at low confining stress level, and hence the strength in unsaturated conditions is similar to that in dry ( or fully saturated) conditions. To capture the observed behaviour of dry as well as unsaturated soils, advanced constitutive soil models were developed. For dry (or fully saturated) soils, the modified Mohr-Coulomb and Original Nor-Sand (Cheong, 2006) models were able to simulate the general behaviour including the strain softening effect. To cater for the behaviour of unsaturated soils, the saturated versions of the NorSand and the modified Mohr-Coulomb models were modified in conjunction with the generalised effective stress framework. By simulating the triaxial experimental data, it is demonstrated that the developed models can predict the realistic soil behaviour of unsaturated soils. Using the developed models, the large scale physical model experiments of pipelines subjected to lateral soil movements at PERL and CU were simulated by the explicit finite element method. Good agreement was found between the numerical models and the experiments. Further FE analyses were conducted to investigate the pipeline behaviour under lateral soil movement at conditions of different HID's, moisture contents, and relative densities. The results were synthesized to produce new normalised pipe load charts. Three dimensional finite element analysis was performed to simulate the soil-pipeline interaction under strike-slip fault movements. The finite element model was first validated by comparing the computed results to the data produced from a full scale experiment carried out at CU. The analysis was then further extended by varying the initial conditions of the sand (sand type, density, moisture content, etc.), pipe material, pipe burial depth, and pipeline-fault rupture inclination. It was found in all cases that the peak lateral loads on the pipelines subjected to strike-slip fault movements are less than or equal to the peak loads computed by the 2-D lateral movement simulations.
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Vieira, Gersonito da Silva. "Desenvolvimento de equipamento para ensaios CRS com sucção controlada e ensaios em solos não saturados cimentados artificialmente." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2006. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3712.

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This research presents the development of equipment for CRS tests with controlled suction and tests with artificially cemented unsatured soils. It was designed and constructed four apparatus at the geotechnical laboratory of the Federal University of Viçosa. The cells have an interchangeable high air entry value ceramic disc on its base. It was also designed a software for data acquisition and an apparatus for measurement of the volume of water dislocated from the sample. It was used two residual soils from Minas Gerais. Samples prepared by compaction were used in order to assure homogeneity and to avoid deviations in test results and interpretation. The tests were carried out with different levels of applied suction. Part of the samples was prepared with the addition of different amounts of Portland cement to simulate soil matrix. After cure, these samples added with cement were saturated and subjected to CRS compression tests, using the consolidation test apparatus developed. It was noticed a structure failure at low-tension levels because of the sample elaboration method. The equipment was testified as functional.
Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de equipamentos para ensaios CRS com sucção controlada e ensaios em solos não saturados cimentados artificialmente. Foram projetadas e construídas quatro células no Laboratório de Geotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. As células têm em sua base uma pedra porosa, de alto valor de entrada de ar, intercambiável. Também foram desenvolvidos um aparato de medição de volume de água deslocado do corpo-de-prova e um programa para aquisição de dados. Utilizaram-se dois solos residuais jovens de Minas Gerais. Foram usadas amostras remoldadas por compactação com o intuito de assegurar a homogeneidade e evitar desvios nos resultados dos testes e na interpretação dos dados. Os ensaios foram conduzidos com diferentes níveis de sucção. Parte das amostras foi preparada com a adição de teores de cimento Portland pra gerar uma estruturação no solo. Após o período de cura, as amostras com adição de cimento foram saturadas e submetidas ao ensaio CRS, usando os aparatos desenvolvidos. Observou-se uma quebra da estrutura com baixos níveis de tensão devido ao método adotado na elaboração das amostras. Constatou-se um bom funcionamento dos equipamentos desenvolvidos.
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Mahmutovic, Dino. "Etude du comportement des sols proches de la saturation : Validation numérique suressais de laboratoire et ouvrages en terre." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI107.

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Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet ANR Terredurable qui regroupe 4 thèses à vocation expérimentale et 2 thèses à vocation théorique, et peut être rangé dans la deuxième catégorie.Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude du comportement hydro-mécanique des sols fins dans les ouvrages en terre. Ces sols se caractérisent par une saturation proche de 1 avec une présence d’air occlus apportant une forte compressibilité au fluide interstitiel. Ces sols ont un comportement qui diffère de celui des sols désaturés au-delà de l’entrée d’air et des sols parfaitement saturés.Le travail réalisé peut-être décomposé en plusieurs parties :Tout d’abord, la notion de compactage est étudiée dans le but de mieux comprendre l’importance que joue l’air de part et d’autre de l’optimum Proctor. Un travail sur la caractérisation de l’état de contrainte dans le sol à la fin du compactage et de l’évolution de sa contrainte de préconsolidation est apporté.Un modèle théorique permettant de prédire le comportement hydro-mécanique des sols proches de la saturation est présenté. Il permet de répondre à des problématiques telles que la montée des pressions interstitielles dans les noyaux de barrage pendant la construction ou encore le déconfinement de déblais après travaux de terrassement. Le modèle développé se basant sur la quantité d’air occlus au sein du fluide interstitiel a été implémenté dans un code de calcul aux différences finies et comparé aux mesures expérimentales d’essais de laboratoire et ouvrages en terre. L’instrumentation et le suivi au cours du temps du gonflement d’un déblai marneux ont été réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse
The research presented is funded by the French National Project “TerreDurable” which is dedicated to the constitutive relations of soils in quasi-saturated conditions (close to saturation).This thesis is devoted to the study of hydro-mechanical behavior of fine soils in earthworks. These soils are closed to saturation with the presence of occluded air providing high compressibility in interstitial fluid. These soils have a behavior that differs from non-saturated soil (after air entry) and fully saturated soils.The work may be divided into several parts:• Study of compaction of fine soils and evolution of soil physical characteristics in order to characterize the initial state for a numerical modeling.• Development of a theoretical model and its implementation in a finite differences code in order to predict the evolution of pore pressure and deformation of soil near to saturation. Comparison with experimental measurements (laboratory tests and earthworks). The instrumentation and the monitoring of a marl earthwork excavation were made in the context of this thesis
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Weber, Rodrigo Carreira. "Avaliação das trajetórias de umedecimento e secagem na deformabilidade elástica de solos compactos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/87341.

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Este trabalho analisa os efeitos das trajetórias de umedecimento e secagem no módulo de resiliência e cisalhamento direto quanto à resistência e deformabilidade elástica de solos compactados através de ensaios triaxiais de carga cíclica e ensaios de cisalhamento direto. O solo estudado é oriundo de jazida localizada próximo à BR116/RS, no município de Guaíba, sendo usualmente utilizado como material para execução de aterros rodoviários. As curvas de retenção do solo foram obtidas pelo método de papel filtro para solos compactados com variação de teor de umidade ótima de ±2%. Os estudos de módulo de resiliência e de resistência ao cisalhamento foram analisados nestas condições e demonstraram que o efeito do teor de umidade é significativo nas trajetórias de secagem e umedecimento. As curvas de retenção mostraram diferentes formas de acordo com a umidade de compactação e apresentaram histerese após a amostra ser submetida à trajetória de secagem. Observou-se que os solos compactados no ramo seco apresentaram valores mais elevados de módulo de resiliência e de resistência ao cisalhamento que aqueles que se encontravam no ramo úmido da curva de compactação. Uma análise do solo compactado no ramo seco e umedecido posteriormente até o ramo úmido teve comportamento semelhante aos moldados neste ramo. Por outro lado, na trajetória de secagem dos solos compactados no ramo úmido observou-se um aumento na resistência. Os modelos de desempenho para módulo de resiliência apresentaram boas correlações e para os que utilizam a sucção, observa-se um comportamento diferente com relação aos que não utilizam e com relação às constantes de cada modelo.
This paper analyzes the effects of wetting and drying paths in resilient modulus and shear strength for resistance and elastic deformability of compacted soils through triaxial cyclic load tests and direct shear tests. The soil studied is derived from BR116/RS near the Guaiba’s city, usually being used for subgrade. The retention curves of the soil were obtained by the filter paper method, with optimum moisture content varying a range of ± 2%. The studies of resilient modulus and shear strength were analyzed in these conditions and showed that the effect of moisture content is significant in the drying and wetting trajectories. The retention curves showed different forms according to the moisture content in the compaction, showed hysteresis after the specimen is subjected to the drying trajectory. It was observed that the soils compacted and tested in the dry branch had higher resilient modulus and shear strength than those compacted in the wet branch. An analysis of the soil compacted in the dry branch and subsequently dampened up to the wet branch had similar behavior to the soil molded ah this branch. On the other hand, in the trajectory of drying of the compacted soil at wet branch there is an increase in resistance. Performance models for resilient modulus showed good correlations and those using suction, observe a different behavior with respect to that use and not with respect to the constants of each model.
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Lacoul, Sriranjan. "Consolidated-drained shear-strength of unsaturated soil." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66044.

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Li, Xu. "Dual-porosity structure and bimodal hydraulic property functions for unsaturated coarse granular soils /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202009%20LI.

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Uchaipichat, Anuchit Civil &amp Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Experimental investigation and constitutive modelling of thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling in unsaturated soils." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22068.

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A thermo-elastic-plastic model for unsaturated soils has been presented based on the effective stress principle considering the thermo-mechanical and suction coupling effects. The thermo-elastic-plastic constitutive equations for stress-strain relations of the solid skeleton and changes in fluid content and entropy for unsaturated soils have been established. A plasticity model is derived from energy considerations. The model derived covers both associative and non-associative flow behaviours and the modified Cam-Clay is considered as a special case. All model coefficients are identified in terms of measurable parameters. To verify the proposed model, an experimental program has been developed. A series of controlled laboratory tests were carried out on a compacted silt sample using a triaxial equipment modified for testing unsaturated soils at elevated temperatures. Imageprocessing technique was used for measuring the volume change of the samples subjected to mechanical, thermal and hydric loading. It is shown that the effective critical state parameters M, ???? and ???? are independent of temperature and matric suction. Nevertheless, the shape of loading collapse (LC) curve was affected by temperature and suction. Furthermore, the temperature change affected the soil water characteristic curve and an increase in temperature caused a decrease in the air entry suction. The simulations from the proposed model are compared with the experimental results. The model calibration was performed to extract the model parameters from the experimental results. Good agreement between the results predicted using the proposed model and the experimental results was obtained in all cases.
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Books on the topic "Unsatured soil"

1

H, Rahardjo, ed. Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils. New York: Wiley, 1993.

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Fredlund, D. G., and H. Rahardjo. Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470172759.

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Murray, E. J. Unsaturated soils: A fundamental interpretation of soil behaviour. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

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Ng, C. W. W. Unsaturated soil mechanics and engineering. London: Taylor & Francis, 2007.

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Unsaturated geomaterials. London, UK: ISTE, 2010.

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H, Rahardjo, Toll D. G, and Leong E. C, eds. Unsaturated soils for Asia: Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Unsaturated Soils UNAT-ASIA 2000/Singapore/18-19 May 2000. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 2000.

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International Workshop on Unsaturated Soils (2000 Trento, Italy). Experimental evidence and theoretical approaches in unsaturated soils: Proceedings of an International Workshop on Unsaturated Soils, Trento, Italy, 10-12 April 2000. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema, 2000.

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Schanz, T., ed. Experimental Unsaturated Soil Mechanics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-69873-6.

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Fredlund, D. G. Unsaturated soil mechanics in engineering practice. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

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Hoyos, Laureano, and Hany Shehata, eds. Advancements in Unsaturated Soil Mechanics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34206-7.

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Book chapters on the topic "Unsatured soil"

1

Robert, Dilan, and Kenichi Soga. "Soil-Pipeline Interaction in Unsaturated Soils." In Mechanics of Unsaturated Geomaterials, 303–25. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118616871.ch13.

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Xu, Yongfu, and Ling Cao. "Soil Mechanics of Unsaturated Soils with Fractal-Texture." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 6, 519–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09060-3_92.

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Novák, Viliam, and Hana Hlaváčiková. "Water in Unsaturated Soil." In Applied Soil Hydrology, 119–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01806-1_9.

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Angulo-Jaramillo, Rafael, Vincenzo Bagarello, Massimo Iovino, and Laurent Lassabatere. "Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Properties." In Infiltration Measurements for Soil Hydraulic Characterization, 181–287. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31788-5_3.

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Wang, Chi-Yuen, and Michael Manga. "Groundwater Level." In Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences, 155–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64308-9_6.

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AbstractGroundwater level has long been known to respond to earthquakes; several types of response have been documented. Advances in the last decade were made largely through the studies of water-level response to Earth tides and barometric pressure. These studies have demonstrated that the hydraulic properties of groundwater systems are dynamic and change with time in response to disturbances such as earthquakes. This approach has been applied to estimate the permeability of several drilled active fault zones, to identify leakage from deep aquifers used for the storage of hazardous wastewater, and to reveal the potential importance of soil water and capillary tension in the unsaturated zone. Enhanced permeability is the most cited mechanism for the sustained changes of groundwater level in the intermediate and far fields, while undrained consolidation remains the most cited mechanism for the step-like coseismic changes in the near field. A new mechanism has emerged that suggests that coseismic release of pore water from unsaturated soils may also cause step-like increases of water level. Laboratory experiments show that both the undrained consolidation and the release of water from unsaturated zone may occur to explain the step-like water-level changes in the near field.
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"Introduction to Unsaturated Soil Mechanics." In Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils, 1–19. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470172759.ch1.

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"unsaturated soil." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 1463. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_210688.

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"About the Authors." In Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils, 508–9. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470172759.about.

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"Appendix A: Units and Symbols." In Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils, 479–82. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470172759.app1.

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"Appendix B: Theoretical Justification for Stress State Varibles." In Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils, 483–89. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470172759.app2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Unsatured soil"

1

Zou, L., and E. C. Leong. "Soils with Bimodal Soil-Water Characteristic Curve." In Second Pan-American Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481684.006.

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Miao, Linchang, Fei Jing, and Sandra L. Houston. "Soil-Water Characteristic Curve of Remolded Expansive Soils." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)80.

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Gitirana, G. F. N. "Soil-Atmosphere Interaction in Unsaturated Soils Problem Solving." In Second Pan-American Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481677.015.

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Hu, Pan, Qing Yang, and Maotian Luan. "Measurement of Soil Suction and Soil-Water Characteristics of Bentonite-Sand Mixtures." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20980.

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The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is a widely used experimental means for assessing fundamental properties of unsaturated soils for a wide range of soil suction values. The study of SWCC is helpful because some properties of unsaturated soils can be predicted from it. Nowadays, much attention has been paid to the behaviours of highly compacted bentonite-sand mixtures used in engineering barriers for high level radioactive nuclear waste disposal. It is very important to study the various performances of bentonite-sand mixtures in order to insure the safety of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repository. After an introduction to vapor phase method and osmotic technique, a laboratory study has been carried out on compacted bentonite-sand mixtures. The SWCC of bentonite-sand mixtures has been obtained and analyzed. The results show that the vapor phase method and osmotic technique is suitable to the unsaturated soils with high and low suction.
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Zuo, Z. B., L. L. Zhang, Y. Cheng, and J. H. Wang. "Numerical Simulation of Contaminant Transport in Unsaturated Deformable Soils." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-84255.

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Transport of contaminant or solute in saturated or unsaturated soils has been widely investigated in the literature. The soils are usually assumed to be rigid. However, there are cases where soils may be deformable and the deformation of the soils may influence the transport of contaminant. In this paper, a finite element model for contaminant transport in unsaturated deformable soils is established based on the governing equations of solute transport, flow and deformation in unsaturated soils. Transport of solute in a hypothetical landfill liner is used as an illustrative example. Numerical analyses are performed to investigate the transport of contaminant and the deformation of the unsaturated landfill clay liner. Effects of the soil compressibility, the level of water table, unsaturated hydraulic parameters are investigated in the parametric study. It is found that with a lower initial water level, the settlement at the surface at the clay liner is initially larger during the consolidation period and the breakthrough time of the liner is longer. However, the final settlement of the clay is smaller with a lower initial water level. If a soil is more compressible, the breakthrough time of solute transport is shorter. With the increase of saturated hydraulic conductivity, the settlement of clay increases and the breakthrough time decreases. With a larger α value, the final steady state dimensionless concentration at liner base is greater and the consolidation rate is larger during the consolidation period.
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Ho, K. M. Y., C. W. W. Ng, K. K. S. Ho, and W. H. Tang. "State-Dependent Soil-Water Characteristic Curves (SDSWCCs) of Weathered Soils." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)107.

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Lixin, Qian, Ye Weimin, and Chen Bao. "Soil-Water Characteristic Curves and Permeability of Shanghai Soft Soils." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)131.

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Nejad, Mohammad Motalleb, and Kalehiwot Nega Manahiloh. "Investigating the Role of Soil Fabric in Unsaturated Soils." In Geotechnical Frontiers 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480472.063.

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Sugii, T. "Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils from a Soil Moisture Profile." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)7.

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Marinho, F. A. M. "A Method of Estimating the Soil-Water Retention Curve for Plastic Soils." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)122.

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Reports on the topic "Unsatured soil"

1

Lion, Leonard W., Brent Alspach, Jason Gilbert, and Sean Lorden. Vapor Transport in Unsaturated Soil. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada329680.

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Gribb, Molly M. Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Parameter Studies. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada391164.

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Germaine, John T. Characterization of the Shear Strength of Unsaturated Soils and the Role of Soil Moisture Characteristic Curves. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada517574.

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Chorover, Jon, Karl T. Mueller, K. G. Karthikeyan, A. Vairavamurthy, and R. Jeff Serne. Interfacial Soil Chemistry of Radionuclides in the Unsaturated Zone. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/833610.

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Chorover, Jon, Karl T. Mueller, K. G. Karthikeyan, A. Vairavamurthy, and R. Jeff Serne. Interfacial Soil Chemistry of Radionuclides in the Unsaturated Zone. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/833612.

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Chorover, Jon, Karl T. Mueller, K. G. Karthikeyan, A. Vairavamurthy, and R. Jeff Serne. Interfacial Soil Chemistry of Radionuclides in the Unsaturated Zone. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/833614.

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Wierenga, P. J., M. H. Young, G. W. Gee, C. T. Kincaid, R. G. Hills, T. J. Nicholson, and R. E. Cady. Soil characterization methods for unsaturated low-level waste sites. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6677674.

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Karl T. Mueller, Don Chorover, Peggy O'Day, R. Jeff Serne, Garry Crosson, Geoffrey Bowers, and Nelson Rivera. Collboration: Interfacial Soil Chemistry of Radionuclides in the Unsaturated Zone. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/896844.

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Mulherin, Nathan D., Thomas F. Jenkins, and Marianne E. Walsh. Stability of Nitroguanidine in Moist, Unsaturated Soils. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada430432.

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Ringelberg, David B., Charles M. Reynolds, Lawrence B. Perry, and Karen L. Foley. Effect of Acetonitrile on RDX Biodegradation in an Unsaturated Surface Soil. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada430690.

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