Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Unsold stock of goods'

Après une introduction générale et une revue de littérature (chapitre 1), l’apport de cette thèse est de déterminer le rôle de la demande dans l’émergence d’un stock de marchandises invendues. Les préférences des consommateurs sont modifiées puisqu’elles prennent en compte non seulement les quantités consommées mais également celles étalées. Le cadre d’analyse de cette thèse est celui d’un jeu stratégique à deux joueurs en univers certain, avec prix flexibles et information parfaite. Deux types de consommateurs sont considérés : certains apprécient l’étalage et d’autres non. Un monopole modifié choisit à la fois le prix et l’étalage. Les propriétés de l’équilibre de Nash en stratégies pures sont étudiées. Le chapitre 2 présente un modèle de détermination du mark-up optimal pour n’importe quelle valeur de l’élasticité prix de la demande (contrairement à l’indice de Lerner qui peut être utilisé uniquement pour les biens élastiques). Le chapitre 3, étend le second, en déterminant le coefficient multiplicateur optimal en présence de stocks d’invendus. Il permet de définir la solde optimale. Le quatrième et dernier chapitre détermine les conditions sur les fonctions d’utilité qui permettent de générer un stock d’invendus à l’équilibre de Nash en stratégies pures. Les modèles développés sont élargis au cas où un planificateur social intervient dont l’objectif est de maximiser le bien-être de l’économie
After a general introduction and a survey of literature, the contribution of this thesis is to determine the role of the demand in the emergence of unsold stock of goods based on consumer’s preferences argument. Throughout the thesis, we consider a strategic game with two players under perfect information, certainty and price flexibility. Consumers are of two types: with appreciation to the display and without. A modified monopoly chooses both the price and the display. Chapter 2 presents an original model to determine the optimal markup for both elastic and inelastic goods (unlike the Lerner index that is used only for elastic goods). Chapter 3 is an extension of the previous one. It is about the determination of an optimal markup with the presence of unsold stock of goods. The fourth and final Chapter analyzes under which conditions an unsold stock of goods is supported by a pure strategy Nash equilibrium. All the models developed present a welfare analysis

L'émergence d'invendus constitue un phénomène de première importance. En effet, il n'y a pas d'entreprise sans invendus. C'est pourquoi les entreprises souhaitent éliminer les invendus en fin de période de vente. Dans ce cadre une nouvelle problématique émerge : comment valoriser un stock d'invendus et optimiser son déstockage ? C'est l'objet du travail doctoral que de répondre à cette question fondamentale du point de vue de la science économique. Pour cela, il faut tout d'abord déterminer à quel prix une firme peut-elle déstocker ses invendus et ensuite dé-terminer quand doit-elle avoir recours au marché du déstockage ou aux soldes directes ? Cette thèse consacre une première partie à un survol de la littérature,à la fois en management et marketing, mais surtout en sciences économiques. La seconde partie propose un modèle original de valorisation des invendus qui adapte en microéconomie les méthodes de couvertures utilisées en finance, notamment les options, dans le cas où la demande est incertaine. Il est montré d'un point de vue théorique qu'il est possible de proposer une couverture contre le risque d'invendus.D'une part la théorie est adaptée au cas de l'approvisionnement, et d'autre part au cas des invendus. Des simulations chiffrées illustrent comment fonctionne concrètement cette méthode dans chacun des cas. La troisième partie est plus générale et développe deux modèles originaux inter-temporels dans le cadre d'un marché monopolistique. Il y a deux types de consommateurs, ceux qui sont sensibles à l'étalage des biens, et ceux qui sont insensibles à cet étalage. Les consommateurs sensibles à l'étalage, choisissent la part qu'ils achètent de cet étalage, cependant que le monopole choisit à la fois le prix et l'étalage. Que la demande soit certaine ou incertaine, il émerge toujours un stock d'invendus. Le monopole peut le revendre, soit directement aux consommateurs insensibles à l'étalage, soit à une firme de déstockage. L'endogénéité du marché du déstockage est alors étudiée
Since there is not a firm without a stock of unsold goods, the study of this phenomenon is an issue of great importance. Indeed, firms face the stock of unsold goods that they want to clear at the end of the market period. The latter has an impact on not only on the firm's production process, but also on the economy growth. In this context, how to value the stock of unsold goods and when should the firm clears it ? This doctoral work aims to answer to this fundamental question from the standpoint of economics. For this purpose, we must first determineat which price a firm can clear its stock of unsold goods and then determine when it should have recourse to selling-off market or clearance sales ? The first part of this thesis is dedicated to a review of the literature, both related to management and marketing science, but also to economics. The second part focuses on an original model of unsold goods' stock valuation which is adapted to the microeconomic hedging methods used in finance (including options where the demand is uncertain). Results show that it is possible to provide a hedge against the risk of a stockof unsold goods. On the one hand, the theory is adapted to the case of supply and on the other hand, it fits the case of a stock of unsold goods. From the theoretical point of view, the results of numerical simulations illustrate the way this method works in practice for different cases. The third part is more general since it introduces two intertemporal original models under the monopolistic market structure.There are two types of consumers, depending on the degree of their sensitiveness to the display of goods (those who are sensitive versus those who are not). Consumers who are relatively strongly sensitive to the display of goods choose to buy apart from it. Furthermore, the monopoly chooses both the price and the quantityof displayed goods in order to maximize its profit. Under certain or uncertain demand,it always emerges a stock of unsold goods. The monopoly can sell the stockof unsold goods, either directly to consumers who are insensitive to the display ofgoods, or to the selling-off firm. Endogenous selling-off market is then studied

This thesis was developed at the Demand and Supply Planning department (DSP) of NestléPortugal whose mission is to develop planning scenarios encompassing the whole supply,production and distribution cycle to support the most appropriate decisions at each operationallevel. Stock policies are among the most important parameters that DSP defines periodically.Such parameter includes minimum and maximum stock cover levels. The minimum stock coverlevels tell how many days the stock will last if demand goes as predicted. From that value themaximum stock cover levels is then calculated and stock policies are set. Currently stock coverpolicies are defined by Supply Planners with a home built tool called “Optimizer Tool” that showsoverestimation. This situation implies extra cost and inefficiencies that the company wants toaddress by the present thesis work.After study of the context and specificities of the situation the goals agreed were: 1) Complement“Optimizer Tool” operation with an innovative process to reduce the suggested minimum stockcover levels. 2) Develop a case study based on “Optimizer Tool” routine operation fordemonstration purposes.For reasons associated namely with confidentiality issues the approach used was mostlyempirical, in the sense that no analysis of fundamentals of the “Optimizer Tool” was undertaken.On that line of work, after considering that stock policies are indeed the result of the interactionbetween “Optimizer Tool” operation with human judgement on several inputs that can beadjusted, the research question to meet the objectives was: How to optimize the integration of“Optimizer Tool” operation with the inherent human judgement? This question was basedupon two hypothesis that were formulated, tested and validated.The literature review showed that classification schemes for the individual items (Stock KeepingUnits or SKU’s for Nestlé) could be used with the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW)methodology in the search of a solution to the problem under study. Furthermore, it was clear thataddressing uncertainty factors related to inventory could be based on what was called the rollinghorizon framework (basically, learn as you go). These findings lead to the development of a toolor add-on putting together classification schemes and a learn as you go process.The validation of the hypothesis mentioned above was then performed. That included a sensitivityanalysis that made clear that the options made by Supply Planners when using the “OptimizerTool” in respect to two inputs, the so called Adjusted Demand Plan Accuracy (DPA) and AdjustedMaster Schedule Attainment (MSA), were critical to the quality of results in terms of stockpolicies. A specific set of classification schemes was then developed and combined with SAWmethodology in three different arrangements.The combination schemes were prepared to be applied to the final results of an “Optimizer Tool”run. That option was dictated by the existence of company targets for Adjusted DPA and AdjustedMSA (that in principle should be adopted). Additionally, such option keeps present operation ofthe system totally unchanged, just introducing a reference that allows a deeper analysis in respectto stock policies (as illustrated in the case study and subsequent discussion).The case study was successful and the possibility of taking sound decisions on keeping orreducing minimum stock cover levels was demonstrated. It should be noted that the tool or addonis not a substitute of human experience and knowledge. It is a support to a more informeddecision. Furthermore it opens new possibilities in respect to formalization, sharing, continuouslearning and adaptation to new conditions, in line with the rolling horizon framework ofaddressing uncertainty factors in respect to inventory.
Examensarbetet är utfört på ”Demand and Supply Planning department” (DSP) på Nestlé,Portugal. Avdelningen ansvarar för scenarioplanering för inköp, produktion och distribution somunderlag för beslutsfattande. Lagerstyrning är en av de viktigaste faktorerna som regelbundetdefinieras av DSP. Parametrar som ingår i lagerstyrningen är bland annat lägsta och högstalagernivån. Den lägsta nivån anger hur länge lagret räcker ifall efterfrågan utvecklas somförutspått. Utifrån de värdena kan man beräkna högsta lagernivån och därmed fastställalagerstyrningspolicy. I dag definieras policyn av inköpsavdelningen, som använder sig av ettegenutvecklat verktyg, ”Optimizer Tool”. Problemet är att verktyget överskattar den lagernivåsom krävs. Företaget vill komma till rätta med detta problem genom detta examensarbete.Efter en förstudie av nuläget sattes två mål upp: 1) Komplettera ”Optimizer Tool” med en nymetod för att reducera den lägsta lagernivån. 2) Utarbeta en fallstudie baserad på rutinerna ianvändningen av ”Optimizer Tool” för framtida demonstrations ändamål.Ingen analys av de grundläggande funktionerna i ”Optimizer Tool” kunde genomföras på grundav sekretesskäl. Istället användes empirisk data. Efter att på vissa punkter ha fastställt sambandetmellan verktygets resultat och människors bedömningsförmåga kunde forskningsfråganfastställas: Hur kan man optimera integrationen av resultaten från ”Optimizer Tool”processer med den mänskliga bedömningsförmågan? Denna fråga baserades på två hypotesersom utformades, testades och validerades.Litteraturstudien visade att klassifikationssystemen för de individuella produkterna (StockKeeping Units eller SKU:s) kunde användas tillsammans med Simple Additive Weighting (SAW)metoden för att lösa problemet i fråga. Det var också tydligt att osäkerheten i lagerstatus kundeåtgärdas med den så kallade ”rolling horizon framework” som i princip går ut på att läras sig efterhand som man gör. Dessa insikter ledde till utformningen av ett verktyg eller tillägg somkombinerade klassifikationssystem med en lära genom att göra process.Efteråt utfördes valideringen av den ovan nämnda hypotesen. Valideringen bestod delvis av enkänslighetsanalys som gjorde klart att det var två ingående värden som hade störst inverkan pålagerstyrningen när personalen använde ”Optimizer Tool”: Adjusted Demand Plan Accuracy(DPA) och Adjusted Master Schedule Attainment (MSA). Därefter konstruerades ett specifiktklassifikationssystem vilka kombinerades med hjälp av SAW metoden i tre olika varianter.De kombinerade systemens anpassades för att appliceras på det slutgiltiga resultatet aven ”Optimizer Tool” körning. Den möjligheten bestämdes av företagets mål för Adjusted DPAoch Adjusted MSA (som i princip skulle ha anpassats). Sådana möjligheter förändrar inte deaktuella processerna i systemet. Istället introducerar de en referens för djupare analyser avlagerstyrning (som framgick i fallstudien och den tillhörande diskussionen). Fallstudien varlyckad och möjligheten att göra avvägda beslut i frågan om den lägsta lagernivån presenterades.Det är värt att notera att verktyget eller tillägget inte ska ses som en ersättning för personalenserfarenhet och kunskap, utan ett extra stöd i beslutfattandet. Den öppnar även nya möjligheter förformalisering, delning, kontinuerligt lärande och flexibilitet i förhållande till ” rolling horizonframework” ansatsen till problemlösning av osäkra faktorer av lagerstatus.

Poor quality of information and forecasting create a number of problems for manufacturing companies, such as poor planning of products and insufficient service levels, which leads to increased inventory and stock holding or stockouts and increased total costs. Cussons (UK) Limited is experiencing precisely these problems. Apart from these problems normally associated with forecasting demand for fast moving consumer goods there is an additional problem of reconciling the Western calendar with the Muslim calendar, and a recognition of the effects that Muslim religious holidays, as opposed to Christian religious holidays, have on demand. Muslim religious holidays rotate backwards with regard to the Western calendar, but in fact they occur at known dates and therefore the effect they have on demand for products can be taken into consideration when attempting to forecast demand. An additional problem that influences Cussons' sales in the market is the seasonal pattern of demand. Due to this, there is an increase in demand for Cussons' products during summer months. From the analysis of both data sets it was identified that the warehouse movement data is less variable and more reliable for business forecasting than order data. In this thesis, these forecasting problems are examined as a case study, focusing on these particular problems. To overcome these problems and to improve business forecasting of Cussons' products in the Middle East market, a forecasting strategy has been suggested which will enable Cusson's to reduce the inventories throughout the supply chain and to improve their customer's service.
Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan, Cussons (UK)Limited.

Poor quality of information and forecasting create a number of problems for manufacturing companies, such as poor planning of products and insufficient service levels, which leads to increased inventory and stock holding or stockouts and increased total costs. Cussons (UK) Limited is experiencing precisely these problems. Apart from these problems normally associated with forecasting demand for fast moving consumer goods there is an additional problem of reconciling the Western calendar with the Muslim calendar, and a recognition of the effects that Muslim religious holidays, as opposed to Christian religious holidays, have on demand. Muslim religious holidays rotate backwards with regard to the Western calendar, but in fact they occur at known dates and therefore the effect they have on demand for products can be taken into consideration when attempting to forecast demand. An additional problem that influences Cussons' sales in the market is the seasonal pattern of demand. Due to this, there is an increase in demand for Cussons' products during summer months. From the analysis of both data sets it was identified that the warehouse movement data is less variable and more reliable for business forecasting than order data. In this thesis, these forecasting problems are examined as a case study, focusing on these particular problems. To overcome these problems and to improve business forecasting of Cussons' products in the Middle East market, a forecasting strategy has been suggested which will enable Cusson's to reduce the inventories throughout the supply chain and to improve their customer's service.

The dissertation consists of four self-contained essays on consumption. Essays 1 and 2 consider different measures of aggregate consumption, and Essays 3 and 4 consider how the distributions of income and wealth affect consumption from a macro and micro perspective, respectively. Essay 1 considers the empirical practice of seemingly interchangeable use of two measures of consumption; total consumption expenditure and consumption expenditure on nondurable goods and services. Using data from Sweden and the US in an error correction model, it is shown that consumption functions based on the two measures exhibit significant differences in several aspects of econometric modelling. Essay 2, coauthored with Thomas Holgersson, considers derivation of a univariate and a multivariate version of a test for asymmetry, based on the third central moment. The logic behind the test is that the dependent variable should correspond to the specification of the econometric model; symmetric with linear models and asymmetric with non-linear models. The main result in the empirical application of the test is that orthodox theory seems to be supported for consumption of both nondurable and durable consumption. The consumption of durables shows little deviation from symmetry in the four-country sample, while the consumption of nondurables is shown to be asymmetric in two out of four cases, the UK and the US. Essay 3 departs from the observation that introducing income uncertainty makes the consumption function concave, implying that the distributions of wealth and income are omitted variables in aggregate Euler equations. This implication is tested through estimation of the distributions over time and augmentation of consumption functions, using Swedish data for 1963-2000. The results show that only the dispersion of wealth is significant, the explanation of which is found in the marked changes of the group of households with negative wealth; a group that according to a concave consumption function has the highest marginal propensity to consume. Essay 4 attempts to empirically specify the nature of the alleged concavity of the consumption function. Using grouped household level Swedish data for 1999-2001, it is shown that the marginal propensity to consume out of current resources, i.e. current income and net wealth, is strictly decreasing in current resources and net wealth, but approximately constant in income. Also, an empirical reciprocal to the stylized theoretical consumption function is estimated, and shown to bear a close resemblance to the theoretical version.

This master´s thesis deals with problems of inventory control optimalization in a business company. It contains theory data, company analyses and its market position, an analysis of information systems and inventory control in use, its evaluation and own recommendation leading to the optimalization.

The aim of this term project is to study web technologies for developing information systems, requirements analysis, a system design for selling goods which supports sales recording to electronic records of sales and stock recording. It also offers the customer portal for bills handover and customer support by a ticket system. The system design is based on already developed cash register and in comparison with it will be a more advanced and far more universal solution. The application is built on commonly available and free technologies, such as PHP 7.1 with Nette framework, CSS framework Bootstrap and jQuery. Very useful function of cash is the product suggester which is based on the Apriori algorithm. The suggester suggests products based on items from the actual opened bill and analysed receipts with previously purchased items. The complete solution will then be released to the public as an opensource, which does not exist yet.

Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial
Atualmente, a globalização está mais estabelecida do que nunca e com isso observa-se elevado níveis de concorrência entre empresas. Mercados dinâmicos, promovem uma maior competição, exigem padrões cada vez mais elevados de eficiência e qualidade, e tal obriga a otimização da cadeia de abastecimento. Com vista aos resultados, as empresas carecem de maximizar a sua cadeia de valor, com as cadeias de abastecimento e logística desempenhando papéis cruciais. O presente estudo aborda a importância de processos logísticos avançados e modelos de gestão de stocks, enquanto ilustra a sua aplicação numa empresa real, agroindustrial que atua no setor de FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods). Através da análise das suas principais restrições logísticas, foi identificada a gestão de packing materials como a principal limitação para manter os custos baixos. Assim, neste projeto para realização da otimização de gestão de stocks, definiu-se que a procura anual foi igual às vendas de 2016, acrescendo 10%, de desperdício do processo produtivo. Consecutivamente, aplicou-se uma classificação ABC aos valores da procura anual com o objectivo de identificar os itens com maior impacto. Através do modelo de Quantidade Económica de Encomenda (QEE), determinaram-se as quantidades ótimas para um custo total de inventário mínimo, dos artigos definidos como muito importantes. Finalmente, efectuou-se os cálculos do custo total com inventários em 2016 e quais seriam os custos utilizando a QEE, e foi observado que a utilização de um método de gestão de stocks permite à empresa uma poupança anual de cerca de 15,22% face aos custos totais reportados anteriormente.
Today, globalization is more established than ever before and with this we see high levels of competition between companies. Dynamic markets, which fosters competition, demands higher levels of efficiency and quality, for that is required true expertise in supply chain optimization. Deliver a good product or service that consumers' want is not enough to be competitive and sustainable in the long term in this hostile market. Looking for results, companies need to maximize their value chain, with supply chain and logistics playing really important roles. Therefore, the present study addresses the importance of advanced logistics processes and stock management models, while it illustrates its application in a real company, an agroindustrial company operating in FMCG sector. Through the analysis of its main logistic constraints, it was identified the management of packing materials as one limitation to maintain costs low. Hence, in this project for the optimization of stock management, it was defined that the annual demand for packaging materials was equal to the sales of 2016, adding 10% of the average waste process. Thus, ABC classification in order to identify the items with the highest impact. Through the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model it was determined the optimal for a minimal cost of, of the articles defined as very important. Finally, we calculated the total cost with inventories in 2016 and what costs would be using the EOQ, we observed that the use of a OEQ method allows the company an annual saving of 15,22% over total costs reported before.
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This study has the purpose of analyzing the possibility of constituting fiduciary alienation over farming products as guarantee to the financing of the Brazilian agribusiness. For this purpose, we have divided this paper in three big parties. Firstly, in order to contextualize this study, we have mentioned brief considerations about the Brazilian agribusiness, its importance to the country and to the world, and indicated an overview about the public and private financing of the activities related to the agribusiness sector. Also as a background to reach the purpose of this study, we have established in the second chapter some notions about the historical origin of the fiduciary alienation and, further, we highlighted the types of fiduciary alienation as guarantee, its legal bases and requirements, as well as we pointed out the main advantages of the fiduciary alienation as guarantee before pledge and mortgage. After this important part of contextualization, the research follows in the last chapter with a detailed analysis of the doctrinaire and jurisprudential understandings consolidated in the 1990s and until today applicable, regarding the supposed impossibility of fiduciary alienation of fungible, consumable and alienable (in stock) movable goods, as it would be the case of the farming products. After that, we propose a reanalysis of such understanding, mainly based on the legislative evolution of the fiduciary alienation as guarantee in the Brazilian legal system in the last decades and on new jurisprudence about the issue, to then defend the possibility of the fiduciary alienation over fungible, consumable and alienable movable goods. Finally, we highlight existing peculiarities and special legislation about the fiduciary alienation of farming products and we conclude that is possible the constitution of fiduciary alienation as guarantee over farming products to the financing of the agribusiness, both when those products are fungible, consumable and alienable (in stock), and in case such farming products are duly individualized, thus, they have become not fungible products
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a possibilidade de constituição de alienação fiduciária sobre produtos agropecuários, como garantia para o financiamento do agronegócio brasileiro. Para tanto, dividimos a dissertação em três grandes partes. Primeiramente, de forma a contextualizar o estudo, tecemos breves considerações sobre o agronegócio brasileiro, sua importância para o país e para o mundo, e traçamos um panorama geral sobre o financiamento público e privado das atividades relacionadas ao agronegócio. Ainda como pano de fundo para se atingir o objetivo deste trabalho, trazemos, no segundo capítulo, noções sobre a origem histórica da alienação fiduciária, para depois destacar as modalidades de alienação fiduciária em garantia, suas bases e requisitos legais, bem como as principais vantagens da alienação fiduciária em garantia frente ao penhor e à hipoteca. Após esta importante fase de contextualização, a pesquisa segue, no último capítulo, com análise detalhada acerca dos entendimentos doutrinário e jurisprudencial consolidados em meados de 1990 e até hoje aplicados, quanto à suposta impossibilidade de garantia fiduciária de bens móveis fungíveis, consumíveis e comerciáveis ou de estoque, como seria o caso dos produtos agropecuários. Em seguida, propomos uma reanálise de tais entendimentos, principalmente com base na evolução legislativa da alienação fiduciária em garantia no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro nas últimas décadas e em nova jurisprudência sobre o assunto, para depois defender a possibilidade da alienação fiduciária sobre bens móveis fungíveis, consumíveis e comerciáveis. Por fim, destacamos peculiaridades e legislação especial existentes sobre alienação fiduciária de produtos agropecuários e concluímos pela possibilidade de constituição de garantia fiduciária de produtos agropecuários para financiamento do agronegócio, tanto quando tais produtos forem fungíveis, consumíveis e comerciáveis ou de estoque, quanto no caso em que os produtos agropecuários estiverem devidamente individualizados e, por isso, terem se tornado produtos infungíveis

Cette thèse construit un modèle théorique qui renouvelle l’approche traditionnelle de l’équilibre du marché. En introduisant dans le paradigme néo-classique le principe de préférence pour la quantité, il génère de façon optimale des stocks dans un marché concurrentiel. Les résultats sont très importants, car ils expliquent à la fois l’émergence des invendus et l’existence de cycles économiques. En outre, il étudie le comportement optimal du monopole dont la puissance de marché dépend non seulement de la quantité de biens étalés, mais aussi de celle de biens achetés. Contrairement à l’hypothèse traditionnelle selon laquelle le monopoleur choisit le prix ou la quantité qui maximise son profit, il attire, via un indice de Lerner généralisé la demande à la fois par le prix et la quantité de biens exposés. Quelle que soit la structure du marché, le phénomène d’accumulation des stocks de biens apparaît dans l’économie. De plus, il a l’avantage d’expliquer explicitement les achats impulsifs non encore traités par la théorie économique. Pour vérifier la robustesse des résultats du modèle théorique, ils sont testés sur des données américaines. En raison de leur non-linéarité, la méthode de Gauss-Newton est appropriée pour analyser l’impact de la préférence pour la quantité sur la production et l’accumulation de biens, et par conséquent sur les prévisions de PIB. Enfin, cette thèse construit un modèle à générations imbriquées à deux pays qui étend l’équilibre dynamique à un gamma-équilibre dynamique sans friction. Sur la base de la contrainte de détention préalable d’encaisse, il ressort les conditions de sur-accumulation du capital et les conséquences de la mobilité du capital sur le bien-être dans un contexte d’accumulation du stock d’invendus
This thesis constructs a theoretical model that renews the traditional approach of the market equilibrium. By introducing into the neoclassical paradigm the principle of preference for quantity, it optimally generates inventories within a competitive market. The results are very important since they explain both the emergence of unsold goods and the existence of economic cycles. In addition, it studies the optimal behavior of a monopolist whose the market power depends not only on the quantity of displayed goods but also that of goods that the main consumer is willing to buy. Contrary to the traditional assumption that the monopolist chooses price or quantity that maximizes its profit, through a generalized Lerner index (GLI) it attracts customers’ demand by both the price and the quantity of displayed goods. Whatever the market structure, the phenomenon of inventory accumulation appears in the economy. Furthermore, it has the advantage of explicitly explaining impulse purchases untreated by economics. To check the robustness of the results,the theoretical model is fitted to U.S. data. Due to its nonlinearity, the Gauss-Newtonmethod is appropriate to highlight the impact of consumers’ preference for quantity on production and accumulation of goods and consequently GDP forecast. Finally, this thesis builds a two-country overlapping generations (OLG) model which extends the dynamic OLG equilibrium to a frictionless dynamic OLG gamma-equilibrium. Based on the cash-inadvance constraint, it highlights the conditions of over-accumulation of capital and welfare implications of capital mobility in a context of accumulation of stock of unsold goods

This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.

碩士
中原大學
會計研究所
100
In August 2000, the Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics( DGBAS), announced that the poverty gap had expanded to 8.22 times. The new record then shocked the whole society, and the soaring prices of housing topped the list of public grievance. In order to integrate the fiscal and taxation system and minimize the poverty gap, Ministry of Finance has researched and planned to implement the “Specifically Selected Goods and Services Tax Act” (the so-called Luxury tax), aiming to tax certain luxurious goods and services at sales. With this act, the rich are required to pay more tax when they expend. This act had been read three times and passed by the Legislative Yuan on April 15, 2011. This study probes into the legislating process of the Specifically Selected Goods and Services Tax Act and its impacts on returns of share price for the building material construction industry, based on case study methodology and multiple regression models. The empirical results show that the construction business, compared with electronics industry, was influenced remarkably by the legislation of the Luxury Tax with abnormal accumulative returns in the negative manner, at the beginning of implementation of this act. The realization of luxury tax will, indeed, influence the investors’ willingness to invest in the building material construction industry. During the later period of legislation, since the content of the provisions were barely revised and should be passed smoothly with three readings, the investors, with low expectation, received indistinct abnormal accumulative returns.

碩士
逢甲大學
土地管理所
100
In 2010, Taiwan government introduced The Specifically Selected Goods and Services Tax Act for solving the problem of high real estate prices. We used event study to exam the stock price reaction of real estate industry to this expansion fiscal policy announcement. We found that（1）The stock price of real estate industry is impacted by the policy.(2) The impact to constructional industry was stronger than Building industry.（3）The real estate companies sell house in difference areas will have difference reactions. Keyword: The Specifically Selected Goods and Services Tax Act, event study, abnormal return

碩士
國立臺北大學
統計學系
106
This paper uses time series analysis to explore the leading and lagging relationships among four stock indices, based on the benchmark of Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI), an index compiled by Morgan Stanley Capital International Securities index which has been widely used by the European and American fund managers on the global stock market for investment. For this reason we choose MSCI luxury index, MSCI Daily necessities index, MSCI world index and MSCI emerging Asia index as the research object. With the liberalization of foreign investments in various countries, the economic and trade development between countries has become increasingly closer. Taiwan is one of the emerging economies in Asia and emerging Asian countries, and is one of the countries in the Emerging Asia Index. Taiwan is a small economy susceptible to market volatility so we decided to use the time series to explore the relationship between emerging Asia index and the world index. In addition, consumption is one of the variables discussed for this study. Therefore, the luxury index and core consumer index are chosen with the emerging Asia index and the world index for the study. The results show that none of the cointegration vectors exist between variables, that is, there is no cointegration relationship. Then the data is used to build VAR demand predictive model

Graduation theses is focused on problems of Intrastat. Intrastat is the statistic system, which surveys movement of goods among member states of European Community. Condition for existing of Intrastat is overruning the assimilatory treshold during receiving or expanding of goods. The company must be registered to pay VAT. The aim of this statistics is monitoring movement of goods and control of fulfilment the tax duty. This graduation theses evaluates actual way of Intrastat declaration , its rules and conditions. In the next part it brings proposals how to do it more simply. Theoretic part describes the definition of Intrastat, Extrastat and Eurostat, the conditions of declarating and the declaration itself. It also descrbies the unusually situations like tripartite trade. Practical part of this work applies to the concrete company, has to do Intrastat. It is the business company, which buys various equipment in order to sale. Graduation theses includes received and purchased invoices for goods. We can notice a lot of data which are useless and incorrect. The aim of this work is to provide the most important information, which are related to Intrastat and are amplified to accounting and taxation. Thesis supplies the most important data of statistical declaration of movement goods in European Community. it supplies proposal for simplification declaration. I believe that this thesis can be contribution for all workers, whose process monthly statistics of foreign trade. At the same time It is not important if these workers do Intrastat for the first time or do it commonly in job.

No
This paper presents a stochastic automaton approach to stock ordering for retailers of time-limited goods, in the modern supply chain network. The rationale applied is that by ordering in small quantities frequently, overstocking will be reduced, capital liquidity improved and wastage limited. A consequence for the complete supply chain is that such an approach could substantially minimise the reactive bullwhip effect, leading to more efficient utilisation, production and agility throughout the chain. Such agility and flexibility can only be achieved by full integration of stock inventory monitoring technologies (such as RFID) with enterprise integration systems (such as ERP) connected to suppliers, mediated by the internet. We undertake a comparative simulation study of stock ordering using a stochastic automaton and a naive traditional approach. This shows that stochastic ordering, prompted by a stochastic automaton, exhibits characteristic properties that are a prerequisite for reducing the bullwhip effect, thus enabling agile inventory management.

The diploma thesis titled ``Stock recording and related problems in a selected company dealing with food production{\crq}q analyses the recording, pricing and accounting of stock. The first part of the thesis defines stock and deals with the stock pricing and posting, stocktaking process, mistakes in the stock recording and posting, which can occur in the practice, and it also compares selected sections of stock recording with the International Accounting Standards (IAS/IFRS). The second part of the thesis deals with a particular company and describes its accounting processes. Its stock circulation is demonstrated with a selected sample of purchased goods (material) and a product. The final part of the thesis identifies existing and possible problems related to the stock recording in the company and proposes possible solutions.

Analysis of sales and level of stocks of finished products. Analysis of structure of selling and assessment of turnover and dealing finished products in the firm. Inventory management, ABC analysis, optimisation and materials norm. Cost calculation, pricing and sales condition. The proposal for formation the stocks of finished goods in the warehouse. Implementation the method Kanban for finished goods. The proposal for addition of in-house directives and guidelines