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Journal articles on the topic 'Unsteady combustion'

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1

Kailasanath, K. "Unsteady Combustion." AIAA Journal 35, no. 5 (1997): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.7470.

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2

Zhu, M., A. P. Dowling, and K. N. C. Bray. "Forced Oscillations in Combustors With Spray Atomizers." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 124, no. 1 (1999): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1396841.

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Most types of combustion-driven devices experience combustion instabilities. For aeroengine combustors, the frequency of this oscillation is typically in the range 60–120 Hz and is commonly called “rumble.” The rumble oscillations involve coupling between the air and fuel supplies and unsteady flow in the combustor. Essentially pressure fluctuations alter the inlet fuel and air, thereby changing the rate of combustion, which at certain frequencies further enhances the pressure perturbation and so leads to self-excited oscillations. The large residence time of the liquid fuel droplets, at idle
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3

Brookes, S. J., R. S. Cant, I. D. J. Dupere, and A. P. Dowling. "Computational Modeling of Self-Excited Combustion Instabilities." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123, no. 2 (2001): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1362662.

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It is well known that lean premixed combustion systems potentially offer better emissions performance than conventional non-premixed designs. However, premixed combustion systems are more susceptible to combustion instabilities than non-premixed systems. Combustion instabilities (large-scale oscillations in heat release and pressure) have a deleterious effect on equipment, and also tend to decrease combustion efficiency. Designing out combustion instabilities is a difficult process and, particularly if many large-scale experiments are required, also very costly. Computational fluid dynamics (C
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4

Firsov, A. N., N. I. Ozerkovskaya, and K. G. Shkadinskii. "Unsteady Modes of Filtration Combustion." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 46, no. 4 (2010): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10573-010-0051-3.

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5

Markov, A. A., and I. A. Filimonov. "Unsteady Patternsof Spiral Spin Combustion." Physical-Chemical Kinetics in Gas Dynamics 22, no. 3 (2021): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33257/phchgd.22.3.938.

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6

Morgans, Aimee S., and Ignacio Duran. "Entropy noise: A review of theory, progress and challenges." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 8, no. 4 (2016): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756827716651791.

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Combustion noise comprises two components: direct combustion noise and indirect combustion noise. The latter is the lesser studied, with entropy noise believed to be its main component. Entropy noise is generated via a sequence involving diverse flow physics. It has enjoyed a resurgence of interest over recent years, because of its increasing importance to aero-engine exhaust noise and a recognition that it can affect gas turbine combustion instabilities. Entropy noise occurs when unsteady heat release rate generates temperature fluctuations (entropy waves), and these subsequently undergo acce
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7

ASAI, Ryouichi, Young Joon YANG, Shohji TSUSHIMA, and Masashi KATSUKI. "522 Unsteady Combustion and Combustion Control by Oscillating Flow." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2000.75 (2000): _5–43_—_5–44_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2000.75._5-43_.

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8

Zhu, M., A. P. Dowling, and K. N. C. Bray. "Self-Excited Oscillations in Combustors With Spray Atomizers." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123, no. 4 (2000): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1376717.

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Combustors with fuel-spray atomizers are susceptible to a low-frequency oscillation, particularly at idle and sub-idle conditions. For aero-engine combustors, the frequency of this oscillation is typically in the range 50–120 Hz and is commonly called “rumble.” In the current work, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to simulate this self-excited oscillation. The combustion model uses Monte Carlo techniques to give simultaneous solutions of the Williams’ spray equation together with the equations of turbulent reactive flow. The unsteady combustion is calculated by the laminar flamelet p
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9

Prokof’ev, V. G. "Unsteady Combustion Modes in Rectangular Rods." International Journal of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis 28, no. 3 (2019): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1061386219030099.

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10

Schroeder, T. B., and M. Quinn Brewster. "UNSTEADY COMBUSTION OF HOMOGENEOUS ENERGETIC SOLIDS." International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion 4, no. 1-6 (1997): 1082–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop..v4.i1-6.1000.

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11

Möller, S. I., E. Lundgren, and C. Fureby. "Large eddy simulation of unsteady combustion." Symposium (International) on Combustion 26, no. 1 (1996): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(96)80222-0.

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12

Kakutkina, N. A., and A. D. Rychkov. "Modeling of unsteady filtration gas combustion." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 46, no. 3 (2010): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10573-010-0039-z.

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13

Lieuwen, Tim, and Keith McManus. "That Elusive Hum." Mechanical Engineering 124, no. 06 (2002): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2002-jun-4.

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This article highlights about modern power turbines that have the highest operating efficiencies. These turbines turn out the fewest pollutants among major combustion energy converting devices. In addition, they are attractive because of low capital costs required to bring new systems online. As a result, gas turbines have become the dominant technology for new power generating capacity in the United States and worldwide. Experimentalists have developed new diagnostic tools for making pertinent measurements in the unsteady, harsh combustor environment. In addition, computational advances in si
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14

Schildmacher, K. U., and R. Koch. "Experimental Investigation of the Interaction of Unsteady Flow With Combustion." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, no. 2 (2005): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1789512.

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In order to reduce the dimensions of the combustor, swirl stabilized flames are used in heavy duty gas turbines. In our recent investigation of the swirling flow at a single heavy duty gas turbine burner under nonreacting conditions typical instabilities like precessing vortex cores and vortex shedding have been found (Schildmacher et al., Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Industrial Furnaces and Boilers). In the present paper the experimental investigations will be discussed. Combustion instabilities have been analyzed by phase-locked laser doppler anemometer measurements. For the
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15

Jia, Dongpeng, Yu Pan, Ning Wang, Chaoyang Liu, and Kai Yang. "Combustion Modes and Unsteady Characteristics during the Condition Transition of a Scramjet Combustor." Energies 14, no. 9 (2021): 2522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092522.

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To investigate the combustion modes and unsteady characteristics during the condition transition of a scramjet combustor, a series of experiments were carried out under the condition of Mach 2.52 supersonic incoming flow, the corresponding stagnation pressure and temperature of which were 1.6 MPa and 1486 K, respectively. A fuel supply system that could dynamically adjust the injection pressure was adopted to simulate the condition transition stage of a scramjet. Based on the advanced combustion diagnosis technique, the transient chemiluminescence image and the wall pressure were recorded duri
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16

Jia, Dongpeng, Chaoyang Liu, Ning Wang, Yu Pan, and Kai Yang. "Unsteady characteristics of jet combustion in a supersonic combustor with a micro-vortex generator." Modern Physics Letters B 35, no. 26 (2021): 2150446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984921504467.

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To clarify the effect of the micro-vortex generator on the unsteady characteristics of jet combustion, a set of experiments had been carried out in a cavity-based supersonic combustor. Based on the advanced combustion diagnosis techniques, the ignition process, initial cavity-stabilized flame and dynamic flame development at the initial equivalence ratio of 0.20 are revealed in detail. Although the ignition processes are identical, the time for the flame propagation process in the cavity can be shortened when an MVG (micro-vortex generator) is located properly upstream of the injection. The in
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17

Serbin, Sergey. "THERMO ACOUSTIC PROCESSES IN LOW EMISSION COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF GAS TURBINE ENGINE CAPACITY 25 MW." Science Journal Innovation Technologies Transfer, no. 2019-2 (May 5, 2019): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36381/iamsti.2.2019.86-90.

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The appliance of modern tools of the computational fluid dynamics for the investigation of the pulsation processes in the combustion chamber caused by the design features of flame tubes and aerodynamic interaction compressor, combustor and turbine is discussed. The aim of the research is to investigate and forecast the non-stationary processes in the gas turbine combustion chambers. The results of the numerical experiments which were carried out using three-dimensional mathematical models in gaseous fuels combustion chambers reflect sufficiently the physical and chemical processes of the unste
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18

Gulati, Anil, and Ramani Mani. "Active control of unsteady combustion-induced oscillations." Journal of Propulsion and Power 8, no. 5 (1992): 1109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.23599.

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19

Tavernetti, William E., and Mohamed M. Hafez. "Transonic combustion: Steady and unsteady potential models." Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering 18, no. 2 (2018): 405–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcm-180797.

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20

Prokof’ev, V. G., and V. K. Smolyakov. "Unsteady gasless combustion of planar symmetrical samples." International Journal of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis 26, no. 2 (2017): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1061386217020108.

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21

DWYER, HARRY A., and B. R. SANDERS. "Unsteady Influences in Droplet Dynamics and Combustion." Combustion Science and Technology 58, no. 1-3 (1988): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208808923966.

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22

Jackson 3, T. L., L. Massa, and M. Q. Brewster. "Unsteady combustion modelling of energetic solids, revisited." Combustion Theory and Modelling 8, no. 3 (2004): 513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1364-7830/8/3/005.

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23

Nayagam, Vedha, Daniel L. Dietrich, and Forman A. Williams. "Unsteady droplet combustion with fuel thermal expansion." Combustion and Flame 195 (September 2018): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.01.035.

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24

Gherman, Bogdan, Ion Mălăel, Florin Florean, and Ionuţ Porumbel. "Experimental combustion chamber simulation at transient regimes." E3S Web of Conferences 85 (2019): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198502006.

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The transient regimes in a combustion chamber has to be as short as possible because flame front position and thickness can destroy the combustion chamber in couple seconds. The simulation of such a regime has to be performed unsteady. An experimental combustion chamber it is simulated at two unsteady regimes to see the flame front structure and comparison it is made with the experimental data to validate the results. For this analysis Ansys CFX was used and the turbulent model was DES while the combustion model was Eddy Dissipation. The two cases show different flame front structures while th
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25

Gao, Tianyun, Jianhan Liang, Mingbo Sun, and Zhan Zhong. "Dynamic combustion characteristics in a rectangular supersonic combustor with single-side expansion." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 231, no. 10 (2016): 1862–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016662062.

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Dynamic combustion characteristics of a rectangular scramjet combustor with single-side expansion were studied experimentally and numerically. Experiments were implemented with an isolator entrance Mach number of 3.46, and an air stagnation temperature of 1430 K. Ethylene was utilized to fuel the combustor over an equivalence ratio range of 0.20 < φ < 0.63. Results indicated that the combustion modes varied from different equivalence ratios. For an intermediate φ = 0.375, an intermittent dynamic combustion occurred. During the dynamic process, the flame sometimes stabilized in the jet wa
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26

Kortikov, Nicolay. "Simulation of the joint effect of rotor-stator interaction and circumferential temperature unevenness on losses in the turbine stage." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824504006.

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The article devotes to problems of unsteady interaction of the hot streams downstream of the combustion chamber with the rotating blades of the rotor wheel. The hot streams downstream of the combustion chamber are caused by discrete circumferentially located fuel nozzles and openings for air supply to the combustion chamber mixing zone. Unsteady interaction of the hot streams with the rotating blades of the rotor wheel leads to local redistribution of the time average gas flow temperature which has effect on the blade – “temperature segregation”.
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27

Kortikov, Nicolay. "Simulation of the joint effect of rotor-stator interaction and circumferential temperature unevenness on losses in the turbine stage." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 06008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824506008.

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The article devotes to problems of unsteady interaction of the hot streams downstream of the combustion chamber with the rotating blades of the rotor wheel. The hot streams downstream of the combustion chamber are caused by discrete circumferentially located fuel nozzles and openings for air supply to the combustion chamber mixing zone. Unsteady interaction of the hot streams with the rotating blades of the rotor wheel leads to local redistribution of the time average gas flow temperature which has effect on the blade – “temperature segregation”.
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28

WATANABE, Toshiya, and Tsuyoshi NAKAJIMA. "Flame Structure of Lean-Rich Combustion in Unsteady-State. Numerical Unsteady-State Analysis of Laminar Lean-Rich Combustion Flames." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 66, no. 647 (2000): 1853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.66.647_1853.

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29

Murugesan, Meenatchidevi, and R. I. Sujith. "Combustion noise is scale-free: transition from scale-free to order at the onset of thermoacoustic instability." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 772 (April 30, 2015): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.215.

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We investigate the scale invariance of combustion noise generated from turbulent reacting flows in a confined environment using complex networks. The time series data of unsteady pressure, which is the indicative of spatiotemporal changes happening in the combustor, is converted into complex networks using the visibility algorithm. We show that the complex networks obtained from the low-amplitude, aperiodic pressure fluctuations during combustion noise have scale-free structure. The power-law distributions of connections in the scale-free network are related to the scale invariance of combusti
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30

Pekkan, K., and M. R. Nalim. "Two-Dimensional Flow and NOx Emissions in Deflagrative Internal Combustion Wave Rotor Configurations." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 3 (2003): 720–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1586315.

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A wave rotor is proposed for use as a constant volume combustor. A novel design feature is investigated as a remedy for hot gas leakage, premature ignition, and pollutant emissions that are possible in this class of unsteady machines. The base geometry involves fuel injection partitions that allow stratification of fuel/oxidizer mixtures in the wave rotor channel radially, enabling pilot ignition of overall lean mixture for low NOx combustion. In this study, available turbulent combustion models are applied to simulate approximately constant volume combustion of propane and resulting transient
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31

Buyevich, Yu A., N. A. Korolyova, and I. A. Natalukha. "Modelling of unsteady combustion regimes for polydisperse fuels—II. Parametrically controlled combustion." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 36, no. 8 (1993): 2233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(05)80154-1.

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32

Tamanampudi, Gowtham Manikanta Reddy, Swanand Sardeshmukh, William Anderson, and Cheng Huang. "Combustion instability modeling using multi-mode flame transfer functions and a nonlinear Euler solver." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 12 (January 2020): 175682772095032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756827720950320.

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Modern methods for predicting combustion dynamics in high-pressure combustors range from high-fidelity simulations of sub-scale model combustors, mostly for validation purposes or detailed investigations of physics, to linearized, acoustics-based analysis of full-scale practical combustors. Whereas the high-fidelity simulations presumably capture the detailed physics of mixing and heat addition, computational requirements preclude their application for practical design analysis. The linear models that are used during design typically use flame transfer functions that relate the unsteady heat a
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33

Bicalho Civinelli de Almeida, Victor, and Dieter Peitsch. "Aeroelastic assessment of a highly loaded high pressure compressor exposed to pressure gain combustion disturbances." Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society 2 (October 15, 2018): F72OUU. http://dx.doi.org/10.22261/jgpps.f72ouu.

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A numerical aeroelastic assessment of a highly loaded high pressure compressor exposed to flow disturbances is presented in this paper. The disturbances originate from novel, inherently unsteady, pressure gain combustion processes, such as pulse detonation, shockless explosion, wave rotor or piston topping composite cycles. All these arrangements promise to reduce substantially the specific fuel consumption of present-day aeronautical engines and stationary gas turbines. However, their unsteady behavior must be further investigated to ensure the thermodynamic efficiency gain is not hindered by
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34

Jin, Xuan, Chibing Shen, Rui Zhou, and Xinxin Fang. "Effects of LOX Particle Diameter on Combustion Characteristics of a Gas-Liquid Pintle Rocket Engine." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8867199.

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LOX/GCH4 pintle injector is suitable for variable-thrust liquid rocket engines. In order to provide a reference for the later design and experiments, three-dimensional numerical simulations with the Euler-Lagrange method were performed to study the effect of the initial particle diameter on the combustion characteristics of a LOX/GCH4 pintle rocket engine. Numerical results show that, as the momentum ratio between the radial LOX jet and the axial gas jet is 0.033, the angle between the LOX particle trace and the combustor axial is very small. Due to the large recirculation zones, premixed comb
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35

Beckstead, M. W., K. V. Meredith, and Fred Blomshield. "EXAMPLES OF UNSTEADY COMBUSTION IN NON-METALLIZED PROPELLANTS." International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion 5, no. 1-6 (2002): 803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v5.i1-6.840.

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36

Kraynov, Alexey Yu, Vasiliy A. Poryazov, and Dmitry A. Kraynov. "Unsteady Combustion Modeling of Metallized Composite Solid Propellant." International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS) 11, no. 5 (2018): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/iremos.v11i5.15020.

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37

Smirnov, N. "Unsteady-state turbulent diffusive combustion in confined volumes." Combustion and Flame 111, no. 3 (1997): 222–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(97)80786-9.

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38

Hassan, Ahmed, Taraneh Sayadi, Vincent Le Chenadec, and Antonio Attili. "Sensitivity analysis of an unsteady char particle combustion." Fuel 287 (March 2021): 119738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119738.

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39

Ivleva, Tatyana P., and Alexander G. Merzhanov. "Three-dimensional modes of unsteady solid-flame combustion." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 13, no. 1 (2003): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1540772.

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40

Gusachenko, L. K., and V. E. Zarko. "Analysis of unsteady solid-propellant combustion models (review)." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 44, no. 1 (2008): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10573-008-0006-0.

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41

Markov, A. A., and I. A. Filimonov. "Unsteady Model of Spiral Combustion on Plane Surface." Physical-Chemical Kinetics in Gas Dynamics 22, no. 3 (2021): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33257/phchgd.22.3.935.

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42

Midgley, Kris, Adrian Spencer, and James J. McGuirk. "Unsteady Flow Structures in Radial Swirler Fed Fuel Injectors." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, no. 4 (2004): 755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1925638.

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Many fuel injector geometries proposed for lean-premixed combustion systems involve the use of radial swirlers. At the high swirl numbers needed for flame stabilization, several complex unsteady fluid mechanical phenomena such as vortex breakdown and recirculation zone precession are possible. If these unsteady aerodynamic features are strongly periodic, unwanted combustion induced oscillation may result. The present paper reports on an isothermal experimental study of a radial swirler fed fuel injector originally designed by Turbomeca, and examines the dynamical behavior of the unsteady aerod
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43

WATANABE, Toshiya, and Ken NAKAJIMA. "NOx Formation Characteristic of Lean-Rich Combustion in Unsteady-State. Numerical Unsteady-State Analysis of Laminor Lean-Rich Combustion Flames." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 67, no. 655 (2001): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.67.835.

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44

Torregrosa, Antonio J., Alberto Broatch, Xandra Margot, and Josep Gomez-Soriano. "Understanding the unsteady pressure field inside combustion chambers of compression-ignited engines using a computational fluid dynamics approach." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 8 (2018): 1273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418803030.

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In this article, a numerical methodology for assessing combustion noise in compression ignition engines is described with the specific purpose of analysing the unsteady pressure field inside the combustion chamber. The numerical results show consistent agreement with experimental measurements in both the time and frequency domains. Nonetheless, an exhaustive analysis of the calculation convergence is needed to guarantee an independent solution. These results contribute to the understanding of in-cylinder unsteady processes, especially of those related to combustion chamber resonances, and thei
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45

McGuirk, J. J. "The aerodynamic challenges of aeroengine gas-turbine combustion systems." Aeronautical Journal 118, no. 1204 (2014): 557–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000009386.

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Abstract The components of an aeroengine gas-turbine combustor have to perform multiple tasks – control of external and internal air distribution, fuel injector feed, fuel/air atomisation, evaporation, and mixing, flame stabilisation, wall cooling, etc. The ‘rich-burn’ concept has achieved great success in optimising combustion efficiency, combustor life, and operational stability over the whole engine cycle. This paper first illustrates the crucial role of aerodynamic processes in achieving these performance goals. Next, the extra aerodynamic challenges of the ‘lean-burn’ injectors required t
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46

Chambers, Steven, Horia Flitan, Paul Cizmas, Dennis Bachovchin, Thomas Lippert, and David Little. "The Influence of In Situ Reheat on Turbine-Combustor Performance." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, no. 3 (2004): 560–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2135812.

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This paper presents a numerical and experimental investigation of the in situ reheat necessary for the development of a turbine-combustor. The flow and combustion were modeled by the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the species conservation equations. The chemistry model used herein was a two-step, global, finite rate combustion model for methane and combustion gases. A numerical simulation was used to investigate the validity of the combustion model by comparing the numerical results against experimental data obtained for an isolated vane with fuel injection at its trail
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47

Menon, S. "Subgrid combustion modelling for large-eddy simulations." International Journal of Engine Research 1, no. 2 (2000): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1468087001545146.

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Next-generation gas turbine and internal combustion engines are required to reduce pollutant emissions significantly and also to be fuel efficient. Accurate prediction of pollutant formation requires proper resolution of the spatio-temporal evolution of the unsteady mixing and combustion processes. Since conventional steady state methods are not able to deal with these features, methodology based on large-eddy simulations (LESs) is becoming a viable choice to study unsteady reacting flows. This paper describes a new LES methodology developed recently that has demonstrated a capability to simul
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48

Pavalavanni, Pradeep Kumar, Chae Hoon Sohn, Bok Jik Lee, and Jeong-Yeol Choi. "Revisiting unsteady shock-induced combustion with modern analysis techniques." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 37, no. 3 (2019): 3637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.07.094.

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49

He, Bo, Wansheng Nie, and Haobo He. "Unsteady Combustion Model of Nonmetalized Organic Gel Fuel Droplet." Energy & Fuels 26, no. 11 (2012): 6627–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef300990d.

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50

Novozhilov, B. V., Z. I. Kaganova, and A. A. Belyaev. "Unsteady regimes of propellant combustion in a semiclosed space." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B 3, no. 6 (2009): 945–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s199079310906013x.

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