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1
Mishra, Suman. "Looking westwards: Men in transnational men’s magazine advertising in India." Global Media and Communication 13, no. 3 (October 5, 2017): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742766517734254.
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This study examines advertising content of four top-selling Indian editions of transnational men’s lifestyle magazines ( Men’s Health India, GQ India, FHM India and Maxim India) to understand how it constructs masculinity for upper-class urban Indian men. Through content analysis of advertisements, the study finds greater presence of international brands and Caucasian models than domestic Indian brands and Indian models. Male models often appear alone and in decorative roles as opposed to professional roles. The study discusses the emergence of class-based glocal masculinity that helps assimilate upper-class Indian men into the global consumer base through shared ideals, goals and values.
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Sajarwa, Sajarwa. "Swear Words in French : Analysis of Social Class and Gender." Humanus 20, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/humanus.v20i2.111969.
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Swear words utterances in French are used as a mean to express emotion that have various functions, both personal or social. The swear words represent social group and gender. This research uses descriptive-interpretative method which data taken from two French novels with different social class background. The research results show that in upper social group, the swear words deliver indirectly, meanwhile in lower social group, the swear words express directly to the party that being cursed. Both social groups use professions as verbal abuse, however the upper social group also uses ethnicity as swear words. Through the swear words, the upper class group preserve their social status from generation to generation. From the gender perspective, men and women both use swear words refer to genitals. Men have more variation of swear words usage.
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Abdelazim, Ahmed. "‘Men Don't Cry Over Women’." Anthropology of the Middle East 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ame.2021.160203.
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Abstract By examining mahragānāt, a genre of music common among the low-income working class in Cairo, and upper-class pop music, this article studies the expression of love and grief across socio-economic classes in Egypt. It challenges the mainstream argument that men, especially those belonging to lower socio-economic classes, are expected to perform ‘like men’ and suppress their emotions and affection. These mahragānāt exhibit extreme affection and grief as men threat of inflicting self-harm or committing suicide if they lose their female lovers. This genre's popularity on social media resonates with increasing suicide rates among lower socio-economic classes due to failed love affairs. By focusing on expressions of love in Egyptian music, this article suggests a dialectic relation between love, class and the understanding of masculinity.
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Wells, Elizabeth A. "Expresso Bongo and Make Me an Offer: The ‘Angry Young Musical’ in the 1950s." Studies in Musical Theatre 14, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/smt_00030_1.
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Following on from John Osborne’s infamous play Look Back in Anger of 1956, London’s stage saw the emergence of the ‘Angry Young Man’, realistic portrayals of working-class men in a difficult age. Expresso Bongo and Lily White Boys, works of the mid-to-late 1950s, demonstrate that the angry young man was also present in London’s musicals, previously an upper- and middle-class genre. Featuring the Soho district, gangsters, prostitutes and rock music, this unique era of musical theatre changed expectations of what musical theatre could and would offer to a jaded urban audience. These astonishing musical theatre works offer potent commentary on British society, British identity and particularly disenfranchised young British men, and offer insights into American and British relations, gender roles and expectations, and the complicated role of working-class men in the new Elizabethan era.
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Norbakk, Mari. "Men of Light Blood." Men and Masculinities 21, no. 3 (March 27, 2018): 328–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x17748172.
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This article explores how revolution stories become a claim to manhood in Egypt, which may be used as leverage when men struggle to live up to the ideal of male provider. The revolution is stylized in the stories that youth have about their participation in the 2011 Thawrat Shabaab (youth revolution). In analyzing the narration and performance of the revolution stories, Herzfeld’s concept of performative excellence becomes relevant. Based on fieldwork undertaken in Cairo, Egypt, in 2013, the author argues that revolution stories and being good at telling jokes impart masculine capital. Inspired by Inhorn’s call for ethnographies on Arab men, this article engages with how Egyptian manhood is produced in interaction with peer groups and underlines the importance of male friendship and humor. Focusing on men from the upper-middle class of Cairo highlights how deeply classed (male) gender is in contemporary Egypt.
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Luthar, Suniya S., Phillip J. Small, and Lucia Ciciolla. "Adolescents from upper middle class communities: Substance misuse and addiction across early adulthood." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 315–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579417000645.
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AbstractIn this prospective study of upper middle class youth, we document frequency of alcohol and drug use, as well as diagnoses of abuse and dependence, during early adulthood. Two cohorts were assessed as high school seniors and then annually across 4 college years (New England Study of Suburban Youth younger cohort [NESSY-Y]), and across ages 23–27 (NESSY older cohort [NESSY-O]; ns = 152 and 183 at final assessments, respectively). Across gender and annual assessments, results showed substantial elevations, relative to norms, for frequency of drunkenness and using marijuana, stimulants, and cocaine. Of more concern were psychiatric diagnoses of alcohol/drug dependence: among women and men, respectively, lifetime rates ranged between 19%–24% and 23%–40% among NESSY-Os at age 26; and 11%–16% and 19%–27% among NESSY-Ys at 22. Relative to norms, these rates among NESSY-O women and men were three and two times as high, respectively, and among NESSY-Y, close to one among women but twice as high among men. Findings also showed the protective power of parents’ containment (anticipated stringency of repercussions for substance use) at age 18; this was inversely associated with frequency of drunkenness and marijuana and stimulant use in adulthood. Results emphasize the need to take seriously the elevated rates of substance documented among adolescents in affluent American school communities.
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Pfaffendorf, Jessica. "Sensitive Cowboys." Gender & Society 31, no. 2 (March 16, 2017): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243217694823.
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In the past few decades, a multi-billion-dollar “therapeutic boarding school” industry has emerged for America’s troubled upper-class youth. This article examines the therapeutic models prominent in these programs and the ways they conflict with dominant notions of masculinity. Using in-depth interviews and ethnographic fieldwork inside a Western therapeutic boarding school, I show how privileged young men navigate this masculinity dilemma by constructing hybrid masculinities that incorporate qualities associated with femininities and subordinate masculinities. However, these qualities are incorporated strategically and in ways that reproduce and obscure privileges associated with students’ positions as young, upper-class, white men. Using hybrid masculine styles that include humility, commitment to service, and open emotional expression, students re-assert dominant positions as leaders and as “better” men in contrast to various others.
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SHERIF, BAHIRA. "The Prayer of a Married Man Is Equal to Seventy Prayers of a Single Man." Journal of Family Issues 20, no. 5 (September 1999): 617–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251399020005003.
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This study examines the central role of marriage among upper-middle-class Muslim Egyptians in Cairo, Egypt. It is based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out over a total of 20 months by the author between 1988 and 1996. Using religious and legal sources as well as semistructured interviews and participant observation among two generations of 20 households, this study indicates that marriage continues to occupy a significant place in the life course of both upper-middle-class Muslim men and women. This article indicates that societal norms, as well as family structure and expectations, influence the prevalence of marriage as a necessary rite of passage for achieving adulthood among this class of Egyptians. Furthermore, this article describes the actual customs, beliefs, and practices associated with Muslim Egyptian marriages to counteract the Western bias that often obscures studies of this area of the world.
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Martínez Vergne, Teresita. "Bourgeois women in the early twentieth-century Dominican national discourse." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 75, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2001): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002558.
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Argues that in the early 20th c. a male elite in the Dominican Republic, in formulating a national project toward modernization and economic progress, projected on upper- and middle-class women prescribed roles as subordinate to men. She argues that working-class women were totally seen as unimportant to nation building. She describes how in different writings of the time bourgeois women were depicted as incapable to contribute to the desired progress independently, i.e. other than serving men.
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Kostrzewa, Maciej, Radosław Laskowski, Michal Wilk, Wiesław Błach, Angelina Ignatjeva, and Magdalena Nitychoruk. "Significant Predictors of Sports Performance in Elite Men Judo Athletes Based on Multidimensional Regression Models." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 8192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218192.
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Background: This research aimed to identify the most significant predictors of sports level using regression modeling. Methods: This study examined 16 judokas (aged 23 (±2.5)) from four weight categories, with four athletes in each category (66 kg, 73 kg, 81 kg and 90 kg). Each athlete was a member of the Polish National Team, an international master class (IM) or national master class (M). The tests were carried out twice (every two weeks) during the pre-competitive season in the morning, after a 10-min warm-up. The tests were performed according to the following protocol: Explosive Strength Lower Limbs (ExSLL) [W], Strength Endurance Lower Limbs (SELL) [%], Explosive Strength Upper Limbs (ExSUL) [W], Strength Endurance Upper Limbs (SEUL) [%]. The relationships between the dependent variable (ranking score) and the other analyzed variables (predictors) were estimated using the one-factor ridge regression analysis. Results: There were significant intergroup and intragroup differences in the results of explosive strength and strength endurance of the lower and upper limbs. The best predictors were identified using regression modeling: ExSLL, SELL, and SEUL. Conclusions: Increasing the value of these predictors by a unit should significantly affect the scores in the ranking table. Correlation analysis showed that all variables that are strongly correlated with the Polish Judo Association (PJA) ranking table scores may have an effect on the sports performance.
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Mishra, Suman. "Globalizing male attractiveness: Advertising in men’s lifestyle magazines in India." International Communication Gazette 83, no. 3 (February 7, 2021): 280–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748048521992498.
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This study examines the construction of new models of masculinity in men’s lifestyle magazine advertising in India. Using textual analysis of advertisements, the study shows how certain kinds of western masculine ideals and body aesthetics are being adopted and reworked into advertising to appeal and facilitate consumption among middle and upper-class Indian men living in the urban centers of India. The contemporary construction of upper and aspirational middle-class masculinity includes size and hypermuscularity, fair skin/whiteness, and a view of self as global ethnic. These types of constructions help to globalize the male body and masculine ideal while also privileging whiteness and class in the local and global arena.
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Shrock, Joel. "Desperate Deeds, Desperate Men: Gender, Race, and Rape in Silent Feature Films, 1915–1927." Journal of Men’s Studies 6, no. 1 (October 1997): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106082659700600104.
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Many of the top-grossing feature films spanning from 1915–1927 utilized rape as a device for defining manhood and thereby establishing power relationships. The images of rape in these silent films idealized the power of respectable white men over the men and women of other classes and races and subordinated the women from their own social station. These movies constructed white men as heroes and guardians of morality and civilization, white women as frail but morally superior figures, and African-American and immigrant men and women as uncontrollable sexual deviants who threatened civilization. These films reflected the fears of the white middle class that massive immigration, waves of black migration to the North, and the increasingly public role of women were irrevocably changing American society and threatening the power of the traditional dominant group in the United States: white middle- and upper-class men.
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Weyerer, Siegfried. "Effects of Physical Inactivity on All-Cause Mortality Risk in Upper Bavaria." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 2 (October 1993): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.2.499.
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The effect of physical activity on all-cause mortality was examined using a representative random sample of 1,536 persons (15 years and older) in three communities in Upper Bavaria. 27.0% of the respondents reported regular and 26.2% occasional physical exercise. During the 5-year follow-up 5.1% ( n = 79) of the original sample died. Using a logistic regression model, the relation between physical activity and mortality was measured by the odds ratio, with subjects reporting regular physical activity as the reference group. Crude mortality risk was significantly higher among the physically inactive (men: 3.97; women: 4.36) but not among respondents practising occasionally (men: 1.67; women: 1.24). After adjustment for potential confounding variables (age, social class, physical and mental health), the mortality risk was elevated but not statistically significant for the physically inactive (men: 1.76; women: 1.51) and for the group practising occasionally (men: 1.50; women: 1.14).
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Zaytseva, Olga, and Nataliya Strekalova. "Tambov upper-class families in the late 19th – early 20th centuries: social and demographic aspect." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 179 (2019): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-179-173-185.
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We actualize the role of a family in the process of becoming a person, reproduction and education of new generations, continuity of cultural and material heritage. We also analyze the main social and demographic parameters of Tambov upper-class families in the late 19th – early 20th centuries on the basis of diverse personalized sources. This allows identifying the types of upper-class family organization of Tambov in accordance with the classification of P. Laslett and studying the generational composition and number of children in the families of this social group in Russian provincial center. The study analyzes the sex ratio problem (heads of families and their age characteristics) and considers the features of family structure and marital relations among dif-ferent social groups of the higher strata of Tambov society. We conclude that the dominant type of upper-class family organization in Tambov is a small two-generation family in 1890–1910s. This causes a gradual reduction in the average population of upper-class families and their number of children. Nevertheless, the families of the provincial elite continued to maintain patriarchal interfamily relationships based on the primacy of married men.
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Zingraff, Rhonda, and Andrew Herman. "The "Better Angels" of Capitalism: Rhetoric, Narrative, and Moral Identity among Men of the American Upper Class." Contemporary Sociology 29, no. 4 (July 2000): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2654579.
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Lorimer, Anne. "The "Better Angels" of Capitalism: Rhetoric, Narrative, and Moral Identity among Men of the American Upper Class." American Ethnologist 27, no. 3 (August 2000): 791–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.2000.27.3.791.
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Yun, Hyeji, and Byunghye Hong. "A Preliminary Study on the Literary Ci of the Upper Class." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.9.44.9.293.
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This research conducted a broad examination on the subjects of Ci works. All the writers who created Ci works for 50~ 60 years, in the early period of the Song Dynasty, were royal high officials and literary men of the upper class. It can be identified that most of works that they composed were xiaoling (a short lyrical poem) without almost breaking the poetry style of Late Tang and Five Dynasties. The poetry style is relatively simple. The poetic imagery takes on the clear, neat, and beautiful hue. Another characteristic of the works is that they subjectively focused on individual true feeling and deep thoughts, adopting Ci's weak and soft tone. Consequently, specific poetry style and flow were not established, for decades of the early period of the Song Dynasty when the Ci circles were not active. The poetry creation pattern of ‘composing Ci like a poetry’, creation criteria of feeling and setting successfully blended in the poem, and a long poem of unhurried rhythm in the initial period presented an elementary framework for establishing the heyday of the Ci circles of the Buksong Era. It can be identified above all that the clear, novel, and soft poetry style that the literary Ci pursued in the early period of the Song Dynasty, served for not a few motive for developing the Ci of the Song Dynasty.
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Green, Cecilia A. "Hierarchies of whiteness in the geographies of empire: Thomas Thistlewood and the Barrets of Jamaica." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 80, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2006): 5–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002486.
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Shows how a racial solidarity between whites in colonial Jamaica during slavery developed, but covered class differences between whites. Author examines the differences between the lesser-white, socially mobile settlers, and the upper plantocracy. She looks especially at social-structural factors, in particular genealogy and reproduction, that separated upper plantocratic families and dynasties, with connections with Britain, e.g. through absentee plantation owners, from less wealthy white settlers, that obtained intermediate positions as overseers, and generally were single males. She relates this further to the context with a white minority and a majority of slaves, and with relatively less women than men among the whites, that influenced differing reproductive patterns. The upper-class tended to achieve white marrying partners from Britain, alongside having children with slaves or people of colour, while lower-class whites mostly reproduced only in this last way. Author exemplifies this difference by juxtaposing the family histories and relationships, and relative social positions of Thomas Thistlewood, an overseer who came alone, and had an intermediate position, and the upper-class wealthy Barrett family, who were large land and slave owners, and established a powerful white dynasty in Jamaica, with British connections, over centuries, and that also included, sidelined, coloured offspring.
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Green, Cecilia A. "Hierarchies of whiteness in the geographies of empire: Thomas Thistlewood and the Barrets of Jamaica." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 80, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2008): 5–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002486.
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Shows how a racial solidarity between whites in colonial Jamaica during slavery developed, but covered class differences between whites. Author examines the differences between the lesser-white, socially mobile settlers, and the upper plantocracy. She looks especially at social-structural factors, in particular genealogy and reproduction, that separated upper plantocratic families and dynasties, with connections with Britain, e.g. through absentee plantation owners, from less wealthy white settlers, that obtained intermediate positions as overseers, and generally were single males. She relates this further to the context with a white minority and a majority of slaves, and with relatively less women than men among the whites, that influenced differing reproductive patterns. The upper-class tended to achieve white marrying partners from Britain, alongside having children with slaves or people of colour, while lower-class whites mostly reproduced only in this last way. Author exemplifies this difference by juxtaposing the family histories and relationships, and relative social positions of Thomas Thistlewood, an overseer who came alone, and had an intermediate position, and the upper-class wealthy Barrett family, who were large land and slave owners, and established a powerful white dynasty in Jamaica, with British connections, over centuries, and that also included, sidelined, coloured offspring.
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GILBERTSON, AMANDA. "A Fine Balance: Negotiating fashion and respectable femininity in middle-class Hyderabad, India." Modern Asian Studies 48, no. 1 (July 22, 2013): 120–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x1300019x.
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AbstractDrawing on twelve months of fieldwork in suburban Hyderabad, this paper explores the double binds experienced by middle-class young women as they attempt to meet the competing demands of ‘respectable’ and ‘fashionable’ femininity. For middle-class women, respectability requires purposeful movement, demure posture and modest clothing when in public, as well as avoidance of lower-class spaces where men congregate. Status can, however, also be achieved through more revealing fashionable clothing and consumption in elite public spaces. Whilst respectability for some sections of the middle class necessitates avoidance of even platonic relationships with the opposite sex, upper middle-class informants encourage heterosociality and for some upper middle-class and elite youth pre-marital romance is a form of ‘fashion’ due to its location in high-status spaces of leisure and consumption. The tensions described in this paper reveal the fragmentation of Hyderabad's middle class and the barriers to social mobility experienced by women for whom the relationship between legitimate cultural capital and feminine modesty is becoming increasingly complex.
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Kakolaki, Leila Nasiri, and Mohsen Shahrokhi. "Gender Differences in Complaint Strategies among Iranian Upper Intermediate EFL Students." Studies in English Language Teaching 4, no. 1 (January 5, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v4n1p1.
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<p class="Default"><em>The goal of this research </em><em>was</em><em> to know the differences </em><em>between</em><em> the strategies used by </em><em>male and female upper</em><em> intermediate EFL learners in complaining. Various studies suggest that the way men and women speak is different. Women are considered to be more polite than men. The present study investigated the differences of complaining realizations between Iranian EFL men and women students. A number of 60 (30 males and 30 females) upper intermediate students were selected based on their performance on a general proficiency test administered by the institute’s authorities to participate in the study. Data were collected through an open-ended questionnaire in the form of a Discourse Completion Task (DCT). The responses were analyzed based on Rinnert and Nogami’s (2006) taxonomy. The study revealed that there was a difference between men and women in realizing the complaining speech act. Men used very direct complaint more frequently compared to women who used indirect complaints the most. The present study found gender has an influence on the choice of complaining strategies and politeness.</em><em></em></p>
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Lahtinen, Hannu, Outi Sirniö, and Pekka Martikainen. "Social class and the risk of unemployment: Trends, gender differences and the contribution of education." Acta Sociologica 63, no. 3 (December 27, 2018): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699318817594.
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Previous research has shown that an advantaged social class position protects individuals from unemployment, but less is known about how this relationship has developed after the turn of the millennium, how it varies by gender and to what extent education contributes to the association between these factors. We assess these questions using register-based data on the Finnish labour force over a 28-year period between 1988 and 2015. The overall risk of unemployment was 2.7–3.7-fold among manual classes compared to upper non-manual classes, and 1.4–1.7-fold among lower compared to upper non-manual classes. Controlling for education attenuated the differences between social classes by about two-thirds. Social class disparities were somewhat more distinct among men than among women, but gender differences narrowed over time. Overall, temporal changes were small, especially among men, except for a curvilinear pattern observed for the relative unemployment risk of the lower non-manual class. To conclude, despite a comparatively egalitarian context and drastic changes in economic conditions and labour market structures over time, social stratification in unemployment has been substantial and considerably persistent. This is in line with the conceptualization of social class underpinning differing employment relations and, therefore, inherently creating variation in labour market risks.
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Živanović, Aleksandar. "The Relationship between Dominance and Resistance in the Novel High Fidelity." Филолог – часопис за језик књижевност и културу 22, no. 22 (December 30, 2020): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21618/fil2022283z.
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This paper provides an analysis of the relationship of dominance and resistance in the novel High Fidelity. The aim of the paper is to identify the elements of popular culture in the novel and thus determine the nature of possible relationships in a patriarchal, capitalist society. The theoretical framework used in the paper is Fiske’s theory of popular culture (2001) and the analysis is based on regarding the characters as representatives of dominant and resistant forces. Men and the upper class constitute categories which are dominant in the relationship with subordinate ones – women and the lower class. In addition, the protagonist Rob is the prototype of a man who is subordinate to himself, i.e. to his representation of ideal male traits he lacks, according to his own beliefs. The subordinate put up resistance in different ways. Laura is a successful business woman who possesses a strong character, which places her into a better position than that of Rob. The protagonist uses music as one of the ways to express his resistance. As a lower class member (i.e. a poor entrepreneur), the protagonist opposes upper class members (wealthy entrepreneurs) in that he possesses moral principles which they often lack.
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Tanaka, Hirokazu, Wilma J. Nusselder, Matthias Bopp, Henrik Brønnum-Hansen, Ramune Kalediene, Jung Su Lee, Mall Leinsalu, et al. "Mortality inequalities by occupational class among men in Japan, South Korea and eight European countries: a national register-based study, 1990–2015." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 8 (May 29, 2019): 750–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211715.
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BackgroundWe compared mortality inequalities by occupational class in Japan and South Korea with those in European countries, in order to determine whether patterns are similar.MethodsNational register-based data from Japan, South Korea and eight European countries (Finland, Denmark, England/Wales, France, Switzerland, Italy (Turin), Estonia, Lithuania) covering the period between 1990 and 2015 were collected and harmonised. We calculated age-standardised all-cause and cause-specific mortality among men aged 35–64 by occupational class and measured the magnitude of inequality with rate differences, rate ratios and the average inter-group difference.ResultsClear gradients in mortality were found in all European countries throughout the study period: manual workers had 1.6–2.5 times higher mortality than upper non-manual workers. However, in the most recent time-period, upper non-manual workers had higher mortality than manual workers in Japan and South Korea. This pattern emerged as a result of a rise in mortality among the upper non-manual group in Japan during the late 1990s, and in South Korea during the late 2000s, due to rising mortality from cancer and external causes (including suicide), in addition to strong mortality declines among lower non-manual and manual workers.ConclusionPatterns of mortality by occupational class are remarkably different between European countries and Japan and South Korea. The recently observed patterns in the latter two countries may be related to a larger impact on the higher occupational classes of the economic crisis of the late 1990s and the late 2000s, respectively, and show that a high socioeconomic position does not guarantee better health.
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Laquihuanaco, Gina, Yalil Rodríguez-Cárdenas, Gustavo Ruíz-Mora, Abraham Meneses-López, and Luis Arriola-Guillén. "Mandibular angle morphology in open bite subjects according to the skeletal relationship: a cbct short report." Journal of Oral Research 11, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17126/joralres.2022.038.
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Aim: The purpose of this research was to three-dimensionally evaluate the mandibular angle morphology in open bite subjects with different sagittal skeletal relationships. Material and Methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 26 subjects (12 men and 14 women) with anterior open bite were evaluated. The sample included 3 groups categorized by their sagittal skeletal relationship (based on ANB angle and anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI)): Class I (n=9), Class II (n=6) and Class III (n=11). The total gonial angle, upper gonial angle, lower gonial angle, intergonial width, interantegonial width and antegonial notch depth were measured. ANOVA and Tukey tests were used for intergroup comparison. The Kruskal Wallis test was also used when necessary. In addition, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to evaluate significant correlations between overbite and antegonial notch depth with gonial angle, Frankfurt mandibular plane angle (FMA) and the palatal plane-mandibular plane (PP-MP). Results: A significant difference was only found on the upper gonial angle between Class II and Class III (p=0.047). The upper gonial angle showed greater values (48°±3°) with the mandibular branch toward backward in Class III subjects and lower values (42.42°±4.39°) with the mandibular ramus leaning forward in subjects with Class II skeletal relationship. Besides, only a statistically significant correlation was found between overbite and the lower gonial angle (r=-0.418, p=0.034). Conclusion: Mandibular angle morphology is similar in anterior open bite subjects with different sagittal skeletal relationships, except for the upper gonial angle which is increased in Class III and decreased in Class II subjects with open bite. Lower gonial angle is negatively correlated with overbite. This difference should be considered by orthodontists when planning their treatments.
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Silverman, Jonathan. "Lorelei's Doomed Performance: Anita Loos and the American Dream." Prospects 27 (October 2002): 547–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001320.
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When Anita Loos wrote her best-selling novels, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1925) and But Gentlemen Marry Brunettes (1928), American women were in a state of flux. Buoyed by the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, many middle-class and upper-class women expected to play a larger role in public life. Nonetheless, men expected women to undertake the same roles of wife and mother as women of previous generations — a demand that put many women and men in conflict. While suffrage had not eliminated the myths and beliefs that bound women earlier in the century, women believed they had tools similar to those implicitly endorsed by Horatio Alger, such as education and determination, to enable them to move into the public sphere.
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Endraswara, Suwardi. "Politik gaya Sengkuni dan estetika Semar kajian antropologi sastra terhadap pemilu legislatif." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 27, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v27i42014.195-205.
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This article aims to explain two unique political actions, namely Sengkuni style and Seamr aesthetic. Both styles were viewed from litterature anthropology perspective. This methapor provides authentic data from 2009 election, expected to be a reflection the 2014 election. The study shows that politic, culture, and litterature were conected to each other, produces methapor in two political style. First, in this transitional era, sengkuni style is more favorable in targetting people, especially the middle class-men. Secondly is semar aesthetic style, more suitable for upper class-men group, those who hold their tradition tightly. This style suits better to pro-people type of leader. In conclusion, researcher found that both style has its strength and weakness, mostly depends on the targetted group in the community.
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Tiwari, Pratap Sagar, Pukar Thapa, Binod Karki, and Sudhamshu KC. "Correlation of Child-Pugh Classification with Esophageal Varices in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis." Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College 20, no. 1 (July 31, 2022): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngmc.v20i1.48105.
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Introduction: The severity of the chronic liver disease can be assessed by several non-invasive methods one of them includes scoring system like Child-Pugh classification.
Aims: The objective of this study was to assess the correlation of Child Pugh class with esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study of 406 patients with liver cirrhosis. Demographic and relevant clinical data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Abdominal ultrasound, liver function test, full blood count, viral markers were done for all patients. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to screen for varices and if found were categorized as small and large.
Results: A total of 406 patients with a mean age of 48 ± 11 years were evaluated. There were 72.4% and 27.6% men and women respectively. Variceal screening by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed esophageal varices in 90.1% patients. By Child-Pugh Classification, 60 (14.8%) patients were in class A, 156 (38.4%) in class B and 190 (46.8%) in class C. Among patients with Child class A, 29 (48.3%) had varices. Similarly, 147 (94.2%) and 190 (100%) of Child class B & C had varices respectively. Odds of presence of esophageal varix were 9 times higher for patients with Child-Pugh Classification B and C compared to class A.
Conclusion: Most patients with cirrhosis present late and with advanced stage in this referral center. Most have esophageal varices on their first screening endoscopy. Child-Pugh classification is a reliable measure of stratifying variceal risk in chronic liver disease patients.
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Suárez, Sandra L. "Reflections on a “Heavenly Chorus [that] Sings with a Strong [Male] Upper Class Accent”." Business and Politics 17, no. 1 (April 2015): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2014-0031.
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When it comes to our understanding of the distribution and exercise of political power in the US, does it matter that women have not been able to break the glass ceiling? Most political decisions in the US are shaped by the preferences of elites. However, despite of important economic gains women continue to play a minor, and rather peripheral role, in the US business elite, with very few of them appointed to top management or to the CEO position, and an even smaller number belonging to the inner circle of corporate board directors. In parallel, the number of women who are millionaires is on the increase, but their impact on the political process is still small. Women are the majority of eligible and actual voters, and non-elite and elite women in particular have different political preferences than men – especially in the areas of social spending. However, in spite of the increased concerns with the high levels of inequality in the US, little or no change can be expected if women's voices continue to be drowned by the overwhelming male presence in the commanding heights of the business landscape.
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Bell, Catherine. "Worshiping the Ancestors: Chinese Commemorative Portraits. By Jan Stuart and Evelyn S. Rawski. [Washington, DC and Stanford, CA: Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in association with Stanford University Press, 2001. 216pp. $75.00. ISBN 08047 4262 6.]." China Quarterly 173 (March 2003): 214–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000944390343012x.
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This lovely book accompanies a show of ancestor portraits from the mid-15th to the 20th century held at the Smithsonian's Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in 2001. The Sackler's recently acquired collection, supplemented for the show with contributions from the Freer Gallery and private collections, consists of 85 paintings depicting mostly noble and upper-class men and women, probably sold by families caught in the disruptions of the late Qing.
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Ruggera, Lucia, and Jani Erola. "Licensed Professionals and Intergenerational Big-, Meso- and Micro-Class Immobility within the Upper Class; Social Closure and Gendered Outcomes among Italian Graduates." Social Sciences 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11090418.
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This article examines how processes of social closure promote persistence at the top of the occupational hierarchy and how they vary by gender. We focus on the links between professional closure strategies and intergenerational immobility in professional employment among Italian graduates. Italy displays the highest levels of service market regulation across Europe, and professionals are the largest occupational group within the upper class; therefore, it is crucial to analyse the link between professional closure and labour market outcomes among Italian graduates. Using ISTAT’s survey on Italian graduates’ labour outcomes and replicating the analyses of men in the ILFI survey, the origin-destination association is investigated at the big-, meso-, and micro-levels. We employ log-linear nested models and logistic regressions. The SPL sample offers a unique opportunity to analyse social mobility at the beginning of professionals’ careers and provide in-depth explanations of the micro-level dynamics of social reproduction. The analyses indicate that children of regulated professionals have a higher propensity to follow in their parents’ footsteps (micro-classes). Self-employment among professionals strongly increases intergenerational immobility at the top of the occupational hierarchy. The findings demonstrate that the combination of specific parental resources strongly helps professionals’ sons and daughters to avoid social demotion.
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Andersen, Heine. "Forskere – rekruttering, karriere og social baggrund." Dansk Sociologi 23, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v23i2.4091.
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Artiklen fokuserer på den meget store skævhed i bestanden af forskere, betinget af oprindelsesklasse. Hovedparten af denne skævhed opstår i uddannelses-forløbet, men skævheden forstærkes yderligere ved selektion til forskerkarriere. Det undersøges, om disse skævheder i forhold til social oprindelse fortsat gør sig gældende i forskningens konkurrencesystem, hvor inklusion og belønninger i henhold til officielle normer skulle være baseret på faglig meritering, jf. Mertons CUDOS-normsæt. Analysen viser stærk indikation på socialt betinget selvselektion ved selve indgangen til forskerkarriere med overvægt af ansøgere med baggrund i en kulturel overklasse. Derimod er økonomisk overklasse ikke overrepræsenteret. På efterfølgende selektionstrin finder vi ikke tilsvarende skævheder, et enkelt sted ligefrem modsat, at arbejderklassebaggrund giver bedre odds. En markant undtagelse udgør Ung Eliteforskerpris, hvor vi finder en stærk overrepræsentation af unge fra kulturel overklasse. Meritter ser samtidig ud til at have betydning på alle trin. Forskellige teser til forklaring heraf afprøves og diskuteres.
ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Heine Andersen: Researchers – Recruitment, Career and Social Origins
The focus in this article is the strong social class bias in the population of researchers in Denmark. Most of this bias arises in selection processes occurring during education, but the bias is further enhanced at the commencement of the researcher career. The article analyses the impact of social origins of this bias at different steps in the research competition system, where inclusion and rewards according to official standards should be based on academic merit, according to Merton’s CUDOS-norms. The analysis shows strong evidence of self-selection based on class origins at the very beginning of the researcher career, with candidates of cultural upper class origin being highly over-represented (but not economic upper class). In subsequent selection steps, we found no such bias, in one case exactly the opposite, a working class background giving better odds. One notable exception was Danish Research Council’s “Young Researchers Award”, where we find a strong over-representation of young researchers from the cultural upper class. Merits seem to have an impact on all stages.
Key words: Researchers, social origins, social mobility, career, CUDOS-norms.
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Tian, Zhiwei, and Yu Liu. "A Study of the Feminization of Young Men's Dress in the Upper Class in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China." Asian Social Science 17, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v17n9p25.
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When the decree to cut pigtails and change clothing was introduced in the late Qing and early Republican periods, there were many clothing changes. The feminization of men's clothing was widely discussed at the time as a distinctive dress code trend. This article looks at the historical documents that documented this event and analyses the specific manifestations of this phenomenon by looking at the groups and regions where the feminization of men's clothing took place. The article analyses the phenomenon of men wearing women's clothing to blur their gender and explore the image of cross-dressing men in the society of the time and its meaning. Through the analysis of historical documents on the diverse, outward expressions of cross-dressing men, the fact that diversity in masculinity existed in that time is illustrated. This leads to further induction of the respective images of masculinity and a discussion of the various reasons behind this phenomenon. The article concludes with an attempt to reveal the motives that produced the feminization of men's dressing, both in terms of external social and internal causes, and to discuss whether the feminization of men's dressing in the late Qing Dynasty involved transgender identity the analysis of masculinity.
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GHOSH, DURBA. "Household Crimes and Domestic Order: Keeping the Peace in Colonial Calcutta, c. 1770–c. 1840." Modern Asian Studies 38, no. 3 (July 2004): 599–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x03001124.
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During the early years of British expansion in Bengal, from the 1770s to the 1840s, British courts ruled on at least three dozen domestic violence cases. In the process of ruling on crimes in which native women were victims of burglary, rape, and murder at the hands of European men, judges on the Supreme Court of Calcutta became intimately involved with enforcing domestic peace and containing the social threat posed by interracial conjugal relationships between lower-class European soldiers and merchants and the native women with whom they cohabited or married. While high-ranking, upper-class men may have also physically abused native women with whom they were intimate, these relationships were rarely the subject of judicial scrutiny. Through criminal trials of domestic crimes or ‘intimate violence’, British judges and magistrates, who were among the highest status positions in the civil service, managed the sexual and familial transgressions of lower-ranking European soldiers, merchants and civil employees, thereby ‘making empire respectable,’ while simultaneously enabling lower-ranking men to enjoy continued sexual access to local women.
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Lee, Tom. "ECONOMIC CLASS, SOCIAL STATUS, AND EARLY SCOTTISH CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS." Accounting Historians Journal 31, no. 2 (December 1, 2004): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.31.2.27.
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A recent study by Jacobs [2003] examines economic class bias in the contemporary recruitment practices of public accountancy firms. The study bases its argument on a historical review that suggests such bias has its origins in early Scottish chartered accountancy. This paper challenges the Jacobs thesis by examining the notion of economic class in relation to the social status of professions, and provides archival evidence of the effects of the recruitment practices of Scottish chartered accountants from mid 19th century until the beginning of the First World War. This evidence demonstrates a dual effect. The first is a considerable change during this period in the economic class origins of the general community of chartered accountants in Scotland and the second is relative stability in the economic class origins of their leadership. Scottish chartered accountancy immigrants to the US provide a clear example of the general community effect. They also reveal how economic class was not a significant factor in the success of their American professional careers. The data also highlight differences in these matters between chartered accountants from each of the three Scottish bodies and suggest generalizations about early Scottish chartered accountancy are inappropriate. Overall, therefore, and contrary to the argument of Jacobs, the early Scottish chartered accountancy bodies did not maintain their social status in terms of the economic class origins of their general memberships. Instead, they coped with the economics of a growing market for their services by increasingly recruiting men from lower middle class and working class backgrounds while maintaining their social respectability as a professional grouping with leaderships almost exclusively of upper class and upper middle class origins.
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McGeary, Thomas. "Music, men and masculinity on the Grand Tour: British flautists in Italy." Early Music 49, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/caab023.
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Abstract The Grand Tour was the highpoint of the education of the sons of many members of the British upper classes. Despite its contributions to British culture, the Tour came in for contemporary objection and satire. More recently Richard Leppert has used his construct of 18th-century British ideology of gender, class and music to argue that men’s musical activities on the Tour were devalued. This article re-assesses the role of music-making of males on the Grand Tour. It questions the basis of Leppert’s account, and documents an array of paintings depicting Grand Tourists with instruments. The paintings range from highly finished, formal portraits by Pompeo Batoni, to the personal caricatures by Joshua Reynolds, and the informal chalk sketches by Thomas Patch. The article also uses the newly discovered account book of the Hon. Charles Stanhope to show the attention and expenses he devoted to music while on his Grand Tour.
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Ruth, Jan-Erik, James E. Birren, and Donald E. Polkinghorne. "The Projects of Life Reflected in Autobiographies of Old Age." Ageing and Society 16, no. 6 (November 1996): 677–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00020043.
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AbstractThe present investigation was based on the analysis of twenty respondents, ten men and ten women, all retired. The written texts were obtained from the archives of one of the authors who gathered autobiographies using a guided method of assigned topics of life. The main objective for this analysis was to find those central life goals and dominant activities around which the projects of life were formed. Sorting of life projects was done according to the constant comparison method described by Glaser and Strauss in their Grounded Theory model. Five types of life projects were identified in the narratives:living is achieving, living is being social, living is loving, living is family life, living is struggling.Considerable gender differences appeared in the findings with women showing a broader participation and interpretation of life where family life, community work and job careers were important. The men tended to be more monothematic focusing either on a personal achievement or a career development in a more social context. The rhetoric in the discourse of life themes was quite different between the sexes reflecting the sex role scripts of the cohort studied. Only in some of the types was the class dimension clearly visible where the typeliving is achievingand to a certain extent evenliving is being socialreflected upper middle class and upper class occupations whileliving is lovingreflected middle class occupations. The positive narrative tone and the telling of well-managed life projects and success stories in most of the accounts were considered as American features in comparison to some Finnish life stories that contained more of the telling of hardships. The most gender bound accounts such as the masculineliving is achievingand the feminineliving is lovinglife projects showed the greatest resemblances between these two western cultures revealing comparable master scripts.
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Foma, Winga, Bathokedeou Amana, Essobozou Pegbessou, Haréfétéguéna Bissa, Saliou Adam, Warou Dolou, Tchin Darré, Essohanam Boko, and Eyawèlohn Kpemissi. "Upper aero digestive tract cancers: epidemiological and histopathological aspects in Togo." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 3, no. 1 (December 28, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20164803.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-GB">The objective of the study was to describe the epidemiological and histopathological aspects of cancer of the upper aero digestive tract (UAT) in a reference service in Togo</span><span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-GB">It was a retrospective study about UAT cancers diagnosed in the ENT and maxillofacial surgery department of Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital of Lomé in Togo from 1st January 2005 to 31 December 2014, or a period of 10 years</span><span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-GB">The UAT cancers represented 0.3% of consultations and 64.8% of head and neck cancers. The average age of patients was 51.3 years (± 16.5) with extremes of 3 months and 86 years. The sex ratio was 1.77. Chronic smoking was found in 26.4% of patients with 1.6% of women; that of chronic alcoholism among 43.8% of which 7.7% of women and the simultaneous alcoolotabagisme in 20.9% of patients. The UAT cancers were dominated by cancers of the oral cavity (36.2%) with particularly a female predominance (53.2%), followed by the oropharynx (18.5%) and the larynx (18.1%). The squamous cell carcinoma was predominant in UAT cancers (83.5%) followed by non-Hodgkin lymphoma (8.9%) and adenocarcinoma (2.7%)</span><span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-GB">UAT cancers are the largest contingent of head and neck cancers in Togo. They occur most often in men from the fifties but there are a high proportion of women. Histology is dominated by squamous cell carcinoma</span><span lang="EN-IN">.</span></p>
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Phillips, Jim. "Labour Market in Crisis: The Moral Economy and Redundancy on the Upper Clyde, 1969–72." Scottish Historical Review 101, no. 1 (April 2022): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2022.0548.
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The Upper Clyde Shipbuilders (UCS) work-in of 1971–2 is examined here within a moral-economy analysis of the longer history of deindustrialisation. Working-class expectations of security and voice in Scotland were cultivated by the management of industrial job losses from the late 1950s onwards. Labour governments were more trusted custodians of this moral economy than Conservative governments. Edward Heath’s Conservative government, elected in 1970, violated the moral economy by allowing unemployment to accelerate, with particularly punishing effects in Glasgow. A labour market crisis materialised in 1970 before UCS went into liquidation in 1971. This article revisits an academic survey of men who took voluntary redundancy from UCS in 1969 and 1970, before market conditions deteriorated. Their unexpected experience of downward occupational mobility transgressed the moral economy and was a previously-unremarked factor in the mobilisation of the work-in against further job losses. The episode widened the political gulf between Scotland and England. Conservative policy-makers were discredited in working-class communities in Scotland before Margaret Thatcher and her governments embarked on their reckless management of deindustrialisation from 1979.
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Wahrman, Dror. "“Middle-Class” Domesticity Goes Public: Gender, Class, and Politics from Queen Caroline to Queen Victoria." Journal of British Studies 32, no. 4 (October 1993): 396–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386041.
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In early 1831, the novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton contributed a comparative essay to the Edinburgh Review on “the spirit of society” in England and France. A key issue for discussion, of course, was that of fashion. “Our fashion,” stated Bulwer-Lytton, “may indeed be considered the aggregate of the opinions of our women.” The fundamental dichotomy which ran through these pages was that between public and private: “the proper sphere of woman,” Bulwer-Lytton continued, “is private life, and the proper limit to her virtues, the private affections.” And in antithesis to the aggregate opinions of “the domestic class of women”—in his view, the only virtuous kind of women—which constituted fashion, stood “public opinion”; that exclusive masculine realm, that should remain free of “feminine influence.”Some two years later, in his two-volume England and the English, Bulwer-Lytton restated the antithesis between fashion and public opinion, both repeating his earlier formulation and at the same time significantly modifying it. By 1833, his definitions of fashion and opinion ran as follows: “The middle classes interest themselves in grave matters: the aggregate of their sentiments is called OPINION. The great interest themselves in frivolities, and the aggregate of their sentiments is termed FASHION.” Here, Bulwer-Lytton no longer designated fashion as the aggregate of the opinions of women but, instead, as the aggregate of the opinions of the upper classes; and public opinion was no longer the domain of men but, instead, the aggregate of the opinions of the “middle class.”
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Guy, Donna J. "CLAH Lecture: Harrods Buenos Aires. The Case of the Unwanted Dresses, 1912–1940." Americas 77, no. 3 (July 2020): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2020.38.
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ABSTRACTIn 1912, a small department store called Harrods opened in Buenos Aires, one that by the 1920s expanded to almost a city block. Although named after the founder of the London store, the manager of Harrods London, Richard Burbidge, his son Woodman, and a few board members planned the purchase of land and opened the business, and then presented it to the entire London board. Unfamiliar with Buenos Aires, believing that women consumed more than men, and presuming that upper-class women there had the same consumer desires of those in England, the store opened catering to the upper-class female population and focused on readymade dresses. And, to the great surprise of the local manager, women of all classes did not want these dresses because they preferred to purchase cloth and take it to their dressmakers.The dilemma facing Harrods Buenos Aires, detailed in company reports in the archive of Harrods London and in scans of Buenos Aires Harrods archives in the possession of British bookseller Jennifer Wilton-Williams, show that sales reports, rather than studies of the Argentine market like those published by the US Department of Commerce, shaped the new department store's response. Until the 1940s, Harrods Buenos Aires focused on the sale of less expensive articles that came from its dining room, its cosmetics department, and infants’ and children's clothing. Furthermore, employees purchased more than 40 percent of the clothing. Originally imagined as the flagship of the upper-class female shopper, it ended up as a store for the middle class, especially women who bought gifts and enjoyed being seen in the dining room. It closed in 1998.
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S, Rahini. "Social Change in Transgender People as Shown in the Novel." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-3 (July 16, 2022): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s316.
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Literature is also a medium through which the diverse lifestyles of human society have been fully and partially recorded from the earliest times. In the early literatures the main characters were men from the upper class of the society. The early literatures recorded the marginalized people of lower strata but their lifestyle and social changes were not recorded, rather the literature showed such people in the light of being ridiculed and enslaved by the upper class. In the course of time, literature also had changes as many literary works evolved to shed light on the different sections of society and also the marginalized people. The novels titled Vaadamalli, Moondram Paalin Mugam, Punitham Thedum Puthinam figures transgenders as the protagonist who are also a marginalized section of the society. The essence of this dissertation is to illustrate the social changes in the lives of transgenders such as being accepted by parents and the community, continuing education without lagging, being employed, getting police assistance, and participating in multidisciplinary ways through the novels.
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Kholoussy, Hanan. "The Private Affairs of Public Officials: Mixed Marriage and Diplomacy in Interwar and Post-Mubarak Egypt." Die Welt des Islams 54, no. 3-4 (December 3, 2014): 483–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700607-05434p08.
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This article examines the 1933 legislation that criminalized Egyptian diplomats abroad who married foreign, especially European, women. While this law emerged during a period of anticolonial nationalist struggle against British colonial rule, it continues to be implemented in contemporary Egypt. This article situates the law in the broader public debates about bachelorhood and mixed marriage that dominated the pages of the Egyptian press in the 1920s and 1930s. The diplomatic legislation served as an arena to define the rights and duties of upper-class Egyptian national men who represented the semi-independent nation internationally in its newly created foreign service. It was a vehicle for the state to shape the normative national subject vis-à-vis its intervention into the private lives of public officials. By exploring the various ways in which Egyptian legislators, journalists, and social commentators conceptualized mixed marriage and national service, this article sheds light on upper-class masculinity in early 20th-century Egypt and its intersections with new formations of gender, governmentality, and national identity.
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Mikhailova, E. I., A. V. Sennikova, E. L. Krasavtsev, N. V. Trofimova, and О. S. Pershenkova. "ASSOCIATION OF ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES WITH OTHER PHENOTYPIC STIGMAS OF EPATIC CIRRHOSIS." Hepatology and Gastroenterology 6, no. 2 (December 13, 2022): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25298/2616-5546-2022-6-2-123-127.
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Background. Portal hypertension resulted from the increased pressure in the portal system is one of the leading syndromes of liver cirrhosis. A frequent and often fatal manifestation of portal hypertension is upper gastrointestinal bleeding mainly due to varicose veins of the esophagus and the stomach. Objective. To study the prevalence of esophageal and gastric varices and their association with other phenotypic stigmas of cirrhosis. Material and methods. A total of 108 patients with cirrhosis, including 46 (42.59%) men and 62 (57.41%) women, were included in the study. Results. Varicose veins were detected in 77 (71,3%) of 108 examined patients. All varices were localized in the esophagus. Of all patients examined, 36 patients (33.33%) were Child-Pugh class A, 58 patients (53.70%) were class B, and 14 patients (12.96%) were class C. Among Class A patients, 9 patients (11.7%) had grade I varicose veins, 9 patients (11.7%) had grade II, 8 patients (10.4%) had grade III, while 13 patients (16.9%), 24 patients (31.2%) and 3 patients (3.9%) had grade B varicose veins, respectively. All patients classified as class C had large varicose veins. The size of varices was associated with the severity of liver cirrhosis (τ=0.2, 95% CI: p˂0.05). Grade II-III varices were seen in 55 patients (50.9%), 9 of whom (16.4%) had a history of gastrointestinal bleeding. Such complication was not observed in any patient with class A cirrhosis, but occurred in all patients with Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis. Conclusions. Patients with liver cirrhosis should undergo follow-up upper GI endoscopy for early detection of varices and, if necessary, for prescription of prophylactic therapy to reduce the risk of bleeding and associated high mortality.
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Liu, Fengshu. "Chinese Young Men’s Construction of Exemplary Masculinity: The Hegemony of Chenggong." Men and Masculinities 22, no. 2 (March 17, 2017): 294–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x17696911.
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Using interviews with twenty-five male Beijingers in their final year of upper secondary school, this article shows that their construction of masculinities in all cases revolves around the importance of chenggong (outstanding accomplishment). They perceived chenggong as a prerequisite for the “the good life,” “the good person,” and “the good man.” But striving for chenggong entails much personal cost. Chenggong’s strong assertion by all these young men, notwithstanding intragroup differences, may indicate its contemporary hegemonic status. Suggested explanations are: the general importance of exemplary norms in China, the influence of neoliberalism and consumerism (and the attendant individualism) in post-Mao China, and their being “only children” from urban and mostly middle-class background; in particular, there is the competitive advantage which men derive from their prospective chenggong in a marriage market where a strong hypergamy norm for women is combined with a discourse of “natural sex differences” and notorious sex ratio imbalances.
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Rae, Anu. "Institutionalization of the insane in the Russian Baltic provinces: a case study of the Hospital for Mental and Nervous Diseases in Tartu, 1881–95." History of Psychiatry 33, no. 4 (November 19, 2022): 429–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x221114231.
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This article studies the University of Tartu psychiatric hospital and its patient population in the Russian Baltic Province of Livonia in 1881–95, using the hospital’s admission registry book as the primary source. Although it was a university clinic following the German academic tradition, both upper- and lower-class patients were admitted (25 and 75 per cent, respectively, of 2,184 hospitalizations), with a median stay of 70 days. Admission and length of stay often depended on a family’s or community’s financial capabilities. Considerably more men and unmarried patients were admitted, and 130 hospitalized women were diagnosed with female-specific illnesses. This study argues that gender and social class should be jointly analysed, as admission and discharge outcomes are influenced by both factors simultaneously.
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Hansen, Marianne Nordli, and Maren Toft. "Wealth Accumulation and Opportunity Hoarding: Class-Origin Wealth Gaps over a Quarter of a Century in a Scandinavian Country." American Sociological Review 86, no. 4 (June 26, 2021): 603–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00031224211020012.
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Although the Scandinavian countries are often considered to epitomize social democratic governance, Scandinavia’s profound wealth inequalities, seen in relation to the more modest income differences, constitutes a fascinating paradox. Drawing on class theoretical concerns with strategies for reproduction and a Bourdieusian emphasis on class fractions, we explore how class-origin wealth gaps evolved over the past 25 years in Norway, and how they compare to class-origin income gaps. First, we find that class-origin wealth gaps have increased in recent years, whereas income inequalities are fairly persistent among men, and increasing among women. We find that educational attainment is important for channeling income inequality, but that education is less important for understanding wealth gaps. Second, we document differences between people whose family contexts were most highly endowed with economic capital and those who grew up in families that were engaged in cultural fields or the professions. Finally, we highlight how analyses based solely on net worth neglect important ways class origin perpetuates and accelerates wealth inequalities via the acquisition of debt. We argue that recent decades have fostered new instruments for opportunity hoarding that are most successfully used by the sons and daughters of the economic upper class.
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Little, J. I. "Gender and Gentility on the Lower Canadian Frontier: Lucy Peel’s Journal, 1833-36." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 10, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 59–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030508ar.
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Abstract This paper examines the gender and class values reflected in the journal of a young English woman who lived with her husband near Sherbrooke during the 1830s. Contrary to the claims of studies dealing with the British gentry in Upper Canada, the lives of the local elite described in Lucy Peel's journal do not conform to the rigid separation of a female private world and a male public one. Men took an active part in the domestic sphere, and women played a central role in maintaining social boundaries.
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Titman, Nathan. "Taking Punishment Gladly: Bill Tilden’s Performances of the Unruly Male Body." Journal of Sport History 41, no. 3 (October 1, 2014): 447–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.41.3.447.
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Abstract Although historians have read the athleticism of seven-time national tennis champion Bill Tilden as a cover for his sexual identity, his playing style was very much a product of his existence outside normative gender expectations in the 1920s. Tennis allowed Tilden to engage in the homosocial amateur sporting code of upper-class Northeasterners—establishing psychological intimacy with playing partners, opponents, and protégés—while also adapting the more “roughneck” and varied techniques of working-class Californian players into a style that observers celebrated for both its power and its beauty. Tilden defied contemporary expectations that bourgeois white men should eventually limit their participation in leisure and settle down with marriage and stable capitalist production, while using athletic movement to bridge gender categories in the creation of his own “artistic” self-expression.
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Nokkonen, Soili. "‘How many taxis there needs to be?’ The sociolinguistic variation of need to in spoken British English." Corpora 5, no. 1 (May 2010): 45–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2010.0003.
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This paper explores need to, a semi-modal of obligation and necessity, and its semantic variation in connection with the sociolinguistic variables of gender, age and social class in the spoken demographic part of the British National Corpus. The semantic/pragmatic uses of need to include internal, deontic, dynamic and epistemic domains based both on traditional concepts and cross-linguistic studies. The sociolinguistic analysis applies the generalisations by Labov, but pays attention to the interactional styles and the communicative needs of the various social groups as well. The results reveal that need to is undergoing change. It shows monotonic distribution among adults, but it is slightly more common among men than women, and, in terms of social class, the upper middle class takes the lead. The semantic variation corroborates these findings – older speakers stick to the more traditional domains – but also reflects the gendered life stages and discourse styles of the speaker groups.