Journal articles: 'Upper classes'

1

Huggins, Mike. "Sport and the Upper Classes: Introduction." Sport in History 28, no. 3 (September 2008): 351–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460260802315462.

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El-Nouty, Charles, and Jean-Lin Journé. "Upper classes of the bifractional Brownian motion." Studia Scientiarum Mathematicarum Hungarica 48, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 371–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/sscmath.48.2011.3.1180.

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Cheston, Grant A., and Gerd Fricke. "Classes of graphs for which upper fractional domination equals independence, upper domination, and upper irredundance." Discrete Applied Mathematics 55, no. 3 (December 1994): 241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-218x(94)90011-6.

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Karaaslan, Faruk. "Soft Classes and Soft Rough Classes with Applications in Decision Making." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1584528.

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Rough set was defined by Pawlak in 1982. Concept of soft set was proposed as a mathematical tool to cope with uncertainty and vagueness by Molodtsov in 1999. Soft sets were combined with rough sets by Feng et al. in 2011. Feng et al. investigated relationships between a subset of initial universe of soft set and a soft set. Feng et al. defined the upper and lower approximations of a subset of initial universe over a soft set. In this study, we firstly define concept of soft class and soft class operations such as union, intersection, and complement. Then we give some properties of soft class operations. Based on definition and operations of soft classes, we define lower and upper approximations of a soft set. Subsequently, we introduce concept of soft rough class and investigate some properties of soft rough classes. Moreover, we give a novel decision making method based on soft class and present an example related to novel method.

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5

Pinnell, Richard. "Women and the guitar in Spain's upper classes." Anuario Musical, no. 53 (January 24, 2019): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/anuariomusical.1998.i53.279.

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El tema del Libro de Apolonio, del siglo XIII, se basa en las mujeres y una aristocrática guitarra llamada vihuela. El prestigio de este instrumento continuó durante el siglo XVI en manos de emperatrices, reinas, princesas y señoras de las clases altas españolas. Su inclinación a tocar este tipo de instrumentos expandió la importancia de los valores humanísticos y educativos procedentes del Renacimiento Italiano que llegaban a los puertos mediterráneos de España. En los barcos de regreso, empezando alrededor de 1550, las mujeres españolas iniciaron la expatriación de la guitarra barroca a Nápoles, cuyas fuerzas estaban preparadas para una invasión del Norte a través de las ciudades-estado y en el resto de Europa como la «guitarra española». Los refuerzos vinieron de la cultura popular italiana y española, avanzando tanto hacia el Norte a Escandinavia como al Oeste a América. Siguiendo los pasos de las infantas Habsburgo, que se convirtieron en las esposas de Luis XIII y Luis XIV de Francia, el movimiento de la guitarra alcanzó su apoteosis bajo los Borbones, los cuales, después del 1700, regresaron a España. Desde 1660 a 1800, las princesas y reinas de las dinastías de los Habsburgo, Saboya, Estuardo y Borbones, elevaron continuamente el prestigio de este instrumento, añadiendo más popularidad y abriendo el camino para su influencia en la música artística secular.

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Clingerman, Forrest, and Kevin J. O'Brien. "Teaching Introductory Upper-Level Religion and Theology Classes." Teaching Theology & Religion 18, no. 4 (October 2015): 326–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/teth.12302.

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Wilson, Barbara, and Susan Plutsky. "Predicting Success in Upper-Division Business Communication Classes." Journal of Education for Business 72, no. 3 (January 1997): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08832323.1997.10116841.

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Magee, Jonathan. "Coursing and the Upper Classes in Victorian Ireland." Sport in History 28, no. 3 (September 2008): 491–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460260802315546.

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9

Flemmen, Magne, Johs Hjellbrekke, and Vegard Jarness. "Class, Culture and Culinary Tastes: Cultural Distinctions and Social Class Divisions in Contemporary Norway." Sociology 52, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 128–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038516673528.

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In this article we analyse class cultures by mapping out differences in ‘original taste’; that is, respondents’ classed preferences for food and drink. By employing Multiple Correspondence Analysis, we produce a relational model of tastes. Using three indicators of social class – occupational class, income and education – we find clear class divisions. The upper and middle classes exhibit diverse and what are typically regarded as ‘healthy’ tastes; this contrasts with the more restricted and what are typically regarded as ‘less healthy’ tastes found among the working classes. Our findings challenge ongoing debates within cultural stratification research where it has become almost usual to demonstrate that the contemporary upper and middle classes exhibit playful tastes for the ‘cosmopolitan’ and the ‘exotic’. We find that upper- and middle-class households also enjoy very traditional foodstuffs. We argue that this illustrates a need for a relational understanding of taste: even the consumption of the traditional peasant food of pre-capitalist Norway can be refashioned as a badge of distinction in the 21st century.

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Feigenbaum, Elysa, and Ronald Friend. "A Comparison of Freshmen and Upper Division Students' Preferences for Small and Large Psychology Classes." Teaching of Psychology 19, no. 1 (February 1992): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1901_2.

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Contrary to the commonly held view, we hypothesized that freshmen would prefer small classes and that upper division students would prefer large classes. Twenty freshmen and 20 upper division students rated their preferences for 16 class structures, which varied on combinations of four variables: small or large class size, multiple-choice or essay exams, heavy or moderate work load, and average class grade of B or C. Subjects also filled out the Watson and Friend (1969) Social Avoidance and Distress (SAD) and Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) Scales as control variables. Finally, upper division students identified and rated the size of psychology classes they had taken. Results support our prediction: Freshmen prefer small classes, and upper division students prefer large classes. Moreover, upper division students with greater experience of large classes report stronger preferences for them. Gender and social anxiety do not affect these findings. We discuss these results as well as the need for longitudinal investigations of the effects of academic experience on personal and intellectual development in university students.

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11

Robinson, Geoffrey R. "Nilpotent injectors and conjugacy classes in solvable groups." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 71, no. 3 (December 2001): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446788700002986.

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AbstractWe provide an upper bound for the order of a nilpotent injector of a finite solvable group with Fitting subgroup of order n. We also show that the same bound is an upper bound for the number of conjugacy classes, provided that the k(G V)-conjecture holds for solvable G all primes dividing n.

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12

Holá, Ľubica, and Grażyna Kwiecińska. "On the Borel Classes of Set-Valued Maps of Two Variables." Annales Mathematicae Silesianae 34, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsil-2020-0018.

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AbstractUsing the Borel classification of set-valued maps, we present here some new results on set-valued maps which are similar to some of the well known theorems on functions due to Lebesgue and Kuratowski. We consider set-valued maps of two variables in perfectly normal topological spaces. It was proved in [11] that a set-valued map lower semicontinuous (i.e. of lower Borel class 0) in the first and upper semicontinuous (i.e. of upper Borel class 0) in the second variable is of upper Borel class 1 and also (with stronger assumptions) of lower Borel class 1. This result cannot be generalized into higher Borel classes. In this paper we show that a set-valued map of the upper (resp. lower) Borel class α in the first and lower semicontinuous and upper quasicontinuous (upper semicontinuous and lower quasicontinuous) in the second variable is of the lower (resp. upper) Borel class α + 1. Also other cases are considered.

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13

Boeker, M., H. Stenzhorn, J. Niggemann, and S. Schulz. "Granularity Issues in the Alignment of Upper Ontologies." Methods of Information in Medicine 48, no. 02 (2009): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me9221.

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Summary Objectives: The application of upper ontologies has been repeatedly advocated for to support the interoperability between different domain ontologies for facilitating the shared use of data within and across disciplines. BioTop is an upper domain ontology that aims at aligning more specialized biomolecular and biomedical ontologies. The integration of BioTop and the upper ontology Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) is the objective of this study. Methods: BFO was manually integrated into BioTop, observing both its free text and formal definitions. BioTop classes were attached to BFO classes as children and BFO classes were reused in the formal definitions of BioTop classes. A description logics reasoner was used to check the logical consistency of this integration. The domain adequacy was checked manually by domain experts. Results: Logical inconsistencies were found by the reasoner when applying the BFO classes for fiat and aggregated objects in some of the BioTop class definitions. We discovered that the definition of those particular classes in BFO was dependent on the notion of physical connectedness. Hence we suggest ignoring a BFO subbranch in order not to hinder cross-granularity integration. Conclusion: Without introducing a more sophisticated theory of granularity, the described problems cannot be properly dealt with. Whereas we argue that an upper ontology should be granularity-independent, we illustrate how granularity-dependent domain ontologies can still be embedded into the framework of BioTop in combination with BFO.

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14

MOCHIZUKI, Nozomu. "Nevanlinna and Smirnov classes on the upper half plane." Hokkaido Mathematical Journal 20, no. 3 (February 1991): 609–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14492/hokmj/1381413994.

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15

Balcázar, José L., and Joaquim Gabarró. "Nonuniform complexity classes specified by lower and upper bounds." RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications 23, no. 2 (1989): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ita/1989230201771.

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16

Dupuy, Beatrice, and Stephen Krashen. "From Lower-Division to Upper-Division Foreign Language Classes." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 119-120 (January 1, 1998): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.119-120.01dup.

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17

Ortega, J. "Upper classes for the increments of fractional Wiener processes." Probability Theory and Related Fields 80, no. 3 (September 1989): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01794429.

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18

Ivushkina, Tatiana A. "British-American Parallels in the Artistic Representation of the Upper Classes of Society." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 4, no. 3 (September 2018): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2018.4.3.166.

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19

CAI, JIN-YI, DENIS CHARLES, A. PAVAN, and SAMIK SENGUPTA. "ON HIGHER ARTHUR-MERLIN CLASSES." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 15, no. 01 (February 2004): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054104002273.

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We study higher Arthur-Merlin classes defined via several natural probabilistic operators BP, R and coR. We investigate the complexity classes they define, and a number of interactions between these operators and the standard polynomial time hierarchy. We prove a hierarchy theorem for these higher Arthur-Merlin classes involving interleaving operators, and a theorem giving non-trivial upper bounds to the intersection of the complementary classes in the hierarchy.

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20

Moors, W. B., and J. R. Giles. "Generic continuity of minimal set-valued mappings." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series A. Pure Mathematics and Statistics 63, no. 2 (October 1997): 238–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446788700000677.

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AbstractWe study classes of Banach spaces where every set-valued mapping from a complete metric space into subsets of the Banach space which satisfies certain minimal properties, is single-valued and norm upper semi-continuous at the points of a dense Gδ subset of its domain. Characterisations of these classes are developed and permanence properties are established. Sufficiency conditions for membership of these classes are defined in terms of fragmentability and σ-fragmentability of the weak topology. A characterisation of non membership is used to show that l∞ (N) is not a member of our classe of generic continuity spaces.

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21

Talebi, Ali Asghar, and S. Omidbakhsh Amiri. "On A Rough Cayley Graph Related to Conjugacy Classes." Journal of the Indonesian Mathematical Society 26, no. 3 (November 5, 2020): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22342/jims.26.3.681.275-285.

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In this paper, we discuss concepts of lower and upper approximations edge Cayley graphs of Cayley graphs with respect to conjugacy classes. Also, we expand rough approximation to pseudo-Cayley graphs and introduce concept of lower and upper approximations vertex pseudo-Cayley graphs of them with respect to a conjugacy classes. In the following, we discuss the properties of automorphisms in the Cayley rough graphs.

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22

Bluskov, I., M. Greig, and K. Heinrich. "Infinite Classes of Covering Numbers." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 43, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-2000-046-9.

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AbstractLet D be a family of k-subsets (called blocks) of a v-set X(v). Then D is a (v, k, t) covering design or covering if every t-subset of X(v) is contained in at least one block of D. The number of blocks is the size of the covering, and the minimum size of the covering is called the covering number. In this paper we consider the case t = 2, and find several infinite classes of covering numbers. We also give upper bounds on other classes of covering numbers.

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23

Sumon, MYA, MM Haque, and K. Islam. "Infant Feeding Practices Among the Mothers of Selected Different Socio-economic Groups in Dhaka City." Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal 5, no. 2 (December 3, 2014): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v5i2.21124.

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This study was conducted to understand the infant (0-12 month) feeding practices among different classes' mothers in Dhaka city. The study was carried out among the 183 mother-infant pair of the upper, middle and lower socio-economic classes in Dhaka city and purposive sampling method was applied. The study was conducted at following areas in Dhaka city which were selected purposively. The mean age of upper class, middle class and lower class were 35±4, 25±3 and 21±7 in years. Regarding first feeding it was observed that upper (75%), middle (85%) and lower class (48%) first gave colostrum. It also observed that 18% of upper class mother first gave powder milk, while in case of middle class it was 5%. In lower class preference of giving honey and sugar water were 21% and 12% respectively. The starting time of breast feeding indicated that in upper classes (74%) breast feeding initiated within one hour, while in middle (75%) and lower classes (84%) it was given within 12 hours. It was highlighted that 44% upper and 36% lower class mothers started complementary feeding at 3 month of the baby respectively, while in middle class 61% mother started complementary foods at 5 month of their baby. In case of duration of breast feeding practices, middle and lower classes breast-feed continued longer time than upper class. Majorities of the upper class prefered egg, soup, fruit juice while middle class liked meat-fish, egg, khichuri, fruits. On complementary feeding the lower class choiced mainly rice-potato, dal, khichuri or vegetables. The study result should not be generalise and need further large scale research. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v5i2.21124 Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 5, No. 2: July 2014, Pages 5-8

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Pavicevic, Olivera. "Class stratification and delinquency: Adolescents from middle and upper classes." Socioloski pregled 47, no. 4 (2013): 555–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg1304555p.

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Beigel, Richard, and Alexis Maciel. "Upper and lower bounds for some depth-3 circuit classes." Computational Complexity 6, no. 3 (September 1996): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01294257.

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26

Kyung-ha Lee. "The upper classes women’s pregnancy and death, the 18th Korea." Korean Classical Woman Literature Studies ll, no. 37 (December 2018): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17090/kcwls.2018..37.149.

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Zhanatauov, S. U. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL «LOWER CLASSES DO NOT WANT, UPPER CIRCLES CANNOT»." Theoretical & Applied Science 79, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 565–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2019.11.79.117.

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Pinfold, John. "Horse Racing and the Upper Classes in the Nineteenth Century." Sport in History 28, no. 3 (September 2008): 414–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460260802315496.

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Grill, Karl. "Upper classes for the increments of the fractional Wiener process." Probability Theory and Related Fields 87, no. 4 (December 1991): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01304273.

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Aziz, Abdul, Shameem Ahmad Rather, and Shabir Ahmad Bhat. "Predisposition of sciatica in different socioeconomic classes: a brief clinical survey." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 10, no. 11 (October 31, 2023): 4318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20233470.

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Background: Sciatica became the accepted name for pain radiating from the lower back or buttock into the leg after being distinguished from arthritic hip pain in the 18th century. Several studies suggest strong connection of Socioeconomic status with sciatica. Accurate data on the incidence and prevalence of sciatica is still missing. The objective of this study was to observe a relationship of sciatica patients with their socioeconomic status. Methods: Sixty (60) diagnosed cases of sciatica selected randomly were interrogated and assessed according to the modified Kuppuswamy’s socioeconomic status (SES) scale. Results: It was found that 36.6% were belonging to upper-middle class of society, 35% from lower-middle class, 13.8% from upper-lower class, 8.6% from upper class and only 6.9% were belonging to lower socioeconomic class of society. Conclusions: The current study depicted that the sciatica is more common in middle socioeconomic class followed by upper and lower socioeconomic class respectively.

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Hélouët, Loïc, and Pranay Agrawal. "Waiting Nets: State Classes and Taxonomy." Fundamenta Informaticae 190, no. 2-4 (January 30, 2024): 63–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-242167.

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In time Petri nets (TPNs), time and control are tightly connected: time measurement for a transition starts only when all resources needed to fire it are available. Further, upper bounds on duration of enabledness can force transitions to fire (this is called urgency). For many systems, one wants to decouple control and time, i.e. start measuring time as soon as a part of the preset of a transition is filled, and fire it after some delay and when all needed resources are available. This paper considers an extension of TPN called waiting nets that dissociates time measurement and control. Their semantics allows time measurement to start with incomplete presets, and can ignore urgency when upper bounds of intervals are reached but all resources needed to fire are not yet available. Firing of a transition is then allowed as soon as missing resources are available. It is known that extending bounded TPNs with stopwatches leads to undecidability. Our extension is weaker, and we show how to compute a finite state class graph for bounded waiting nets, yielding decidability of reachability and coverability. We then compare expressiveness of waiting nets with that of other models w.r.t. timed language equivalence, and show that they are strictly more expressive than TPNs.

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Masjed-Jamei, Mohammad. "Inequalities for two specific classes of functions using Chebyshev functional." Filomat 25, no. 4 (2011): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1104153m.

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In this paper, we introduce two specific classes of functions in Lp-spaces that can generate new and known inequalities in the literature. By using some recent results related to the Chebyshev functional, we then obtain upper bounds for the absolute value of the two introduced functions and consider three particular examples. One of these examples is a suitable tool for finding upper and lower bounds of some incomplete special functions such as incomplete gamma and beta functions.

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Nicholson, W. K., and J. F. Watters. "Normal radicals and normal classes of modules." Glasgow Mathematical Journal 30, no. 1 (January 1988): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017089500007060.

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The study of special radicals was begun by Andrunakievič [1]. A class of prime rings is called special if it is hereditary and closed under prime extensions. The upper radicals determined by special classes are called special. In later works Andrunakievič and Rjabuhin [2] and [3] defined the concept of a special class of modules.

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Hwang, Inah, and Inkyung Kim. "A Comparative Analysis of Mathematics Achievement for Face-to-Face Classes pre COVID-19 and Online Classes post COVID-19 : For First-year Engineering Students." Korea Association of Yeolin Education 30, no. 4 (July 30, 2022): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18230/tjye.2022.30.4.215.

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This study examines mathematics achievement for freshmen in engineering colleges pre and post COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, we have compared various aspects after converting these 3 results into 100 points which were the diagnostic assessment results that conducted immediately after the admission, the mid-term and final exam results from the 1st semester at the provincial university in 2019 and 2021. The findings are as follow; first of all, we were able to confirm the decline in scholastic ability in mathematics in 2021 as a result of the comparison in the diagnostic assessment before and after COVID-19. However, there was no statistically significant score gap on the midterm exam. On the other hand, a result of the final exam confirmed to have statistically significant higher points of post COVID-19 than pre. Secondly, according to the comparison outcome of the mathematics achievement that classified into the upper and lower-level groups using the diagnostic assessment, the final exam results declined at a statistically significant rate more than mid-term exam results for both upper-level group pre and post COVID-19. For the lower group, the final exam results had statistically significant growth compared to the mid-term in 2019, while there was no statistically significant difference in 2021. Finally, the upper groups’ aggregate results of mid & final exam were also compared, then the mathematics achievement was higher in post COVID-19 than before. And the lower groups comparison was not statistically significant gap. In conclusion, we found that online classes aggravated the gap between the upper and lower level groups in mathematics achievement. Furthermore, this indicate that the teaching methods for mathematics achievement is respectively, the online classes for upper groups, the face-to-face classes for lower groups.

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Villaça, Flávio. "La estructura urbana de Buenos Aires." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 14, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2012v14n1p167.

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Este artículo se propone a aplicar a Buenos Aires la metodología de estudio de la estructura urbana utilizada por el autor para analizar las metrópolis brasileñas. Se considera como estructura urbana al arreglo espacial de las viviendas y las actividades urbanas (económicas o no). Este arreglo no es aleatorio y sigue una ley – la ley del mercado, particularmente del mercado de tierras. Estudiamos este arreglo espacial a través de la segregación urbana, considerada según dos clases sociales – los más ricos y los más pobres – y según regiones urbanas; no más según barrios, como en los tradicionales estudios desegregación. Se observa que en Buenos Aires los más pobres se concentran especialmente en el sur y los más ricos en el norte: en las metrópolis brasileñas hay, invariablemente, una parte del sitio natural que se destaca por ser más atrayente y que es ocupada por los más ricos. En Buenos Aires eso no ocurre, pues el sitio natural es mucho más homogéneo. Sin embargo, como en las metrópolis brasileñas, hay una evidente segregación entre los más ricos y los más pobres; los primeros jamás abandonan su dirección de crecimiento. La investigación busca comprender la razón de estos procesos. Palabras-clave: estructura urbana; segregación urbana; clases sociales; concentración; sitio natural. Abstract: In this paper we propose to apply to Buenos Aires the methodology used by the author in the study of urban structure of Brazilian metropolises. Urban structure is thought of as the spatial arrangement of social classes and activities. This arrangement follows a law: the market law, more precisely, the “land market” law. We analyze this arrangement through urban segregation, considering the upper and the lower social classes and urban regions, not neighborhoods, as considered in mainstream segregation studies. In Buenos Aires, rich people gather in the north and poor in the south (the reverse is not true). In Brazilian metropolises upper income social classes invariably occupy attractive places; this doesn’t occur in Buenos Aires, where the natural site is very homogeneous. Nevertheless there is a clear class segregation and upper classes do not abandon their growth direction. The paper tries to understand and explain these processes. Keywords: urban structure; urban segregation; social classes; concentration; natural site.

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Adegani, Ebrahim Analouei, Davood Alimohammadi, Teodor Bulboacă, Nak Eun Cho, and Mahmood Bidkham. "On the logarithmic coefficients for some classes defined by subordination." AIMS Mathematics 8, no. 9 (2023): 21732–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.20231108.

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<abstract><p>The logarithmic coefficients of univalent functions play an important role in different estimates in the theory of univalent functions. In this paper, due to the significant importance of the study of these coefficients, we find the upper bounds for some expressions associated with the logarithmic coefficients of functions that belong to some classes defined by using the subordination. Moreover, we get the best upper bounds for the logarithmic coefficients of some subclasses of analytic functions defined and studied in many earlier papers.</p></abstract>

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Ward, Jeffrey S., and George R. Stephens. "Influence of crown class on survival and development of Betulalenta in Connecticut, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-031.

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Crown class, diameter, and sprout rank of 2219 black birch (Betulalenta L.) >1.5 cm have been monitored at 10-year intervals since 1927. Survival and development of black birch in 25- to 85-year-old stands was influenced by antecedent crown class, sprout rank, and disturbance. Mortality was typically higher for trees in the lower than upper crown classes. Black birch demonstrated high flux among crown classes. Persistence in the upper canopy was 70 years for dominant trees and only 20 years for codominant trees. Trees in lower crown classes generally ascended into higher crown classes at a faster rate than did trees in higher crown classes. Survival in stands from ages 25 through 55 years was higher for the largest stem in a sprout clump than for lesser sprouts and trees that had never been part of a sprout clump. Survival was independent of diameter class when crown-class effects were removed. Immediate response of black birch to a period of upper canopy disturbance caused by drought and severe defoliation included temporary decreases of crown-class regression and mortality rates, and a concomitant temporary increase of crown-class persistence rates. Crown-class ascension rates increased after a 10-year lag for codominant and intermediate trees, and a 20-year lag for suppressed trees. Black birch ingrowth also responded positively to upper canopy disturbance. The increased use of partial cutting, i.e., anthropogenic upper canopy disturbance, in the northeastern United States is creating conditions advantageous for black birch development.

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Jensen, Mikkel Herholdt, Eliza J. Morris, and M. W. Ray. "Implementing a course-based authentic learning experience with upper- and lower-division physics classes." American Journal of Physics 91, no. 9 (September 1, 2023): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/5.0137141.

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We describe a dual-class authentic learning experience (ALE) in which undergraduate upper-division physics students develop low-cost instruments, which are then used by students in a lower-division course to monitor water quality in rivers. The ALE bridges the experiences of lower- and upper-division physics majors by involving students across different stages of their college careers in a collaborative project. Lower-division physics students characterize, calibrate, and troubleshoot the instrument prototypes developed by their upper-division peers, and their work informs instrument modifications in future upper-division physics classes. This paper describes the first iteration of this project along with student perceptions. We find that lower-division students report an increase in their awareness of possible upper-division projects, an increased sense that their coursework has real-world applications, and a heightened understanding of how physicists can play a role in research on environmental issues.

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Kalimullin, I. I. Sh. "Degrees of selector functions and relative computable categoricity." Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science 1, no. 4 (January 2, 2024): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2949-3919.2023.4.67-80.

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We study the classes of Turing degrees of selector functions in which a rigid computable structure is relatively computably categorical. It is proved that for some structures such classes of degrees can be represented as the unions of upper cones of c.e. degrees. In addition we show that there are non-c.e. upper cones realized as the degrees in which some computable structure is relatively computably categorical.

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Haddad, Joanne, Jad Chaaban, Ali Chalak, and Hala Ghattas. "Does Income Class Affect Life Satisfaction? New Evidence from Cross-Country Microdata." Social Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11060262.

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This paper analyzes the impact of income class on subjective wellbeing. Using rich data from the Gallup World Poll, we investigate whether belonging to locally (both country- and time-specific) defined income classes influences individuals’ life satisfaction. We rely on a latent class analysis estimation method, using individual income proxied by household income divided by household size, as an observable characteristic to hypothesize the income classes. We fit a model with one categorical latent variable with three unobserved groupings, here: income classes, which we interpret as lower, middle and upper classes. Our estimates suggest that individuals in the low and middle income classes are, respectively, about 30 and 17 percent of a standard deviation less likely to report a higher life satisfaction in comparison to individuals belonging to the upper income class. The effect of income classes remains robust to the inclusion of standard explanatory variables in this literature.

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Rovenska, O. "Approximation of classes of Poisson integrals by Fejer means." Matematychni Studii 59, no. 2 (June 23, 2023): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/ms.59.2.201-204.

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The paper is devoted to the investigation of problem of approximation of continuous periodic functions by trigonometric polynomials, which are generated by linear methods of summation of Fourier series. The simplest example of a linear approximation of periodic functions is the approximation of functions by partial sums of their Fourier series. However, the sequences of partial Fourier sums are not uniformly convergent over the class of continuous periodic functions. Therefore, many studies devoted to the research of the approximative properties of approximation methods, which are generated by transformations of the partial sums of Fourier series and allow us to construct sequences of trigonometrical polynomials that would be uniformly convergent for the whole class of continuous functions. Particularly, Fejer sums have been widely studied recently. One of the important problems in this area is the study of asymptotic behavior of the sharp upper bounds over a given class of functions of deviations of the trigonometric polynomials. In the paper, we study upper asymptotic estimates for deviations between a function and the Fejer means for the Fourier series of the function. The asymptotic behavior is considered for the functions represented by the Poisson integrals of periodic functions of a real variable. The mentioned classes consist of analytic functions of a real variable. These functions can be regularly extended into the corresponding strip of the complex plane.An asymptotic equality for the upper bounds of Fejer means deviations on classes of Poisson integrals was obtained.

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Rudnicki, Piotr, and Andrzej Weber. "Characteristic classes of Borel orbits of square-zero upper-triangular matrices." Journal of Algebra 598 (May 2022): 351–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2022.01.031.

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ANDREOTTI, ALBERTA, PATRICK LE GALÈS, and FRANCISCO JAVIER MORENO FUENTES. "Transnational mobility and rootedness: the upper middle classes in European cities." Global Networks 13, no. 1 (July 3, 2012): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2012.00365.x.

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Bhunia, Sushil. "Conjugacy classes of centralizers in the group of upper triangular matrices." Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 19, no. 01 (January 25, 2019): 2050008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498820500085.

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Let [Formula: see text] be a group. Two elements [Formula: see text] are said to be in the same [Formula: see text]-class if their centralizers in [Formula: see text] are conjugate within [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we prove that the number of [Formula: see text]-classes in the group of upper triangular matrices is infinite provided that the field is infinite and size of the matrices is at least [Formula: see text], and finite otherwise.

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Luthar, Suniya S., Samuel H. Barkin, and Elizabeth J. Crossman. "“I can, therefore I must”: Fragility in the upper-middle classes." Development and Psychopathology 25, no. 4pt2 (November 2013): 1529–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579413000758.

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AbstractWe review evidence on a group recently identified as “at risk,” that is, youth in upwardly mobile, upper-middle class community contexts. These youngsters are statistically more likely than normative samples to show serious disturbance across several domains including drug and alcohol use, as well as internalizing and externalizing problems. Extant data on these problems are reviewed with attention to gender-specific patterns, presenting quantitative developmental research findings along with relevant evidence across other disciplines. In considering possible reasons for elevated maladjustment, we appraise multiple pathways, including aspects of family dynamics, peer norms, pressures at schools, and policies in higher education. All of these pathways are considered within the context of broad, exosystemic mores: the pervasive emphasis, in contemporary American culture, on maximizing personal status, and how this can threaten the well-being of individuals and of communities. We then discuss issues that warrant attention in future research. The paper concludes with suggestions for interventions at multiple levels, targeting youth, parents, educators, as well as policymakers, toward reducing pressures and maximizing positive adaptation among “privileged but pressured” youth and their families.

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Kolotilina, L. Yu. "New Classes of Nonsingular Matrices and Upper Bounds for their Inverses." Journal of Mathematical Sciences 249, no. 2 (July 20, 2020): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10958-020-04937-4.

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Karlova, O., and V. Mykhailyuk. "Upper and Lower Lebesgue Classes of Multivalued Functions of Two Variables." Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 70, no. 8 (December 5, 2018): 1264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11253-018-1567-z.

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Trotsenko, D. A. "Extendability of Classes of Maps and New Properties of Upper Sets." Complex Analysis and Operator Theory 5, no. 3 (July 13, 2010): 967–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11785-010-0096-z.

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Liu, Congwen, Yi Liu, Pengyan Hu, and Lifang Zhou. "Two Classes of Integral Operators over the Siegel Upper Half-Space." Complex Analysis and Operator Theory 13, no. 3 (April 9, 2018): 685–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11785-018-0785-6.

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Mäkipää, Toni. "Feedback practices in language classes in Finnish general upper secondary schools." Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies 14, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/apples/urn.202006084002.

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As feedback and formative assessment have a substantial effect on learning, the aim with this paper is to report on a study of the perceptions of Finnish general upper secondary school students of feedback in Swedish and English classes, and to compare how the perceptions differ at language proficiency (CEFR) levels. The data were collected by using a survey and were analysed quantitatively. The results show that several differences occur in Swedish: students with higher proficiency levels find feedback more useful, feel that they receive feedback from teachers, and are more willing to correct their own mistakes. There were no differences in perceptions according to language proficiency levels in English. The results indicate that Swedish teachers should pay more attention to their feedback practices to make sure that they cater for students with different levels of proficiency.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Upper classes'

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