Relevant bibliographies by topics / Upper motor neuron syndrome

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Upper motor neuron syndrome'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 24 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Upper motor neuron syndrome"

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Hagiwara, Koichi, Hiroyuki Murai, Hirofumi Ochi, Manabu Osoegawa, Hiroshi Shigeto, Yasumasa Ohyagi, and Jun-ichi Kira. "Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome Associated with Subclinical Sjögren's Syndrome." Internal Medicine 47, no. 11 (2008): 1047–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0846.

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H Mayer, Nathaniel. "Upper Limb After Effects of an Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome." Journal of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disabilities 4, no. 1 (August 22, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/pmrd-8670/100027.

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Ambrose, Anne Felicia, Tanya Verghese, Carolin Dohle, and Jennifer Russo. "Muscle Overactivity in the Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 29, no. 3 (August 2018): 483–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2018.03.004.

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Miczak, Kimberly, and Joseph Padova. "Muscle Overactivity in the Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 29, no. 3 (August 2018): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2018.03.006.

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Segal, Miriam. "Muscle Overactivity in the Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 29, no. 3 (August 2018): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2018.04.005.

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Fullam, Timothy, and Jeffrey Statland. "Upper Motor Neuron Disorders: Primary Lateral Sclerosis, Upper Motor Neuron Dominant Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia." Brain Sciences 11, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050611.

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Following the exclusion of potentially reversible causes, the differential for those patients presenting with a predominant upper motor neuron syndrome includes primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), or upper motor neuron dominant ALS (UMNdALS). Differentiation of these disorders in the early phases of disease remains challenging. While no single clinical or diagnostic tests is specific, there are several developing biomarkers and neuroimaging technologies which may help distinguish PLS from HSP and UMNdALS. Recent consensus diagnostic criteria and use of evolving technologies will allow more precise delineation of PLS from other upper motor neuron disorders and aid in the targeting of potentially disease-modifying therapeutics.
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Shahani, Bhagwan T., Margaret M. Wierzbicka, and Stephen W. Parker. "Abnormal single motor unit behavior in the upper motor neuron syndrome." Muscle & Nerve 14, no. 1 (January 1991): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880140111.

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Corcia, Philippe, Peter Bede, Pierre-François Pradat, Philippe Couratier, Steve Vucic, and Mamede de Carvalho. "Split-hand and split-limb phenomena in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: pathophysiology, electrophysiology and clinical manifestations." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 92, no. 10 (July 20, 2021): 1126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-326266.

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting the upper and lower motor neurons. A key clinical feature of ALS is the absence of accurate, early-stage diagnostic indicators. ‘Split-hand syndrome’ was first described in ALS at the end of the last century and a considerable body of literature suggests that the split-hand phenomenon may be an important clinical feature of ALS. Considering the published investigations, it is conceivable that the ‘split-hand syndrome’ results from the associated upper and lower motor neuron degeneration, whose interaction remains to be fully clarified. Additionally, other split syndromes have been described in ALS involving upper or lower limbs, with a nuanced description of clinical and neurophysiological manifestations that may further aid ALS diagnosis. In this review, we endeavour to systematically present the spectrum of the ‘split syndromes’ in ALS from a clinical and neurophysiology perspective and discuss their diagnostic and pathogenic utility.
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Riggs, Jack E., Sydney S. Schochet, and Jeffery P. Hogg. "Delayed Diffuse Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome after Compressive Thoracic Myelopathy." Military Medicine 164, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 666–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/164.9.666.

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Swash, Michael, David Burke, Martin R. Turner, Julian Grosskreutz, P. Nigel Leigh, Mamede deCarvalho, and Matthew C. Kiernan. "Occasional essay: Upper motor neuron syndrome in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 91, no. 3 (February 13, 2020): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-321938.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Upper motor neuron syndrome"

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Luhmann, Ole. "Development of a Novel Hand Exoskeleton for the Rehabilitation and Assistance of Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome Patients." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281248.

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Hand exoskeletons are wearable robotic devices which are used to compensate for impaired handmovements in patientswith impaired upper-limbs. These devices can either help patients to grasp objects for a therapeutic purpose or to performactivities of daily living. This Thesis describes the development of a novel hand exoskeleton, with a focus on the user, based on the product development methodology "the V-Model". Therefore, user needs are identified through interviews and a thorough literature review. Three potential concepts are developed and sub-sequential a concept is selected based on a logical decision process. A mathematical model of the selected concept is generated and then used for dimensioning the hand exoskeleton. Moreover, three variants of the hand exoskeleton are built as prototypes. Finally, the variants of the device are tested on a bench top. The result of the development process is a novel hand exoskeleton for the rehabilitation of upper motor neuron syndrome patients. Force and range of motion tests revealed, that a design with a higher level of underactuation is favourable. The design presented in this thesis does not reach the defined range of motion and force augmentation. However, the defined target values are the results of a conservative approach, thus are a challenge to reach. The augmented closing force and range of motion surpass other state of the art hand exoskeletons. Nevertheless, the augmented opening force under-performs in comparison with other designs. Decisively, a validation with users is needed for a usability assessment.
Exoskelett för händer är robotiska hjälpmedel som kan användas för att kompensera nedsatt muskelstyrka och rörlighet hos patienter med nedsatt muskelfunktion i armarna. Dessa hjälpmedel kan hjälpa patienter att greppa föremål i ett terapeutiskt syfte eller för att utföra vardagliga sysslor. Examensarbetet beskriver utvecklingsarbetet av ett nytt exoskelett med fokus på användaren genom att tillämpa produktutvecklingsmotodikens V-modell. Användarens krav och behov identifieras genom intervjuer och en gedigen litteraturstudie. Tre koncept utvecklas och ett vidareutvecklat koncept väljs slutligen baserat på en logisk beslutsprocess. En matematisk modell genereras och används för att dimensionera exoskelettet. Dessutom tillverkas tre prototyper av exoskelettet i olika utföranden för att slutligen utvärderas i en testrigg. Resultatet av utvecklingsprocessen är ett nytt handexoskelett ämnat för rehabilitering av patienter med övre motorneuronsjukdom. Tester som genomfördes för att mäta Kraft och rörlighet visade att en design med en högre grad av underaktuering är gynnsamt. Designen som presenteras här når inte upp till de krav som ställs på kraft och rörlighet, de målvärden som definieras är dock baserade på ett konservativt synsätt och är därmed svåra att uppnå. Exoskelettet producerar en högre stängningskraft och uppvisar bättre rörlighet än andra toppmoderna exoskelett. Exoskelettet underpresterar dock vad gäller den producerade öppningskraften jämfört med andra modeller och designen behöver valideras hos användarna för att användarbarheten ska kunna bestämmas.
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Nycz, Christopher Julius. "Modeling & Analysis of Design Parameters for Portable Hand Orthoses to Assist Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome Impairments and Prototype Design." Digital WPI, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/501.

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Wearable assistive robotics have the potential to address an unmet medical need of reducing disability in individuals with chronic hand impairments due to neurological trauma. Despite myriad prior works, few patients have seen the benefits of such devices. Following application experience with tendon-actuated soft robotic gloves and a collaborator's orthosis with novel flat-spring actuators, we identified two common assumptions regarding hand orthosis design. The first was reliance on incomplete studies of grasping forces during activities of daily living as a basis for design criteria, leading to poor optimization. The second was a neglect of increases in muscle tone following neurological trauma, rendering most devices non-applicable to a large subset of the population. To address these gaps, we measured joint torques during activities of daily living with able-bodied subjects using dexterity representative of orthosis-aided motion. Next, we measured assistive torques needed to extend the fingers of individuals with increased flexor tone following TBI. Finally, we applied this knowledge to design a cable actuated orthosis for assisting finger extension, providing a basis for future work focused on an under-represented subgroup of patients.
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Lundström, Erik. "Spasticity after first-ever stroke." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Neurologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-107134.

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The prevalence of spasticity after first-ever stroke is approximately 20%, but there are no data on the prevalence of disabling spasticity.The reported prevalence of pain after stroke varies between 19% and 74%, whether pain is associated with spasticity is not known. Until now, there is no health economic analysis of patients with spasticity after stroke. Methods: Two groups of patients were studied. Cohort I was a cross-sectional survey. A representative sample of 140 patients was investigated 1 year after their first-ever stroke. Spasticity was defined as ≥ 1 score on the modified Ashworth scale, disabling spasticity was defined as spasticity having such an impact that intervention, e.g. intensive physiotherapy, orthoses or pharmacological treatment, should be offered. Pain was assesed with the Visual Analogue Scale. All direct costs during one year were identified and converted into Purchasing Power Parities US dollar (PPP$). Cohort II was a prospective cohort study. Forty-nine patients were examined at day 2–10, at one month, and at six months after their first-ever stroke. Assessment and definitions were similar as for cohort I. Results: Spasticity occurs within 1 month and disabling spasticity occur within 6 months. After one year, the prevalence of spasticity was 17% and that of  disabling spasticity 4%. Disabling spasticity was more frequent in the upper extremity. There was an independent effect of severe upper extremity paresis (OR 22, CI 3.9–125) and age below 65 years (OR 9.5, CI 1.5–60). The prevalence of stroke-related pain was 21% after one year. Stroke-related pain was associated with paresis (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.2–7.7), sensory disturbance (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1–8.9) and depression (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.4–13), but not with spasticity as an independent variable. The majority of the direct costs for one year (78%) were associated with hospitalization, whereas 20% was associated with municipality services. Only 1% of all direct costs were related to primary health care and 1% to medication. The mean (median, inter-quartile range) direct cost for stroke patients with spasticity was PPP$ 84 195 (72 116, 53 707) compared to PPP$ 21 842 (12 385, 17 484) for stroke patients without spasticity (P < 0.001).
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Supiot, Anthony. "Evaluation de l’organisation locomotrice du patient hémiparétique et paraparétique par extraction des synergies musculaires." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV006/document.

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À la suite d’une lésion du système nerveux central tel qu’un accident vasculaire cérébral ou une lésion médullaire incomplète un ensemble de symptômes tel que la parésie, l’hyperactivité musculaire et l’hypo-extensibilité des tissus vont perturber l’organisation locomotrice du patient. Depuis quelques années, l’utilisation de méthodes mathématiques permet d’extraire à partir de l’activité électrique des muscles la commande à l’organisation locomotrice du sujet. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’utiliser ces méthodes pour caractériser les spécificités du patient hémiparétique et paraparétique. Une première étude sur le sujet asymptomatique a permis de valider notre méthodologie..La deuxième étude portant sur les patients paraparétiques montre que l’asymétrie de marche est plutôt expliquée par une expression différente des symptômes plutôt qu’une réelle asymétrie provenant de la commande. Pour conclure, la troisième étude portant sur l’effet d’une anesthésie d’un muscle chez le patient hémiparétique a montré que le cerveau était en mesure de modifier la commande locomotrice pour pallier les perturbations induites par cette anesthésie. En conclusion nos travaux soulignent l’intérêt de ces méthodes comme un outil pertinent dans l’évaluation de l’organisation locomotrice chez le patient présentant une lésion du système nerveux central
Following a central nervous system injury such as a stroke or incomplete spinal cord injury, a set of symptoms such as paresis, muscle hyperactivity and hypo-extensibility will disrupt the patient’s locomotor organization. In recent years, the use of mathematical methods has made it possible to extract, from the electrical muscle activities, the command of the locomotor organization. This thesis aimed at using these methods to characterize the specificities of the post-stroke patient and the patient with incomplete spinal cord injury. The first study of healthy individuals allowed to validate our methodology.The second study in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury showed that gait asymmetry may be explained by a different expression of symptoms rather than a real asymmetry originating from the control. Finally, the third study has investigated the effect of muscle anesthesia on the post-stroke patient. The results showed that the central nervous system was able to adapt locomotor control to compensate for the disturbances induced by this anesthesia. In conclusion, our work underlines the interest of these methods as a relevant tool in the evaluation of locomotor organization in patients with central nervous system lesions
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Casadei, Ilaria. "Valutazione dei disturbi del tono in pazienti dopo Grave Cerebrolesione Acquisita: revisione sistematica della letteratura." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24610/.

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Obiettivo: Lo studio ha l’obiettivo di indagare quali siano le scale di valutazione caratterizzate dalle migliori proprietà psicometriche per la misurazione dei disturbi del tono in seguito a GCA. Metodi: La revisione sistematica ha incluso studi osservazionali cross sectional relativi ad un campione di pazienti adulti dopo GCA di varia eziologia e in cui gli outcome indagati fossero le proprietà psicometriche delle scale di valutazione dell’ipertono muscolare. I database consultati sono PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials e PEDro. La valutazione del rischio di bias e dell’applicabilità degli studi è stata eseguita tramite l’utilizzo dello strumento QUADAS-2. Risultati: I risultati prodotti dalla ricerca sono 1056, di cui solo 13 inclusi in seguito all’analisi del full text. Il disegno di tutti gli studi reclutati è osservazionale cross sectional e i principali outcome indagati sono l’affidabilità e la validità. Dagli studi inclusi nella revisione sono emerse una serie di scale di valutazione dell’ipertono muscolare: AS/MAS/MMAS, MTS, HAT, BADS, UDRS e BFMMS. La AS e MAS hanno dimostrato un’affidabilità inter-operatore da scarsa a moderata e una bassa validità. La MMAS ha rivelato un’elevata affidabilità inter-operatore nella valutazione dei distretti dell’arto superiore e la MTS un’affidabilità inter-operatore da scarsa a moderata e intra-operatore da moderata ad alta. HAT, BADS, UDRS e BFMMS, studiate su campioni di bambini con PCI, hanno mostrato un’affidabilità inter-operatore da moderata a buona e una buona consistenza interna. Conclusioni: Lo studio ha permesso di individuare una serie di scale di valutazione dell’ipertono muscolare e di analizzarne le relative proprietà psicometriche. I limiti dello studio riguardano l’inclusione di 4 studi relativi a pazienti pediatrici con PCI, l’analisi da parte di un solo revisore indipendente e la mancanza di confronto con il gold standard diagnostico in diversi studi inclusi nella revisione.
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Rajagopalan, Venkateswaran. "Evaluation of Upper Motor Neuron Pathology in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by MRI: Towards Identifying Noninvasive Biomarkers of the Disease." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1288020485.

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Kapelner, Tamás [Verfasser], Dario [Akademischer Betreuer] Farina, Dario [Gutachter] Farina, and David [Gutachter] Liebetanz. "Decoding motor neuron behavior for advanced control of upper limb prostheses / Tamás Kapelner ; Gutachter: Dario Farina, David Liebetanz ; Betreuer: Dario Farina." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1149958413/34.

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Takeno, Katsumi. "Neuromuscular Function of the Shoulder Girdle and Upper Extremity Muscles in Individuals with Glenohumeral Labral Repair." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1596111099423871.

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Parodi, Livia. "Identification of genetic modifiers in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias due to SPAST/SPG4 mutations Spastic paraplegia due to SPAST mutations is modified by the underlying mutation and sex Hereditary spastic paraplegia: More than an upper motor neuron disease." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS317.

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Les Paraplégies Spastiques Héréditaires (PSHs) sont un groupe de maladies neurodégénératives rares qui surviennent suite à la dégénérescence progressive des voies corticospinales, entraînant une spasticité des membres inférieurs, signe distinctif de la pathologie. Elles se caractérisent par une extrême hétérogénéité qui concerne à la fois les facteurs génétiques et cliniques, ainsi que d’autres aspects de la maladie, tels que l’âge d’apparition et la sévérité des signes. Cette variabilité est typiquement observée chez les patients porteurs de mutations pathogènes dans SPAST, le gène le plus fréquemment muté dans les PSHs. Après avoir réuni une cohorte de 842 patients mutés dans SPAST, nous avons utilisé une combinaison de différentes approches de Séquençage de Nouvelle Génération (NGS) afin de mieux comprendre les causes de l’hétérogénéité observée chez les patients, afin d’identifier des facteurs génétiques responsables de variations de l’âge au début de la maladie. Les données résultantes du génotypage de l’ensemble du génome ont ainsi été utilisées pour effectuer des analyses d’association et de liaison qui, combinées aux données de séquençage de l’ARN, ont permis d’identifier différents variantes/gènes candidats, potentiellement impliqués comme facteurs modificateurs de l’âge de début des SPAST-PSHs
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias (HSPs) are a group of rare, inherited, neurodegenerative disorders that arise following the progressive degeneration of the corticospinal tracts, leading to lower limbs spasticity, the disorder hallmark. HSPs are characterized by an extreme heterogeneity that encompasses both genetic and clinical features, extending to additional disorder’s features, such as age of onset and severity. This phenotypic variability is typically observed among HSP patients carrying pathogenic mutations in SPAST, the most frequently mutated HSP causative gene. After assembling a cohort of 842 SPAST-HSP patients, a combination of different Next Generation Sequencing approaches was used to dig deeper into the causes of the observed heterogeneity, especially focusing on the identification of age of onset genetic modifiers. Sequencing data resulting from Whole Genome Genotyping were used to perform both association and linkage analysis that, combined with RNA sequencing expression data, allowed to identify different candidate variants/genes, potentially acting as SPAST-HSP age of onset modifiers
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Stewart, Heather G. "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) associated with superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutations in British Columbia, Canada : clinical, neurophysiological and neuropathological features." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Dept. of Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, Umeå University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-638.

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Books on the topic "Upper motor neuron syndrome"

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Barnes, Michael P., and Garth R. Johnson, eds. Upper Motor Neurone Syndrome and Spasticity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511544866.

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(Editor), Michael P. Barnes, and Garth R. Johnson (Editor), eds. Upper Motor Neurone Syndrome and Spasticity: Clinical Management and Neurophysiology. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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1952-, Barnes Michael P., and Johnson Garth R. 1945-, eds. Upper motor neurone syndrome and spasticity: Clinical management and neurophysiology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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Thakore, Nimish, and Erik P. Pioro. Types of Motor Neuron Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0022.

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Disorders of lower motor neurons (LMNs, or anterior horn cells) and upper motor neurons (UMNs), jointly termed motor neuron disorders (MNDs), are diverse and numerous. The prototypical MND, namely amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a relentlessly progressive lethal disorder of adults, is the subject of another section and will not be discussed further here. Other MNDs include spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), of which there are four types: Kennedy’s disease, Brown-Violetto-Van Laere, and Fazio-Londe syndromes, lower motor neuron disorders as part of neurodegenerations and secondary motor neuron disease as part of malignancy, radiation and infection.
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Upper Motor Neurone Syndrome and Spasticity: Clinical Management and Neurophysiology. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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1952-, Barnes Michael P., and Johnson Garth R. 1945-, eds. Upper motor neurone syndrome and spasticity: Clinical management and neurophysiology. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Paganoni, Sabrina, and Nazem Atassi. Upper Motor Neuron Disorders Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia and Primary Lateral Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0032.

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Upper motor neuron (UMN) syndromes are a group of rare, degenerative neurological disorders that are classified as either hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) or primary lateral sclerosis (PLS). Our understanding of their underlying pathophysiology is unfortunately very limited and has been a significant barrier to the development of disease-modifying treatments. Recent advances in genetics and in vitro and in vivo disease modeling have provided new insights into disease mechanisms and hold the promise to lead to the future development of mechanism-based therapies.
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Miller, Aaron E., and Teresa M. DeAngelis. Bickerstaff’s Brain Stem Encephalitis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199732920.003.0026.

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Bickerstaff’s brain stem encephalitis is an idiopathic autoimmune condition considered part of the spectrum of GQ1b mediated diseases such as Miller Fisher variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome. In this chapter, we review the upper and lower motor neuron features and typical laboratory findings, and discuss the most common clinical course, prognosis, and important treatment considerations.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Muscle Stiffness and Cramps. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0020.

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Muscle stiffness is a nonspecific term meaning limited muscle mobility that is not due to weakness. It is opposite to flexibility. Muscle and joint pain may be described as stiffness. Painful sustained muscle cramps are usually associated with muscle stiffness. A careful history is paramount. Exercise-induced muscle cramps are usually myopathic (metabolic or mitochondrial myopathy), while resting and nocturnal cramps are neurogenic (neuropathy, motor neuron disease, etc). Metabolic cramps are electrically silent. Focal or generalized stiffness is typically seen in stiff person syndrome. Upper motor neuron lesions are associated with spasticity and stiffness (HSP, PLS, myelopathies, etc.). Painful cramps and fasciculations are important clues to peripheral nerve hyperexcitability disorder, which may also present with neuromyotonia. Not unusually, no cause is found for muscle cramps and stiffness. Symptomatic treatment frequently helps.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Muscle Stiffness and Cramps. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0020.

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Muscle stiffness as a nonspecific term means limited muscle mobility. Muscle and joint pain may be described as stiffness. Painful, sustained muscle cramps are usually associated with muscle stiffness. A careful history is paramount. Exercise-induced muscle cramps are usually myopathic (metabolic or mitochondrial myopathy) while resting, and nocturnal cramps are neurogenic [neuropathy, motor neuron disease (MND), etc.]. Metabolic cramps are electrically silent. Focal or generalized stiffness is typically seen in stiff person syndrome (SPS). Upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions are associated with spasticity and stiffness [hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), myelopathies, etc.]. Painful cramps and fasciculation are important clues to peripheral nerve hyperexcitability disorder, which may also present with neuromyotonia. Not unusually, no cause is found for muscle cramps and stiffness. Symptomatic treatment frequently helps.
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Book chapters on the topic "Upper motor neuron syndrome"

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Swash, M., and M. S. Schwartz. "Motor Neuron Disease: The Clinical Syndrome." In Motor Neuron Disease, 1–17. London: Springer London, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1871-8_1.

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Cecchin, Diego, Gianni Sorarù, and Mariagiulia Anglani. "Case 37: Atypical Upper Motor Neuron Disease." In Clinical Nuclear Medicine in Neurology, 185–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83598-9_37.

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Truong, Hong, and Ahmad H. Bani Hani. "Neurogenic Bladder in Cerebral Palsy: Upper Motor Neuron." In Cerebral Palsy, 853–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74558-9_57.

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Truong, Hong, and Ahmad H. Bani Hani. "Neurogenic Bladder in Cerebral Palsy: Upper Motor Neuron." In Cerebral Palsy, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50592-3_57-1.

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Trontelj, J. V., J. M. Fernandez, M. Mihelin, and D. Rugelj. "The Function of Neuromuscular Junction in Upper Motor Neuron Weakness." In Neuroprosthetics: from Basic Research to Clinical Applications, 129–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80211-9_16.

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van der Linden, Marietta L., and Thomas H. Mercer. "Functional Electrical Stimulation to Treat Foot Drop as a Result of an Upper Motor Neuron Lesion." In Electroceuticals, 257–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28612-9_11.

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Dawson, G., L. W. Hancock, A. L. Horwitz, R. Wollman, N. Cashman, and J. Antel. "Possible Association of Degenerative Motor Neuron Disease (ALS) with Abnormal Ganglioside Metabolism: Abnormal Gangliosides in ALS Spinal Cord and ALS-Like Symptoms in a Unique Partial HexB Deficiency Syndrome." In Gangliosides and Neuronal Plasticity, 113–24. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5309-7_10.

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"Upper Motor Neuron Syndromes." In Ultrasound-Guided Chemodenervation Procedures. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/9781617051074.0008.

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MOON, DANIEL K., and THOMAS K. WATANABE. "Managing Muscle Overactivity Due to Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome." In Brain Injury Medicine. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/9780826143051.0051.

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Mayer, Nathaniel H., and Alberto Esquenazi. "Upper Limb Skin and Musculoskeletal Consequences of the Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome." In Botulinum Toxin, 131–47. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4160-4928-9.00011-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Upper motor neuron syndrome"

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Song, Seung Yun, Yinan Pei, Jiahui Liang, and Elizabeth T. Hsiao-Wecksler. "Design of a Portable Position, Velocity, and Resistance Meter (PVRM) for Convenient Clinical Evaluation of Spasticity or Rigidity." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3503.

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Spasticity is a common consequence of the upper motor neuron syndrome and usually associated with brain lesion, stroke, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, and etc. On the other hand, rigidity is a neuromuscular disorder often found in Parkinson’s disease patients. Both of spasticity and rigidity are characterized by abnormal hypertonic muscle behaviors that will cause discomfort and hinder daily activities. Worldwide, the estimated affected population of spasticity is around 12 million [1], and rigidity affects more than 10 million people [2]. Clinical evaluation of spasticity or rigidity involves personal assessment using qualitative scales, such as the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) or Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS) for spasticity and Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) for rigidity. However, this evaluation method heavily relies on the rater’s personal experience/interpretation and usually results in poor consistency and low reliability. The goal of this design was to develop a quantitative measurement device that can be used to assist clinical evaluation of spasticity or rigidity. This portable device, the Position, Velocity, and Resistance Meter (PVRM), can be strapped around a patient’s limb to measure angular position, angular velocity and muscle resistance of a given joint while the patient’s limb is passively stretched by the clinician. Acquiring this quantitative data from patients will not only allow clinicians to make more reliable assessments but also help researchers gain additional insights into the quantification of spasticity and rigidity.
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Viscuso, Stefano, Lorenzo Garavaglia, and Simone Pittaccio. "A Neuro-Mechanical Model Comparing Traditional and Pseudoelastic Splinting of Spastic Joints." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80240.

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Neuromuscular rehabilitation of patients with upper motor neuron syndromes (traumatic brain injury - TBI, stroke, cerebral palsy…) is based on multidisciplinary approaches aiming at preventing or contrasting the detrimental sequelae of paresis, contracture and spasticity. Due to the large individual variability of patients’ conditions and impairments it is generally difficult to have a quantitative grasp of the appropriate line of action to prescribe bracing in the most effective manner. This is an even more complex task when testing new therapeutic principles and using non-standardized devices. To this end, it is important to evaluate both instantaneous interaction (orthosis compliance to patient’s movement, localized pressure on the skin, reflex responses, etc.) and mid-long term evolution of the ill-posture (resting angle, reflex adaptation, range of motion, etc.). Accordingly, the current paper presents a model devised to investigate the interaction between the human body and two main types of othotic devices: traditional and pseudoelastic Ni-Ti based orthoses. The two devices represent different approaches to repositioning: traditional braces impose a joint angle and expect plastic relaxation, while pseudoelastic splints promote a plastic creep of tissues towards a more physiological posture without forcing the joints into any particular position. This idea has already been described in previous work [1] and ad-hoc devices have been constructed [2]. The focus here is on possible application scenarios.
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Camelo Filho, Antonio Edvan, Diego Sant’Ana Sodré, Halisson Flamini Arantes, and Carlos Otto Heise. "Covid-19 Brachial plexopathy: a case report." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.518.

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Context: The understanding of neuromuscular manifestations secondary to infection by SARS-CoV-2 is scarce. Peripheral neuropathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases affecting the peripheral nervous system, with a variable motor, sensitive and autonomic involvement. There are recent descriptions of atypical patterns of neuropathies after COVID-19. In this study we aim to report a brachial plexopathy secondary to COVID-19 with its clinical and electrophysiological characterization. We performed a cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, case report type, using medical record review. Case report: A 42 year-old female was hospitalized for 2 months due to severe respiratory syndrome due to COVID-19. She remained in the ICU for 20 days. During her stay in the ward she complained of weakness and pain in his right upper limb. Physical examination revealed weakness in the right shoulder abduction and elbow flexion. Nerve conduction studies demonstrated involvement of the upper trunk of the right brachial plexus. There was no report of trauma. Her BMI was 50 kg/m2. Conclusions: Recent studies bring atypical descriptions of focal neuropathies, multiple mononeuropathies and plexopathies, opening a new field of study in addition to the description of neuromuscular weakness following ICU stay after COVID-19. From an electrophysiological point of view, there is a recent interest in better characterization of patients with axonal neuropathies suggesting a possible vasculitic mechanism of neuronal damage after COVID-19. Further investigations are necessary to improve the characterization of this particular group, helping its diagnosis and early treatment to reduce complications and disabilities.
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Hasselholt, Stine. "Upper motor neuron effects in a genetic model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." In European Microscopy Congress 2020. Royal Microscopical Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22443/rms.emc2020.932.

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Vieira, Marina Duarte Gama, Anna Letícia Siqueira de Medeiros, Narayna Suellen Santos da Silva, and Edlene Lima Ribeiro. "Dysphagia in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.398.

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Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rare neurodegenerative disease that acts on the upper and lower motor neurons, causing muscle weakness.¹²³Dysphagia occurs due to malfunction of the swallowing mechanisms and generates functional problems.⁴⁵⁶ Objectives: Describe the pathophysiology of dysphagia and discuss strategies for symptom relief. Design and setting: Systematic review, Faculdade Integrada Tiradentes, Jaboatão dos Guararapes - PE. Methods: Systematic review of 10 articles from the last years. Results: Dysarthria and dysphagia are common signs of upper motor neuron involvement and 80% of ALS cases exhibit asymmetric limb weakness.⁶ Conclusions: To improve the nutrition of patients with dysphagia, is suggested the use of supplements, changes in diet and food consistency, along with education on safe swallowing modes. Also percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy can be used as an alternative. ⁷⁸⁹¹⁰
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McGee, Michael, and Said Shakerin. "Leg Stretcher for Rehabilitation." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60258.

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To alleviate some of the problems associated with upper motor neuron diseases, passive movement and stretching are often prescribed. However, the patient has to make continual and frequent visits to a physical therapist, which is expensive and inconvenient. Therefore, there is a need for devices by which the patient can self-administer some of the prescribed exercise(s) at home. In this paper, the design of a portable unit for self-administered stretching of thigh muscles is presented.
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Souza, Felipe dos Santos, Matheus Furlan Chaves, and Antonio Marcos da Silva Catharino. "Rabbit syndrome induced by the use of Risperidone: a case report." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.013.

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Context: Risperidone is a selective monoaminergic antagonist, its main action as an antipsychotic is attributed to its affinity to dopamine D2 receptors. However, intervention in dopaminergic transmission by this medication can affect the motor control performed by the striatum, generating the so-called extrapyramidal syndromes. Among these syndromes, we have the rabbit syndrome (SC), which is manifested by the chronic use of antipsychotics and causes involuntary movements of the muscles of the jaw and tongue. Case report: E. B. L., a 89- year-old woman undergoing neurological follow-up due to dementia. He started using risperidone 1mg at night to treat behavioral changes and aggressions. However, 4 months after the start of the medication, he started to have a tremor of the chin and stiffness in the upper limbs. These symptoms improved after switching from risperidone to olanzapine 5mg at night. Conclusions: The present study emphasizes the importance of recognizing Rabbit Syndrome and the clinical repercussions of symptomatic variants, such as tardive dyskinesia, nocturnal bruxism and altered tongue motricity, in the differential diagnosis of drug-induced movement disorders. In this sense, neurological assessment includes an elucidating clinical history and targeted physical examination.
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Barros, Gabriel Santaterra, Ana Paula Ramires Chiminazzo, Maria Luiza Ricarte Ruggeri, Maria Luisa Pelaes Stipp, and Helen Maia Tavares de Andrade. "Spinal Muscular Atrophy type 4 with respiratory involvement: a case report." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.595.

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Context: The Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disease responsible for degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord and the motor nucleus of the cranial nerves. Case report: Male patient, 32 years old, 6 years ago presented proximal weakness in lower limbs and distal weakness in upper limbs with progressive worsening and episodes of dyspnea on physical exercise, without dysphagia and dysarthria. The lower limbs showed grade of power of 3/5 in the proximal muscle group and 4/5 in the distal muscle group. On the upper limbs the grade of power was 4/5 in both proximal and distal group of muscles. Patellar tendon reflex and the bicipital reflexes were intact. Proximal lower limb atrophy, poliminiclonus in upper limbs, and the examination of sensitivity and cranial nerves were unremarkable. Electroneuromyography showed lower motor neuron involvement. MRI of cervical and lumbar spine was normal. Genetic test with homozygous deletion in the SMN1 gene, with four copies of the SMN2 gene. The patient was unable to perform spirometry due to the worsening of the respiratory condition. BIPAP requested, which improved the patient’s condition. Conclusions: There is poor information on literature about the lung function with the disease in adults, with no longitudinal study of the lung function in patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy 3b and 4. Our case report demonstrates the importance of attempting respiratory symptoms even in adult patients with SMA.
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Marquardt, Matheus, Antônio Serpa do Amaral Neto, Eduardo Martins Leal, Gabriel de Deus Vieira, André Dias de Oliveira, and Gisele Espindola. "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with parkinsonism: an atypical manifestation." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.608.

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Context: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive muscle weakness. The diagnosis is not always easy, and may have atypical initial manifestations. Case report: O.S.M, female, 62 years old, started in 2016 with bradykinesia and left lower limb tremor, associated with frequent falls. Iniciated research for parkinsonism in 2017, SPECT demonstrated decreased dopamine transporter binding potential density in both striatum. Levodopa was started, with partial improvement of symptoms. In 2018, she developed dysphagia, associated with slight alterations in phonation. In 2019, in addition to the left lower limb tremor and bradykinesia, the patient developed limb paresis, also affecting the right upper limb, with proximal atrophy and fasciculations. Added to the therapeutic regimen pramipexole, without improvement in symptoms. Over the months the case progressed with axial weakness, the need for a wheelchair for walking. Patient hospitalized in April 2020, electroneuromyography performed which showed signs of active disinvervation in the bulbar, cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral segments and signs of chronic disinervation in the cervical and lumbosacral segments, with no signs of sensory or motor polyneuropathy. Such findings suggest impairment of the Lower motor neuron, and can be found in the Diseases of the Motor Neuron. With the diagnosis of ALS, Riluzole was started, with a reduction in the speed of disease progression. Conclusions: the reported case draws attention to the importance of always thinking about differential diagnoses in neurological diseases. We should always look for new symptoms, so that more rare diseases do not go unnoticed.
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Garrido, João Guilherme Santos, João Gustavo dos Anjos Morais Oliveira, Luana Brandão de Sales Reis, Beatriz do Nascimento Garcia Moreno, and Ricardo Moreno do Carmo Junior. "Benefits of Botulinum Toxin type A in post-stroke neurorehabilitation." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.360.

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Background: Stroke can injure the upper motor neuron, and may develop spasticity, a speed-dependent excessive contraction that makes muscle extension difficult. The botulinum toxin type A make contraction difficult, by inhibiting acetylcholine liberation by the lower motor neuron. Thus, it is hypothesized that the botulinum toxin has benefits in post-stroke spasticity. Objective: To evaluate the benefits of botulinum toxin in post-stroke spasticity. Methods: This is a literature review, which articles were searched via PubMed, with MeSH descriptors, using the formula: (“Botulinum toxin type A”) AND (“stroke”) AND (“spasticity”). Clinical trials, systematics reviews and metanalysis, that used botulinum toxin type A as intervention were included. Results: The search resulted in 16 articles, and 5 were selected. A metanalysis, that included 10 clinical trials, evaluated 950 patients and the botulinum toxin type A in superior limbs spasticity has not shown benefits. Yet, another metanalysis which evaluated 27 clinical trials with 2793 patien ts, with both superior and inferior limbs spasticity, demonstrated improvement in levels of tonicity and deficiency evaluation scales. A prospective cohort whose outcome was based in doctor-patient goals has shown great improvement in mobility (87%), positioning (100%), pain relief and spasms (>80%). A clinical trial has also shown improvement on inferior limb function after 3 months of botulinum toxin use. Conclusions: The botulinum toxin use for improvement in inferior limbs spasticity is well described on the literature. However, its use for superior limbs is still controversial, requiring more studies.
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