Academic literature on the topic 'Upper Paleolithic stone constructions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Upper Paleolithic stone constructions"
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Chung, Mee-Kyung. "A study on Aurinasian culture and clothing." Korean Association of Practical Arts Education 36, no. 4 (2023): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24062/kpae.2023.36.4.241.
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This study aims to provide basic data for clothing education by exploring Aurinasian culture and its clothing practices. The content focuses on culture and clothing in the pre-Upper Paleolithic period, the characteristics of Arinasian culture, and Arinasian clothing. The study was conducted through a comprehensive literature review.
 The findings revealed that, first, pre-Upper Paleolithic cultures evolved into Oldowan, Acheulean, and Mousterian cultures based on stone tool development. In the case of clothing, Homo erectus used a waist cover, while Neanderthals wore capes and loose top and bottom garments. The evidence suggests that Neanderthals began coloring the human body and interior with fur coverings. Additionally, it was found that Homo sapiens wore accessories such as ostrich egg beads and shell necklaces as social symbols.
 Second, the Aurinacian culture, dating between 43,000 and 24,000 years ago, marked the initial stage of the Upper Paleolithic and spanned mainly from Western Europe to Siberia. This period was marked by cultural innovation, featuring advanced stone and bone tools as well as exquisite artworks like the Chauvet Cave paintings, the first Venus and flute, and the Lion Man.
 Third, Arinasian clothing is presumed to be based on leather for both men and women, with coloring, fringe, and bead decoration. Men wore pullover shirts and pants, while women wore simple dresses. Jewelry items included pendants, beads, ivory rings, and necklaces made of animal teeth or shells. Accessories were found to have not only aesthetic value but also served as expressive symbols representing group membership, social status, and wealth.
 The study suggests that the Aurinacian period was characterized by transitioning toward a clothing concept that introduced decorations to simple clothes. Moreover, this era marked the establishment of clothing as a social symbol, reflecting not only belonging but also status and wealth.
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Biagi, Paolo, Elisabetta Starnini, Yulia Agafonova, Nikos Efstratiou, Nicola Campomenosi, and Roberto Cabella. "An Aurignacian Assemblage from the Island of Lemnos (Greece): Some Aspects of the Beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in the Northeast Aegean." Heritage 8, no. 4 (2025): 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040141.
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The discovery of an Aurignacian lithic assemblage along the northern coast of the Island of Lemnos in the northeastern Aegean Sea has opened new perspectives on the study of the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in this region. The site is located some 93 m from the present seashore. It was discovered in the summer of 2020, ca. 2 km west of the Pournias Bay. The lithics were exposed in a well-defined oval concentration, ca. 25 × 10 m wide, buried by a Holocene sand dune. They were uncovered following sand removal by a bulldozer for the construction of a parking lot. The knapped stones are made almost exclusively from hydrothermal siliceous rocks, a raw material available on the island. Raman spectroscopy and optical observations confirmed that this raw material is chalcedony. The surfaces of most artefacts are weathered due to deposition in an environment rich in marine salt, which does not preserve any organic material suitable for radiocarbon dating. The knapped stone assemblage consists of diagnostic artefacts, among which are different types of carinated end scrapers, cores, and a few bladelets. The discovery of an Aurignacian site plays an important role in the study of the Paleolithic peopling of Lemnos and the Northeast Aegean in general, a period that was previously known only through Epipaleolithic sites discovered and excavated mainly along the eastern coast of the island.
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HAN, Chang-gyun, Hyun-jin KIM, and In-sun SEO. "The Recently Discovered Paleolithic Sites in North Korea." Journal of Korean Palaeolithic Society 49 (June 30, 2024): 25–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52954/kps.2024.1.49.25.
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Since 2010, significant archaeological excavations have taken place at four distinct sites in North Korea. Three cave sites — Tongam-dong Cave, Hyangmok-ri Cave, and Limgyong Cave — along with one open-air site, Sinpung-ri, have been the focus of these investigations. Tongam-dong Cave and Sinpung-ri are situated in South Pyongan Province, while Hyangmok-ri and Limgyong Caves are located in Gangdong County, Pyongyang City. The excavation at Tongam-dong Cave has yielded a variety of Paleolithic artifacts, including stone tools, bone tools, and animal fossils, providing the significant cultural features of the Lower Paleolithic. At Hyangmok-ri Cave, the unearthed stone tools are indicative of the early Upper Paleolithic. Conversely, the stone tools discovered at the Sinpung-ri site date back to the late Upper Paleolithic. In addition, human fossils recovered from Limgyong Cave are identified as Homo sapiens sapiens from the late Upper Paleolithic. The results of absolute dating of sediments and animal fossils at these sites provide crucial data for understanding the evolving landscape of Paleolithic archaeology in North Korea.
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SACKETT, JAMES R. "Quantitative Analysis of Upper Paleolithic Stone Tools." American Anthropologist 68, no. 2 (2009): 356–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1966.68.2.02a001060.
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Pavlenok, G. D., and A. A. Anoikin. "Spatial Analysis of Evidence from Layer 5 at the Ushbulak Site (East Kazakhstan)." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 30 (2024): 217–22. https://doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2024.30.0217-0222.
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This article discusses assemblage from layer 5 at the Ushbulak multilayered site in East Kazakhstan. Lithological layer 5 containing cultural remains was studied in 2018, 2019, and 2023 over the area of 16 sq. m. Preliminary examination of a scarce complex from cultural horizon 5.2 with asymmetrical core and retouched blades has revealed its greater resemblance to the evidence of the Initial Upper Paleolithic from layers 6–7 compared to the Upper Paleolithic complexes from layers 4–5.1. The discovery of additional section of a stone structure which was found in 2018, underneath the evidence of horizon 5.2 (excavations of 2023) has made it possible to re-examine all previously obtained collections from layer 5, divide it into two individual cultural horizons 5.1 and 5.2, and re-evaluate its chronological attribution. The stone structure which marks the occurrence of artifacts in the upper (5.1) or lower (5.2) horizons was instrumental in constructing several projections of artifact coordinates. Spatial analysis has indicated that the majority of the artifacts from layer 5 were associated with horizon 5.1. This conclusion is supported by refitting. A few artifacts at the level of the stone structure or underneath it can be attributed to horizon 5.2. The evidence from horizon 5.2 should be interpreted as belonging to the Early Upper Paleolithic based on the morphology of lithic artifacts, their stratigraphic position, and presence of the stone structure. Similar examples of stone structures can be found in the Early Upper Paleolithic in the adjacent areas thus providing further support to this interpretation.
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Kungurov, A. L. "Paleolithic site of Manzherok I." Field studies in the Upper Ob, Irtysh and Altai (archeology, ethnography, oral history and museology) 17 (2022): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2687-0584-2022-17-113-119.
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The article is devoted to the publication of materials collected on pebble shoals of the estuary zone of the Yedrala river, right tributary of the Katun river, flowing into it on the southern outskirts of the Manzherok, Maiminsky district of the Republic of Altai. The first archeological finds in this place were made by A. P. Okladnikov in 1977, and the monument was called Manzherok 1. The stone articles found had traces of roundness and were dated to different periods of the Stone Age. In 2022, A. L. Kungurov inspected the Yedraly River mouth, recorded outcrops of basement flint rocks and collected stone artifacts of Mousterian and Upper Paleolithic times, which are published in this article
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Zabiyako, A. P., and Junzheng Wang. "Paleolithic Personal Ornaments from Xiaogushan Cave: The Formation of Early Symbolism and Its Regional Features in Northeast China." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 49, no. 4 (2022): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.4.015-023.
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This article presents the results of a comparative study of personal ornaments from Xiaogushan Cave in the interregional and regional context of the formation of modern behavior. Xiaogushan is a Paleolithic and Neolithic site in Northeast China. In the Upper Paleolithic layers of the site, apart from tools, personal ornaments were found— pendants made from animal teeth, and a decorated bone disc. The date of the site is a matter of debate; ornaments from layers 2 and 3 date to ~30 ka BP. Like other bone artifacts (harpoon, needles, point), and together with types of stone tools and lithic technology, they mirror the local process of Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition. We focus on similarities between the Xiaogushan ornaments and Upper Paleolithic pendants from northern China and Eurasia in general, attesting to modern behavior during the transitional period and being an important marker of the spread of Upper Paleolithic innovations from the centers to the periphery. Xiaogushan is the fi rst Upper Paleolithic industry in Northeast China known to date, and demonstrates skills and symbolic behavior typical of the initial Upper Paleolithic. The Xiaogushan pendants follow the general tendencies, while being specifi c markers of the evolution of symbolic behavior in Eastern Eurasia.
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Antonova, Yu E., and V. I. Tashak. "New Chronological Data on the South-Eastern Assemblage of the Paleolithic Site Podzvonkaya (Western Transbaikalia)." Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series 47 (2024): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2024.47.3.
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The article presents the results of the chronological investigations of the South-Eastern Assemblage (SEA) of Podzvonkaya site. Podzvonkaya is a key site for the Paleolithic research in Western Transbaikalia, it includes four assemblages. SEC yielded a series of sequentially embedded cultural horizons in two lithological layers (4th and 5th horizons). A series of radiocarbon dates (LSC and AMS) were obtained for cultural layers located at different levels. One half of them were made in the late 1990s, the other quite recently. Dates obtained by liquid scintillation give a large error, in addition, such dates obtained more recently show a much older age. The AMS and LSC dates obtained recently are generally consistent with each other, and due to a small error in the original data, the calibrated AMS dates fall within the short one-thousandth period from 42 to 43 ka cal BP. From our point of view, the most correct dates are those obtained recently, and SEA represents an area that was periodically inhabited within a relatively short period. SEA stone industry characterized by the production of large blades and tools made from them. In general, the archaeological materials of this assemblage are largely similar to the stone industry of the sites of the Tolbaga culture (Tolbaga, Kamenka A, Khotyk, level 3, etc.). A series of radiocarbon dates was obtained for the Tolbaga Upper Paleolithic assemblage, which together reflects three stages of occupation of the Tolbaga site from the Initial Upper Paleolithic to the middle stage of Upper Paleolithic. Radiocarbon dates of Kamenka A site are represented in a denser group; its archaeological materials are contained in a compact culture-bearing layer. Calibrated AMS dates of Kamenka A show a period of 40–45 cal BP. According to the chronology, South-Eastern Assemblage of Podzvonkaya site is well correlated with the assemblage of Paleolithic site Kamenka A, which presents materials of Initial Upper Paleolithic. Podzvonkaya SEC and Kamenka A could coexist in the period of 42–43 ka cal BP. In general, according to the chronology and characteristics of the stone industry, South-Eastern Assemblage of Podzvonskaya belongs to the Initial Upper Paleolithic.
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Bae, Kidong. "Radiocarbon Dates from Paleolithic Sites in Korea." Radiocarbon 44, no. 2 (2002): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200031842.
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Fewer than 20 radiocarbon dates have been obtained from Paleolithic sites on the Korean Peninsula. It is still unknown how and when Korean Middle Paleolithic stone industries developed, despite the handful of dates older than 40,000 BP obtained from some sites. A lower boundary for the Korean Upper Paleolithic of approximately 30,000 BP can be inferred from the few dates associated with stone blade industries. 14C dates associated with microlithic industries of 24,000 BP are considered too old in light of evidence from other areas of East Asia. Most such assemblages are post-Last Glacial Maximum in age. Improved understanding of the Korean Paleolithic sequence will depend ultimately on the further accumulation of 14C dates, as well as the application of alternative dating techniques and attention to the reconstruction of site formation process.
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Barkov, A. V., and A. V. Kolesnik. "The Microblades Cache from Upper Paleolithic Cultural Layer of the Strelka-1 Site in Krasnoyarsk." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 23, no. 7 (2024): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-7-73-84.
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Observations. During the excavation of the multi-layered archeological site of Strelka-1 in 2021 a small cluster of microblades chipped off one core was found within Upper Paleolithic cultural layer. The cultural layer dated about 16 000 cal BP. 12 microblades were found tightly adjacent to each other in a kind of a “bunch”. It is possible that the blades originally were kept in an organic small “bag” or were tied with a strap together. The main part of the microblades conjoins back into two blocks of the initial core. Similar clusters of the stone pieces are described as caches that is purposely hidden values. The lithic industry relates to the Afontova culture which used microblades as insets for different composite tools made of organic materials. The set of the stone insets from cache matches to the term “tool kit”. There are the same tool kits in the Upper Paleolithic sites of the European part of Russia. A number of sites such as Kostenky-1 (in upper cultural layer), Avdeevo, Kamennaya Balka II etc. comprised “tool kits” consisting of stone blades placed into a cultural layer as a cache. Presumably such tool kits were the Stone Age huntersgatherers’ private property. The tool kits were made up shortly after the cleavage of a core.Conclusion. The authors of this article interpret microblade tool kits as a display of the non-utilitarian behavior of Upper Paleolithic man. This phenomenon within very remote territories and in genetically unrelated cultures reflects the general archetype of consciousness of primitive people.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Upper Paleolithic stone constructions"
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Seong, Chuntaek. "Raw materials and evolution of lithic technology in Upper Pleistocene Korea /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6466.
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Terry, Karisa. "Extreme measures Upper Paleolithic raw material provisioning strategies and settlement of the Transbaikal region, Siberia /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2010/k_terry_040710.pdf.
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Blake, Elizabeth Catherine. "Stone 'tools' as portable sound-producing objects in Upper Palaeolithic contexts : the application of an experimental study." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609715.
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Reynolds, Natasha. "The mid Upper Palaeolithic of European Russia : chronology, culture history and context : a study of five Gravettian backed lithic assemblages." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f9a56097-50b9-427d-8276-3acc191c834c.
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This thesis examines the Mid Upper Palaeolithic (MUP) of Russia (ca. 30,000-20,000 14C BP). During this time, as in the rest of Europe, the principal archaeological industry is known as the Gravettian. However, in Russia two other industries, the Streletskayan and the Gorodtsovian, are also known from the beginning of the MUP. Historically, there have been significant problems integrating the Russian MUP record with that from the rest of Europe. The research described in this thesis concentrates on backed lithic assemblages (including Gravette points, microgravettes, other backed points and backed bladelets) from five Russian Gravettian sites: Kostenki 8 Layer 2, Kostenki 4, Kostenki 9, Khotylevo 2 and Kostenki 21 Layer 3. These are studied from an explicitly Western European theoretical perspective, using standard techno-typological methods to construct typological groupings and describe the variation between and within sites. Alongside this, new radiocarbon dates from several sites Kostenki 8 Layer 2, Kostenki 4 and Borshchevo 5) were obtained. These radiocarbon dates are critically analysed alongside published dates and unpublished dates made available to this research. The results of the research constitute a new culture history for the Russian MUP. Each stage of the MUP is dated and described, and the uncertainties in our knowledge outlined. One new lithic index fossil is defined and two others are re-assessed. The Russian record is compared with the contemporary archaeological record elsewhere in Europe, in order to describe large-scale synchronic variation and changes through time in the homogeneity and regionalisation of material culture. The relationship between these dynamics and climate change are discussed.
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Lengyel, Györgyi. "Upper Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic lithic technologies at Raqefet Cave, Mount Carmel East, Israel /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0803/2007534086.html.
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Lee, Hyeong Woo. "A study of Lower Palaeolithic stone artefacts from selected sites in the upper and middle Thames Valley, with particular reference to the R.J. MacRae collection." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670211.
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Fernández, Marchena Juan Luis. "La gestión funcional de los recursos líticos durante el Paleolítico superior. Una aproximación diacrónica a partir de conjuntos del noreste de la Península Ibérica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673574.
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La presente tesis doctoral presenta el análisis funcional de tres yacimientos del noreste peninsular del Paleolítico superior. Los yacimientos son: La Balma de la Vall (Montblanc, Tarragona) con ocupaciones del Magdaleniense superior; Montlleó (Prats i Sansor, Lleida), con secuencia y dataciones Magdalenienses (medio-inicial e inferior), y del Badeguliense/Solutrense; Cova Foradada (Calafell, Tarragona), con niveles gravetienses, auriñacienses y chatelperronienses.
Actualmente el noreste peninsular cuenta con un número significativo de yacimientos del Paleolítico superior. Pese a esto, hay un vacío de información funcional, que ha generado interpretaciones de la industria lítica en base a analogías etnográficas o tipológicas. Estas últimas mantienen un peso muy importante en la explicación de los conjuntos, que, aunque pueden coincidir con la realidad, necesitan ser corroboradas con datos funcionales, puesto que puede haber una amplia variabilidad de usos para un tipo o una forma concreta de útil.
Intentar obtener respuesta al tipo de uso y gestión funcional de los útiles líticos se presentaba como una oportunidad para rellenar ese hueco informativo, por lo que se decidió realizar un estudio tanto de residuos como de huellas de uso. De esta forma se pretendía intentar obtener la mayor cantidad de datos posible.
La base del trabajo funcional es el análisis microscópico de las superficies de los elementos líticos. Tanto antes como durante el análisis, se fueron comprobando algunos de los aspectos de la metodología y las técnicas de análisis para comprobar que métodos y técnicas eran más efectivas para analizar nuestros materiales. De esta manera se pudo realizar una propuesta metodológica sobre 4 ámbitos correlacionados que abarcaban desde el procesado de materiales, el análisis multitécnica y multianalítico, el estudio de las cualidades de los materiales y el desarrollo de programas experimentales específicos. Esta propuesta permitió obtener datos de los materiales trabajados, sino también sobre actividades realizadas, estadio de vida útil del artefacto (p. ej. reavivados y reciclajes), etc.
El análisis funcional ha permitido establecer la funcionalidad, así como la intensidad y/o tiempo de ocupación de cada yacimiento. Cabe destacar la poca representatividad en los tres conjuntos de evidencias de uso largos, o más bien de actividades que requieren de mucho tiempo para ser completadas, tales como el procesado de la piel. Con contadas excepciones, y sobre todo en el nivel III de la Balma de la Vall, el trabajo de este material es una de las actividades clásicas menos documentadas. Por el contrario, el trabajo sobre madera está presente de forma mayoritaria en prácticamente todos los conjuntos. El análisis de los diferentes tipos de útil también permitió describir una gran variabilidad de usos de determinadas tipologías. En este caso destacan las láminas de dorso, las cuales han sido usadas para actividades muy diferentes en cada uno de los yacimientos e incluso entre niveles de ocupación de un mismo sitio.
En definitiva, hemos podido constatar la utilidad y necesidad de realizar análisis funcionales sistemáticos para comprender no sólo el uso de los elementos líticos individuales, sino para describir tipos de ocupación y tipos de asentamientos. Esta investigación pone de manifiesto la importancia de incluir este tipo de análisis para las interpretaciones de los yacimientos, puesto que mantener la atribución funcional en base a la tipología puede y ofrece en ocasiones interpretaciones opuestas a las descritas por el análisis funcional. Esperamos que esta línea de investigación se mantenga, y se aplique en cada vez más yacimientos con el fin de obtener resultados que ayuden a comprender la adaptación de los grupos de cazadores-recolectores a sus recursos y al ambiente.<br>This research was focused on the functional analysis of three sites that cover the entire Upper Paleolithic sequence: Cova Foradada (Calafell, Tarragona) with Chatelperronian, Aurignacian and Gravettian levels; Montlleó (Prats i Sansor, Lleida), ascribed to the Badegoulian / Solutrean and the Lower / Early Middle Magdalenian, and La Balma de la Vall (Montblanc, Tarragona) from the final Magdalenian.
The analysis of these 3 deposits made it possible to describe piece by piece if they were used or not and, when possible, the activity and the material worked were described. As well as the distribution of traces of residues on each artifact to be able to associate each one of the evidences with: use, hafting or resharpening / recycling process.
With these data, it was possible to determine the functional relationships between retouched and untouched elements, if there was a real relationship between form and function, and if a type of artifact can be associated with a specific function. In the 3 sites, it was possible to determine that both retouched and untouched pieces are used to a great extent, although in all cases the retouched ones have a higher rate of use.
This work has allowed us to verify that there are direct relationships between the morphology of the artifacts and their function, both in non-retouched and retouched tools. However, the relationship between type of tool and function could not be established. This is due to the fact that the variability of uses in the same type of piece is very high, both between sites and between the different cultures studied. These results allow inferring a high adaptability in the use of the tools of the hunter-gatherer groups, demonstrating that the functional analyzes are an essential tool to interpret the function and type of occupation of the settlements.
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Nejman, Ladislav. "Lithic patterning and land-use during the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in Moravia (Czech Republic)." Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151675.
Full textBooks on the topic "Upper Paleolithic stone constructions"
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Seong, Chung Taek. Raw materials and evolution of lithic technology in Upper Pleistocene Korea. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Co., 2001.
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Sarel, Josette. The Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in Israel: Technological analysis. John and Erica Hedges, 2004.
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Kozłowski, Janusz Krzysztof. The Upper Palaeolithic site, Kraków--Spadzista Street C2: Excavations 1980. Nakł. Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 1987.
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Donatella, Usai, ed. Late Palaeolothic chert assemlages from the Upper Egyptian Nile Valley. Poznan Prehistoric Society, 1999.
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Iwase, Akira. Saishū hyōki saiseiki no sekki shiyōkon kenkyū: Use-wear analysis on the last glacial maximum assemlages in the northeastern Japanese Archipelago : functional variability of the upper paleolithic stone tools. Dōseisha, 2021.
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Holmes, Diane L. The predynastic lithic industries of Upper Egypt: A comparative study of the lithic traditions of Badari, Nagada andHierakonpolis. B.A.R., 1989.
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Holmes, Diane L. The predynastic lithic industries of Upper Egypt: A comparative study of the lithic traditions of Badari, Nagada, and Hierakonpolis. B.A.R., 1989.
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Julien, Riel-Salvatore, Clark Geoffrey A, and Society for American Archaeology, eds. New approaches to the study of early upper Paleolithic 'transitional' industries in western Eurasia: Transitions great and small. Archaeopress, 2007.
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Lengyel, György. Upper Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic Lithic technologies at Raqefet Cave, Mount Carmel East, Israel. Archaeopress, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Upper Paleolithic stone constructions"
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Bolus, Michael. "Tracing Group Identity in Early Upper Paleolithic Stone and Organic Tools – Some Thoughts and Many Questions." In The Nature of Culture. Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7426-0_8.
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Skakun, Natalia N., Sergey I. Kovalenko, Vera V. Terekhina, Dmitrii M. Shulga, and Elena Yu Mednikova. "The Role of Stone Raw Materials (Not Flint) in Industrial Complexes of the Upper Paleolithic Sites (Based on Materials from the Cosauti Site, Republic of Moldova)." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86040-0_24.
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Herz, Norman, and Ervan G. Garrison. "Metallic Minerals and Archaeological Geology." In Geological Methods for Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090246.003.0018.
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Economic geology had its inception in the ancient utilization of rocks and minerals. The first economic materials were nonmetallic and include flint, quartz, diabase, rhyolite, obsidian, jade, and other stones, which were sought for weapons, implements, adornment, and even art. Beginning with the Upper Paleolithic Aurignacian period, clay began to be widely used for simple figurines, then brick and finally pottery. S. H. Ball identifies 13 varieties of minerals—chalcedony, quartz, rock crystal, serpentine, obsidian, pyrite, jasper, steatite, amber, jadite, calcite, amethyst, and fluorspar—as economic within the Paleolithic. Add to this list the use of ochres and mineral paints together with nephrite, sillimanite, and turquoise. In the standard reference on the nonmetallic deposits, "Industrial Minerals and Rocks", 6th edition published in 1994, deposits are classified by use and the minerals and rocks described as commodities. The fourteen use groups include such items as abrasives, constructions materials, and gem materials; the 48 commodities include clay, diamonds, feldspar, etc. Metalliferous minerals as ore deposits are unevenly distributed throughout the world. The formation of a mineral deposit is an episode or series of episodes in the geological history of a region and reflects three broad categories: (1) igneous activity, (2) sedimentary processes, and (3) metamorphism. Table 12.1 summarizes general features of the three categories of mineral deposits. Admixtures of metals are by far the most common form of mineral deposits. Gold, silver, and copper occur either as native metals or admixed with other metals and compounds. Most ore deposits are actually mixtures of metals: silver commonly with lead, zinc with cadmium, iron with copper. Many metallic ore deposits are products of igneous activity. Conditions change in the magma chamber as the principal rock-forming minerals crystallize, temperature falls as the magma cools, pressure is lowered as the magma rises in the crust, and volatiles increase in the magma chamber.
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"Convergence and Continuity in the Initial Upper Paleolithic of Eurasia." In Convergent Evolution in Stone-Tool Technology. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11554.003.0014.
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Roebroeks, Wil, and Alexander Verpoorte. "A “language-free” explanation for differences between the European Middle and Upper Paleolithic Record." In The Cradle of Language. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199545858.003.0008.
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Abstract On current evidence, the archeological record starts at around 2.6 million years ago, when hominins were making stone artifacts in eastern Africa, probably in the context of the exploitation of large ungulate carcasses (Domínguez-Rodrigo et al. 2005). These first stone tools were produced approximately 4 million years after the split of the human lineage from the chimpanzee line (Stauffer et al. 2001; Cela-Conde and Ayala 2003). Together with the hominin fossil record, the archeological record constitutes a unique archive of long-term changes in hominin behavior in various domains, such as dietary strategies, range expansion and contraction, and material culture.
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Pande, Vasudha. "Anthropogenic Landscapes of the Central Himalayas." In At Nature's Edge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199489077.003.0002.
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This chapter traces the impact of human activities on the Central Himalayas and trans-Himalayas over almost four millennia. It shows how the shifts in the use of natural resources was linked to the emergence of new political configurations and changing landscapes. Foragers inhabited the middle and lower Himalayas from the Paleolithic, whereas pastoral activity is visible on the Upper and Trans-Himalayas. The mining of gold, copper and iron led to metallurgy, tools and trade. Stone buildings, water reservoirs and the cultivation of barley, millet, and rain-fed rice supported population increase and produced terraced farming which eventually led to the clearing of the malarial valley floors and facilitated introduction of paddy. This is the agrarian landscape of today, suffering from severe stress and growing depopulation.
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Motz, Lotte. "The Great Mother." In The Faces Of The Goddess. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089677.003.0002.
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Abstract The concept of an all-embracing maternal divinity, a Great Mother, ruling religious life, manifest in the earliest symbolic expressions, and en during and unfolding through the ages in an infinite variety of forms, has been widely recognized by scholars of various disciplines. Her earliest epiphany has been discerned in statuettes of ivory or stone that were found in dwelling places of the Upper Paleolithic Aurignac-Solutrean cultures, dating back as far as 30,000 B.C.E. The artifacts were unearthed in such widely separated places as Austria, Russia, and Spain, yet show a certain homogeneity in certain aspects of the body. Frequently, the woman is of great obesity, with sagging breasts, protruding stomach, and enormous haunches, though slim and stylized versions have also been encountered. Since the woman’s form is suggestive of the state of pregnancy, she has been regarded as a power of fecundity who gives expression to the deeply felt mystery of birth and generation.
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Price, T. Douglas. "The Creative Explosion." In Europe before Rome. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199914708.003.0006.
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Two related phenomena characterize the last 30,000 years or so of the Pleistocene and the Old Stone Age in Europe, a period known as the Upper Paleolithic. The first of these is the arrival of a version of ourselves, Homo sapiens, around 40,000 years ago. The second is the creative explosion in technology, equipment, raw materials, art, and decoration that took place in this period. There appears to have been a substantial upgrade in human abilities and the variety of activities taking place. The first part of this chapter examines some of the sites and places that tell this story. At the end of the Pleistocene and the Paleolithic, 10,000 years ago, hunter-gatherers continued to thrive in a warmer, “postglacial” Europe, but their time was coming to an end. Agriculture had been invented in the Near East and was spreading toward the continent, arriving in the southeast by 7000 BC and reaching the northeast by 4000 BC. This period of post-Pleistocene hunter-gatherers in Europe is known as the Mesolithic and is the focus of the second part of this chapter. By the end of the Pleistocene, Homo sapiens had created art, invented many new tools, made tailored clothing, started counting, and spread to almost all parts of the world. As noted earlier, the oldest known representatives of anatomically modern humans have been found in East Africa, from almost 200,000 years ago. Further evidence of the activities of these individuals comes from caves around Pinnacle Point on the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and dates to 165,000 years ago. This evidence is not in the form of fossil skeletons, but artifacts. Several finds—small stone blades, pieces of red ochre (an iron mineral used as a pigment), the earliest known collection and consumption of shellfish—point to new kinds of food, new tools that probably required hafting, and the use of powdered mineral as a pigment or preservative. These are firsts in the archaeological record and likely document the beginnings ative explosion witnessed more fully after 50,000 years ago.
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Svard, Lois. "Origins of Music." In The Musical Brain. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197584170.003.0002.
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Abstract Earliest evidence of music-making goes back at least 40,000 years to the Upper Paleolithic Era when humans were first arriving in Europe. Two conflicting ideas about the origins of music point to music either as an “invention,” something that piggybacked onto other brain functions, or as evolutionary in origin, having biological foundations. Researchers who support music as evolutionary suggest a proto-musical language for communication that was important in mother-infant bonding and in group bonding. That proto-musical language later split into language and music—language to express facts and ideas and music to express emotion. We have inherited our compulsion to be engaged with music because it was necessary for survival for our Stone Age ancestors. Researchers in the origins of music refer to “music” as cultural product, and to “musicality” as the set of cognitive and biological traits that make it possible to make music. The voice was no doubt the first musical instrument, followed closely by, or perhaps simultaneously with, drumming either on the body or other available surfaces. Instruments such as the flute followed, and it is possible to know from replicas how 40,000-year-old flutes, such as the Gießenklösterle flute, sounded.
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Trinkaus, Erik, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Maria B. Mednikova, and Maria V. Dobrovolskaya. "The Mortuary Behavior at Sunghir." In The People of Sunghir. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199381050.003.0006.
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Considerations of the mortuary behavior at Sunghir concern principally the two elaborate graves, Graves 1 and 2. Although each exhibits patterns evident elsewhere in Mid Upper Paleolithic burials, the combinations of features and the richness of the two graves is truly exceptional. Yet there is additional evidence for mortuary behavior, principally associated with the Sunghir 5 cranium and for the burial above Grave 2 (here designated as Grave 2bis). The Sunghir graves have been described in detail by O.N. Bader (1998), and additional analyses of the associated materials have been done by White (1993, 1999) and Khlopachev (2006). Information on them is available from additional sources (e.g., Bader 1978; Soffer 1985; Abramova 1995; Bader and Bader 2000; Pettitt 2011), as well as from numerous short reports. Of these, the primary sources are those of O.N. Bader from the excavations and excavation analysis and of White and Khlopachev from analysis of the original material in the Vladimir District Regional Museum. The description here is an amalgamation of information from these and other sources. There are some inconsistencies between the different sources, and when possible they have been sorted out using the diagrams, and especially the discussion and in situ photographs, provided by O.N. Bader (1998). In the discussions of the graves and their contents, it should be kept in mind that many of the objects found in the graves and clearly associated with the human remains also occur in reasonable numbers in the cultural layer (cf. Bader 1978). This applies to the ochre, the several varieties of ivory beads, small stone pendants, animal figurines, tubular bones, pierced canines (arctic fox and wolf), and ivory spears (or fragments thereof). Additional decorative objects not found in the burials, such as shell beads and engravings, also derive from the cultural layer. It remains unclear whether these finds from the cultural layer were artifacts and aspects of body decoration that were common among the individuals at Sunghir (some of which happened to be preserved in abundance in the graves), whether their occurrence in the cultural layer is the result of pieces lost in the process of preparing the burials, whether the isolated pieces are from disturbed (unknown) burials, or whether (as suggested by Bader 1978) they come from discarded pieces of clothing.
Conference papers on the topic "Upper Paleolithic stone constructions"
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Skakun, Natalia, Laura Longo, Natalia Leonova, et al. "Preliminary results of a comprehensive analysis of rubbing tile from the Upper Paleolithic site of Kamennaya Balka-2." In SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES IN THE STONE AGE, DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVIDENCE OF FISHING AND GATHERING. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-00-7-2018-238-240.
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Leonova, Natalia, and Olesya Uspenskaya. "Evidences of gathering at the end of Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic in North-Western Caucasus (based on materials of the Dvoinaya Cave and site Chygai)." In SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES IN THE STONE AGE, DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVIDENCE OF FISHING AND GATHERING. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-00-7-2018-245-248.
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Perčin, Zvonko. "Possibility of application of concrete sleeper with under sleepers pads." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1180.
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One of the most sensitive segments of the railway infrastructure are certainly bridges. All steel grid bridges have wooden sleeper attached to the bridge structure and cannot change the height when maintaining the upper structure rails. It has become a practice to reconstruct or replace damaged bridges in the past by taking care that the track construction is separated from the bridge constructions. One way is that steel grid structures are replaced with reinforced concrete structures in the form of a trough or if the spans are larger with steel structures in the form of a trough. The standard classical track construction today is a gangway with concrete sleepers and a ballast of crushed stone material. Such tracks have reduced elasticity, which is particularly important at contact between the sleepers and the stone material. In order to reduce the negative impacts of vibration and thus extend the durability of railway track today, railways increasingly apply concrete sleepers with under sleepers pads. Tests have shown that with the installation of the under sleeper pads it is possible to achieve a quieter passage of the train over the substrates of different stiffness, thus reducing the possibility of damage to the track construction and the vehicle itself.
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Синицын, А. А. "ФИГУРАТИВНОЕ И ДЕКОРАТИВНОЕ ИСКУССТВО КОСТЕНОК: ЭСТЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДСИСТЕМЫ В КОНТЕКСТЕ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ КУЛЬТУР". У Знаки и образы в искусстве каменного века. Международная конференция. Тезисы докладов [Электронный ресурс]. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2019.978-5-94375-308-4.94-95.
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Современная четырехчленная модель палеолита Костенок включает 12 археологических культур в хронологических рамках 2040 тыс. лет (cal:25 44 тыс.). Все они, как и везде, выделены по кремневому инвентарю. Костяной инвентарь и жилища, в целом, находят им прямое соответствие и подтверждают правомерность их выделения. Соотношение произведений искусства и украшений с археологическими культурами свидетельствует о более сложном характере связей за счет большого количества кросс-культурных аналогий, в том числе далеко выходящих за пределы Костенковской группы (Sinitsyn, 2012 2015). Культуры граветтского круга, как правило, имеют более жесткое соответствие общекультурных и эстетических традиций при практически полном совпадении их ареалов. Ориньякские памятники, наоборот, при более унифицированных и стабильных характеристиках кремневого инвентаря, дают большое разнообразие украшений и орнаментов. Проблема соотношения технико-типологических традиций кремневого и костяного инвентаря, традиций домостроительства, погребальной обрядности и эстетических норм в археологии палеолита в настоящее время решается на уроне конкретных культурных образований. Можно констатировать наличие двух основных типов структурирования компонентов культуры: (1) с жесткими нормами функционирования и (2) с относительно свободными стереотипами, допускающими широкую вариабельность всех (или некоторых) компонентов общекультурной системы ценностей. Sinitsyn, A. A. (2012). Figurative and decorative art of Kostenki: chronological and cultural differentiation. In J. Clottes (dir.), Lart plistocne dans le monde / Pleistocene art of the world / Arte pleistoceno en el mundo. Actes du Congrs IFRAO, Tarascon-sur-Arige, septembre 2010, Symposium Art mobilier plistocne . N spcial de Prhistoire, Art et Socits, Bulletin de la Socit Prhistorique Arige-Pyrnes, LXV-LXVI, 2010-2011, CD (p. 13391359). Sinitsyn, A. A. (2015). Aesthetic subsystems in the context of Upper Paleolithic cultural unities: East European perspectives. In Hugo Obermaier Society for Quaternary Research and Archaeology of the Stone Age. 57th Annual Meeting in Hei-denheim 7-11.IV.2015 (p. 6465). Erlangen.
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Braun, I. M. "THE SWISS MAGDALENIAN PORTABLE ART AND SUPRA-REGIONAL PARALLELS." In Знаки и образы в искусстве каменного века. Международная конференция. Тезисы докладов [Электронный ресурс]. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2019.978-5-94375-308-4.8-9.
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The Upper Paleolithic in Switzerland is so far only known by the Magdalenian (ca. 18000 12000 BP). Only in seven of the about fifty Magdalenian sites known in Switzerland pieces of portable art were found (Braun, 2019). The most well-known Swiss site where portable art was found is the Kesslerloch. According to Hneisen (1993) Swiss Magdalenian portable art can be divided into two groups: engravings and figurative sculpture. Some of them are decorated either with signs or animal figures. The engravings are mostly on rein-deer antlers, but also on bones, stone and jet. The majority of the engravings are on objects of utility as btons percs, spear points and other tools. In addition to figurative themes such as animals and a possible animal-human representation, there are mainly signs and other ornamental patterns (Bosinski, 1982 Braun, 2019 Hneisen, 1993). The term figurative sculptures is used to describe objects of utility, some of which are sculpted, such as spear thrower ends decorated with horse heads, so-called spindle-shaped sculptures and very stylized female statuettes. Apart from a musk ox head from the Kesslerloch, no other animal sculptures have yet been found in Switzerland. The figurative sculptures are less frequent than the engravings (Bosinski, 1982 Braun, 2019 Hneisen, 1993). Numerous works of portable art in Switzerland are similar to works of portable art of Southwest France and of the French Pyrenees, as f.i. the sculptured spearthrowers (Bandi, Delporte, 1984 Bosinski, 1982 Braun, 2019 Garrod, 1955 Leesch et al., 2019 Stodiek, 1993). But there are also characteristic features which are typical of Swiss and South German portable art, as f.i. the use of jet. Fig. 1. Kesslerloch. Spear thrower ends decorated with horse heads (Guyan, 1944). Электронная библиотека ИА РАН: https://www.archaeolog.ru/ru/el-bib 9 Bandi, H.-G., Delporte, H. (1984). Propulseurs dcors en France et en Suisse. Elments de Pr- et Protohistoire europenne. Hommage Jacques-Pierre Millotte, 203211. Annales littraires de lUniversit de Besanon. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. Bosinski, G. (1982). Die Kunst der Eiszeit in Deutschland und der Schweiz Bonn: Habelt. Braun, I. M. (2019). Ausgewhlte Beispiele der Kleinkunst des Sptglazials aus der Schweiz und berregionale Parallelen. In Floss, H. (Ed.), Das Magdalnien im Sdwesten Deutschlands, im Elsass und in der Schweiz (pp. 277296). Kerns: Tbingen. Garrod, D. A. E. (1955). Paleolithic Spear-Throwers. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 21, 2135. Guyan, W. U. (1944) Eine Speerschleuder vom Kesslerloch. Zeitschrift fr Schweizerische Archologie und Kunstgeschichte, 6, 7584. Hneisen, M. (1993). 4.7. Die Kunst des Jungpalolithikums der Schweiz. In Le Tensorer, J.-M., Niffeler, U. (Hrsg.), SPM I Die Schweiz vom Palolithikum bis zum frhen Mittelalter. Band 1: Palolithikum und Mesolithikum (pp. 187199). Basel: Schweizerische Gesellschaft fr Ur- und Frhgeschichte. Leesch, D. Bullinger, J., Mller, W. (2019). Vivre en Suisse Le Magdalnien. Basel: Archologie Schweiz. Stodiek, U. (1993). Zur Technologie der jungpalolithischen Speerschleuder Eine Studie auf der Basis archologischer, ethnologischer und experimenteller Erkenntnisse. Tbingen: Archaeologica Venatoria (Tbinger Monographien zur Urgeschichte, Band 9).
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Panasyuk, M. I., A. D. Skorbun, V. V. Ronchar, and A. V. Zhydkov. "The Nature of Contamination of the Area in the Nearest Vicinity of Chornobyl NPP Destroyed Unit." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4737.
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A territory around the destroyed by the 1986 accident 4-th unit of Chornobyl NPP has been contaminated severely by radioactive materials pollution from the damaged unit. During the stage of accident consequences mitigation, the radioactive materials in a form of fragments of building constructions, fuel elements, graphite cladding, and upper layer of soil have been collected and buried. Around the destroyed Unit 4 the “Shelter” have been erected, and the decontaminated territory was covered by such anthropogenic soils as a pure crushed stone, sand and poured concrete. Special investigation indicates, however, that those soil turned out to be contaminated as well, and the main amount of the whole activity is concentrated in the so called active layer of the soil, which is located close to the pre-accident earth surface level. Given report is devoted to a possible mechanism of the soils contamination and radionuclide distributions in soils by way of laboratory analysis of cores of wells, which were drilled in the local zone, and gamma logging data analysis as well. The performed sampling analysis of soils, which belongs to the Shelter object industrial site show that radioactive contamination of anthropogenic soils of the active layer is mainly originates from active impurities (fine dispersed fuel particles) being distributed in a uniform way in the soil volume. The industrial site territory is covered by a concrete of a noticeable specific activity. That concrete during construction of “Shelter” flowed out through chinks in the casing and spread over the surrounding site. The concrete leached small fuel particles and carried those particles away from obstruction in mechanical way. This turned out an effective and power enough mechanism to contaminate the industrial site by radionuclides already just after an active stage of the accident. It seems to be perspective to introduce a technology for reprocessing of industrial site soils by way of flotation. That will permit to concentrate the considerable part of an activity and so to reduce sharply the volume of high-active radwastes, which must be buried.
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Meister, C. "POSSIBLE OR NOT: PARIETAL IN THE SWABIAN JURA?" In Знаки и образы в искусстве каменного века. Международная конференция. Тезисы докладов [Электронный ресурс]. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2019.978-5-94375-308-4.18-19.
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The Swabian Alb is known for its caves, in which figural ivory carvings and flutes from the Aurignacian period were found. Parietal art, on the other hand, as known from sites in France, Spain, Romania or Russia, has not been discovered in this region so far. In fact, up to now, there are no documented caves with Pleistocene wall paintings in Germany. Nevertheless, the presence of ochre traces on mobile artefacts indicates the purposeful application of pigments by humans during the Pleistocene in the region, for example stone pebbles or possible wall fragments from Magdalenian occupations bear series of dots (Conard, Floss, 1998). The paint is, however, fixed to portable objects and not to the cave walls. Not at least for these reasons, the question arises how the lack of parietal art in this region can be explained. If we assume from the known finds in Hohle Fels and Geienklsterle, which demonstrate that ochre was known and accessible to humans at least during the Aurignacian and the Gravettian (Conard, Malina, 2019), a lack of raw material as an explanation for the absence of caves with wall paintings in this region can be excluded. Moreover, at that time humans were able to reproduce the environment in the form of highly realistic images of the Ice Age fauna (Conard, Kind, 2017). A large number of ivory carvings from this period are, if one considers the degree of realism, comparable with the paintings in Chauvet, Altamira or Kapova Cave. Other aspects must therefore be taken into account when determining the reasons for the absence of parietal art. On the one hand, it is possible that the limestone rocks of the Swabian Jura are not suitable for a permanent preservation of ochrebased colors. Most of them are active caves, which are still strongly influenced by geological processes, but above all by water and karst. In addition, it is possible that the knowledge of the existence of caves which goes with long periods of use by people from all times may have destroyed existing paintings. However, one would expect to find some remains or at least residues of paint, if existing images were demolished by the permanent use of the caves. Ultimately, and although it cannot be ruled out that people during the Upper Palaeolithic in southern Germany have expressed themselves artistically in other forms, we must assume that there is a research gap. So far, a systematic research and analysis of the cave walls has not yet been carried out in the Swabian Jura. Today, the use of new technologies can be utilized to confirm or deny the current state of research. At the moment we aim to systematically examine the cave walls in the archaeological sites of the World Heritage Site Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura. We consider them an excellent test cluster for the Paleolithic of this region. Three-dimensional recordings of the caves have already been produced. In the next steps we will test these recordings of the known caves with different filters and light conditions for parietal art, but at the same time continue to look for new and up to now unknown caves in the region. Conard, N. J., Floss, H. (1999). Ein bemalter Stein vom Hohle Fels bei Schelklingen und die Frage nach palolithischer Hhlenkunst in Mitteleuropa. Archologisches Korrespondenzblatt, 29 (3), 307316. Conard, N. J., Kind, C.-J. (2017). Als der Mensch die Kunst erfand: Eiszeithhlen auf der Schwbischen Alb. Darmstadt: Theiss Verlag. Conard, N. J., Malina, M. (2019). Weiterfhrende Ausgrabungen im Hohle Fels und neue Einblicke in die Nutzung von Ocker im Jungpalolitikum. Archologische Ausgrabungen in Baden-Wrttemberg 2018, 5659.