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Lloyd, Nicholas Selwyn. "An environmental case-study of depleted uranium particulate contamination." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/7953.
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A factory in Colonie (NY, USA) emitted c. 4.8 ± 1 tonnes of depleted uranium (DU) particulates into a suburban environment during 1958 – 1984. These particulates were initially dispersed by prevailing winds. Quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), laser ablation multicollector (LA-MC-) ICP-MS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microfocus extended X-ray absorption fine structure (μEXAFS) spectroscopy have been used to characterise soils, dusts, vegetation, and individual particles. The concentration range of natural uranium in Colonie soils is 0.7 — 2.1 μg g-1; with total uranium up to 500 ± 40 μg g-1 in DU contaminated soils. Bioturbation can account for dispersal of contaminant from the soil surface. Primary morphologies are described for uraniferous particles from soils and dusts. Polycrystalline, often hollow microscopic uranium oxide spheres are similar to particles produced by DU munitions impacting armoured targets. These survive as UO2+x and U3O8, the least bioaccessible oxides of uranium. Fruit and wood samples were contaminated by DU, demonstrating limited bioavailability. Deviation of 235U/238U from the natural isotope ratio allows detection of DU in soils to at least 5.6 km from site. The average DU ‘end-member’ composition aggregated in soil samples comprises (2.05 ± 0.06) x10-3 235U/238U, (3.2 ± 0.1) x10-5 236U/238U, and (7.1 ± 0.3) x10-6 234U/238U. Individual uranium oxide grains were analysed by LA-MC-ICP-MS, all of which were from DU, with variable isotopic compositions (236U/238U, 235U/238U & 234U/238U). There is no evidence of enriched uranium in Colonie soils and dusts. The isotopic compositions of the Colonie particles can be explained by the inhomogeneous mixing of at least seven batches of tails from the Paducah gaseous diffusion plant, which are identified as the origins of the DU feedstocks used by National Lead Industries at Colonie. LA-MC-ICP-MS is recommended for nuclear forensic applications. This case-study is an attractive analogue for battlefield contamination.
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Struwe, Harald. "Spectrometry for the assessment of uranium contamination in buildings." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8693.
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Rouas, Caroline. "Etude des mécanismes mis en jeu lors d'une exposition à l'uranium appauvri sur le système de détoxification in vivo et in vitro." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA114835.
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Le but de cette thèse est d'explorer, in vivo et in vitro, l'action de l'uranium (U) sur les protagonistes du système de détoxification de l'organisme, le rein et le foie. Pour mimer une contamination chronique à une dose environnementale, le modèle in vivo est basé sur une exposition de 9 mois de rats à l'U. In vivo, nos résultats montrent que la contamination à l'U n'induit ni une néphrotoxicité ni une sensibilité du rein à exacerber une néphrotoxicité due à la gentamicine. Concernant le foie, l'U induit des modifications de l'expression d’enzymes du métabolisme des xénobiotiques (EMXs). Ces modifications ne sont responsables de perturbations du métabolisme du paracétamol que lorsqu’il est administré à une dose hépatotoxique. Les résultats in vitro (1)suggèrent que les modifications des EMXs proviennent d'un effet indirect de l'U et (2)souligne le potentiel cytotoxique de l'U ainsi que sa présence dans les cellules (cytoplasme et noyau) sous forme soluble et/ou précipitéeThe aim of this work is to study the effects of a uranium (U) exposure on organs involved in the detoxification: the kidney and the liver (and notably the xenobiotics metabolizing enzymes (XME)). In order to mimic population chronic exposure, rats were contaminated during 9 months through drinking water (40 mg/L). In vivo results show that U exposure does not induce neither nephrotoxicity nor sensitivity to increase a renal toxicity induced by gentamicin. In the liver, U provokes impairments on the XME gene expression. Nevertheless, paracetamol metabolism is modified only if it is administrated at a hepatotoxic dose. The in vitro results suggest an indirect effect of uranium on the XME, probably dependant of body adaptation mechanisms. Besides, in vitro studies underlined cytotoxic properties of U as well as the localisation of its soluble and/or precipited forms in cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments
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Roux, Céline. "Etude des mécanismes de transfert des radionucléides en aval de la fosse T22 du site expérimental de Tchernobyl." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4317/document.
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Le Site Pilote de Tchernobyl (CPS) est voué à l’étude de la migration des radionucléides à partir de l’une des tranchées creusée pour enfouir la matière contaminée à la suite de l'accident de Tchernobyl (1986). L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les processus de migration des éléments dans la nappe phréatique.D’abord, l’extension maximale du panache de contamination est étudiée à l’aide du traceur conservatif 36Cl. Dans la nappe, les rapports 36Cl/Cl sont 1 à 4 ordres de grandeur supérieurs au rapport naturel théorique (particulièrement en aval de la tranchée), signifiant une importante contamination de la nappe par le 36Cl.Ensuite, un modèle conceptuel des processus géochimiques est proposé à partir de l’étude des variations en [Cl-], [HCO3-], [SO42-], [NO3-], [Na+], [Ca2+], [K+] [Mg2+], [Si], [Fe2+], [Mn2+] et des rapports δ18O et δ2H. Certains éléments sont très influencés par la présence de la tranchée mais des processus naturels peuvent aussi avoir une influence sur géochimie des eaux (eau-roche ou de drainage).Puis, les rapports isotopiques 238U/235U, 86Sr/88Sr et 87Sr/86Sr sont mesurés pour étudier la migration d’U et du Sr. La dissolution des particules de combustible enfouies dans la tranchée et le lessivage des radionucléides qui leur sont associés pourraient avoir un impact significatif sur les rapports isotopiques dans la nappe. Une augmentation des concentrations en [238U] est observée en aval de la tranchée mais les rapports 238U/235U mesurés sont naturels. La procédure d'analyse des rapports 86Sr/88Sr et 87Sr/86Sr ne permet pas d’observer un changement de ces rapports dans la nappe mais une diminution du rapport est observée en profondeurThe Chernobyl Pilot Site (CPS) was set up to study the migration of radionuclides from one of the trenches dug in situ to bury materials contaminated after Chernobyl accident. The aim of this study is to investigate migration processes in groundwater. At first, the maximal extent of the contaminant plume is investigated based on the study of conservative tracer 36Cl. High contamination of groundwater by 36Cl is shown, with 36Cl/Cl ratios 1 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than the theoretical natural ratio (specifically downgradient of the trench). Then, a conceptual model of the main geochemical processes in groundwater is proposed based on the study of variantions in [Cl-], [HCO3-], [SO42-], [NO3-], [Na+], [Ca2+], [K+] [Mg2+], [Si]), [Fe2+], [Mn2+], and δ18O and δ2H. Some element concentrations are mainly governed by migrations from the trench. However, natural geochemical processes are also assessed to have an influence on groundwater geochemistry (water-rock interaction, leakage). Next, uranium and strontium migrations are investigated based on measurements of 238U/235U, 86Sr/88Sr, 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Indeed, dissolution fuel particles buried in the trench and the release of associated radionuclides is supposed to have a significant impact on those ratios in groundwater. However, in spite of an increase of [238U] concentrations downgradient of the trench, measured 238U/235U ratios in groundwater are in the natural range. Analytical procedure for 86Sr/88Sr and 87Sr/86Sr ratio measurement does not allow observing some trend downgradient of the trench; however, 87Sr/86Sr ratios clearly decrease with the depth
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Kerry, Timothy. "Characterisation of stainless steel contamination in acidic media." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/characterisation-of-stainless-steel-contamination-in-acidic-media(0995f9b0-32ab-424e-93f8-f19d034f2a2f).html.
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There is great interest in understanding the contamination of stainless steel by radionuclides across the nuclear fuel cycle. Through study of uptake mechanisms, contaminant localisation and process conditions that affect uptake, decontamination strategies can be tailored to remove built-up radioactive species. This study focusses on understanding stainless steel contamination by inactive lanthanides and radioactive actinide species (U, Np, Pu and Am) in acidic media. Through depth profiling, contamination has been seen to localise on the interface of the oxide layer and the bulk metal (at depths of up to 100 nm) indicating a potentially tenacious contamination mechanism. Furthermore, contaminant was observed at greater depths within the material (up to ~300 nm), suggesting penetration beyond the passive layer in to the bulk of the material. Long term immersion studies (up to 9 months) in 12 M HNO3 have also been undertaken to investigate the effect of surface corrosion on contaminant uptake. After 3 months the surface had undergone intergranular corrosion and grain droppage was observed. Further surface analysis revealed localisation of contaminants within the steel grain boundaries and vacancies. Once again, this may necessitate a more aggressive decontamination strategy. Conditions have been identified that enhance uptake of transuranic contaminants. Highest levels of uptake were seen in polished steel samples immersed in 4 M HNO3. The Np-237, Pu-239 and Am-241 contaminated samples showed surface concentrations of up to 1.2x107, 9.4x105 and 1x109 Bq/m2, respectively. In the case of Np contamination of stainless steel, microfocus X-ray absorption spectroscopy has shown the surface-mediated reduction of Np(V) leading to Np(IV) adsorption.
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Williams, Benjamin Deeter. "Uranium contamination of vadose zone sediments from the Hanford U single shell tank farm." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2009/B_Williams_112709.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in environmental science)--Washington State University, December 2009.Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jan. 26, 2010). "School of Earth and Environmental Sciences." Includes bibliographical references (p. 48-51).
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Frye, Kevin M. (Kevin Michael) 1972. "Contamination of surface water by depleted uranium from Nuclear Metals, Incorporated, in Concord, MA." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11054.
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Bensoussan, Hélène. "Effets d'une contamination à l'uranium sur le système cholinergique : approches in vivo et in vitro." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T073.
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Tortorello, Rebecca Diane. "Application of Uranium Isotopes as a Temporal and Spatial Tracer of Nuclear Contamination in the Environment." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1354977526.
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Bouet, Ségolène. "Analyses des risques de pathologies cancéreuses et non cancéreuses au sein de cohortes de travailleurs de l'uranium." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS274.
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A ce jour, l’évaluation des risques associés à l’incorporation de radionucléides et l’élaboration des normes de radioprotection en résultant sont principalement basées sur les résultats du suivi épidémiologique de populations exposées aux rayonnements ionisants par voie externe. Les analogies et extrapolations employées dans cette démarche sont entourées d’incertitudes. Afin de pouvoir évaluer la validité des hypothèses retenues dans ce cadre par la Commission Internationale de Protection Radiologique, il est nécessaire de réaliser de nouvelles études épidémiologiques au sein de populations exposées à des émetteurs internes. C’est notamment le cas pour ce qui concerne les expositions à l’uranium, dont les effets sanitaires potentiels demeurent mal caractérisés. Par ailleurs, alors que les effets cancérigènes des radiations ionisantes sont établis et de mieux en mieux caractérisés, l’hypothèse d’un effet de faibles doses de rayonnements ionisants sur le développement de maladies de l’appareil circulatoire a été émise récemment, et demande à être évaluée de manière approfondie.L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à améliorer la connaissance des effets sanitaires des expositions chroniques à de faibles doses de rayonnements ionisants, en particulier du fait de contamination internes par l’uranium, en support à l’évaluation et si nécessaire à la consolidation des normes internationales de radioprotection.La thèse s’articule autour de trois axes:- L’analyse de la mortalité dans une cohorte de 1300 travailleurs d’usines de traitement du minerai d’uranium (F-MILLERS), par comparaison avec la mortalité de la population générale française par calcul de rapports de mortalité standardisés.- L’analyse de l’association entre la dose (interne et externe) et la mortalité par cancers et maladies cardiovasculaires dans une cohorte de 4000 travailleurs de l’uranium: Analyse statistique classique (fréquentiste) incluant une exploration détaillée de l’impact de potentiels facteurs confondants individuels rarement disponibles dans d’autres cohortes de travailleurs du nucléaire (ex: obésité, tabagisme, tension artérielle).- Le développement d’une approche hiérarchique bayésienne permettant de tenir compte des incertitudes engendrées par l’estimation de la dose interne à partir de mesures radiotoxicologiques fortement censurées à gauche (i.e., inférieures à un seuil) dans l’estimation de risques sanitaires radio-induits, basée sur cette doseNowadays, the assessment of the risks associated with the incorporation of radionuclides and the resulting development of radiological protection standards are mainly based on the results of the epidemiological monitoring of populations exposed to external ionizing radiation. The analogies and extrapolations used in this process are surrounded by uncertainties. In order to be able to evaluate the validity of the assumptions adopted in this context by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), it is necessary to conduct new epidemiological studies in populations exposed to internal emitters. This is particularly the case for uranium exposures, whose potential health effects remain poorly characterized. Moreover, while the carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation are established and increasingly well characterized, the hypothesis of an effect of low doses of ionizing radiation on the development of diseases of the circulatory system has been suggested recently, and requires to be evaluated thoroughly.The aim of this PhD thesis project is to improve the knowledge of the health effects of chronic internal exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation, particularly due to internal contamination by uranium, in support of the evaluation and if necessary to the consolidation of international radiation protection standards.The PhD thesis project includes three axes:- Analysis of mortality in a new cohort of 1,300 workers employed by uranium-milling companies, by comparison with the mortality of general French population by computing standardized mortality ratios.- Analysis of the association between dose (internal and external) and mortality from cancer and cardiovascular diseases in a cohort of 4,000 uranium workers: classical statistical analysis (frequentist) included detailed exploration of the impact of potential confounding factors rarely available in other cohorts of nuclear workers (e.g.: obesity, smoking, blood pressure)- Development of a Bayesian hierarchical approach allowing to account for uncertainties induced by the estimation of internal dose from radiotoxicological measurement that are strongly left-censored (i.e., lower than a threshold) in radiation-induced risk estimates, based on this dose
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Brodd, Patrick. "Long term heavy metal contamination from leakage water sediments." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88909.
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Bussy, Cyrill. "Effets chimique et radiologique d'une ingestion chronique d'uranium sur le cerveau du rat : effets sur les neurotransmissions dopaminergique, sérotoninergique et cholinergique." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077057.
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Montagne-Marcellin, Corinne. "Recherche de molécules organiques complexantes pour la décorporation de l'ion uranyle." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20069.
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Une methodologie pour le traitement de la contamination interne par l'uranium a ete mise au point. L'hypothese de depart est qu'il est possible qu'une molecule organique complexe l'uranium in vivo et l'elimine par les voies naturelles. La methodologie consiste a determiner au prealable, les caracteristiques chimiques (complexation) et biologiques (stabilite, toxicite. . . ) necessaires a la molecule pour parvenir a eliminer l'uranium d'un organisme vivant. Ces caracteristiques ont ete determinees par l'etude de deux familles de molecules: les calixarenes et les tripodes. Le cahier des charges, ainsi defini, permet de restreindre les essais en aveugle realises sur les animaux
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Poisson-Moreau, de Lizorieux Clémentine. "Rôle du stress oxydant au niveau hépatique et rénal dans la toxicité de l’uranium après exposition chronique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA114849/document.
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L’Uranium (U) est un métal lourd radioactif dispersé dans l’environnement. Du fait de cette présence naturelle mais aussi de ses applications civiles et militaires, la population générale peut être exposée à l’U par ingestion d’eau de boisson ou d’aliments contaminés. Le système pro/anti-oxydant est un système de défense fréquemment impliqué lors d'une exposition aiguë à l'uranium. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier le rôle du système pro/anti-oxydant après contamination chronique à l’U dans le foie et les reins. Après contamination chronique de rats à différentes concentrations d’U, une accumulation dose dépendante de l’U dans les organes -jusqu'à 6 µg/g dans les reins- ainsi qu’une localisation préférentielle de l’U dans le noyau des cellules du tube contourné proximal sont observées. L’absence de néphrotoxicité observée, même à la plus forte concentration, pourrait s’expliquer par le renforcement du système anti-oxydant et notamment l’augmentation du taux de glutathion. L’étude des effets de la contamination à l’U chez un modèle déficient pour Nrf2, facteur de transcription cytoprotecteur impliqué dans la défense anti-oxydante, a mis en évidence une accumulation d’U plus importante chez les animaux Nrf2 -/-. Néanmoins, les effets biologiques de l’U sur le système pro/anti-oxydant ne semblent pas impliquer Nrf2. Par ailleurs, il existe une corrélation entre la localisation de l’U dans des cellules HepG2 en culture et les effets biologiques sur ce système après exposition à de faibles concentrations d’U. Ce radionucléide se localise dans les noyaux sous forme soluble et l’apparition de précipités est corrélée à la mise en place de mécanismes d’adaptation qui sont ensuite débordés au cours du temps et de la concentration, laissant apparaître une toxicité cellulaire. L’ensemble de ces résultats suggèrent que le renforcement du système anti-oxydant serait un mécanisme d’adaptation après exposition chronique à faible concentration d’UUranium is a radioactive heavy metal found in the environment. Due to its natural presence and to civil and militaries activities, general population can be exposed to U throughout drinking water or contaminated food. The pro/anti-oxidative system is a defense system which is often implicated in case of acute exposure to U. The aim of this thesis is to study the role of the pro/anti-oxidative system after chronic exposure to U in the liver and the kidney. After chronic exposure of rats to different U concentrations, this radionuclide accumulated in the organs in proportion to U intake; until 6 µg.g-1 of kidney tissues. U is localized in nucleus of the proximal tubular cells of the kidney. No nephrotoxicity was described even for the higher U level in drinking water and a reinforcement of the pro/anti-oxidative system with an increase in glutathione is observed. The study of U internal contamination in Nrf2 deficient mice, a cytoprotective transcription factor involved in the anti-oxidative defense has been realized. U accumulate more in Nrf2 -/- mice than in WT mice but the biologic effects of U on the pro/anti-oxidative system did not seem to implicate Nrf2. At the cell level, a correlation between U distribution in HepG2 cells and the biological effects on this system is observed after U exposure at low concentrations. Soluble distribution of U is observed in cell nucleus. The apparition of U precipitates is correlated to the establishment of the adaptive mechanisms overtime which are overwhelmed and lead to a cellular toxicity at higher U level. In conclusion, these results suggest that the reinforcement of pro/anti-oxidative system could be an adaptive mechanism after chronic exposure at low U concentration
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Peixoto, Claudia Marques. "Determinação dos valores de referência de qualidade de solo para U e Th no estado de Minas Gerais." CNEN - Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, 2013. http://www.bdtd.cdtn.br//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=285.
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NenhumaA existência de uma área contaminada pode gerar problemas tais como danos à saúde, comprometimento da qualidade dos recursos hídricos, restrições ao uso do solo e danos ao patrimônio público e privado como, por exemplo, a desvalorização das propriedades, além de danos ao meio ambiente. A constatação da existência de passivo ambiental em local objeto de novos licenciamentos ou renovações pode dificultar ou até impedir a obtenção de novas licenças por parte do empreendedor. Os Valores de Referência de Qualidade (VRQ) são definidos como sendo a concentração de uma determinada substância no solo ou na água subterrânea e determinam um solo como limpo ou a qualidade natural da água subterrânea. Em âmbito mundial, os VRQ são bastante heterogêneos. No Brasil poucos estudos foram concluídos para se estabelecer esses valores, em especial, para os radionuclídeos das séries naturais do urânio e tório. Na ausência de VRQ para radionuclídeos em solos, são utilizados valores genéricos internacionais. Entretanto, deve-se ressaltar que esta prática pode levar a avaliações inadequadas, já que existem diferenças marcantes nas características físicas de cada região, em especial, das condições geológicas, hídricas e pedológicas. Essas diferenças justificam o desenvolvimento de uma tabela própria com VRQ para radionuclídeos naturais em solos específicos para cada região. Dando continuidade ao projeto Determinações de Valores de Referência para Elementos-Traço em Solos do Estado de Minas Gerais foi detectada a necessidade da determinação da concentração de atividade de radionuclídeos naturais nos solos. Dentro deste contexto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é determinar os valores de referência de qualidade de solo para U e Th no Estado de Minas Gerais. Foram obtidos os seguintes valores de referência para qualidade de solo no Estado de Minas Gerais: 101,6 Bq.kg-1 (4,2 μg/g) para o U e 75,7 Bq.kg-1 (18,6 μg/g) para o Th. A análise estatística demostrou que o U e o Th apresentam correlação positiva com a classe dos Latossolos, bem com o conteúdo de argila e a matéria orgânica presente nos solos. Os resultados encontrados na Análise de Componentes Principais indicaram a existência de uma correlação positiva da concentração de U com os elementos As e Sb e o Th, principalmente, com o Ba e o Cd.
The existence of a contaminated area may pose several problems, such as health hazards, lessening of water resources quality, restrictions to the use of soils and damages to public and private property like, for instance, depreciation of their patrimonial and commercial values, besides, of course, the consequent impacts to the environment. Upon the configuration of an environmental degradation in a given site expected to be licensed or to have some kind of license renewed, this feature may retard or even impede the concession of new licenses to the entrepreneur. The Quality Reference Values (QRV) are defined as the concentration of a given substance in the soil or in groundwater, which determine a soil as being clean or determine the natural quality of the groundwater. Worldwide, QRV are very heterogeneous. Few studies have been carried out in Brazil with the purpose of establishing such reference values, in particular regarding the natural radionuclides of the uranium and thorium series. Considering the non-existence of such reference values for Brazilian soils, professionals tend to apply generic international values from literature. This practice, however, may result in inadequate evaluations, given that there exist outstanding physical differences among different regions of the country, in particular those concerning geological, hydrological and pedological aspects. Therefore, this heterogeneity may be the justification for the construction (elaboration) of a specific set of Quality Reference Values for natural radionuclides in soils for each specific region of interest. As a consequence of the development of the Project Determination of Reference Values for Trace Elements in Soils of the State of Minas Gerais, it was identified the need and importance of determining the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in the mentioned soils. In this context, the main objective of the present work was to determine the Quality Reference Values of soils for U and Th in Minas Gerais. The following values have been defined: 101,6 Bqkg-1 (4,2 μg/g) for U and 75,7 Bq.kg-1 (18,6 μg/g) for Th. The statistical analysis of the all data showed that U and Th have a positive correlation with the soil class of Oxisols, as well as with the clay and organic matter content. The results on Principal Component Analysis indicated the existence of a positive correlation of U concentration with the elements As and Sb, and Th, mainly, with Ba and Cd.
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SZELES, MARLENE S. M. F. "Avaliacao da contaminacao radiologica de um solo agricola nas proximidades de uma mina de uranio." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1994. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10434.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Miao, Ziheng. "Application of Stable Isotopes and Geochemical Analysis to Characterize Sulfate, Nitrate, and Trace Element Contamination of Groundwater and Its Remediation at a Former Uranium Mining Site." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293389.
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Sulfate, nitrate, and certain trace elements are common groundwater contaminants observed at mining sites. Their source, fate, and remediation were investigated at a former uranium mining site. First, groundwater samples collected across the site were analyzed for geochemistry, stable isotopes, and trace elements. Then, two pilot-scale ethanol injection tests were conducted for biostimulation of nitrate and sulfate reduction. Groundwater was monitored in the test area before and after the tests. The results showed a mixing of two discrete sources of sulfate. Quantification of these two sources using two methods showed that sulfide-mineral oxidation of the mine tailings served as a steady but low-discharge source while sulfuric acid (applied during ore processing in the 1960s) served as a variable, strong source. It appears that sulfuric acid served as a sustained source of sulfate for approximately 40 years. This source may be from accumulation of sulfate salts (formed from sulfuric acid) in the source zone due to the arid climate of the site. Results showing correspondence of isotopic compositions of ammonium and nitrate confirmed the generation of nitrate via nitrification. Moreover, it was observed that ammonium concentration is closely related to concentrations of uranium and a series of other trace elements including chromium, selenium, vanadium, iron, and manganese. It is hypothesized that ammonium-nitrate transformation processes influence the disposition of the trace elements through mediation of redox potential, pH, and possibly aqueous complexation and solid-phase sorption. As for the biostimulation, sulfate reduction condition has been maintained for a period of approximately 3 years after a single input. Atypical fractionation behavior of the delta34S in sulfate was hypothesized to be caused by release of sulfate from sulfate minerals associated with the sediments. Elevated hydrogen sulfide concentrations were not observed until approximately four months after the start of the test. This behavior, in concert with the observed changes in aqueous iron and manganese species, suggests that hydrogen sulfide produced from sulfate reduction was precipitated, presumably in the form of iron sulfides, until the exhaustion of readily reducible iron oxides. Hydrogen sulfide produced thereafter appears to have been in part re-oxidized.
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Abarca, Betancourt Alberto Javier. "The Stability of Uranium-Bearing Precipitates Created as a Result of Ammonia Gas Injections in the Hanford Site Vadose Zone." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3359.
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Uranium (U) is a crucial contaminant in the Hanford Site. Remediation techniques to prevent contaminant migration of U located in the soils to other important water resources such as the Columbia River are of paramount importance. Given the location of the contaminant in the deep vadose zone, sequestration of U caused by ammonia (NH3) gas injections appears to be a feasible method to decrease U mobility in the contaminated subsurface via pH manipulation, ultimately converting aqueous U mobile phases to lower solubility precipitates that are stable in the natural environment. This study evaluated the stability of those U-bearing precipitates via preparation of artificial precipitates mimicking those that would be created after NH3 gas injections and sequential extractions experiment. Results showed that most of the U was recovered with the extracting solutions targeted to remove uranyl silicates and hard-to-extract U phases, suggesting that U present in the solid particles has strong bonds to the vadose zone sediments, causing the precipitates to be stable and therefore the remediation technology to be effective under the simulated conditions.
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SANTOS, OLAIR dos. "Estudos do tratamento químico da superfície de placas combustíveis nucleares." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2014. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11799.
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Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Santos, Olair dos. "Estudos do tratamento químico da superfície de placas combustíveis nucleares." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-06102014-105204/.
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O Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN-CNEN/SP produz rotineiramente o combustível nuclear necessário para a operação de seu reator de pesquisas IEA-R1. Esse combustível é formado por placas combustíveis contendo núcleos de dispersões U3Si2-Al, obtidas por laminação. As placas combustíveis sofrem um tratamento químico para limpeza de sua superfície, com o objetivo de garantir a remoção de qualquer impureza presente em suas superfícies, incluindo resíduos de urânio. Nos últimos 10 anos foram constatados de forma esporádica aumentos significativos na atividade radioativa da água da piscina do reator IEA-R1. O aumento da atividade no ambiente do reator foi relacionado à entrada na piscina de elementos combustíveis recém-fabricados, entrando em operação. Apesar do processo de tratamento superficial atual estar perfeitamente estável e reprodutível, uma possível causa para o aumento da atividade da água da piscina do reator IEA-R1 é a presença de contaminação residual de urânio na superfície não retirada pelo tratamento químico superficial. Durante anos, esse problema não foi observado devido à baixa potência de operação do reator, no nível de 2 MW. Contudo, com o aumento da potência, acima de 3,5 MW, esse problema começou a ser observado. Esse trabalho verifica a hipótese da contaminação residual de urânio na superfície das placas combustíveis de forma estatística e caracteriza a adequação do processo de tratamento superficial de placas combustíveis. Utilizou-se uma metodologia estatística de avaliação do processo em três níveis: produção presente, contaminação intencional, produção histórica. A contagem de emissões alfa por contador de NaI permitiu a quantificação de urânio residual. Como resultado global, verificou-se que pode ocorrer contaminação abaixo de 1 g de 235U por elemento combustível. Essa contaminação não é significante para causar eventuais acidentes de aumento de atividade no reator IEA-R1. Provou-se no presente trabalho que a metodologia de contagens de emissões alfa é segura, precisa e rápida para se analisarem contaminações superficiais de urânio nas placas combustíveis.Nuclear and Energy Research Institute - IPEN-CNEN/ SP routinely produces its own nuclear fuel elements, necessary for the operation of its research reactor IEA-R1. This fuel consists of fuel plates containing cores U3Si2-Al dispersions obtained by rolling. Fuel plates undergo a chemical treatment for surface cleaning, aiming to ensure the removal of any impurity present on the surface, including uranium residual dust. Over the past 10 years, it was found sporadically a significant increase of radioactivity emission in water pool of IEA-R1 reactor. The increased activity in the reactor environment was related to the use of newly fabricated fuel elements fed into the core. Although the actual surface treatment process to be perfectly stable and reproducible, a possible cause for the activity increase would be the presence of residual uranium contamination over the surface, which was not removed by chemical surface treatment. For years, this problem was not observed due to the low power of reactor operation, at the level of 2 MW. However, with the increase in power above 3.5 MW, this problem started to be observed. This work verifies the hypothesis of residual uranium contamination on the surface of the fuel plates in a statistical methodology and features the adequacy of the fuel plate surface treatment process. We evaluated, statistically, the process into three levels: present production, intentional contamination, historical production. The NaI alpha emission counter allowed quantification the amount of uranium residual. As an overall result, it was found that contamination may occur below 1 g of 235U per fuel element. The contamination was judged as not significant to cause any activity accidents in the IEA-R1. It has been proven in this paper that the methodology to count alpha emissions is secure, accurate and fast to analyze surface uranium contamination in nuclear fuel plates.
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McHugh, Kelly C. "APPLICATIONS OF TRACE ELEMENT AND ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY TO IGNEOUS PETROLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1494441686890672.
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BARROS, LIVIA F. "Avaliação da variação da radioatividade natural em areias da Praia de Camburi-Vitória-Espírito Santo com fatores climatológicos e geológicos da região." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10591.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Moreau, de Lizoreux Clémentine. "Rôle du stress oxydant au niveau hépatique et rénal dans la toxicité de l'uranium après exposition chronique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00950141.
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L'Uranium (U) est un métal lourd radioactif dispersé dans l'environnement. Du fait de cette présence naturelle mais aussi de ses applications civiles et militaires, la population générale peut être exposée à l'U par ingestion d'eau de boisson ou d'aliments contaminés. Le système pro/anti-oxydant est un système de défense fréquemment impliqué lors d'une exposition aiguë à l'uranium. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le rôle du système pro/anti-oxydant après contamination chronique à l'U dans le foie et les reins. Après contamination chronique de rats à différentes concentrations d'U, une accumulation dose dépendante de l'U dans les organes -jusqu'à 6 µg/g dans les reins- ainsi qu'une localisation préférentielle de l'U dans le noyau des cellules du tube contourné proximal sont observées. L'absence de néphrotoxicité observée, même à la plus forte concentration, pourrait s'expliquer par le renforcement du système anti-oxydant et notamment l'augmentation du taux de glutathion. L'étude des effets de la contamination à l'U chez un modèle déficient pour Nrf2, facteur de transcription cytoprotecteur impliqué dans la défense anti-oxydante, a mis en évidence une accumulation d'U plus importante chez les animaux Nrf2 -/-. Néanmoins, les effets biologiques de l'U sur le système pro/anti-oxydant ne semblent pas impliquer Nrf2. Par ailleurs, il existe une corrélation entre la localisation de l'U dans des cellules HepG2 en culture et les effets biologiques sur ce système après exposition à de faibles concentrations d'U. Ce radionucléide se localise dans les noyaux sous forme soluble et l'apparition de précipités est corrélée à la mise en place de mécanismes d'adaptation qui sont ensuite débordés au cours du temps et de la concentration, laissant apparaître une toxicité cellulaire. L'ensemble de ces résultats suggèrent que le renforcement du système anti-oxydant serait un mécanisme d'adaptation après exposition chronique à faible concentration d'U.
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Leblanc, Alexa. "Préconcentration de l'uranium et du plutonium dans les poissons par extraction au point trouble." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33939.
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Le développement méthodologique d’une approche simplifiée visant à extraire et à quantifier l’uranium et le plutonium à partir d’échantillons de poisson par l’ICP-MS est l’objectif principal de ces travaux de maîtrise. Pour ce faire, la méthode d’extraction au point trouble (CPE) est utilisée. Cette méthode permet de séparer les actinides de la matrice et de les préconcentrer dans un faible volume de surfactant. L’utilisation d’un agent d’extraction sélectif permet de former des complexes avec l’uranium et le plutonium puis de les incorporer à l’intérieur des micelles. L’agent d’extraction P, P-di (2-éthylhexyle) de l’acide méthanediphosphonique (H2DEH[MDP]) est utilisé car celui-ci a un potentiel d’extraction élevé pour les actinides. Puisque l’uranium et le plutonium ont de long temps de demi-vie, les analyses peuvent être effectuées par l’ICP-MS pour connaître les ratios isotopiques de ces derniers. Toutefois, avant de procéder à l’extraction au point trouble et de réaliser les analyses, les échantillons de poisson sont traités pour éliminer l’eau et la matière organique qui peuvent interférer avec la formation des micelles. Les diverses étapes nécessaires pour la mise en solution, leurs compatibilités avec l’approche CPE et la mesure par ICP-MS seront présentées pour l’analyse de larges quantités (˃ 500 g) de poissons frais.The methodological development of a simplified approach to extract and quantify uranium and plutonium from fish samples by ICP-MS is the main goal of this master’s work. To do this, the cloud point extraction method (CPE) is used. This method allows the actinides to be separated from the matrix and preconcentrated in a small volume of surfactant. The use of a selective ligand makes it possible to form a complex with uranium and plutonium and then to transfer it inside the micelles. The ligand P, P-di (2-ethylhexyl) of methanediphosphonic acid (H2DEH[MDP]) is used because it has a high extraction potential for actinides. Since uranium and plutonium have a long-half-life, analyzes can be performed by ICP-MS, to know the isotopic ratios of the latter. However, prior to cloud point extraction and analysis, fish samples are processed to remove water and organic matter that can interfere with micelle formation. The various stages required for dissolution, their compatibility with the CPE approach and ICP-MS measurement will be presented for the analysis of large quantities (˃ 500 g) of fresh fishes
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Jeambrun, Marion. "L'uranium et ses descendants dans la chaine alimentaire." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00821054.
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L'uranium, le thorium et leurs descendants se trouvent a l'état de traces dans toutes les roches sur Terre. Sous l'action de l'érosion, des mécanismes de formation des sols et des transferts sol-plante, ces radionucléides sont disséminés dans toutes les composantes de l'environnement et via les chaînes alimentaires, ils sont transmis aux animaux et à l'homme. L'objectif de cette étude consiste à améliorer les connaissances sur les niveaux et la variabilité des activités de ces radionucléides dans différentes denrées et à faire progresser les connaissances sur leurs sources et leurs transferts. Cette étude s'intéresse à la variabilité géologique des sites étudiés (substrat granitique, volcanique et alluvial) sur lesquels sont prélevés différentes denrées (légumes, céréales, viandes, oeufs et produits laitiers). Les sources potentielles de radionucléides (eau d'irrigation et sol pour les végétaux ; eau d'abreuvage, aliments et sol pour les produits animaux) sont prélevées afin d'étudier leur contribution aux activités mesurées dans les denrées. Les résultats obtenus montrent une grande variabilité des activités dans les végétaux, moins prononcée dans les produits animaux. La source principale de radionucléides aux végétaux semble être le sol de culture. La remise en suspension de particules de sol et leur adhésion à la surface des végétaux ainsi que l'eau d'irrigation semblent important dans certains cas. Concernant les activités dans les produits animaux, une contribution significative du sol a l'activité en thorium a été mise en évidence. La contribution de l'eau à l'activité en uranium dans les volailles constitue une piste à approfondir.
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Filho, Carlos Alberto de Carvalho. "Avaliação da qualidade das águas superficiais no entorno das instalações minero-industriais de urânio de Caldas, Minas Gerais." CNEN - Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, 2014. http://www.bdtd.cdtn.br//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=337.
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NenhumaEsta tese apresenta uma avaliação da qualidade das águas superficiais no entorno de uma instalação minero-industrial para produção de urânio, a Unidade de Tratamento de Minérios de Caldas (UTM-Caldas). O objetivo é verificar se os corpos dágua dessa instalação foram impactados por efluentes provenientes da pilha de rocha estéril n 4 (BF4) e da Bacia de Rejeitos (BR). O principal problema ambiental da UTM-Caldas, atualmente em processo de descomissionamento, é a geração de drenagem ácida de mina (DAM). Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho foram implantadas doze estações de amostragem nas bacias que drenam a área da UTM-Caldas: rio Taquari, córrego da Consulta e ribeirão Soberbo. Duas das estações foram posicionadas respectivamente no interior da Bacia Nestor Figueiredo (BNF), bacia de retenção dos efluentes do BF4, e do tanque de deposição do rádio, denominado D2, para onde vertem os efluentes da BR. O monitoramento se desenvolveu em 2010 e 2011, com a determinação de quarenta e dois parâmetros físico-químicos, biológicos e radioativos. Os dados obtidos foram tratados por diferentes abordagens metodológicas, incluindo a distribuição espacial das medianas das determinações, diagramas hidrogeoquímicos, estudo de isótopos estáveis e do cálculo do background geoquímico, além da aplicação de índices de qualidade das águas. De maior relevância, os resultados mostraram que efluentes provenientes da BNF contribuíram para que os corpos dágua a jusante, principalmente o córrego da Consulta, apresentassem contaminação para flúor, cádmio, urânio, zinco, alumínio, manganês e acidez, assim como foram responsáveis para o enriquecimento em sulfato, cálcio, arsênio, magnésio, 238U, 226Ra, 232Th e 228Ra. Os resultados indicaram que efluentes advindos do D2 causaram um enriquecimento em cálcio, flúor, sulfato e molibdênio nas águas do ribeirão Soberbo. As águas do córrego da Consulta, imediatamente a jusante da BNF, receberam a pior classificação do índice WQI/CCME, ou seja, pobre.
This thesis presents an evaluation of the quality of surface waters in the surroundings of the industrial-mineral facilities for the production of uranium owned by the Caldas Ore Treatment Unit (UTM-Caldas), aiming to verify whether the water bodies downstream the plant, were impacted by effluents from the Waste Rock Pile 4 (BF4), and from the Tailings Dam (BR). The main environmental problem of UTM-Caldas, currently in decommissioning process, is the generation of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). In order to perform the research, twelve sampling stations were established in the watersheds around UTC: the Soberbo and Consulta creeks, and the Taquari river. One of the stations was located, inside the BNF (retention pond that receives effluents from BF4), and another at D2 (a settling tank for radium, which receives the effluents from BR). A monitoring plan has been developed, comprising four sampling campaigns in 2010 and 2011. It involved the measurement of forty-two physical, chemical, biological and radioactive parameters. The data obtained were processed by different methodological approaches, including the spatial distribution of medians of the recorded results, hydrogeochemical diagrams, stable isotopes measurements and evaluation of the geochemical background, besides the use of indexes for water quality. Of greater relevance, the results indicated that the effluents from the BNF contributed to the contamination, mainly of the Consulta creek, by F-, Cd, U, Zn, Al, Mn, besides increased acidity and enrichment of SO42-, Ca, As, 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, and 228Ra. The results indicated that the effluents discharged at D2 caused the waters of the Soberbo creek to be enriched in Ca, F-, Mo and SO42-. The stretch of the Consulta creek immediately downstream the BNF received the worst classification according with the WQI/CCME Index, i.e. "poor".
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Augustine, Starrlight. "Metabolic programming of zebrafish, Danio rerio uncovered : Physiological performance as explained by Dynamic Energy Budget Theory and life-cycle consequences of uranium induced perturbations." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4708/document.
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Ce travail de thèse s'est intéressé aux effets de l'uranium appauvri (U) sur le poisson zèbre, Danio rerio. L'hypothèse de travail majeure est que les effets de l'U peuvent se traduire par des modifications du métabolisme. Par conséquent nous avons caractérisé la performance physiologique par le biais de la théorie des bilans d'énergie dynamique (DEB) car c'est la seule théorie qui quantifie simultanément l'ingestion, l'assimilation, la croissance, la reproduction, la maturation, la maintenance et le vieillisse¬ment au cours du cycle de vie entier à des niveaux de nourriture variable. Un modèle DEB a ainsi été construit et a permis de quantifier et de prédire la manière dont la performance physiologique du poisson zèbre dépend de son niveau de nutrition (et de la température). Nous avons montré que le développement s'accélère après la naissance jusqu'à la métamorphose où l'accélération cesse. De plus les coûts de maintenance somatique sont très élevés.Un module spécifiant la toxico-cinétique de l'U, chez un individu qui se nourrit, croit et se reproduit, a été incorporé dans le modèle DEB. Le modèle a été appliqué aux données de toxicité (publiés et acquis pendant la thèse) afin de découvrir quel processus est affecté par l'U. Les résultats montrent qu'à partir de 0 nM, l'U augmenterait les coûts de croissance et diminuerait l'assimilation et/ou augmenterait le coût de la maintenance somatique. Nous n'avons pas pu détecter d'effets notables sur la maturation. Une étude histologique révèle que l'U altère l'intégrité de la paroi intestinale et pourrait perturber l'homéostasie des interactions hôte-bactériesThe aim of this dissertation is to characterize the toxicity of depleted uranium (U) on the metabolism of zebrafish, Danio rerio. The underlying hypothesis of this work is that effects of U show up as effects on the metabolism of the individual. Consequently, we characterized physiological performance using Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory since it is the only theory which simultaneously specifies ingestion, assimilation, growth, reproduction, maturation, maintenance and ageing over the whole life-cycle at varying food availability. Thus a DEB model was built which quantifies and predicts how the physiological performance of zebrafish relates to food level (and temperature). We showed that development accelerates after birth until metamorphosis after which acceleration ceases. Furthermore, somatic maintenance costs are very high.A module specifying toxico-kinetics of U in a feeding, growing and reproducing individual was incorporated into the DEB model. The model was then applied to toxicity data (from the literature or acquired during this thesis) in order to determine which processes are affected by U. Our results show that, from 0 nM onwards, U increases costs for growth and either increases somatic maintenance or decreases assimilation. We were unable to detect effects on maturation. A histological study showed that U alters histology of the gut wall and may perturb host-microbe homeostasis. By accounting for differences in initial conditions between individuals we were able to explain a number of seemingly contradictory results. The take home message is: observations on individuals should not be averaged for groups of individuals
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Bouilloux, Laurent. "Étude de la mise en suspension physico-chimique des oxydes de plutonium et d'uranium lors de la combustion de polycarbonate, et de ruthénium lors de la combustion des solvants de retraitement du combustible irradié." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0017.
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Le degré de gravité d'un incendie dans une installation nucléaire est en partie estime par les quantités et les formes physico-chimiques des produits radioactifs susceptibles d'être émis a l'extérieur de l'installation. Il est donc nécessaire d'étudier la mise en suspension de contamination due a un foyer de combustion. En raison de la multiplicité des situations envisageables, deux thèmes de recherche ont été retenus. Le premier concerne l'étude de la mise en suspension chimique d'oxydes d'uranium ou de plutonium lors de la combustion de parois de boites à gants constituées par un polymère organique (polycarbonate). Le second traite de la caractérisation physico-chimique de la mise en suspension du ruthénium lors de la combustion d'un mélange de solvants organiques (tributyle phosphate - tetrapropylène hydrogène) utilise lors du retraitement du combustible nucléaire. Pour les deux thèmes de recherche, la mise en suspension chimique, qui se traduit par la formation de composes gazeux de contaminant dans le foyer de combustion, a été modélisée par le biais de simulations thermodynamiques. Un développement expérimental a été entrepris pour déterminer un facteur de mise en suspension du ruthénium lors de la combustion de solvants. L'utilisation d'un cône calorimètre a permis la réalisation d'essais a petite échelle qui ont été, par la suite, valides par des essais a plus grande échelle dans des conditions proches de celles rencontrées industriellement. Au terme de cette étude, le développement de simulations thermodynamiques a montre que pour les deux scenarios retenus, la mise en suspension de contaminant relève de mécanismes purement physiques. De plus, l'étude expérimentale a permis d'établir un facteur de mise en suspension du ruthénium applicable à la combustion de solvants. Par ailleurs, le mécanisme responsable de la mise en suspension du ruthénium a pu être mis en évidence.
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Margerit, Adrien. "Etude des effets combinés de l'uranium et du cadmium chez le nématode Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONT3509/document.
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L'uranium est un radioélément naturel, généralement retrouvé à l'état de traces, mais dont la concentration peut être significativement augmentée à proximité de certaines installations du cycle du combustible nucléaire ou de zones d'agriculture intensive. En raison de son association dans les minerais avec différents éléments traces métalliques tels que le cadmium, l'U est la plupart du temps présent en mélange avec d'autres contaminants dans l'environnement. L'étude de leurs effets combinés est indispensable afin de mieux appréhender le risque engendré par les contaminations métalliques multiples pour les écosystèmes. L'évaluation de la toxicité des mélanges et l'identification des interactions synergiques ou antagonistes sont généralement réalisées sur la base de modèles d'additivité de référence intégrés à des approches descriptives, purement statistiques et sans réelles considérations biologiques. Plus récemment, des modèles mécanistes ont été proposés en alternative afin de mieux rendre compte de la dynamique des processus biologiques et des mécanismes de toxicité des contaminants. Ceux-ci n'ont cependant été mis en pratique que dans un nombre limité de cas d'étude de la toxicité des mélanges. L'objectif de ce projet de thèse a été d'étudier les effets combinés chroniques de l'U et du Cd sur les traits de vie du nématode Caenorhabditis elegans, en utilisant en parallèle une approche descriptive (MixTox) et une approche mécaniste (DEBtox). Pour cela, une exposition des nématodes à différentes concentrations d'U et de Cd, seuls ou en mélange, a été réalisée durant onze jours. Une interaction antagoniste importante entre l'U et le Cd a été identifiée pour les critères d'effet de croissance et de reproduction, à partir des deux approches. L'étude du transfert de l'U et du Cd du milieu vers la nourriture ainsi que de leur bioaccumulation par C. elegans nous a permis de montrer que la coprésence d'U diminuait la fraction de Cd disponible pour l'exposition des nématodes. Afin de déceler la présence d'une éventuelle interaction au niveau des organismes, durant les phases toxicocinétique ou toxicodynamique, les données d'effet ont été réanalysées à partir des concentrations d'U et de Cd dans la nourriture, supposées plus proches des concentrations disponibles pour C. elegans. Des effets combinés globalement additifs, sans interaction notable, ont été mis en évidence pour l'U et le Cd même si des conclusions légèrement contrastées ont été obtenues à partir des approches descriptives et mécanistes. La présente étude permet d'illustrer la complexité de l'étude des effets des mélanges et de l'identification des interactions entre les substances. Malgré quelques difficultés d'application, l'approche mécaniste DEBtox semble particulièrement prometteuse pour décrire la toxicité de mélanges au cours du temps et tester d'éventuels mécanismes d'interaction. À terme, le perfectionnement des outils d'analyse des effets combinés des contaminants devrait permettre une meilleure prise en compte de la problématique des mélanges dans les démarches d'évaluation des risquesUranium is a natural radioactive trace element for which elevated concentrations can be found in the vicinity of some nuclear fuel cycle facilities or of intensive farming areas. Due its co-occurrence with different trace metals, such as cadmium, in geological ores, U is generally found associated with other contaminants in the environment. The study of their combined effects on ecosystems is of interest to better characterize such multi-metallic polluted sites. The mixture toxicity assessment and the identification of synergistic or antagonistic interaction are generally performed on the basis of additive reference models integrated to descriptive and purely statistical approaches with no real biological basis. Recently, mechanistic models were proposed to better account for the dynamics of biological and toxicological processes. However, such models have only been put into practice in a few number of mixture toxicity case studies. The aim of this PhD project was to assess the chronic U/Cd combined toxicity on the life history traits of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using both a descriptive (MixTox) and a mechanistic (DEBtox) approach. To do so, nematodes were exposed during eleven days to different U and Cd concentrations, alone or in mixture. A strong antagonistic interaction between U and Cd was identified for length increase and brood size endpoints on the basis of both approaches. From the study of the U and Cd media-to-food transfer and of the U and Cd bioaccumulation by C. elegans, we showed that the co-presence of U reduced the available Cd fraction for nematodes. To identify a possible interaction at organism level, occurring during the toxicokinetic or toxicodynamic steps, data were re-analyzed on the basis of U/Cd concentrations in food, assumed to be more closely related to available concentrations for C. elegans. Overall additive effects, without interaction, were identified between U and Cd, even if slightly contrasted conclusions were obtained on the basis of the descriptive and mechanistic approaches. The present study underlines the complexity of studying mixture toxicity and identifying chemical interactions. Despite some application problems, the mechanistic approach DEBtox is particularly promising to describe the toxicity of chemical mixtures over time and to test hypothetical interaction mechanisms. In the future, the improvement of tools to analyze the combined toxicity of contaminants would allow to better address the issue of mixtures in ecotoxicological risk assessment processes
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Grives, Sophie. "Etude de la toxicité in vitro et de l'efficacité ex vivo et in vivo de formes galéniques de calixarène développées pour le traitement des contaminations cutanées dues à des composés d'uranium." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA114815/document.
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En cas de contamination cutanée radiologique par des composés d’uranium, les seuls traitements actuellement employés consistent en un rinçage de la zone contaminée par de l’eau et des détergents, ou par une solution de sel calcique de l’acide diéthylène-triamine-pentaacétique (Ca-DTPA). Ces derniers ne sont cependant pas efficaces vis-à-vis de l'uranium. De plus, en l'absence de traitement d'urgence, le passage transcutané de ce radionucléide est rapide, et induit une exposition interne après sa distribution dans l’organisme par le biais de la circulation sanguine. Une partie de l'uranium ainsi biodisponible est alors stockée dans les organes cibles que sont principalement les reins et le squelette, où ses effets toxiques se manifestent. C'est pourquoi une formulation topique consistant en une nanoémulsion huile dans eau, incorporant des molécules de calixarène tricarboxylique en tant qu'agent chélatant spécifique de l'uranium, a été initialement développée. Les travaux menés dans le cadre de cette thèse visent à évaluer l'efficacité de décontamination ex vivo et in vivo de ce nouveau traitement d'urgence à la fois sur peaux intactes et sur peaux lésées superficiellement. Pour cela, le modèle d'excoriation a été utilisé. Des modèles de lésions reproductibles ont également été mis en place afin de mimer des incisions par micro-piqûres et microcoupures. Ces études démontrent que la nanoémulsion de calixarène pourrait constituer un traitement de décontamination efficace, moins agressif que l’emploi de l’eau savonneuse actuellement employée. Sa potentielle toxicité cutanée a également été évaluée in vitro par l'utilisation d'épiderme humain reconstitué, combinée à trois différents tests de toxicité (MTT, LDH et IL-1-α). Dans le cadre de ces études, il a ainsi été démontré que la nanoémulsion de calixarène n’induit pas de toxicité cutanée, même après un temps de contact prolongé jusqu'à 24 hIn case of radiological skin contamination by uranium compounds, the only treatments currently available consist in rinsing the contaminated skin area with water and detergent, or with a calcium salt of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (Ca-DTPA) solution. However, these procedures are not specific and no efficient treatment for cutaneous contamination due to uranium exists. In the absence of such treatments, uranium diffusion through the skin is fast, inducing an internal exposure after its distribution inside the body through the bloodstream. One part of the bioavalaible uranium is uptaken in target organs which are the kidneys and the skeleton, where its toxic effects occur. Therefore a topical formulation consisting of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion incorporating a tricarboxylic calixarene molecule, as a specific chelating agent for uranium, was previously developed. The work achieved in this thesis aimed at evaluating the ex vivo and in vivo decontamination efficiency of this new emergency treatment on intact and superficially wounded skin. For this purpose, skin excoriation model was used. Reproducible models of superficial wounds consisting of micro-cuts and micro-punctures were also developed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the nanoemulsion on physical wounds such as incisions. These studies showed that the calixarene nanoemulsion could be an efficient decontaminant treatment, less aggressive than using the current treatment: soaped water. Its potential cutaneous toxicity was evaluated on in vitro reconstructed human epidermis using three different toxicity tests (MTT, LDH and IL-1-α). These studies demonstrated that the calixarene nanoemulsion did not induce skin toxicity even after 24 h of exposure time
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Fonseca, Antonio Sergio Almeida. "Exposição crônica à radiação ionizante: realidade ou fantasia. A construção de um protocolo para avaliação." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2009. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/2375.
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Previous issue date: 2009A necessidade de monitorar populações expostas à radiação ionizante tem apresentado demanda crescente no Brasil. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo construir um instrumento de estudo que permita realizar a avaliação deste impacto. A metodologia usada foi o da construção do protocolo a partir da revisão sistemática da literatura com o descritor radiação ionizante nas bases de dados Medline e Lilacs, no período de 1998-2008, com filtros específicos. O universo foi de 57 artigos que foram avaliados pelo desenho epidemiológico, população alvo, país de publicação e relação com a radiação ionizante. Os resultados mostraram que 84,2% das publicações apresentam relação positiva com a radiação ionizante. A partir dos resultados conclui-se que os estudos epidemiológicos caso-controle, transversais e de coorte são fundamentais nessaa avaliação. As populações expostas ambientalmente ou ocupacionalmente são indicadas para estudos, principalmente a população adulta. Câncer e aberrações cromossomiais são marcadores apropriados para essa avaliação e, por fim, esses resultados apontam para a construção do protocolo que contemple o diagnóstico do sistema de saúde local, avaliação da percepção de risco da população, monitoramento da concentração de urânio ambiental, avaliação dos padrões de morbi-mortalidade, biomarcadores de efeitos em populações com exposição aumentada e avaliação dos indivíduos com biomarcadores alterados.
There is a growing demand to monitor populations exposed to ionizing radiation in Brazil. This work aims to create a research tool to enable the impact assessment. The adopted methodology was the systematic research in the Medline and Lilacs database within the period from 1998 to 2008 for the “ionizing radiation” descriptor using pecific filters. There were a total of 57 used articles that have been evaluated by the epidemiological characteristics, population, country of publication and relation to ionizing radiation. The results showed that 84.2% of the publications have positive relationship with the ionizing radiation. From the results it is concluded that epidemiological studies, case-control, cross-sectional and cohort are fundamental in the evaluation. Populations exposed occupationally or environmentally are suitable for studies, especially the adult population. Chromosome aberrations and cancer are appropriate markers for this assessment and, finally, the results point to the creation of a protocol that addresses the diagnosis of local health system, assessment of population’s risk perception, monitoring of the environmental uranion concentration, evaluation of the morbi-mortality patterns, effect biomarkers in populations with increased exposure and evaluation of individuals with altered biomarkers.