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Journal articles on the topic 'Uranium contamination'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Lovley, Derek R., and Elizabeth J. P. Phillips. "Bioremediation of uranium contamination with enzymatic uranium reduction." Environmental Science & Technology 26, no. 11 (November 1992): 2228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00035a023.

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2

Grignard, Elise, Yann Guéguen, Stéphane Grison, Jean-Marc A. Lobaccaro, Patrick Gourmelon, and Maâmar Souidi. "Contamination with Depleted or Enriched Uranium Differently Affects Steroidogenesis Metabolism in Rat." International Journal of Toxicology 27, no. 4 (July 2008): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810802367057.

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Uranium is a naturally occurring heavy metal found in the Earth’s crust. It is an alpha-emitter radioactive element from the actinide group that presents both radiotoxicant and chemotoxicant properties. Some studies revealed that uranium could affect the reproductive system. To distinguish chemical versus radiological effects of uranium on the metabolism of the steroids in the testis, rats were contaminated via their drinking water with depleted or enriched uranium. Animals were exposed to radionuclides for 9 months at a dose of 40 mg/L (560 Bq/L for depleted uranium, 1680 Bq/L for enriched uranium). Whereas depleted uranium did not seem to significantly affect the production of testicular steroid hormones in rats, enriched uranium significantly increased the level of circulating testosterone by 2.5-fold. Enriched uranium contamination led to significant increases in the mRNA levels of StAR (Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein; 3-fold, p = .001), cyp11a1 (cytochrome P45011a1; 2.2-fold, p < .001), cyp17a1 (cytochrome P45017a1; 2.5-fold, p = .014), cyp19a1 (cytochrome P45019a1; 2.3-fold, p = .021), and 5 α-R1 (5 α reductase type 1; 2.0-fold, p = .02), whereas depleted uranium contamination induces no changes in the expression of these genes. Moreover, expression levels of the nuclear receptors LXR (Liver X Receptor) and SF-1 (Steroidogenic Factor 1), as well as the transcription factor GATA-4, were modified following enriched uranium contamination. Altogether, these results show for the first time a differential effect among depleted or enriched uranium contamination on testicular steroidogenesis. It appears that the deleterious effects of uranium are mainly due to the radiological activity of the compound.

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3

Friedrich, Jana. "Uranium contamination of the Aral Sea." Journal of Marine Systems 76, no. 3 (March 2009): 322–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.03.020.

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4

Murry, Maisha M., Henry B. Spitz, and William B. Connick. "Sequential extraction of uranium metal contamination." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 307, no. 3 (October 22, 2015): 2075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-015-4521-7.

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5

Houpert, P., V. Chazell, F. Paquet, T. Bailly, R. Burgada, and M. H. Henge-Napolil. "Reduction of uranium transfer by local chelation in simulated wounds in rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 20, no. 5 (May 2001): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032701678227721.

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The aim of the paper is to develop a new approach to treat uranium-contaminated wounds. The efficacy of a local uranium chelator, carballylic amido bis phosphonic acid (CAPBP) was assessed using two different uranium compounds. Rats were contaminated by intramuscular injections of uranyl nitrate or an industrial U04 compound to simulate wound contamination. CAPBP was injected intramuscularly (im) or intraperitoneally (ip) at a dosage of 30,umol kg-. In one experiment, the local administration of CAPBP was combined with a systemic administration of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-biphosphonate (EHBP). The local CAPBP treatment resulted in increased retention of uranium at the wound site: about 30% for uranyl nitrate or U04 after the first day and about 15% of U04 after the third day. Consequently, it reduced uranium translocation into the blood and deposition in the kidneys and bone. The combined treatment reduced the uranium deposits in the kidneys, bone and carcass to about one-half of those observed in controls 3 days after U04 contamination. The local CAPBP treatment increased the interval of time between contamination and uranium deposit in the target organs. Thus, it can increase the efficacy of nonspecific local treatments or specific systemic treatments. It could be given rapidly through spray or gel after an accident.

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6

Houpert, P., V. Chazel, and F. Paquet. "A local approach to reduce industrial uranium wound contamination in rats." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 82, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y03-113.

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The aim of this work is to develop a new approach to partially decontaminate wounds after industrial uranium contamination, during the interval of time between contamination and transfer of the patient to the infirmary. A wound dressing and a paste mixed or not with uranium-chelating ligands, ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonate (EHBP) and carballylic amido bis phosphonic acid (CAPBP), were tested in vitro on muscles and in vivo on rats after deposit of uranium oxide compounds. The dressing and the paste, composed of carboxymethylcellulose-based hydrocolloids known to be highly absorbent, were applied on simulated wounds a few minutes after the contamination. The incorporation of chelating ligands did not improve the efficacy of the dressing or paste, and the best results were obtained with the dressing. In vivo, after 1 h of contact with the wound, the dressing absorbed about 30% and 60% of a UO4 compound deposited intra- and intermuscularly, respectively. After intramuscular deposit, the efficacy of the dressing was not reduced if the contact time decreased from 1 h to 15 min. Therefore, this wound dressing could be a practical option to treat uranium-contaminated wounds, but its efficacy depends on the localization of the uranium deposit.Key words: uranium, wound, rat, treatment.

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7

Phan, Guillaume, Naïma Semili, Céline Bouvier-Capely, Géraldine Landon, Ghozlene Mekhloufi, Nicolas Huang, François Rebière, Michelle Agarande, and Elias Fattal. "Calixarene Cleansing Formulation for Uranium Skin Contamination." Health Physics 105, no. 4 (October 2013): 382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0b013e318298e8d3.

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8

Shroder, Shulamit. "Soil Ecosystem Responses to Depleted Uranium Contamination." Natural Sciences Education 45, no. 1 (December 2016): nse2016.02.0772. http://dx.doi.org/10.4195/nse2016.02.0772.

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9

Schilk, A. J., K. H. Abel, and R. W. Perkins. "Characterization of uranium contamination in surface soils." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 26, no. 2 (January 1995): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-931x(94)00007-j.

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10

Cucu, Maria, Ana Danis, Mariana Ciubotariu, E. Iancu, and Gabriela Dumitrescu. "On the uranium biodistribution in internal contamination." Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 22, no. 1-4 (January 1993): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-8078(93)90193-8.

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11

Petitot, F., A. M. Moreels, and F. Paquet. "In vitro evaluation of percutaneous diffusion of uranyl nitrate through intact or excoriated skin of rat and pig." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 82, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y04-004.

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At the present time, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has not published any model concerning internal radioactive contamination by uptake from wounds. The aims of our work were to determine the time available to treat contamination of intact or wounded skin before a significant uptake of uranium occurred and to evaluate the consequences of incomplete decontamination on uranium uptake. The kinetics of percutaneous diffusion of uranium through intact or excoriated skin and its distribution in skin layers were evaluated using an in vitro technique. Our data demonstrated a dramatic increase of uranium percutaneous diffusion through excoriated skin compared with intact skin. Significant uptake of uranium through excoriated skin occurred in only 30 min, indicating that there is only a short interval available to treat a contaminated wound effectively. Moreover, in the case of an incompletely decontaminated superficial wound, viable epidermis behaved as a reservoir for uranium that remained bioavailable. At the present time, potential uptake of uranium and perhaps other radionuclides through intact or wounded skin is not adequately taken into account by radiological protection agencies. Our results emphasize the need for further study and modeling of uptake of radionuclides through intact or wounded skin.Key words: wound, skin, uranium, rat, pig.

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12

Wang, Wei-hong, Xue-gang Luo, Zhe Wang, Yu Zeng, Feng-qiang Wu, and Zhong-xiang Li. "Heavy Metal and Metalloid Contamination Assessments of Soil around an Abandoned Uranium Tailings Pond and the Contaminations’ Spatial Distribution and Variability." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (October 29, 2018): 2401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112401.

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To investigate the heavy metal and metalloid contamination of soil around a Huanan uranium tailings pond, abandoned in 1998, we defined a study area of 41.25 km2 by a natural boundary and targeted 5 elements’ (U, Mn, As, Pb, Cr) single contamination and comprehensive pollution as the assessment contents. First, we collected 205 samples and evaluated them with the contamination factor (CF) method aiming at judging whether the single target element concentration exceeded the local background value and environmental quality standard. We obtained CF1 (the background value of a certain target element as the baseline value) and CF2 (the environmental quality standard for soils as the baseline value). Second, we evaluated the ecological risk of the key pollutant U with the risk assessment code (RAC) method, taking the 27 samples whose CF2 > 1 as examples and concluded that the environmental risk of U was relatively high and should arouse concern. Third, we selected comprehensive pollution index (CPI) to assess the compound pollution degree of five target elements. Fourth, we constructed the U contamination and CPI’s continuous distribution maps with spatial interpolation, from which we worked out the sizes and positions of slightly, moderately and strongly polluted zones. Finally, we analyzed the spatial variability of U and CPI with the aid of a geostatistical variogram. We deduced that the spatial variation of uranium was in close relationship with local topography, and probably precipitation was the driving force of U contamination diffusion, whereas CPI exhibited weak spatial dependence with random characteristics. The above work showed that 3.14 km2 soil near the pond was fairly seriously polluted, and the other 4 elements’ single contaminations were less serious, but the 5 target elements’ cumulative pollution could not be ignored; there were other potential pollution sources besides the uranium tailings pond. Some emergency measures should be taken to treat U pollution, and bioremediation is recommended, taking account into U’s high bioavailability. Further, special alerts should be implemented to identify the other pollution sources.

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13

Buck, E. C., N. L. Dietz, and J. K. Bates. "Improving soil remediation through characterization." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 386–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100138300.

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Operations at former weapons processing facilities in the U. S. have resulted in a large volume of radionuclidecontaminated soils and residues. In an effort to improve remediation strategies and meet environmental regulations, radionuclide-bearing particles in contaminant soils from Fernald in Ohio and the Rocky Flats Plant (RFP) in Colorado have been characterized by electron microscopy. The object of these studies was to determine the form of the contaminant radionuclide, so that it properties could be established [1]. Physical separation and radiochemical analysis determined that uranium contamination at Fernald was not present exclusively in any one size/density fraction [2]. The uranium-contamination resulted from aqueous and solid product spills, air-borne dust particles, and from the operation of an incinerator on site. At RFP the contamination was from the incineration of Pu-bearing materials. Further analysis by x-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that the majority of the uranium was in the 6+ oxidation state [3].

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14

Souidi, M., E. Tissandie, R. Racine, H. Ben Soussan, C. Rouas, E. Grignard, I. Dublineau, P. Gourmelon, P. Lestaevel, and Y. Gueguen. "Uranium : propriétés et effets biologiques après contamination interne." Annales de biologie clinique 67, no. 1 (January 2008): 023–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/abc.2008.0290.

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15

Mullinax, Ross A., Bart O. Iddins, Michael A. Alday, and David A. McLaughlin. "Occupational Contamination with a Highly Enriched Uranium Solution." Health Physics 119, no. 3 (April 15, 2020): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000001248.

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16

Muikku, Maarit, and Tarja Heikkinen. "Exogenous Contamination of Uranium in Human Scalp Hair." Health Physics 102, no. 6 (June 2012): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0b013e31824ac770.

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17

Danis, A., M. Cucu, G. Dumitrescu, M. Ciubotariu, D. Dorcioman, and E. Iancu. "Uranium internal contamination studies. Biodistribution, retention and elimination." Radiation Measurements 25, no. 1-4 (January 1995): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1350-4487(95)00112-r.

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18

Pereira, Sandrine, Virginie Camilleri, Magali Floriani, Isabelle Cavalié, Jacqueline Garnier-Laplace, and Christelle Adam-Guillermin. "Genotoxicity of uranium contamination in embryonic zebrafish cells." Aquatic Toxicology 109 (March 2012): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.11.011.

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19

Antunes, Margarida, António Santos, Teresa Valente, and Teresa Albuquerque. "Spatial Mobility of U and Th in a U-enriched Area (Central Portugal)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 7866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217866.

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Uranium and thorium are toxic in different environments. The exploitation of uranium mines and associated mine drainage leaching towards streams, sediments, and soils cause relevant pollution. The U-mine areas present high concentrations of potentially toxic elements with several consequences to ecosystems and human health. Physicochemical and potentially toxic elements of mine dumps, stream sediments, and soils from the Canto Lagar uranium mine area (Central Portugal) were analyzed. Stream sediments, soils, and mine dumps show a large range in the concentration values of Fe, U, As, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Th, suggesting geological and mine contributions. Most of the selected potential toxic elements from sediments present a low to moderate contamination degree, except for As, W, and U, which vary between high and very high contamination index. The soils must not be used in agricultural or residential activities due to contamination in As and U. This abandoned mine represents an environmental risk due to the spatial mobility and dispersion of potentially toxic elements from the dumps to the sediments and soils, as well as by surface runoff and wind.

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20

Neiva, A. M. R., I. M. H. R. Antunes, P. C. S. Carvalho, and A. C. T. Santos. "Uranium and arsenic contamination in the former Mondego Sul uranium mine area, Central Portugal." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 162 (March 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.12.004.

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21

Khaustova, Nadezhda, Yulia Tikhomirova, Svetlana Korost, Elena Poludetkina, Andrey Voropaev, Mikhail Mironenko, and Mikhail Spasennykh. "The Study of Uranium Accumulation in Marine Bottom Sediments: Effect of Redox Conditions at the Time of Sedimentation." Geosciences 11, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11080332.

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To evaluate the effect of redox conditions at the sedimentation stage on uranium content and U/TOC ratio in marine source rocks, we analyzed the accumulation of uranium in modern marine bottom sediments formed in different redox conditions. The behavior of uranium from bottom sediments formed in oxidizing and sub-oxidizing settings has been studied on the sediments of the Upper Pleistocene–Holocene age accumulated in the coastal area of the White Sea (Kandalaksha Gulf). We studied the content of uranium, Eh, pH, TOC, C, H, N, and S element and isotope compositions and other parameters in two sampled columns of bottom sediments at a depth of 0–2.5 m. The composition of sediments was typical for the shelf zone where marine genesis mixes with the continental run-off. The upper layer of sediments (0–50 cm) were characterized by oxidizing conditions (Eh ~ 400 mV); with the increase in depth, redox conditions changed from oxidizing to reducing (−0 ÷ −200 mV). The uranium concentration in the upper layer was 1–1.5 ppm, U/TOC ratio varied in the range of 0.8–1.1 ppmU/%TOC. The uranium content and U/TOC ratio increased up to the values of 2.6 ppm and 1.4 ppmU/%TOC at a depth of 0.5–2.5 m, respectively, but the general content of uranium in the studied environment was close to the values characterizing continental run-off. The results obtained for the White Sea sediments were compared with the sediment of the Black Sea, formed in the anoxic conditions of hydrogen sulfide contamination. In these conditions, the uranium content varied from 10 to 20 ppm. The obtained data were interpreted using thermodynamic modeling of the uranium forms in the seawater at different pH and Eh. This study demonstrated that the change of redox conditions from oxidizing to reducing leads to increased uranium content due to a decrease in uranium’s solubility in water. These results show that oxidation–reduction potential could be one of the most important factors controlling uranium content in black shales formed in the marine environment.

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22

YOSHII, Hiroshi, Yukie IZUMOTO, Tsugufumi MATSUYAMA, and Kodai TAKAMURA. "X-ray Fluorescence-based Screening Method for Uranium Contamination." BUNSEKI KAGAKU 69, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 439–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.69.439.

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23

Coyte, Rachel M., Ratan C. Jain, Sudhir K. Srivastava, Kailash C. Sharma, Abedalrazq Khalil, Lin Ma, and Avner Vengosh. "Large-Scale Uranium Contamination of Groundwater Resources in India." Environmental Science & Technology Letters 5, no. 6 (May 11, 2018): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00215.

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24

Kerry, Timothy, Anthony W. Banford, William Bower, Olivia R. Thompson, Thomas Carey, J. Frederick W. Mosselmans, Konstantin Ignatyev, and Clint A. Sharrad. "Uranium Contamination of Stainless Steel in Nuclear Processing Plants." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 57, no. 11 (February 26, 2018): 3957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05139.

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25

Cheng, Y., H. Y. Holman, and Z. Lin. "Remediation of Chromium and Uranium Contamination by Microbial Activity." Elements 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gselements.8.2.107.

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26

Mohammed, Ahmed A., Ali Sh M. Hussien, and Nada F. Tawfiq. "ASSESSMENT OF DEPLETED URANIUM CONTAMINATION IN SELECTIVE IRAQI SOILS." Journal of Al-Nahrain University Science 11, no. 1 (August 1, 2008): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22401/jnus.11.1.10.

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27

Sen, Ranen, and Sharadindra Chakrabarti. "Environmental mineralogy and geochemistry – The case of uranium contamination." Journal of the Geological Society of India 90, no. 1 (July 2017): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-017-0710-z.

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28

Pecina, Václav, David Juřička, Jindřich Kynický, Tivadar Baltazár, Renata Komendová, and Martin Brtnický. "The Need to Improve Riparian Forests Management in Uranium Mining Areas Based on Assessment of Heavy Metal and Uranium Contamination." Forests 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11090952.

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Environmental contamination caused by uranium mining is becoming a worldwide issue due to its negative impact on the environment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the contamination levels of riparian forest stands and their interaction with pollutants on the example of two localities with long and short-term uranium mining closure. Notably high Cu content, which exceeded the lower range of the toxicity limit in 50–75% of the cases, was detected in the leaves. Increased U content also represents a potential risk. As both of the elements have a negative effect particularly on the root system, it can be assumed that the soil-stabilizing and water erosion-reducing functions of the stands may be reduced. Extremely high U content (51.8 mg/kg DA) in the leaves of Aesculus hippocastanum L. indicates its potential for phytoremediation. Significantly higher U content determined at the locality with the long-term closure of mining was probably caused by the instauration of the shallow hydrogeological circulation after mine inundation. Strong correlation between U and Pb suggests identical trend of their uptake and accumulation by plants. A significant dependence of the level of contamination on the distance from its source was not demonstrated. Therefore, the management of mining areas should focus on the protection of riparian forest, which can through its stabilizing and erosion-reducing functions and through suitable species composition effectively prevent spreading of contamination.

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29

Yi, Ling, Bai Gao, Haiyan Liu, Yanhong Zhang, Chaochao Du, and Yanmei Li. "Characteristics and Assessment of Toxic Metal Contamination in Surface Water and Sediments Near a Uranium Mining Area." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020548.

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Concentrations of potentially toxic metals including Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, U, Th in surface water and sediment samples collected from a river were analyzed to assess the contaminations, distribution characteristics, and sources of these metals. The contents of the metals were lower than the standard levels set by World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. However, U and Th contents were far beyond the background values of surface water. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, and U in sediments were higher than the background values and the Probable Effect Level (PEL) of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) which may result in high potential harmful biological effects to aquatic ecosystems. Based on the contamination factor (CF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and potential ecological risk index (RI), Cd, Cr, and U were considered to be the metals that mainly contribute to the contamination of sediments. The calculation results also indicated that the sites adjacent to the uranium ore field were highly polluted. Results of cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and correlation analysis revealed that Cr, Pb, U, and Th were highly correlated with each other. These metals mainly originated from both anthropogenic sources and natural processes, especially emissions from uranium mining and quarrying, whereas Cd mostly came from anthropogenic sources (agricultural activities) of the upper reaches of the river.

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30

Barth, A., M. Jurk, and D. Weiß. "Concentration and distribution patterns of naturally occurring radionuclides in sediments and flood plain soils of the catchment area of the river Elbe." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 6-7 (March 1, 1998): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0760.

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The impact of uranium mining and milling as well as that of traditional mining activities on river sediments and flood plain soils in the catchment area of the river Elbe was investigated over the years 1994 to 1995. Contamination resulting from mining activities has been identified by comparing the median values for the measured radionuclides, and by establishing the ratio between Ra-226 and Ra-228. The transport and deposition of contaminated materials as a result of high water events, and river discharge of waste water from mining and milling facilities, can be considered to be the main paths of sediment and soil contamination. Sediments and flood plain soils located in the vicinity of former uranium mining and milling sites are primarily influenced by discharges of waste water. Long distance transport and deposition at dams, barrages and on flood plains has mainly been caused by high water events. In many cases the radionuclide concentrations were higher in the subsurface layer than in the top layer of flood plain soil. Due to termination of uranium mining and milling activities, no significant contamination of newer or fresh sediments was found. Radiation exposure arising in relation to angling or walking on flood plains is low.

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31

Lawrence, Glen D., Kamalkumar S. Patel, and Aviva Nusbaum. "Uranium toxicity and chelation therapy." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 7 (July 22, 2014): 1105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-0109.

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AbstractUranium toxicity has been a concern for more than 100 years. The toxicology of many forms of uranium, ranging from dust of several oxides to soluble uranyl ion, was thoroughly studied during the Manhattan Project in the United States in the 1940s. The development of depleted uranium kinetic penetrators as armor-piercing incendiary weaponry produced a novel form of uranium environmental contamination, which led to greater susceptibility to the adverse health effects of the toxic heavy metal after its use in various military conflicts. The aerosol from burning uranium penetrator fragments is rapidly dissolved in biological fluids and readily absorbed from the lungs, leading to a wide range of toxic effects. We have studied some chelating agents for uranyl ion, including citrate ion and desferal (desferrioxamine B), which may be effective for minimizing the toxic effects of this insidious heavy metal. Some characteristics of the desferrioxamine complex are presented, along with information about the use of citrate as an effective chelating agent for therapy of uranium toxicity.

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32

Stojanovic, Mirjana, Caslav Lacnjevac, Marija Mihajlovic, Marija Petrovic, Tanja Sostaric, Jelena Petrovic, and Zorica Lopicic. "Ecological and corrosion behavior of depleted uranium." Chemical Industry 69, no. 2 (2015): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind131025024s.

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Environmental pollution with radionuclides, particularly uranium and its decay products is a serious global problem. The current scientific studies estimated that the contamination originating from TENORM, caused by nuclear and non-nuclear technologies, has significantly increased natural level of radioactivity in the last thirty years. During the last decades all the more were talking about the "new pollutant" - depleted uranium (DU), which has been used in anti-tank penetrators because of its high density, penetration and pyrophoric properties. It is estimated that during the Gulf War, the war in Bosnia and Yugoslavia and during the invasion of Iraq, 1.4 million missiles with depleted uranium was fired. During the NATO aggression against the ex Yugoslavia in 1999., 112 locations in Kosovo and Metohija, 12 locations in southern Serbia and two locations in Montenegro were bombed. On this occasion, approximately 10 tons of depleted uranium were entered into the environment, mainly on land, where the degree of contamination ranged from 200 Bq / kg to 235 000 Bq/kg, which is up to 1000 times higher than the natural level. Fourteen years ago there was very little information about the behavior of ecological systems damaged by DU penetrators fired. Today, unfortunately, we are increasingly faced with the ?invisible threat" of depleted uranium, which has a strong radioactive and hemotoxic impact on human health. Present paper provides a detailed overview of the current understanding of corrosion and corrosion behavior of DU and environmental factors that control corrosion, together with indicators of environmental impact in order to highlight areas that need further attention in developing remediation programs.

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33

Nolan, Jason, and Karrie A. Weber. "Natural Uranium Contamination in Major U.S. Aquifers Linked to Nitrate." Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2, no. 8 (August 3, 2015): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00174.

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34

Lloyd, N. S., S. R. N. Chenery, and R. R. Parrish. "The distribution of depleted uranium contamination in Colonie, NY, USA." Science of The Total Environment 408, no. 2 (December 2009): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.024.

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35

White, Richard B., and Randolph B. Gainer. "Control of Ground Water Contamination at an Active Uranium Mill." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 5, no. 2 (June 1985): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1985.tb00926.x.

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36

Sheets, Ralph W., and Clifton C. Thompson. "Accidental contamination from uranium compounds through contact with ceramic dinnerware." Science of The Total Environment 175, no. 1 (December 1995): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04879-0.

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Roberts, D. E., and T. S. Modise. "Laser removal of loose uranium compound contamination from metal surfaces." Applied Surface Science 253, no. 12 (April 2007): 5258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.11.050.

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Essien, I. O. "Contamination of the earth's surface by plutonium and uranium fallout." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 147, no. 2 (February 1991): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02040375.

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De Cesare, M., N. De Cesare, A. D'Onofrio, L. K. Fifield, L. Gialanella, and F. Terrasi. "Uranium beam characterization at CIRCE for background and contamination determinations." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 103 (September 2015): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.06.011.

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Izumoto, Yukie, Kumiko Fukutsu, Kodai Takamura, Yasuhiro Sakai, Yoshiyuki Oguri, and Hiroshi Yoshii. "Rapid detection of plutonium contamination with and without uranium contamination in wounds by x-ray fluorescence." Journal of Radiological Protection 40, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 692–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6498/ab9509.

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Cologgi, Dena L., Allison M. Speers, Blair A. Bullard, Shelly D. Kelly, and Gemma Reguera. "Enhanced Uranium Immobilization and Reduction by Geobacter sulfurreducens Biofilms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 21 (August 15, 2014): 6638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02289-14.

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ABSTRACTBiofilms formed by dissimilatory metal reducers are of interest to develop permeable biobarriers for the immobilization of soluble contaminants such as uranium. Here we show that biofilms of the model uranium-reducing bacteriumGeobacter sulfurreducensimmobilized substantially more U(VI) than planktonic cells and did so for longer periods of time, reductively precipitating it to a mononuclear U(IV) phase involving carbon ligands. The biofilms also tolerated high and otherwise toxic concentrations (up to 5 mM) of uranium, consistent with a respiratory strategy that also protected the cells from uranium toxicity. The enhanced ability of the biofilms to immobilize uranium correlated only partially with the biofilm biomass and thickness and depended greatly on the area of the biofilm exposed to the soluble contaminant. In contrast, uranium reduction depended on the expression ofGeobacterconductive pili and, to a lesser extent, on the presence of theccytochrome OmcZ in the biofilm matrix. The results support a model in which the electroactive biofilm matrix immobilizes and reduces the uranium in the top stratum. This mechanism prevents the permeation and mineralization of uranium in the cell envelope, thereby preserving essential cellular functions and enhancing the catalytic capacity ofGeobactercells to reduce uranium. Hence, the biofilms provide cells with a physically and chemically protected environment for the sustained immobilization and reduction of uranium that is of interest for the development of improved strategies for thein situbioremediation of environments impacted by uranium contamination.

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Mitrovic, Branislava, Gordana Vitorovic, Mirjana Stojanovic, and Dusko Vitorovic. "Radioactivity of phosphate mineral products." Veterinarski glasnik 65, no. 1-2 (2011): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1102133m.

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The phosphate industry is one of the biggest polluters of the environment with uranium. Different products are derived after processing phosphoric ore, such as mineral and phosphate fertilizers and phosphate mineral supplements (dicalcium-and monocalcium phosphate) for animal feeding. Phosphate mineral additives used in animal food may contain a high activity of uranium. Research in this study should provide an answer to the extent in which phosphate mineral products (phosphate fertilizer and phosphate mineral feed additives) contribute to the contamination of soil, plants and animals.

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Vergara, Vernieda B., and John F. Kalinich. "Nutraceuticals as Potential Radionuclide Decorporation Agents." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (July 25, 2021): 2545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082545.

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Exposure of individuals to radioactive material as a result of ingestion of contaminated food and water is an increasing public health concern. Unfortunately, there are limited treatment modalities for dealing with these types of potentially toxic exposures. Recent research suggests that many plant-based nutraceuticals may possess metal-binding properties. This preliminary study investigated the ability of genistein, curcumin, quercetin, and lentinan to bind metals considered internal contamination risks, namely cesium, uranium, cobalt, and strontium, in a variety of matrices. The efficacy of these nutraceuticals in protecting cultured cells from metal-induced toxicity was also explored. Results showed that none of the compounds bound cesium or strontium. However, genistein, curcumin, and quercetin could bind uranium. Curcumin and quercetin also bound cobalt and could also protect cultured cells from metal-induced cytotoxicity. Lentinan did not bind any of the metals tested. Metal binding was also pH dependent, with no binding observed at lower pH values. This project showed that nutraceuticals could function as chelators for metals considered internal radionuclide contamination hazards. Further investigations are required in order to determine whether these compounds will become a new nontoxic arsenal of pharmaceutical compounds with which to treat radionuclide contamination.

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Chevychelov, A. P., P. I. Sobakin, and A. N. Gorokhov. "Radiation-ecological evaluation of rock dumps in the south zone of the Elkon uranium mine region (the Southern Yakutia)." Геоэкология. Инженерная геология. Гидрогеология. Геокриология, no. 6 (December 21, 2019): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-78092019665-78.

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This study aims at investigating the allocation conditions of rock dumps in the South zone located in the Elkon uranium mine region (the Southern Yakutia), and also at determining their radiation parameters as sources of technogenic contamination of the soil-vegetation cover and surface waters, and assessing the danger of these dumps for people. In this study, the generally accepted geographical methods were used, including comparative geographical and geochemical methods, as well as a combination of various radiometric research methods. The radiation parameters of the rock dumps of the South zone of the Elkon uranium mine region, the content and distribution of uranium, radium and radon in surface waters, as well as 238U content in technogenic soils at different distances from radioactive contamination sources were studied. It was found that the most active dumps, in terms of their radiation parameters, are located close to the radioactive ores, with the EDR of 1600-2150 R/h, effective specific activity - 20441-23640 Bq/kg, and uranium content of 1637-1888 mg/kg. The ranking of the studied dumps according to the degree of radiation hazard showed that 12 out of 31 dumps (39%) belong to the safe category, 6 (19%) belong to the category of potentially dangerous, and 5 and 8 (16% and 26%) were classified as dangerous and very dangerous respectively. In the conditions of the mountainous terrain, cold and humid climate of the studied area, these rock dumps, which are unevenly spread in mountain and taiga landscapes over the area of about 500 km2, are the main source of radioactive contamination of soil and vegetation cover and surface waters. The maximum contents of uranium, radium and radon in the studied surface waters were 18010-7 g/L, 4.710-12 g/L and 256.8 Bq/L respectively, which are 100, 8 and 198 times higher than their background concentrations in waters of natural landscapes. In the studied technogenic zones, a direct relationship was registered between the pollution intensity in surface water and that in the drained alluvial soils formed in the floodplains of these watercourses.

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Zaichick, Vladimir. "Global Contamination from Uranium: Insights into Problem Based on the Uranium Content in the Human Prostate Gland." Journal of Environment and Health Science 1, no. 4 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15436/2378-6841.15.026.

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Liu, Pinghui, Changshuai Wei, Shumei Zhang, Chuanming Zhu, and Shurong Xie. "Assessment on Radioactive Uranium Contamination of Paddy Soil in Uranium Mine at Southeast China by ICP-MS." Asian Journal of Chemistry 27, no. 3 (2015): 1049–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2015.18056.

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Tang, Chuiyun, Juan Zhong, Ying Lv, Xingyu Liu, Yongbin Li, Mingjiang Zhang, Xiao Yan, and Weimin Sun. "Response and Dynamic Change of Microbial Community during Bioremediation of Uranium Tailings by Bacillus sp." Minerals 11, no. 9 (September 6, 2021): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11090967.

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Bacillus sp. is widely used in the remediation of uranium-contaminated sites. However, little is known about the competitive process of microbial community in the environment during bioremediation. The bioremediation of uranium tailings using Bacillus sp. was explored, and the bacterial community was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing at different stages of remediation. Bacillus sp. reduced the leaching of uranium from uranium tailings. The lowest uranium concentration was 17.25 μg/L. Alpha diversity revealed that the abundance and diversity of microorganisms increased with the extension of the culture time. The microbial abundance and diversity were higher in the treatment group than in the control group. The dominant species at the phyla level were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in the uranium tailings environment, whereas the phylum of Proteobacteria was significantly increased in the treatment group. Based on the genus level, the proportions of Arthrobacter, Rhodococcus and Paenarthrobacter decreased significantly, whereas those of Clostridium sp., Bacillus and Pseudomonas increased dramatically. Hence, the remediation of uranium contamination in the environment was due to the functional microorganisms, which gradually became the dominant strain in the treatment, such as Desulfotomaculum, Desulfosporporosinus, Anaerocolumna, Ruminiclostridium and Burkholderia. These findings provided a promising outlook of the potential for remediation strategies of soil contaminated by uranium. The dynamic characteristics of the microbial community are likely to provide a foundation for the bioremediation process in practice.

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Rathore, D. P. S. "Comments on Large-Scale Uranium Contamination of Groundwater Resources in India." Environmental Science & Technology Letters 5, no. 9 (August 2, 2018): 591–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00382.

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DE ARAÚJO, EDUARDO EUDES NÓBREGA, JOSÉ ARAÚJO DOS SANTOS, ALESSANDRA TAVARES CARVALHO, JAIR CARNEIRO LEÃO, and LUIZ ALCINO MONTEIRO GUEIROS. "ANALYSIS OF URANIUM CONTAMINATION IN TEETH OF INHABITANTS OF ANOMALOUS AREA." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 129, no. 1 (January 2020): e174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2019.06.741.

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Bejarano, J. D., F. V. Tomé, A. M. Sánchez, and A. R. Sánchez. "Contamination in Surface Waters Around Uranium Mines in the Guadiana Basin." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 24, no. 1-4 (August 1, 1988): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/24.1-4.149.

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