Relevant bibliographies by topics / Uranium prices

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Uranium prices'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Uranium prices"

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Kryzia, Dominik, and Lidia Gawlik. "Forecasting the price of uranium based on the costs of uranium deposits exploitation." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 32, no. 3 (2016): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2016-0026.

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Abstract The paper presents the concept of forecasting uranium prices on the basis of the uranium deposits exploitation costs. The model for estimating the costs of raw material extraction over time, depending on the supply level sufficient to meet the demand from nuclear power plants, has been developed. The aforementioned costs, given the inelastic demand for uranium, determine the price of this raw material. This allows estimating the future price of uranium on the basis of knowledge of the resource base and the relationships determining changes in parameters characterizing the resources. As these estimates are affected by considerable uncertainty, the study has used a stochastic approach, constructing the precise probability distributions of uncertain parameters. Based on literature analysis, the variables that are correlated with each other have been identified. The model has implemented the identified correlations between variables. A number of assumptions regarding the input data, model limitations, and the relationship between the variables has been adopted. On the basis of the Monte Carlo simulation, the probability distribution of uranium prices in the coming years until 2050 has been obtained. According to the obtained estimation, uranium prices will remain stable at around 90 USD/kg by 2030. The prices are expected to increase in the next years. It can be assumed that this trend will grow in the future. In 2050, the expected uranium price will be about 130 USD/kg.
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Pedregal, Diego J. "Forecasting uranium prices: Some empirical results." Nuclear Engineering and Technology 52, no. 6 (2020): 1334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2019.11.028.

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Yan, Qisheng, Shitong Wang, and Bingqing Li. "Forecasting Uranium Resource Price Prediction by Extreme Learning Machine with Empirical Mode Decomposition and Phase Space Reconstruction." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/390579.

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A hybrid forecasting approach combining empirical mode decomposition (EMD), phase space reconstruction (PSR), and extreme learning machine (ELM) for international uranium resource prices is proposed. In the first stage, the original uranium resource price series are first decomposed into a finite number of independent intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), with different frequencies. In the second stage, the IMFs are composed into three subseries based on the fine-to-coarse reconstruction rule. In the third stage, based on phase space reconstruction, different ELM models are used to model and forecast the three subseries, respectively, according to the intrinsic characteristic time scales. Finally, in the foruth stage, these forecasting results are combined to output the ultimate forecasting result. Experimental results from real uranium resource price data demonstrate that the proposed hybrid forecasting method outperforms RBF neural network (RBFNN) and single ELM in terms of RMSE, MAE, and DS.
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Dudina, A., M. Shabalov, and L. Nikolaichuk. "Increasing the efficiency of Russian uranium mining enterprises in conditions of excessive supply." E3S Web of Conferences 266 (2021): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126606006.

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The article describes the current situation in the global uranium concentrate market, explains the reasons for the formation of an excess amount of finished goods and the subsequent decreasein prices. The authorsevaluated the prospects of using market mechanisms to improve the financial results of Russian uranium mining enterprises. The location of the main mining centers in comparison with the centers of consumption of finished goods, pricing for the products of uranium mining companies, the dynamics of price changes over the past 20 years, the influence of non-market factors on the supply of finished products are analyzed.This study led to the conclusion that the expectation of changes in the market situation is not viable in a long term. The authors outlined the direction to improve the profitability of mining enterprises by introducing technological changes aimed at reducing the cost of the final product.
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Amavilah, Voxi H. S. "The influence of oil and coal prices on world uranium demand." OPEC Review 18, no. 4 (1994): 489–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0076.1994.tb00514.x.

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Gehrisch, Wolf. "Uranium demand, supply and prices, 1991–2000: A report to Greenpeace." Energy Policy 19, no. 1 (1991): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(91)90084-2.

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Ferguson, Andrew, and Peter Lam. "Government policy uncertainty and stock prices: The case of Australia's uranium industry." Energy Economics 60 (November 2016): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.08.026.

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Kim, Sungki, Wonil Ko, Hyoon Nam, Chulmin Kim, Yanghon Chung, and Sungsig Bang. "Statistical model for forecasting uranium prices to estimate the nuclear fuel cycle cost." Nuclear Engineering and Technology 49, no. 5 (2017): 1063–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2017.05.007.

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Landajo, Manuel, María José Presno, and Paula Fernández González. "Stationarity in the Prices of Energy Commodities. A Nonparametric Approach." Energies 14, no. 11 (2021): 3324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113324.

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In this paper, we address the classical problem of testing for stationarity in the prices of energy-related commodities. A panel of fourteen time series of monthly prices is analyzed for the 1980–2020 period. Nine of the series are classical nonrenewable, GHG-emissions-intensive resources (coal, crude oil, natural gas), whereas the remaining, low-emission group includes both uranium and four commodities employed in biofuels (rapeseed, palm, and soybean oils, and ethanol). A nonparametric, bootstrap-based stationarity testing framework is employed. The main advantage of this procedure is its asymptotically model-free nature, being less sensitive than parametric tests to the risks of misspecification and detection of spurious unit roots, although it has the potential limitation of typically requiring larger samples than mainstream tools. Results suggest that most of the series analyzed may be trend stationary. The only exception would be crude oil, where different conclusions are obtained depending on whether a seasonal correction is applied or not.
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Rahman, M. A., M. N. Zaman, P. K. Biswas, and M. S. Sultana. "Economic Viability of the Tista River Sand Deposits in Bangladesh An Overview." Journal of Scientific Research 9, no. 2 (2017): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v9i2.30374.

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The Tista River originates from the Himalaya Mountain, flows through Bangladesh and makes itself as the largest tributary of the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River, having huge sand deposits with valuable minerals. The present work implies economic viability of the Tista River sand deposits measuring heavy mineral concentration and comparing with other established deposits and marking the cut-off grade and prices of these minerals. The study shows that the average content of heavy minerals is 8.26%, containing garnet, ilmenite, magnetite, rutile, zircon and micas. The selected valuable oxides in the form of minerals are SiO2, MgO, K2O and rare earth elements. The commendable amount of SiO2 71.72 wt% makes it feasible as raw material in the glass factory. Another valuable oxide is K2O amounted 2.53 wt% (price per ton in US$ 350-400) makes it praiseworthy. The valuable elements found in deserving quantities are Ba, Rb, Th, V, Cs, Cr, Ni and Co. The remarkable finding of this study is Thorium (Th) measured 28 gm/ton of bulk sand. According to Nobel laureate Carlo Rubbia, thorium (Th) can produce 200 times more electricity than uranium and more environment friendly. So it is economically feasible to take proper initiative to set up mining for sand processing.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Uranium prices"

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Kroén, Johannes. "The Price of Uranium : an Econometric Analysis and Scenario Simulations." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-75250.

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The purpose of this thesis is to analyze: (a) the determinants of the global price of uranium; and (b) how this price could be affected by different nuclear power generation scenarios for 2030. To do this a multivariable regression analysis will be used. Within the model, the price of uranium is the dependent variable and the independent variables are generated nuclear power electricity representing demand (GWh), price of coal as a substitute to generated nuclear power electricity, and the price of oil representing uranium production costs. The empirical results show that generated nuclear electricity and the oil price, to be statistically significant at the 5 percent level. The coal price was not however a statistically significant. The scenarios for 2030 are three possible nuclear power generation demand cases; high, medium and low demand. The results for the high demand generated a price of 255 US$/kg and the medium demand 72US$/kg.
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Cavender, Brittainy Anne. "A review of the methods of economic analysis of nuclear power plants." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3183.

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Nuclear power plants across the United States are reaching the end of their current operating licenses, forcing decision makers to think about the way forward. As they consider the best alternatives for dealing with aging nuclear plants, it is becoming increasingly important to have an accurate method for calculating the long-term costs of nuclear power plants. This report begins by investigating the methodologies currently used in these calculations. They focus on the uncertainty associated with deregulated electricity markets and can be broken down into two main categories: discounted cash flow and real options analysis. Next the report discusses the limitations of the current methodologies, focusing specifically on those aspects of evaluation that are currently eclipsed by electricity market uncertainty. Finally the report offers recommendations for addressing these limitations and creating a stronger analytical framework for calculating the lifetime cost of nuclear power plants.<br>text
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Books on the topic "Uranium prices"

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O'Faircheallaigh, Ciaran. Uranium demand, supply and prices: 1991-2000: A Greenpeace report. Greenpeace International, 1990.

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Klimenko, A. V. The price of military uranium. Informkonversii︠a︡, 1998.

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Institute, Uranium, ed. Uranium price reporting systems. The Institute, 1987.

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The price of nuclear power: Uranium communities and environmental justice. Rutgers University Press, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Uranium prices"

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Sim, Moonsoo, Ho-Jin Ryu, Yoon-Sang Lee, Jong-Man Park, and Jong-Hyeon Lee. "Fabrication of Uranium Dispersion Targetsfor Mo-99 Production." In PRICM. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118792148.ch423.

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Radetzki, Marian. "Uranium Prices in Boom and Bust." In Uranium. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315144122-2.

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Meier, Paul F. "Nuclear." In The Changing Energy Mix. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190098391.003.0005.

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With the exception of nuclear submarines and some military applications, nuclear energy is only used to generate electricity. In the United States, uranium and plutonium are the fuels of choice, while some other countries, notably India, are developing thorium as the nuclear fuel. There are two main types of nuclear reactors—the pressurized water reactor (PWR) and the boiling water reactor (BWR). The PWR is the more common design, where the water used to generate steam and drive the turbine is isolated from the reactor core. In contrast, the water that moderates reactor heat in the BWR is also used to generate the steam, so this water must be contained to prevent radioactive contamination. In the United States, nuclear energy accounts for about 20% of electricity generation. Worldwide uranium reserves are about 6 million tonnes based on a price of $130/kg, but if this price constraint is relaxed, the supply of uranium is virtually unlimited since it is present in seawater at parts per billion levels.
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Fox, Michael H. "The Quest for Uranium." In Why We Need Nuclear Power. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199344574.003.0018.

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The name rises as a phantom from the heart of the Congo. The dawn of the nuclear age began there, though no one knew it at the time. King Leopold II of Belgium claimed the Congo as his colony during the surge of European colonization in the 1870s, promising to run the country for the benefit of the native population. Instead, he turned it into a giant slave camp as he raped the country of its riches. Leopold didn’t care much about mineral wealth, preferring the easy riches of rubber, but aft er he died in 1909, the Belgium mining company Union Minière discovered ample resources of copper, bismuth, cobalt, tin, and zinc in southern Congo. The history-changing find, though, was high-grade uranium ore at Shinkolobwe in 1915. The real interest at the time was not in uranium—it had no particular use—but in radium, the element the Curies discovered and made famous. It was being used as a miracle treatment for cancer and was the most valuable substance on earth—30,000 times the price of gold. Radium is produced from the decay of uranium aft er several intermediates (see Figure 8.3 in Chapter 8), so it is inevitable that radium and uranium will be located together. The true value of the uranium would not be apparent until the advent of the Manhattan Project to build the atomic bomb during World War II. Edgar Sangier, the director of Union Miniere, which owned the mine at Shinkolobwe, hated the Nazis and was afraid—correctly, as it turned out—that they would invade Belgium. In 1939, as Europe was sliding into war, Sangier learned that uranium could possibly be used to build a bomb. He secretly arranged to transfer 1,250 tons of the uranium ore out of the Congo to a warehouse in New York City. There it sat until 1942, when General Leslie Groves, the man whom President Roosevelt put in charge of the Manhattan Project, found out about it and arranged to purchase it.
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Herz, Norman, and Ervan G. Garrison. "Radiation-Damage, Cosmogenic, and Atom-Counting Methods." In Geological Methods for Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090246.003.0010.

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Fission-track dating, one of the more recent techniques involving the use of radioactivity, has developed one of the widest ranges of applications. Dates of objects have been obtained ranging from 6 months to 109 years BP. Volcanic tephra, obsidian, man-made and basaltic glass, meteorites, and mica have been dated. A more apt term is nuclear-track dating because fissionable elements do not have to be present in the material. Fission, which produces one form of nuclear track, is a rare mode of radioactive decay. A more common decay is alpha decay, which produces a different type of track. Uranium 238 fissions spontaneously and has a well-defined half-life. It also fissions in the presence of neutrons such as are produced by reactors, accelerators, or neutron "howitzers." About 99.27% of all uranium is uranium 238. Robert L. Fleischer, Paul B. Price, and Robert M. Walker, who have done most of the original work in this field, have determined that most minerals contain this isotope in amounts from a few parts per billion (ppb) to many parts per million (ppm). These researchers devised a chart which characterizes the ease of use of this technique as a function of the uranium concentration. A high uranium concentration allows an "easily measured" age where the observer spends an hour at the microscope counting chemically etched fission tracks. For "considerable labor," 40 hours of such work is assumed. Ancient synthetic glass typically contains 1-2 ppm of uranium, so most glasses older than 8,000 years are datable. Most pottery clay contains about 5 ppm of uranium in either the clay itself or other minerals that occur as inclusions. It is very probable that some pottery clays or the mineral inclusions, such as zircon, might contain higher concentrations than this, which would make the age measurement lie between "easily" and "with considerable labor." It is important to point out that mineral inclusions such as zircons or micas act as solid-state detectors in that they register fissions as a track on the surface in contact with the pottery clay. Both fission and alpha events can do this.
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"1. Introduction: The Paradox of Uranium Production in a Neoliberal Era." In The Price of Nuclear Power. Rutgers University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36019/9780813569802-003.

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"4. The Piñon Ridge Uranium Mill: A Transnational Corporation Comes Home." In The Price of Nuclear Power. Rutgers University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36019/9780813569802-006.

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"The Price of Confidence: The Rationality of Radium Remo val from Drinking Water." In Radon, Radium, and Uranium in Drinking Water. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781498710701-20.

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"2. Booms, Busts, and Bombs: Uranium’s Economic and Environmental Justice History in the United States." In The Price of Nuclear Power. Rutgers University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36019/9780813569802-004.

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Conference papers on the topic "Uranium prices"

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Schneider, Erich A., and Neil Shah. "Near Term Deployment, Long Term Impact: Uranium Price Over the Lifetime of New Capacity." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48573.

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While reasonable short-term resource price projections can be obtained by taking a bottom-up approach — constructing a supply curve based upon current production capacities and costs — this approach breaks down as the time horizon of the analysis lengthens. One approach to long-term price forecasting is to calibrate a simple model of a commodity market against past data. To that end, an analogy was drawn between the behavior of the uranium market and that of some three dozen materials for which the United States Geologic Survey (USGS) maintains data. This work adds to previously published results showing that the USGS-reported prices of minerals similar to uranium have consistently declined over the past century. In this paper, the extent to which uranium geology and extraction technologies are indeed analogous to other minerals is quantitatively addressed. A study of crustal abundances, ore grades being economically mined, concentration factors, market share of extraction techniques, years of proven reserve and other factors indicates that uranium is not at all exceptional with respect to the average of the USGS minerals. This suggests that, on the supply side, the analogy between the USGS minerals and uranium may indeed offer valuable insights into medium and long term uranium price behavior.
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Quade, Ulrich, Thomas Kluth, and Rainer Kreh. "Melting of Low-Level Radioactive Non-Ferrous Metal for Release." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7036.

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Siempelkamp Nukleartechnik GmbH has gained lots of experience from melting ferrous metals for recycling in the nuclear cycle as well as for release to general reuse. Due to the fact that the world market prices for non-ferrous metals like copper, aluminium or lead raised up in the past and will remain on a high level, recycling of low-level contaminated or activated metallic residues from nuclear decommissioning becomes more important. Based on the established technology for melting of ferrous metals in a medium frequency induction furnace, different melt treatment procedures for each kind of non-ferrous metals were developed and successfully commercially converted. Beside different procedures also different melting techniques such as crucibles, gas burners, ladles etc. are used. Approximately 340 Mg of aluminium, a large part of it with a uranium contamination, have been molten successfully and have met the release criteria of the German Radiation Protection Ordinance. The experience in copper and brass melting is based on a total mass of 200 Mg. Lead melting in a special ladle by using a gas heater results in a total of 420 Mg which could be released. The main goal of melting of non-ferrous metals is release for industrial reuse after treatment. Especially for lead, a cooperation with a German lead manufacturer also for recycling of non releasable lead is being planned.
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Peake, R. Thomas, Daniel Schultheisz, Loren W. Setlow, Brian Littleton, Reid Rosnick, and Ken Czyscinski. "An Overview of US EPA’s Current Radioactive Waste Management and General Radiation Protection Efforts." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16104.

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The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Radiation Protection Division is the portion of EPA (or the Agency) that develops environmental standards for radioactive waste disposal in the United States. One current issue of concern is the disposal of low activity radioactive waste (LAW), including wastes that would be produced by a radiological dispersal device (RDD), for which current disposal options may be either inconsistent with the hazard presented by the material or logistically problematic. Another major issue is related to the resurgence in uranium mining. Over the past several years, demand for uranium for nuclear power plant fuel has increased as has the price. The increase in price has made uranium mining potentially profitable in the US. EPA is reviewing its relevant regulations, developed primarily in the 1980s, for potential revisions. For example, in-situ leaching (also known as in-situ recovery) is now the technology of choice where applicable, yet our current environmental standards are focused on conventional uranium milling. EPA has two actions in process, one related to the Clean Air Act, the other related to revising the environmental standards that implement the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978 (UMTRCA). Separately, but related, EPA has developed over the last several years uranium mining documents that address technologically enhanced natural occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) from abandoned uranium mines, and wastes generated by active uranium extraction facilities. Lastly, in 1977 EPA developed environmental standards that address nuclear energy, fuel fabrication, reprocessing, and other aspects of the uranium fuel cycle. In light of the increased interest in nuclear power and the potential implementation of advanced fuel cycle technologies, the Agency is now reviewing the standards to determine their continued applicability for the twenty-first century.
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Mallants, Dirk, Hugo Moors, Lian Wang, et al. "Testing Permeable Reactive Barrier Media for Remediation of Uranium Plumes in Groundwater." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1263.

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Abstract In-situ treatment of contaminated groundwater by means of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) is becoming a cost-effective remediation technique. Various reactive materials that might be used in PRBs were tested in their ability to remove uranium from groundwater. Materials tested include ferric oxyhydroxides, coarse- and fine-grained zero-valent iron, aluminium-iron oxides, and zeolites. Batch tests were used to evaluate the removal efficiency of these materials. To analyse the effect of groundwater composition on the interaction between dissolved uranium and reactive materials, two types of groundwater were used, mainly differing in carbonate content and pH. Considering an equilibration time of 48 hours and initial uranium concentrations between 2.4 and 24 mg/1, finegrained zero-valent iron proved to be most effective with a uranium removal efficiency of more than 96% for carbon-rich groundwater and 99% for carbon-poor groundwater. Intermediate efficiency was observed for coarsegrained zero-valent iron and aluminium-iron oxides. Less than 10% of the dissolved uranium was adsorbed on the iron oxyhydroxides. Zeolites did not remove any uranium from solution. Results further indicated a positive correlation between dissolved inorganic carbon content and dissolved uranium at equilibrium. Because it can be easily obtained at a fairly low price, zero-valent iron is a promising material for use in PRBs.
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van Dam, H., and T. H. J. J. van der Hagen. "Nuclear Gas Turbines: Small-Scale Inherently Safe, Well-Proven Nuclear Power." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30510.

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The paper discusses uranium as a new fuel for gas turbines used as energy conversion installations for the markets of: stand-alone heat production, combined heat and power generation, stand-alone electricity production and as prime mover on board ships. This development is a logical step in a historical trend in energy conversion. The paper discusses the availability of the fuel, uranium and the construction of the fuel which makes this combination of gas turbine and uranium suitable for the non-utility markets.
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Kunze, Jay F., Gary M. Sandquist, and D. Shannon Sentell. "Improving the Utilization of Nuclear Resources." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49445.

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Currently, less than one percent of the latent nuclear energy in uranium mined from the earth is eventually utilized. Nearly 90% of the uranium is discarded as “tails” from the enrichment process, and less than 7% of the nuclear energy in the fuel assemblies is actually “burned” before the assemblies are discarded for disposal in a permanent repository (i.e. Yucca Mountain). Unfortunately, there is no economic incentive in the commercial nuclear industry to remedy this wasteful utilization because the cost of the fuel assemblies consumed by the current reactor LWR fleet is only about 25% of the overall operating cost. Nuclear fuel cost represents less than 10% of the nominal average wholesale price of electricity. But, current uranium utilization and nuclear fuel economics ignore government expenditures on spent nuclear fuel disposal practices, the costs of storing both the weapons grade plutonium and the depleted uranium from the uranium enrichment operations, and time that would be required to deploy the types of reactors and facilities to effectively close the fuel cycle. This paper analyzes these issues and concludes that there must be no delay in completing needed R&amp;D and beginning deployment of the essential new fast breeder and actinide burning reactors.
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Mao, Lisheng, Minghuang Wang, Xuewei Fu, Jieqiong Jiang, and Yican Wu. "Preliminary Fuel Cycle Analysis of a Fusion-Driven Subcritical Reactor." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15588.

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The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) has been performed to compare two fuel cycle scenarios: a once-through cycle (LWR OT) and a fusion Cdriven reactor, namely FDS-SFB, recycling employing PUREX (Purex-SFB). In order to estimate the LCOEs, the mass flows based on an equilibrium mode were analysed. The sensitivity of the results to variations in key parameters was also performed. A simple dynamic model was also constructed to consider other important factors that characterize a fuel cycle, e.g. resource utilization, environmental effects. The results of economics are as flows: LWR OT 29mills/KWh, Purex-SFB 48.19mills/KWh. It was found that the capital cost accounts for the largest proportion of the LCOEs. The fuel cycle cost analysis indicates that the FDS-SFB fuel cycle cost will be competitive with the once-through fuel cycle. Also, sensitivity analysis indicates that fuel cycle cost of LWR would be higher than that of the LWR-SFB fuel cycle with the uranium Price rising. Dynamic model analysis indicates that Purex-SFB could reduce the amounts of MA and the amounts of natural uranium considerably compared with LWR OT.
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Chan, Paul K., Stéphane Paquette, Hugues W. Bonin, Corey French, and Aniket Pant. "Neutron Absorbers in CANDU Natural Uranium Fuel Bundles to Improve Operating Margins." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15919.

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Safety margins are particularly tight in natural uranium-fuelled CANDU reactors which are refueled on-power. During on-power refueling, the insertion of xenon-free fresh fuel bundles into the reactor core affects the reactor’s excess reactivity in such a way that this could lead to temporary power derating. It is desirable from a fuel management perspective, and to maintain safety margins to eliminate this xenon-free effect and any other power ripples such as the subsequent plutonium reactivity peak. A redesign of the CANDU NU fuel bundle with an appropriate combination of elements, with some including neutron-absorbers, could well address the issue of the xenon-free initial portion of the bundle’s irradiation and also lower the plutonium-peak that occurs shortly thereafter. This may improve the fuel utilization (by further optimizing the fuelling strategy) and provide improved safety margins (by lowering the maximum channel and bundle powers). The use of neutron-absorbers in fuel design and manufacturing has been a regular practice in Light Water Reactor fuels for more than three decades. In CANDU applications, neutron absorbers have also been considered for the conceptual Advanced CANDU Reactor and the Low Void Reactivity fuel designs, for which the fissile content is made of low enriched uranium (LEU) or MOX fuels. The application to CANDU natural uranium (NU) fuel, however, especially as burnable poisons, is a relative novel approach. The reason for this is that the neutron economy in natural uranium-fuelled CANDU reactors is a prime concern, thus the addition of extra neutron absorbers is generally shunned. In our proposed application of burnable poisons to existing CANDU NU fuel design, because of low excess reactivity for NU fuel, the amount of neutron-absorber is expected to be restricted to small quantities and in a manner whereby the poison effect is restricted to the initial period of excess reactivity of a newly inserted fuel bundle. This implies that the impact on neutron economy would be relatively minimal, but the fuel performance would be significantly improved. Small amounts and appropriate mixtures of neutron absorbers were selected (approximately 500 mg of absorbers in a CANDU fuel bundle having a nominal weight of 24 kg). Preliminary results indicate that the fuelling transient and the subsequent reactivity peak can be lowered to improve the reactor’s operating margins. A parametric study using the Los Alamos National Laboratories’ MCNP 5 and Atomic Energy of Canada Limited’s WIMS-AECL 3.1 codes is presented in this paper. Details of this project and future work are also to be discussed.
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9

Chen, Guang Jun, Yu Lin Cui, Guo Guo Zhang, and Hong Jun Yao. "The Development and Innovation of Spent Fuel Reprocessing in Fuel Cycle." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29632.

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With an increased population and an increasing demand for power, nuclear power has attracted an increasing attention and mass nuclear power plant have been built in different countries in the past several decades. At present, about ten thousands ton spent fuels are discharged from nuclear power plant every year and the estimated capacity will approximately add up to 5×105 ton. Therefore, spent fuel reprocessing, by which the co-extraction and separation as well as purification of Uranium and Plutonium could be realized and ensure the recycle of uranium resources and the management of nuclear waste, is a vital step in nuclear fuel cycle including two major strategies, i.e. once-through cycle and closed fuel cycle. It is worth noting that the utilization of MOX fuel made by plutonium mixed with uranium has been successfully achieved in thermal reactor. Fortunately, the middle experiment plant of china spent fuel reprocessing has been being debugged and will be operated completely in future two years. Various reprocessing schemes have been proposed for the extraction of actinides from fission products and other elements presented in spent nuclear fuel. However, after numerous studies of alternate reprocessing methods and intensive searches for better solvents, the PUREX process remains the prime reprocessing method for spent nuclear fuels throughout the world. High burning and strong radioactive spent fuel resulting from the evolution of various reactors drive the development of the advanced PUREX technology, which emphasizes the separation of neptunium and technetium besides the separation of the Uranium and Plutonium from the majority of highly active fission products. In addition, through Partitioning and Transmutation method, some benefits such as segregating the actinides and long life fission products from the high level waste can be obtained. The GANEX process exploited by CEA, which roots in COEX process belonged to advanced PUREX process, considers the separation of the actinides and long life fission products. The study on the pyro-chemical processing such as the method of electro-deposition from molten salts has still not replaced the traditional PUREX process due to various reasons. In conclusion, the future PUREX process will focus on the modified process including predigesting the technical flowsheets and reducing reprocessing costs and using salt-less reagent in order to minimize the waste production.
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10

Duffey, Romney B. "Future Fuel Cycles: A Global Perspective." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48497.

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Nuclear energy must be made available, freely and readily, to help meet world energy needs. The perspective offered here is a model for others to consider, adopting and adapting using whatever elements fit their own strategies and needs. The underlying philosophy is to retain flexibility in the reactor development, deployment and fuel cycle, while ensuring the principle that customer, energy market, safety, non-proliferation and sustainability needs are all addressed. Canada is the world’s largest exporter of uranium, providing about one-third of the world supply for nuclear power reactors. Canada’s Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) has developed a unique world-class nuclear power reactor technology — the CANDU® reactor based on the Pressure Tube Reactor (PTR) concept, moderated by heavy water (D2O), also sometimes called the Pressurized Heavy Water reactor or PHWR. With expectations of significant expansion in nuclear power programs worldwide and the resultant concerns about uranium availability and price, there is a growing desire to improve resource utilization by extracting more energy from each tonne of mined fissionable material. Attention is therefore being increasingly focused on fuel cycles that are more energy efficient, reduce waste streams and ensure sustainable futures. There are also many compelling reasons to utilize advanced fuel cycles in PTR (CANDU-type) thermal spectrum reactors. Because of its inherent technical characteristics, PTRs have a great deal of fuel cycle flexibility. The combination of relatively high neutron efficiency (provided by heavy water moderation and careful selection of core materials), on-line fuelling capability and simple fuel bundle design mean that PTR reactors can use not only natural and enriched uranium, but also a wide variety of other fuels including thorium-based fuels and those resulting from the recycle of irradiated fuel. In addition, the PTR can be optimized as a very effective “intermediate burner” to provide efficient fuel cycles that remove residual minor actinides. This inherent fuel cycle flexibility offers many technical, resource and sustainability, and economic advantages over other reactor technologies and is the subject of this paper. The design evolution and intent is to be consistent with improved or enhanced safety, licensing and operating limits and global proliferation concerns, and sustainable energy futures.
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