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Journal articles on the topic 'Uranium – toxicité'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Bloch, P., and I. M. Shapiro. "Assaying Depleted Uranium in Bones In-Situ Using A Non-Invasive X-Ray Fluorescence Technique." Advances in X-ray Analysis 38 (1994): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800018280.

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Abstract The occupational exposure to uranium associated with milling and fabrication of depleted uranium is presently assessed from bioassay of urine samples. The evaluation of the body-burden of uraninm from urine analysis has many difficulties and uncertainties associated with accounting for the bio-transport of inhaled uranium psrticles from the lungs, to absorption in the blood and excretion through the kidneys. The chemical toxicity of uranium and other transuranic elements is not fully understood, partially because of the difficulty of assessing the body burden of these metals in-situ.

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2

Lawrence, Glen D., Kamalkumar S. Patel, and Aviva Nusbaum. "Uranium toxicity and chelation therapy." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 7 (2014): 1105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-0109.

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AbstractUranium toxicity has been a concern for more than 100 years. The toxicology of many forms of uranium, ranging from dust of several oxides to soluble uranyl ion, was thoroughly studied during the Manhattan Project in the United States in the 1940s. The development of depleted uranium kinetic penetrators as armor-piercing incendiary weaponry produced a novel form of uranium environmental contamination, which led to greater susceptibility to the adverse health effects of the toxic heavy metal after its use in various military conflicts. The aerosol from burning uranium penetrator fragment

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3

Mirto, H., M. P. Barrouillet, M. H. Hengé-Napoli, E. Ansoborlo, M. Fournier, and J. Cambar. "Influence of uranium(VI) speciation for the evaluation of in vitro uranium cytotoxicity on LLC-PK1 cells." Human & Experimental Toxicology 18, no. 3 (1999): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719901800308.

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Very few data are available concerning the in vitro toxicity of uranium. In this work, we have determined the experimental chemical conditions permitting the observation of uranium(VI) cytotoxicity on LLC-PK1 cells. Uranium solutions made either by dissolving uranyl acetate or nitrate crystals, or by complexing uranium with bicarbonate, phosphate or citrate ligands, were prepared and tested. Experiments demonstrated that only uranium solutions containing citrate and bicarbonate ligands concentrations tenfold higher than the metal, were soluble in the cell culture medium. Cytotoxicity studies o

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4

Priest, ND. "Toxicity of depleted uranium." Lancet 357, no. 9252 (2001): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03605-9.

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5

Kryshev, A. I., T. G. Sazykina, and A. A. Buryakova. "Impact of accounting of 238U chemical toxicity on its permissible release level to atmosphere." Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene 14, no. 2 (2021): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21514/1998-426x-2021-14-2-21-26.

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At present, the permissible atmospheric release levels of 238U are evaluated only on a basis of its radiation impact on population. At the same time, uranium belongs to the 1st hazard class (extremely dangerous chemicals) by its toxic effect. Limitation of the 238U release to the atmosphere is calculated separately using two criteria – radiation protection (annual dose limits) and chemical toxicity of uranium. It is shown that the permissible release level of 238U by radiation criteria is 100 – 250 times higher than the maximum release level limited by chemical toxicity of uranium. Annual inta

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6

Briner, Wayne. "The Toxicity of Depleted Uranium." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7, no. 1 (2010): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7010303.

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7

Kathren, Ronald L., and Richard K. Burklin. "ACUTE CHEMICAL TOXICITY OF URANIUM." Health Physics 94, no. 2 (2008): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hp.0000288043.94908.1f.

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8

Abojassim, Ali Abid, and Hayder Hussan Neama. "Radiological and chemical risk assessment from uranium concentrations in groundwater samples collected from Al-Kufa area, Iraq." Water Supply 20, no. 8 (2020): 3194–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.207.

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Abstract In nature, uranium is composed of three isotopes, 238U, 235U, and 234U. Emitting alpha particles leads to radionuclides decay. The aim of this work is to set up a database for uranium concentrations in groundwater samples collected from Kufa city, Al-Najaf governorate, Iraq. Twenty four samples have been examined for detecting the presence of uranium levels using a CR-39 detector. The measured uranium concentrations were used to determine uranium isotopes with their ingested radiological toxicity risk (annual effective dose of uranium isotopes and excess cancer risk) and chemical toxi

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9

Kryshev, A. I., T. G. Sazykina, and N. N. Pavlova. "Issues of establishing the permissible discharge levels of ²³⁸U to surface waters taking into account its radiation and toxic effects." Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene 13, no. 2 (2020): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21514/1998-426x-2020-13-2-41-46.

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At present, discharges of 238U to surface waters by nuclear industry enterprises are limited by radiation factor. Registration and control of 238U discharges to water bodies is performed in units of radioactivity (Bq/year) according to the current permit for the water discharge of radioactive substances. At the same time, uranium belongs to the 1st hazard class by its chemical toxicity (extremely dangerous chemicals), it has hygienic standard for content in surface waters. A comparison was made for the limitation of 238U intake to surface waters, taking into account radiation exposure and chem

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10

Thiebault, Celine, Marie Carriere, and Barbara Gouget. "Toxicity of uranium on renal cells." Toxicology Letters 172 (October 2007): S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.172.

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11

Thun, M. J., D. B. Baker, Kyle Steenland, A. B. Smith, W. Halperin, and T. Berl. "Renal toxicity in uranium mill workers." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 11, no. 2 (1985): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2249.

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12

Cologgi, Dena L., Allison M. Speers, Blair A. Bullard, Shelly D. Kelly, and Gemma Reguera. "Enhanced Uranium Immobilization and Reduction by Geobacter sulfurreducens Biofilms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 21 (2014): 6638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02289-14.

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ABSTRACTBiofilms formed by dissimilatory metal reducers are of interest to develop permeable biobarriers for the immobilization of soluble contaminants such as uranium. Here we show that biofilms of the model uranium-reducing bacteriumGeobacter sulfurreducensimmobilized substantially more U(VI) than planktonic cells and did so for longer periods of time, reductively precipitating it to a mononuclear U(IV) phase involving carbon ligands. The biofilms also tolerated high and otherwise toxic concentrations (up to 5 mM) of uranium, consistent with a respiratory strategy that also protected the cel

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13

Wang, Jingxian, Damien Bourgeois, and Daniel Meyer. "Solid-liquid exchange between uranium and a synthetic apatite: towards uranium decorporation from bone matrix." BIO Web of Conferences 14 (2019): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191406004.

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Natural uranium exhibits chemical toxicity, especially known with its acute effects on kidney. Simultaneously, it has been proved that uranium accumulates in bones during long-term exposure[1] but its chronical effects on bones are not clear. Particularly the mechanisms associated to accumulation into and release from bones are unknown, which is key to design and test decorporation reagents in future. Bone is a complicated organ, composed of mineralized apatite and organic compounds (mostly type I collagen). Our work is dedicated to the understanding of how uranium is accumulated in the inorga

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14

Ao, Bingyun, Xiaolin Wang, Yongjun Wei, and Yanzhi Zhang. "A simple hermetic sample holder for X-ray diffraction analysis of uranium hydride." Journal of Applied Crystallography 40, no. 4 (2007): 796–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889807024661.

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In order to help resolve unknowns regarding aging effects of uranium during long-term storage of tritium, a number of experiments have been carried out by several researchers. However, almost no literature is available on the structural change of uranium tritide, mainly because its high toxicity and air-sensitivity render appropriate experiments very difficult. In this paper, a simple hermetic sample holder that fits the Philips X'Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer is described. It may be used to study the aging effects of uranium tritide during storage. The sample holder mainly consists of an alum

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15

Chen, Tao, Jiwei Li, Peiheng Shi, et al. "Effects of Montmorillonite on the Mineralization and Cementing Properties of Microbiologically Induced Calcium Carbonate." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7874251.

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Carbonate mineralization microbe is a microorganism capable of decomposing the substrate in the metabolic process to produce the carbonate, which then forms calcium carbonate with calcium ions. By taking advantage of this process, contaminative uranium tailings can transform to solid cement, where calcium carbonate plays the role of a binder. In this paper, we have studied the morphology of mineralized crystals by controlling the mineralization time and adding different concentrations of montmorillonite (MMT). At the same time, we also studied the effect of carbonate mineralized cementation ur

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16

Gudavalli, Ravi, Yelena Katsenovich, Dawn Wellman, Leonel Lagos, and Berrin Tansel. "Quantification of kinetic rate law parameters of uranium release from sodium autunite as a function of aqueous bicarbonate concentrations." Environmental Chemistry 10, no. 6 (2013): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en13117.

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Environmental context Uranium is a key contaminant of concern because of its high persistence in the environment and toxicity to organisms. The bicarbonate ion is an important complexing agent for uranyl ions and one of the main variables affecting its dissolution. Results from this investigation provide rate law parameters for the dissolution kinetics of synthetic sodium autunite that can influence uranium mobility in the subsurface. Abstract Hydrogen carbonate (also known as bicarbonate) is one of the most significant components within the uranium geochemical cycle. In aqueous solutions, bic

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17

Sztajnkrycer, Matthew D., and Edward J. Otten. "Chemical and Radiological Toxicity of Depleted Uranium." Military Medicine 169, no. 3 (2004): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed.169.3.212.

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18

Gudkov, S. V., A. V. Chernikov, and V. I. Bruskov. "Chemical and radiological toxicity of uranium compounds." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 86, no. 6 (2016): 1531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363216060517.

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19

Pavlakis, Nicholas, Carol A. Pollock, Greg McLean, and Roger Bartrop. "Deliberate Overdose of Uranium: Toxicity and Treatment." Nephron 72, no. 2 (1996): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000188862.

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20

Sheppard, S. C., W. G. Evenden, and A. J. Anderson. "Multiple assays of uranium toxicity in soil." Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality 7, no. 3 (1992): 275–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.2530070307.

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21

Wrenn, McDonald E., Patricia W. Durbin, David L. Willis, and Narayani P. Singh. "The Potential Toxicity of Uranium in Water." Journal - American Water Works Association 79, no. 4 (1987): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1987.tb02831.x.

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22

Wang, Shuang, Yonghong Ran, Binghui Lu, et al. "A Review of Uranium-Induced Reproductive Toxicity." Biological Trace Element Research 196, no. 1 (2019): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01920-2.

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23

Hyne, R. V., G. D. Rippon, and G. Ellender. "pH-Dependent uranium toxicity to freshwater hydra." Science of The Total Environment 125 (September 1992): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90388-9.

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24

Domingo, J. L., J. L. Paternain, J. M. Llobet, and J. Corbella. "The developmental toxicity of uranium in mice." Toxicology 55, no. 1-2 (1989): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(89)90181-9.

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25

Dublineau, Isabelle, Maâmar Souidi, Yann Gueguen, et al. "Unexpected Lack of Deleterious Effects of Uranium on Physiological Systems following a Chronic Oral Intake in Adult Rat." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/181989.

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Uranium level in drinking water is usually in the range of microgram-per-liter, but this value may be as much as 100 to 1000 times higher in some areas, which may raise question about the health consequences for human populations living in these areas. Our purpose was to improve knowledge of chemical effects of uranium following chronic ingestion. Experiments were performed on rats contaminated for 9 months via drinking water containing depleted uranium (0.2, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, or 120 mg/L). Blood biochemical and hematological indicators were measured and several different types of investigatio

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26

Stradling, G. N., J. W. Stather, S. A. Gray, et al. "Metabolism of Uranium in the Rat after Inhalation of Two Industrial Forms of Ore Concentrate: The Implications for Occupational Exposure." Human Toxicology 6, no. 5 (1987): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718700600507.

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Aerosols produced from two commercially available ore concentrates in which the uranium was present essentially in the one as ammonium diuranate (ADU) and in the other as uranium octoxide (U3O8) were administered to rats. The results show that: 1 uranium in the ADU bearing material was cleared rapidly from the lungs, mainly to the blood, such that the retention kinetics were similar to those for a class D (highly transportable) compound as defined by ICRP; 2 uranium in the U 3O8 bearing material was removed from the lungs principally by mechanical processes, the retention kinetics in this case

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27

Saini, Komal, Vikas Duggal, and BS Bajwa. "Assessment of radiation dose due to intake of uranium through groundwater and its carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks in southwest and northeast Punjab, India." Indoor and Built Environment 27, no. 7 (2017): 983–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17699978.

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This study was undertaken to assess uranium levels in drinking water along with carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with its ingestion covering southwest and northeast regions of Punjab state, India. The uranium concentration in drinking water of southwest and northeast Punjab varied from 0.13 to 676 mg m−3 and 0.11 to 28.2 mg m−3 with mean values of 76.27 and 5.75 mg m−3, respectively. Thirty-five per cent (35%) of the analysed samples particularly from the southwest Punjab exceeded 60 mg m−3 Indian maximum acceptable concentration recommended by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Bo

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28

Roszell, Laurie E., Fletcher F. Hahn, Robyn B. Lee, and Mary Ann Parkhurst. "ASSESSING THE RENAL TOXICITY OF CAPSTONE DEPLETED URANIUM OXIDES AND OTHER URANIUM COMPOUNDS." Health Physics 96, no. 3 (2009): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hp.0000338421.07312.ed.

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29

Ma, Junping, Chen Wang, Qiuyu Zhao, Jianlin Ren, Zhe Chen та Jianjun Wang. "Interaction of U(vi) with α-MnO2@layered double hydroxides by combined batch experiments and spectroscopy studies". Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 7, № 2 (2020): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9qi01316d.

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Uranium is of high concern in the field of environmental remediation because of its high fluidity, radioactivity, biological toxicity and long life. Removing U(vi) from wastewater is of great significance to both environment and biology.

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30

Trenfield, Melanie A., Jack C. Ng, Barry N. Noller, Scott J. Markich, and Rick A. van Dam. "Dissolved Organic Carbon Reduces Uranium Bioavailability and Toxicity. 2. Uranium[VI] Speciation and Toxicity to Three Tropical Freshwater Organisms." Environmental Science & Technology 45, no. 7 (2011): 3082–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es103349a.

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31

El Hayek, Eliane, Sebastian Medina, Jimin Guo, et al. "Uptake and Toxicity of Respirable Carbon-Rich Uranium-Bearing Particles: Insights into the Role of Particulates in Uranium Toxicity." Environmental Science & Technology 55, no. 14 (2021): 9949–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01205.

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32

KURTTIO, P., A. HARMOINEN, H. SAHA, et al. "Kidney Toxicity of Ingested Uranium From Drinking Water." American Journal of Kidney Diseases 47, no. 6 (2006): 972–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.03.002.

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33

Domingo, J. L., J. M. Llobet, J. M. Tomás, and J. Corbella. "Acute toxicity of uranium in rats and mice." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39, no. 1 (1987): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01691806.

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34

Bergmann, Melissa, Olimpia Sobral, João Pratas, and Manuel A. S. Graça. "Uranium toxicity to aquatic invertebrates: A laboratory assay." Environmental Pollution 239 (August 2018): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.007.

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35

Guéguen, Y. "Adverse outcome pathways for uranium induced kidney toxicity." Toxicology Letters 350 (September 2021): S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00412-4.

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36

Homma-Takeda, Shino, Keisuke Kitahara, Kyoko Suzuki, et al. "Cellular localization of uranium in the renal proximal tubules during acute renal uranium toxicity." Journal of Applied Toxicology 35, no. 12 (2015): 1594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.3126.

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37

Sharma, Nisha, Jaspal Singh, and Barjinder Kaur. "Performance Study of Some Reverse Osmosis Systems for Removal of Uranium and Total Dissolved Solids in Underground Waters of Punjab State, India." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 4, no. 2 (2014): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v4i2.2033.

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Radionuclides (uranium, thorium, radium, radon gas etc.) are found naturally in air, water, soil and rock. Everyday, we ingest and inhale these radionuclides through the air we breathe and through food and water we take. Out of the internal exposure via ingestion of radionuclides, water contributes the major portion. The natural radioactivity of water is due to the activity transfer from bed rock and soils. In our surveys carried out in the past few years, we have observed high concentrations of uranium and total dissolved solids (TDS) in drinking waters of some southern parts of Punjab State

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38

Kulkarni, Sayali, Chitra Seetharam Misra, Alka Gupta, Anand Ballal, and Shree Kumar Apte. "Interaction of Uranium with Bacterial Cell Surfaces: Inferences from Phosphatase-Mediated Uranium Precipitation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 16 (2016): 4965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00728-16.

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ABSTRACTDeinococcus radioduransandEscherichia coliexpressing either PhoN, a periplasmic acid phosphatase, or PhoK, an extracellular alkaline phosphatase, were evaluated for uranium (U) bioprecipitation under two specific geochemical conditions (GCs): (i) a carbonate-deficient condition at near-neutral pH (GC1), and (ii) a carbonate-abundant condition at alkaline pH (GC2). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that recombinant cells expressing PhoN/PhoK formed cell-associated uranyl phosphate precipitate under GC1, whereas the same cells displayed extracellular precipitation under GC2. Thes

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39

Lin, Ying-Wu. "Uranyl Binding to Proteins and Structural-Functional Impacts." Biomolecules 10, no. 3 (2020): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10030457.

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The widespread use of uranium for civilian purposes causes a worldwide concern of its threat to human health due to the long-lived radioactivity of uranium and the high toxicity of uranyl ion (UO22+). Although uranyl–protein/DNA interactions have been known for decades, fewer advances are made in understanding their structural-functional impacts. Instead of focusing only on the structural information, this article aims to review the recent advances in understanding the binding of uranyl to proteins in either potential, native, or artificial metal-binding sites, and the structural-functional im

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40

Stradling, G. N., J. W. Stather, S. A. Gray, et al. "The Metabolism of Ceramic and Non-ceramic Forms of Uranium Dioxide after Deposition in the Rat Lung." Human Toxicology 7, no. 2 (1988): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718800700205.

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Ceramic and non-ceramic forms of uranium dixoide, produced industrially, were administered to rats either by inhalation or as an aqueous suspension which was injected directly into the pulmonary region of the lungs. The results showed that: 1 both materials should be assigned to inhalation class Y as defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection; 2 whilst the translocation of uranium to the blood for the non-ceramic UO2 was about twice that obtained for the ceramic form, the two dioxides were unlikely to be differentiated on the basis of their lung retention kinetics; 3 th

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41

Dakovic, Marko, Milos Mojovic, and Goran Bacic. "EPR study of the production of oh radicals in aqueous solutions of uranium irradiated by ultraviolet light." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 74, no. 6 (2009): 651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0906651d.

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The aim of the study was to establish whether hydroxyl radicals (?OH) were produced in UV-irradiated aqueous solutions of uranyl salts. The production of ?OH was studied in uranyl acetate and nitrate solutions by an EPR spin trap method over a wide pH range, with variation of the uranium concentrations. The production of ?OH in uranyl solutions irradiated with UV was unequivocally demonstrated for the first time using the EPR spin-trapping method. The production of ?OH can be connected to speciation of uranium species in aqueous solutions, showing a complex dependence on the solution pH. When

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42

Duggal, Vikas. "Age-dependent dose assessment of uranium intake from bottled water in Punjab state, India." Water Supply 20, no. 7 (2020): 2794–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.174.

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Abstract Uranium, both a radioactive material and a heavy metal, poses a health risk due to its radiological properties and chemical toxicity. In the present study, uranium concentration and relative age-dependent effective dose have been measured in 27 commercial brands of bottled waters collected randomly from different districts of Punjab, India. Uranium concentration varied from 0.19 to 9.29 μg l−1 with a mean value of 1.58 μg l−1, a standard deviation of 1.95 μg l−1 and a median of 0.82 μg l−1. Uranium concentrations in all the samples were found to be lower than the World Health Organiza

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43

Milgram, Sarah, Celine Thiebault, Marie Carriere, Luc Malaval, and Barbara Gouget. "Toxicity of uranium and lead on osteoblastic bone cells." Toxicology Letters 172 (October 2007): S50—S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.158.

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44

Cardenas, Julio, and Arthur W. Wase. "Some Effects of Cortisone on the Toxicity of Uranium." Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 17, no. 2 (2009): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1960.tb01238.x.

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45

Mkandawire, Martin, Kerstin Vogel, Barbara Taubert, and E. Gert Dudel. "Phosphate regulates uranium(VI) toxicity toLemna gibba L. G3." Environmental Toxicology 22, no. 1 (2007): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.20228.

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46

Shaki, Fatemeh, Mir-Jamal Hosseini, Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari, and Jalal Pourahmad. "Toxicity of depleted uranium on isolated rat kidney mitochondria." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1820, no. 12 (2012): 1940–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.015.

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47

Tapia-Rodríguez, Aida, Antonia Luna-Velasco, James A. Field, and Reyes Sierra-Alvarez. "Toxicity of Uranium to Microbial Communities in Anaerobic Biofilms." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 223, no. 7 (2012): 3859–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1154-0.

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48

Holdway, D. A. "Uranium toxicity to two species of Australian tropical fish." Science of The Total Environment 125 (September 1992): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90387-8.

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49

Gao, Ning, Zhihui Huang, Haiqiang Liu, Jing Hou, and Xinhui Liu. "Advances on the toxicity of uranium to different organisms." Chemosphere 237 (December 2019): 124548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124548.

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50

Liber, K., S. Stoughton, and A. Rosaasen. "Chronic Uranium Toxicity to White Sucker Fry (Catostomus commersoni)." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 73, no. 6 (2004): 1065–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-004-0533-7.

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