Relevant bibliographies by topics / Urartians

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Urartians'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Urartians"

1

Medvedskaya, Inna N. "Some Information about Urartian Army." Письменные памятники Востока 20, no. 3 (September 29, 2023): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.55512/wmo546028.

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The article presents historical and archaeological data that confirm the existence of two of the four social categories in the population of the Urartian kingdom. Both categories originally made up the Urartian army: the ureli were indigenous Urartians, armed community members, while the huradineli were warriors who were recruited in the lands conquered by the Urartians. In the 8th century B.C., the members of the former group ceased to be drafted. Gradually, this category began to be filled with representatives of the elite from the countries conquered by the Urartians. This is confirmed by Urartian texts and archaeological finds in the Mannaean kingdom.
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Kuvanç, Rıfat. "New observations on Urartian quarrying in Lake Van Basin." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 15, no. 1-2 (May 31, 2022): 171–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v15i1-2.1305.

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Urartian architectural remains in eastern Turkey, Armenia, and north-western Iran bear witness to intensive quarrying during this period. Building materials at royal centres reveal that Urartians used local resources from the immediate vicinity of settlements, but they also carried out intensive quarrying at distant locations. Extraction, transportation, and processing of stone are labour-intensive activities which require a significant workforce. For these challenging undertakings, Urartians employed an effective administration of labour and advanced metal technology. The Urartian Kingdom marks an interesting starting point for quarrying in ancient Anatolia and the Near East in the 1st millennium BC. Sardurburç Building inscriptions at the north-western tip of Van Kalesi bear the first textual evidence for the name of a quarry, the city of Alniunu. Additionally, traces of quarrying near major settlements like Van Kalesi, Zivistan, Lower Anzaf, Upper Anzaf, Aznavurtepe, Ayanis, Çavuştepe, Körzüt, and Keçikıran in Lake Van Basin, and important water systems like the Minua Canal provide new information about stages of quarrying. Thin-section analysis of stone blocks sampled from Urartian centres allow us to determine the petrographic properties of building materials. Thin-section analyses reveal that sedimentary rocks (limestone, travertine, sandstone) and igneous rocks (gabbro, basalt, andesite) were used at Urartian centres.
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Bonfanti, Annarita S. "Some Reflections on the Use and the Meaning of the Sign lugal in Urartian Inscriptions." Altorientalische Forschungen 50, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2023-0004.

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Abstract The present article is focused on an analysis of the distribution of the Sumerograms man and lugal in Urartian inscriptions: since they are found in very specific situations, with only one of the two directly referring to the Urartian king, it is likely that they should be intended not as synonyms, but rather as concealing two slightly different meanings. After a brief introduction focused on the use of the two Sumerograms in Assyrian royal titularies, especially in the ones used as models by the Urartians, the paper will focus on the use of the Sumerograms in Urartian inscriptions, concluding with an analysis of an Urartian text on clay tablet, whose translation is still debated.
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Sevin, Veli. "The Origins of the Urartians in the light of the Van/Karagündüz excavations." Anatolian Studies 49 (December 1999): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643071.

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The Urartian Kingdom, as is well known, played a major power role on the stage of history in eastern Anatolia in the second half of the ninth century BC and remained powerful until the second half of the seventh century BC. With their highly advanced architectural traditions and organised state structure, the Urartians take their place among the most exciting civilisations of the first half of the first millennium BC in the Near East.Extensive detailed research and publication has been carried out on Urartian civilisation for over a hundred years, but the origin and dynamics of the development of this civilisation are still obscure. The Assyrian annals, which start from the 13th century BC, are at present the only source for understanding the early periods. These records were intended as propaganda and their accuracy is in many instances thus questionable.
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Smith, Adam T. "We, they, and I. Politics after the end of essential archaeological subjects." Archaeological Dialogues 11, no. 1 (June 2004): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203804241411.

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I recently attended a lecture here in Chicago given by Mkrtich Zardaryan, a colleague of mine from Armenia who specializes in the archaeology of early Armenian kingdoms during the post-Urartian 1st millennium B.C. During the question-and-answer period, a member of the audience posed the following question, which I paraphrase: ‘I recognize that we were defeated by the Urartians but what I want to know is where we came from before that? How did we come to that region and when?’ Zardaryan paused only briefly before asking, ‘Who do you mean by “we”?’ The audience member responded, ‘We Armenians, I am Armenian.” To which Zardaryan replied “So am I, but I wasn't there.”
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Derin, Zafer. "Potters' marks of Ayanıs citadel, Van." Anatolian Studies 49 (December 1999): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643064.

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The citadel of Ayanıs is situated on a hill 250m high (1866.87m in altitude) above Lake Van and 35km north of Tushpa, the capital city of the Urartians. During ongoing work at the castle between 1989 and 1997 various finds were made which belong to the period of the Urartian king Rusa II. An important group of mainly domestic pots, including a range of different shapes, were amongst these finds. Vessels such as pithoi, jars, bowls and jugs were frequently found in situ in rooms. Some of the pots found in certain areas of the citadel attract attention because of the potters' marks visible on them. During the work of the 1989–1997 seasons at Ayanıs, 2,787 pieces of Medieval and Iron Age pottery were registered. Of these sherds, 179 bear pot-marks.
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Sevin, Veli. "Urartian Gardens." Belleten 64, no. 240 (August 1, 2000): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2000.407.

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Urartians placed great importance on the establishment of vineyards and gardens. Gardens could be dedicated to kings, nobility, royal consorts or their daughters and gods. Prominence was assigned to the cultivation of fruits and vegetables in their gardens, which were situated in proximity to channels of water. Nonetheless, their overall area was on a fairly small scale. Within the gardens, pavilions were erected upon posts with stone bases. During the hot, summer months, they took on the appearance of arbors. Arbored gardens of this type lay on the south slopes below the citadels of Çavuştepe and Aşağı Anzaf. The Urartians not only dedicated vineyards to the gods, they also offered animal sacrifices to the god Haldi at ritual ceremonies held in vineyards bearing their own names. For this reason, just as in the Near East, their gardens bore a religious significance. This concept of the garden differs both from the early examples of the Assyrian Empire, which were designed for practical purposes only, and those of the Sargonid period, which were showy and served as pleasure haunts.
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ÖZMEN, Seher Selin. "THE IMPORTANCE OF MANNA COUNTRY IN FOREIGN POLITICS OF THE URARTU STATE." SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 7, no. 32 (July 15, 2022): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31567/ssd.654.

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The Manna State was established in the south of Lake Urmia in the 9th century BC. The name of this state is mentioned in Urartian and Assyrian cuneiform sources from the 1st millennium BC. The region where the land of Manna located is particularly important as it is on trade routes when a great drought and thus a wave of migration from Central Asia began during the Iron Age. Urmia Lake Basin, which has attracted the attention of the Urartian Kingdom from the early period, is one of the regions that could not be dominated and therefore almost all Urartian kings organized expeditions. The attempt to subdue Manna increased during the reign of the Urartian King Menua and the Assyrian threat was faced during the intense campaigns during the reign of Menua’s successor, Argišti I. During the Sarduri II period, expeditions continued and tribute was taken from the Manna principalities. Manna King Iranzu, who was an Assyrian vassal, took advantage of Assyrians’ successful war against Urartu, followed a policy of centralization and created a principality system dependent on the central authority in the country. Although Manna became a powerful state around the Urmia Lake Basin during Iranzu’s reign, some rulers and princes who did not like Iranzu’s centralization policy gave Urartu the opportunity to interfere in Manna’s internal affairs. Urartian King Rusa I used the internal political crisis among the Mannas for his own purposes, provoked some principalities against the central authority, and a pro-Urartian group emerged in the country. Thus, the Lake Urmia Basin became the subject of an intense struggle for dominance between the Urartu and Assyrian States during the reign of Rusa I. With the Assyrian King Sargon II, the pressure of the Urartians in the region decreased. After the defeat of Urartian Kingdom by Sargon II, the balance of power in the region changed, and Manna was not mentioned in Urartian written sources after that. In this study, the importance of the Manna State, which has an important place in the history of Azerbaijan, in terms of the foreign policy of the Urartian State is discussed.
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DARA, مریم, and Hossein NASERİ SOMEEH. "The Role of the Urartian Epigraphy: Argišti I’s Newly Found Disc in Varzaqan." Gephyra 25 (May 15, 2023): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1259319.

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Urartians ruled over the regions mainly around three lakes of Van, Sevan and Urmia from about 9th to 7th centuries BC and several metal artefacts are discovered less in situ in the Urartian sites. Among them are bronze discs which are slightly convex or convex in the middle. There is a newly found convex in the middle disc of Argišti I from Qala Dağı, Kiqal Varzaqan, Iran which is similar to the disc in Tabriz Museum also from Varzaqan in the inscription and to the disc in Van Museum in the form. There also is a hieroglyphic sign over the disc which was common on the other discs. The epigraphy of the cuneiform inscription on the mentioned disc was used widely in the Urartian kingdom since Minua’s reign until Sarduri II’s. It is the aim of this paper to introduce this newly discovered artifact and to review the function and forms of the discs which could be used as horse harness or buttons of the armors or clothing. Additionally, the authors try to compare the discs of Argišti I in the epigraphy and form. The authors recognized that the epigraphy of Minua’s reign to Sarduri II’s were also used on the discs inscribed with the name of King Išpuini, Minua’s father, and Inušpua, Minua’s son who never ruled. Therefore, it is possible that the newly found disc is not inscribed during Argišti I’s reign but his son Sarduri’s but as most of the discovered discs bear the name of Argišti it is possible that there was a mass production of the discs during his reign and was brought to Eastern Azerbaijan Province after his reign.
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Şevket ALP and Mevlüde TATAR. "A Research on Identification Cultivar of Dahlia Cav. Growns In Traditional Van Gardens." ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 468–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/ispecjasvol4iss3pp468-467.

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Exotic ornamental plants belonging to various cultural centers are grown in Van Gardens that goes back to the Urartians. Dahlia Cav. is one of the exotic types brought to be grown in Van. Exotic ornamental plants belonging to various cultural centers in Van Gardens dating back to the Urartians are grown. There were the exotic plants that grow in tradition Van gardens. Dahlia Cav. was one of the exotic plants brought to be grown in Van Gardens. As a result of the experimentations, 3 groups of Dahlia cv. having different morphologic characteristics have been identified in Eminpaşa District. According to the group keys of identified Dahlia cv., it has been identified that the first group consists of the flowers having yellow color and is 10 cm in diameter, the second one has red color and its diameter is under 10 cm, and the last one has a purple color and is under 10 cm in diameter. In Van and its vicinity, Dahlia cv. types which fit the climate, soil and other surrounding conditions have existed up until today. The usage of these types that do not belong to the very nature of Van, that is, not from Van, would be a cultural and biological achievement in reforming the urban identity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urartians"

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Cifci, Ali. "Interpretations of the socio-economic structure of the Urartian kingdom." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/18115/.

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The aims of this research are to provide a comprehensive review of the available evidence for the socio-economic structure of the Urartian kingdom (of the 9th-6th centuries BC) and by doing so, to analyse and critique previous interpretations of the subject. Although there has been intensive research on different aspects of the Urartian kingdom, mainly chronological studies or excavations and surveys that cover different parts of what was once the lands of the kingdom, unlike previous studies this research presents a systematic review of the geographical, archaeological and textual evidence of the Urartian (and Assyrian where relevant textual evidence is available) as well as original ethnographic observations in order to analyse the socio-economic and administrative organisation of the Urartian kingdom. After reviewing and evaluating the history of research of Soviet, Turkish and Western scholars on various aspects of the Urartian kingdom, I move on to investigating the available economic resources in the region and the movement of commodities such as the produce of arable agriculture, animal husbandry, metallurgy, and craft activities undertaken by Urartian society. The next step, in order to understand the management of these economic resources, is to examine the administrative organisation of the state including the Urartian concept of kingship and the king’s role in administration, construction activities, the administrative division of the kingdom, and the income generated by warfare. It is concluded that the Urartian state economy was heavily dependent on agriculture and animal husbandry. Military expeditions generated substantial income in the form of livestock and prisoners of war. Further wealth was accumulated by tribute, taxation and metallurgical activities. However, how these factors combined into a single economic system has been variously interpreted by individual scholars in response to their contemporary theoretical and political context.
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Slattery, D. J. G. "The northern frontier of Urartu : Economic and administrative implications." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378800.

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Smith, Adam Thomas 1968. "Imperial archipelago: The making of the Urartian landscape in southern Transcaucasia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282213.

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In the early eighth century B.C., Argishti I, King of Urartu, invaded southern Transcaucasia and began a dramatic transformation of the regional landscape, previously occupied by local fortress-states, into an imperial province. This dissertation examines the landscape of the fortress-states of the Early Iron Age in the Ararat and Shirak Plains and its rapid transformation under the Urartian regime. Rather than being merely inert stages for political processes, the archaeological evidence from southern Transcaucasia suggest that landscapes were active elements in Urartian political strategies for securing political authority. Physical changes in the landscape altered the experience of space, redefining relations between subjects and rulers indicative of unique programs for deploying political power. The Urartian regime also produced representational landscapes--scenes portraying gods and rituals against the backdrop of an Urartian fortress. The landscape scenes found in state produced media suggest that Urartian regimes sought to legitimize the physical landscape in reference to a representational program which recast their fortresses as sacred and transcendent rather than as instruments of political domination. The production of the Urartian landscape in southern Transcaucasia changed over time as the constitution of Urartian political authority changed. While Urartu's initial occupation of southern Transcaucasia indicates the regime consisted of numerous tightly integrated institutional elements, by the reign of Rusa II in the seventh century B.C., the internal organization of new fortresses suggests considerable disintegration of institutional coherence. By attending to the ways in which landscapes are actively involved in the constitution of political authority, this examination of the Urartian occupation of southern Transcaucasia offers epistemological, theoretical and methodological tools for archaeological descriptions of political authority.
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Books on the topic "Urartians"

1

Khachaturi͡an, V. A. Urarty ili urartiĭt͡sy--kto oni? Erevan: Gitelik, 1991.

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Belli, Oktay. Anzaf kaleleri ve Urartu tanrıları. Galatasaray, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 1998.

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Khachaturi︠a︡n, V. A. Urarty ili urartiĭt︠s︡y--kto oni? Erevan: Gitelik, 1991.

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Raffaele, Biscione, Hmayakyan S. G, and Parmegiani Neda, eds. The North-Eastern frontier Urartians and non-Urartians in the Sevan Lake basin. Roma: CNR, Istituto di studi sulle civiltà dell'Egeo e del Vicino Oriente, 2002.

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Grigorʹevich, Nazarov Pavel. Proiskhozhdenie dadonskoĭ Arty, evreĭskoĭ Art͡s︡y, Ur-Artu i stran Artavy (2025-539 do n.ė.). Cheli͡a︡binsk: Issl. soi͡u︡z vediĭskogo Arty i russkoĭ artelʹnosti, 1997.

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Sargsyan, Vahan. Urartakan kʻaghakʻakrtʻutʻyuně ev Baskeri nakhahayrenikʻi hartsʻě. Erevan: Sargis Khachʻents, 1998.

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Aruti͡uni͡an, N. V. Toponimika Urartu. Erevan: Izd-vo Akademii nauk Armi͡anskoĭ SSR, 1985.

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Çilingiroğlu, Altan. Urartu tarihi. Bornova [İzmir]: Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, 1994.

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Salvini, Mirjo. Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995.

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Köroğlu, Kemalettin, and Erkan Konyar. Urartu: Doğu'da değişim = transformation in the East. Beyoğlu, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Urartians"

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Ayvazian, Alina. "The Urartian Empire." In A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 877–95. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444360790.ch47.

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Avetisyan, Hayk, Pavel Avetisyan, Knarik Navasardyan, and Arsen Bobokhyan. "9. Lchashen-Metsamor V–VI: The Impact of Local and Urartian Ceramics in Iron Age Armenia." In Befund und Historisierung, 157–80. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.araxes-eb.5.122421.

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Zimansky, Paul. "Illiterate Urartians:." In Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday, 560–71. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvndv9f0.66.

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"Urartian." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology, 1442. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0_210100.

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Areshian, Gregory E. "Bīsotūn, ‘Urartians’ and ‘Armenians’ of the Achaemenid Texts, and the Origins of the Exonyms Armina and Arminiya." In Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday, 1–8. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvndv9f0.6.

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Erdem, Aylin Ü. "URARTIAN POTTERY." In Archaeology and History of Urartu (Biainili), 261–96. Peeters Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2crj2n5.15.

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White Muscarella, Oscar. "URARTIAN METALWORK." In Archaeology and History of Urartu (Biainili), 331–76. Peeters Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2crj2n5.17.

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Kroll, Stephan. "URARTIAN ARCHITECTURE." In Archaeology and History of Urartu (Biainili), 145–72. Peeters Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2crj2n5.12.

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Konyar, Erkan. "URARTIAN FUNERARY ARCHITECTURE." In Archaeology and History of Urartu (Biainili), 205–60. Peeters Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2crj2n5.14.

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Radner, Karen. "URARTIAN FOREIGN POLICY:." In Archaeology and History of Urartu (Biainili), 377–96. Peeters Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2crj2n5.18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Urartians"

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Parmegiani, Neda, Mautizio Poscolieri, and M. Barbieri. "Historical-environmental scenario of the southern Lake Sevan region (Armenia) during the Urartian period." In Remote Sensing, edited by Giovanna Cecchi, Edwin T. Engman, and Eugenio Zilioli. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.373118.

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Hoskan, Nihan, Fethi Ahmet Yuksel, and Oktay Belli. "Using Geophysical Methods for Archaeological Excavation in 2008 Season for Urartian Sites Located in Van, Yoncatepe." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2010. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.3445541.

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Hoskan, Nihan, Fethi Ahmet Yuksel, and Oktay Belli. "Using Geophysical Methods for Archaeological Excavation in 2008 Season for Urartian Sites Located in Van, Yoncatepe." In 23rd EEGS Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.175.sageep121.

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