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Journal articles on the topic 'Urartians'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Medvedskaya, Inna N. "Some Information about Urartian Army." Письменные памятники Востока 20, no. 3 (September 29, 2023): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.55512/wmo546028.

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The article presents historical and archaeological data that confirm the existence of two of the four social categories in the population of the Urartian kingdom. Both categories originally made up the Urartian army: the ureli were indigenous Urartians, armed community members, while the huradineli were warriors who were recruited in the lands conquered by the Urartians. In the 8th century B.C., the members of the former group ceased to be drafted. Gradually, this category began to be filled with representatives of the elite from the countries conquered by the Urartians. This is confirmed by Urartian texts and archaeological finds in the Mannaean kingdom.

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2

Kuvanç, Rıfat. "New observations on Urartian quarrying in Lake Van Basin." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 15, no. 1-2 (May 31, 2022): 171–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v15i1-2.1305.

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Urartian architectural remains in eastern Turkey, Armenia, and north-western Iran bear witness to intensive quarrying during this period. Building materials at royal centres reveal that Urartians used local resources from the immediate vicinity of settlements, but they also carried out intensive quarrying at distant locations. Extraction, transportation, and processing of stone are labour-intensive activities which require a significant workforce. For these challenging undertakings, Urartians employed an effective administration of labour and advanced metal technology. The Urartian Kingdom marks an interesting starting point for quarrying in ancient Anatolia and the Near East in the 1st millennium BC. Sardurburç Building inscriptions at the north-western tip of Van Kalesi bear the first textual evidence for the name of a quarry, the city of Alniunu. Additionally, traces of quarrying near major settlements like Van Kalesi, Zivistan, Lower Anzaf, Upper Anzaf, Aznavurtepe, Ayanis, Çavuştepe, Körzüt, and Keçikıran in Lake Van Basin, and important water systems like the Minua Canal provide new information about stages of quarrying. Thin-section analysis of stone blocks sampled from Urartian centres allow us to determine the petrographic properties of building materials. Thin-section analyses reveal that sedimentary rocks (limestone, travertine, sandstone) and igneous rocks (gabbro, basalt, andesite) were used at Urartian centres.

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3

Bonfanti, Annarita S. "Some Reflections on the Use and the Meaning of the Sign lugal in Urartian Inscriptions." Altorientalische Forschungen 50, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2023-0004.

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Abstract The present article is focused on an analysis of the distribution of the Sumerograms man and lugal in Urartian inscriptions: since they are found in very specific situations, with only one of the two directly referring to the Urartian king, it is likely that they should be intended not as synonyms, but rather as concealing two slightly different meanings. After a brief introduction focused on the use of the two Sumerograms in Assyrian royal titularies, especially in the ones used as models by the Urartians, the paper will focus on the use of the Sumerograms in Urartian inscriptions, concluding with an analysis of an Urartian text on clay tablet, whose translation is still debated.

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4

Sevin, Veli. "The Origins of the Urartians in the light of the Van/Karagündüz excavations." Anatolian Studies 49 (December 1999): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643071.

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The Urartian Kingdom, as is well known, played a major power role on the stage of history in eastern Anatolia in the second half of the ninth century BC and remained powerful until the second half of the seventh century BC. With their highly advanced architectural traditions and organised state structure, the Urartians take their place among the most exciting civilisations of the first half of the first millennium BC in the Near East.Extensive detailed research and publication has been carried out on Urartian civilisation for over a hundred years, but the origin and dynamics of the development of this civilisation are still obscure. The Assyrian annals, which start from the 13th century BC, are at present the only source for understanding the early periods. These records were intended as propaganda and their accuracy is in many instances thus questionable.

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5

Smith, Adam T. "We, they, and I. Politics after the end of essential archaeological subjects." Archaeological Dialogues 11, no. 1 (June 2004): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203804241411.

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I recently attended a lecture here in Chicago given by Mkrtich Zardaryan, a colleague of mine from Armenia who specializes in the archaeology of early Armenian kingdoms during the post-Urartian 1st millennium B.C. During the question-and-answer period, a member of the audience posed the following question, which I paraphrase: ‘I recognize that we were defeated by the Urartians but what I want to know is where we came from before that? How did we come to that region and when?’ Zardaryan paused only briefly before asking, ‘Who do you mean by “we”?’ The audience member responded, ‘We Armenians, I am Armenian.” To which Zardaryan replied “So am I, but I wasn't there.”

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6

Derin, Zafer. "Potters' marks of Ayanıs citadel, Van." Anatolian Studies 49 (December 1999): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643064.

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The citadel of Ayanıs is situated on a hill 250m high (1866.87m in altitude) above Lake Van and 35km north of Tushpa, the capital city of the Urartians. During ongoing work at the castle between 1989 and 1997 various finds were made which belong to the period of the Urartian king Rusa II. An important group of mainly domestic pots, including a range of different shapes, were amongst these finds. Vessels such as pithoi, jars, bowls and jugs were frequently found in situ in rooms. Some of the pots found in certain areas of the citadel attract attention because of the potters' marks visible on them. During the work of the 1989–1997 seasons at Ayanıs, 2,787 pieces of Medieval and Iron Age pottery were registered. Of these sherds, 179 bear pot-marks.

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7

Sevin, Veli. "Urartian Gardens." Belleten 64, no. 240 (August 1, 2000): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2000.407.

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Urartians placed great importance on the establishment of vineyards and gardens. Gardens could be dedicated to kings, nobility, royal consorts or their daughters and gods. Prominence was assigned to the cultivation of fruits and vegetables in their gardens, which were situated in proximity to channels of water. Nonetheless, their overall area was on a fairly small scale. Within the gardens, pavilions were erected upon posts with stone bases. During the hot, summer months, they took on the appearance of arbors. Arbored gardens of this type lay on the south slopes below the citadels of Çavuştepe and Aşağı Anzaf. The Urartians not only dedicated vineyards to the gods, they also offered animal sacrifices to the god Haldi at ritual ceremonies held in vineyards bearing their own names. For this reason, just as in the Near East, their gardens bore a religious significance. This concept of the garden differs both from the early examples of the Assyrian Empire, which were designed for practical purposes only, and those of the Sargonid period, which were showy and served as pleasure haunts.

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8

ÖZMEN, Seher Selin. "THE IMPORTANCE OF MANNA COUNTRY IN FOREIGN POLITICS OF THE URARTU STATE." SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 7, no. 32 (July 15, 2022): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31567/ssd.654.

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The Manna State was established in the south of Lake Urmia in the 9th century BC. The name of this state is mentioned in Urartian and Assyrian cuneiform sources from the 1st millennium BC. The region where the land of Manna located is particularly important as it is on trade routes when a great drought and thus a wave of migration from Central Asia began during the Iron Age. Urmia Lake Basin, which has attracted the attention of the Urartian Kingdom from the early period, is one of the regions that could not be dominated and therefore almost all Urartian kings organized expeditions. The attempt to subdue Manna increased during the reign of the Urartian King Menua and the Assyrian threat was faced during the intense campaigns during the reign of Menua’s successor, Argišti I. During the Sarduri II period, expeditions continued and tribute was taken from the Manna principalities. Manna King Iranzu, who was an Assyrian vassal, took advantage of Assyrians’ successful war against Urartu, followed a policy of centralization and created a principality system dependent on the central authority in the country. Although Manna became a powerful state around the Urmia Lake Basin during Iranzu’s reign, some rulers and princes who did not like Iranzu’s centralization policy gave Urartu the opportunity to interfere in Manna’s internal affairs. Urartian King Rusa I used the internal political crisis among the Mannas for his own purposes, provoked some principalities against the central authority, and a pro-Urartian group emerged in the country. Thus, the Lake Urmia Basin became the subject of an intense struggle for dominance between the Urartu and Assyrian States during the reign of Rusa I. With the Assyrian King Sargon II, the pressure of the Urartians in the region decreased. After the defeat of Urartian Kingdom by Sargon II, the balance of power in the region changed, and Manna was not mentioned in Urartian written sources after that. In this study, the importance of the Manna State, which has an important place in the history of Azerbaijan, in terms of the foreign policy of the Urartian State is discussed.

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9

DARA, مریم, and Hossein NASERİ SOMEEH. "The Role of the Urartian Epigraphy: Argišti I’s Newly Found Disc in Varzaqan." Gephyra 25 (May 15, 2023): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1259319.

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Urartians ruled over the regions mainly around three lakes of Van, Sevan and Urmia from about 9th to 7th centuries BC and several metal artefacts are discovered less in situ in the Urartian sites. Among them are bronze discs which are slightly convex or convex in the middle. There is a newly found convex in the middle disc of Argišti I from Qala Dağı, Kiqal Varzaqan, Iran which is similar to the disc in Tabriz Museum also from Varzaqan in the inscription and to the disc in Van Museum in the form. There also is a hieroglyphic sign over the disc which was common on the other discs. The epigraphy of the cuneiform inscription on the mentioned disc was used widely in the Urartian kingdom since Minua’s reign until Sarduri II’s. It is the aim of this paper to introduce this newly discovered artifact and to review the function and forms of the discs which could be used as horse harness or buttons of the armors or clothing. Additionally, the authors try to compare the discs of Argišti I in the epigraphy and form. The authors recognized that the epigraphy of Minua’s reign to Sarduri II’s were also used on the discs inscribed with the name of King Išpuini, Minua’s father, and Inušpua, Minua’s son who never ruled. Therefore, it is possible that the newly found disc is not inscribed during Argišti I’s reign but his son Sarduri’s but as most of the discovered discs bear the name of Argišti it is possible that there was a mass production of the discs during his reign and was brought to Eastern Azerbaijan Province after his reign.

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10

Şevket ALP and Mevlüde TATAR. "A Research on Identification Cultivar of Dahlia Cav. Growns In Traditional Van Gardens." ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 468–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/ispecjasvol4iss3pp468-467.

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Exotic ornamental plants belonging to various cultural centers are grown in Van Gardens that goes back to the Urartians. Dahlia Cav. is one of the exotic types brought to be grown in Van. Exotic ornamental plants belonging to various cultural centers in Van Gardens dating back to the Urartians are grown. There were the exotic plants that grow in tradition Van gardens. Dahlia Cav. was one of the exotic plants brought to be grown in Van Gardens. As a result of the experimentations, 3 groups of Dahlia cv. having different morphologic characteristics have been identified in Eminpaşa District. According to the group keys of identified Dahlia cv., it has been identified that the first group consists of the flowers having yellow color and is 10 cm in diameter, the second one has red color and its diameter is under 10 cm, and the last one has a purple color and is under 10 cm in diameter. In Van and its vicinity, Dahlia cv. types which fit the climate, soil and other surrounding conditions have existed up until today. The usage of these types that do not belong to the very nature of Van, that is, not from Van, would be a cultural and biological achievement in reforming the urban identity.

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11

Makhortykh, S. V. "THE SCYTHIANS AND URARTU." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 36, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.03.02.

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The numerous Scythian (broadly speaking) artifacts have been discovered in the Urartian fortresses Ayanis and Karmir-Blur. They include the weapons (bronze socketed arrowheads), trappings (iron and bone cheekpieces, harness fittings, etc.), and objects decorated in the Scythian animal style. These findings is the important source of archaeological data and serve as independent chronological indicator that advances our current understanding of the periodization and character of the interrelations between the nomads and various Middle Eastern states. The typological and chronological analysis of the Scythian antiquities in the Urartian historical and cultural context indicates that these antiquities belong to the different periods. It also allows us to identify the earlier and later sets of artifacts. The materials from Ayanis belong to the oldest antiquities and could be associated with the contacts between the Scythinas and Urartu in the second — the beginning of the third quarter of the 7th century BC. These finds are represented by bilobate arrowheads with rhomboid and oval heads, a scabbard chape decorated with the image of a curled animal without clear features of feline predators, iron straight three-looped and bone zoomorphic cheekpieces ornamented with an image of ram’s head. On the contrary, nomadic materials from Karmir-Blur are a bit later and are indicative of active contacts between the Urartians and the Scythians in the second half of the 7th century BC and the beginning of the 6th century BC. These finds include the wide range of bronze socketed arrowheads, among them the numerous trilobate of various modifications, the bouterolle decorated with schematic image of curled predator, three-hole bone cheekpieces with the animal hoof on the lower end and rectangular protrusion in the middle of the bar, bronze zoomorphic harness fittings ornamented with the image of ram’s head, etc. Thus, available data do not confirm the hypothesis about the simultaneous destruction of Urartian fortresses and the complete destruction of Urartu in the middle of the 7th century BC.

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12

Köroğlu, Kemalettin. "Conflict and Interaction in the Iron Age: The Origins of Urartian–Assyrian Relations." European Journal of Archaeology 18, no. 1 (2015): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957114y.0000000080.

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The Neo-Assyrian Kingdom and the Urartian Kingdom were two important Near Eastern states in the Middle Iron Age (ninth to sixth centuries BC) that steered political developments and considerably transformed the lives of populations within their territories. This article aims to explore the origins of Urartian–Assyrian relations: the processes and ways through which Mesopotamian and Assyrian influences reached the eastern Anatolian highlands. The populations who founded the Urartian Kingdom lived mostly as semi-nomadic tribes in eastern Anatolia and surrounding areas during the Early Iron Age (thirteenth to ninth centuries BC). It is impossible to explain the emergence of the Urartian Kingdom in the Van region towards the mid-ninth century BC—which quickly became a powerful rival of its contemporaries—as a natural development of local culture. The main question at this stage is how and from where Assyrian influences were transmitted to the tribes who founded the Urartian Kingdom. Our opinion is that the answer to this question should be sought in the Upper Tigris region, which was inhabited by both cultures (Pre-Urartian and Assyrian) before the foundation of the Urartian Kingdom.

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13

Jakubiak, Krzysztof. "Argishti I in the Arax valley: consequences of the conquest." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 591–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1808.

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The conquest of the fertile Arax valley by Argishti I in the mid 8th century BC was a major point in Urartian imperial policy, the valley having been a target of Urartian expansion from the start. The article outlines Argishti’s actions, including the evidence of violence discovered during recent excavation at Metsamor in Armenia, thus highlighting the dynamics and significance of Urartian expansionism. A contribution is also made to a study of the emergence and development of urban settlement in the Arax valley through an examination of surviving Urartian inscriptions.

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14

French, D. H., and G. D. Summers. "Pre-Urartian and Urartian Pottery from the Muş Region." Anatolian Studies 44 (December 1994): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642984.

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The pottery discussed here was collected by C. A. Burney during his survey in 1956 and in 1965. We would like to express our thanks to Charles Burney for valuable discussion and for encouraging publication of the material. We have also profited from discussion with Drs. Ayşe Gürsan-Salzman, Mitchell Rothman, and A. G. Sagona. The opinions expressed are, however, our own. Richard Bayliss prepared the illustrations.The material from Tepeköy has not previously been published. Some of the other sherds appear in Russell's study (1980) and this has been indicated in the catalogue. All the sherds are stored in the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, each clearly marked.

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15

Iskra, Mateusz, and Tigran Zakyan. "Bronze and Iron Age pottery from Metsamor (2018 season)." Fieldwork and Research, no. 28.2 (December 28, 2019): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam28.2.17.

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A rich and diverse pottery assemblage from the Middle Bronze Age through the Urartian Red Burnished Ware and local “post-Urartian ware” of the Iron III period comes from occupational deposits discovered within the lower town of Metsamor during fieldwork in 2018. The stone architecture recorded in this sector functioned in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The pottery finds thus represent periods from Iron Age I to Iron Age III, for the first time producing a detailed sequence for the previously less than satisfactorily documented Iron Age I phase. New types of pottery were also distinguished for the Urartian and post-Urartian phases.

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16

Kuvanç, Rıfat, Kenan Işık, and Bülent Genç. "A new Urartian temple in Körzüt fortress, Turkey: a report on the rescue excavation of 2016 and new approaches on the origin of Urartian square temple architecture." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 14, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2020): 112–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v14i1-2.977.

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In this article we share the results of a rescue excavation carried by the Van Museum at Körzüt fortress in 2016. During excavations on the south-west side of Körzüt fortress which was the most important centre of the Urartian Kingdom in the Muradiye plain according to the Urartian inscriptions and the discovered architectural remains, our research team reached the ruins of a square-planned room with a rabbeted façade. Although it is similar to the standard square-planned Urartian temples, especially with its rabbeted façade and square-planned cella, this structure appears as a new example in the light of its external plan that can be determined. Although there is no building inscription, the existence of a rabbeted façade that we know only from the temple structures in Urartian architecture, shows that this building is a temple. This structure, which we think belongs to the early period of the Urartian Kingdom in terms of both stonework and plan, also allows us to make new contributions to the discussions regarding the origin and development of the Urartian religious architecture. In terms of its external plan, it has a rectangular form and a square cella similar to the Neo-Hittite temples found in Northern Syria and Levantine region. Except for the Urartian period, which is emphasized in the article, the potsherds mostly belonging to the Middle Ages and a coin that belongs to the 10th or 11th century AD are other important small finds.

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17

Dan, Roberto. "An Urartian stele base from Beydamarı, Turkey." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 12, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v12i2.906.

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This article describes an Urartian stele base discovered in 2010 in eastern Turkey, during an epigraphical survey directed by Prof. Mirjo Salvini around Lake Van as part of the activities of CNR – ICEVO. During work in the region between 20 July and 9 August, 2010, several new archaeological sites and inscriptions were discovered, including the Urartian stele base discussed below. On 7 August 2007 an Urartian stele was discovered in the village of Bulutpınar, 25 km north-west of Patnos in Ağrı province, at the north foot of Bulutpınar Dağı (2024 m) (Figure 1). The basalt stele bears an inscription of Argišti II (713-? BC), one of the few inscriptions currently known for this Urartian king (Figure 2). The content of the inscription was published by Mirjo Salvini shortly afterwards, first in 2008 in the ‘Corpus of Urartian Text’ and later republished in 2010 with further remarks on the content of the text.

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18

Grekyan, Yervand. "Evidence of celestial phenomena in Urartian cuneiform texts?" ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v13i1.952.

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Unlike the ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform sources, there is no direct evidence of keeping records of celestial objects or astronomical phenomena in the corpus of the Urartian cuneiform texts. In spite of this, astral scenes are widely represented in religious symbolism and iconography of Urartian bronze art. An exceptional evidence of an Urartian cuneiform text could fill the lack of information, perhaps, pointing out the apparition of a comet.

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19

TATSUMI, Yoshinobu. "The Urartian God." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 35, no. 1 (1992): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/jorient.35.139.

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20

TSUMOTO, Hidetoshi. "The Urartian Sword." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 52, no. 1 (2009): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/jorient.52.119.

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21

Zimansky, Paul. "An Urartian Ozymandias." Biblical Archaeologist 58, no. 2 (June 1995): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3210480.

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22

Castelluccia, Manuel, and Roberto Dan. "Urartian Bronze Helmets." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 19, no. 2 (2013): 277–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341255.

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AbstractMany of the sizeable inventory of Urartian bronze objects are unfortunately unprovenanced objects, which strongly limits our understanding of such Urartian metalwork. This article is devoted to one class of bronze artifacts – helmets – and takes into consideration only those of certain and recognized provenance. The authors also briefly describe some helmets from neighboring regions, such as Transcaucasia and northern Iran, which possess similar features, in order to highlight similarities and differences.

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23

Jakubiak, Krzysztof. "Metsamor: report after the 2019 season." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, no. 29/2 (December 31, 2020): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam29.2.11.

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The 2019 season in Metsamor confirmed the functioning of the settlement in the Urartian period. House II, discovered during the fieldwork, is the first architectural structure built at the beginning of the Early Iron Age period which, after some possible rearrangements, retained control over the Aras valley during the Urartian kingdom. Pottery discovered there confirms that the already excavated part of the settlement was extensively used after the fall of Urartu. A pit grave dated to the 7th century BC yielded a late Urartian cylinder seal.

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24

Dan, Roberto. "The gate and temple of Ḫaldi in Ašotakert/Yeşılalıç and the evolution of Urartian cultic complexes." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2017): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v11i1-2.877.

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This article presents a re-evaluation of an important Urartian archaeological site called Ašotakert/Yeşılalıç, located in eastern Turkey. The site is notable for its religious building, which is important for comprehending the evolution of Urartian religious architecture. This paper is divided into two parts, the first devoted to an assessment of the archaeological site of Yeşılalıç, and the second an attempt to explain the religious buildings identified there in terms of the Urartian religious architectural tradition, of which the main stages of development are outlined.

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25

Salvini, Mirjo, and Maryam Dara. "An Urartian rock inscription on Mt Taragheh, in Iranian Azerbaijan." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v13i2.962.

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A new Urartian rock inscription has been found on Mt Taragheh, near the village of Elmabad, west of Bukân in Iranian Azerbaidjan. The available documentation is very poor, but the authors tried to decipher an old film in order to reconstruct fragments of a cuneiform text going back to the beginning of Urartian history. The names of King Išpuini and his son Minua suggest a dating towards the last quarter of the 9th century BC. It is the most ancient Urartian text found in the Western Azerbaijan province of Iran.

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Işık, Kenan. "A recently discovered Urartian stele dedicated to the god Ua from Avnik/Erzurum in East Turkey." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 15, no. 1-2 (May 31, 2022): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v15i1-2.1302.

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What we know so far about Ua, one of the important gods of Urartu, was limited to a few attestations of this name in the Urartian inscriptions. A new inscribed stele fragment found in the vicinity of Avnik in the Erzurum region, in the northwest of the former Urartian Kingdom, reveals new suggestions about the god in question. The inscription on the stele fragment belonging to the Urartian king Sarduri II (756 – ca. 730 BC) helps to reconstruct and complete the missing and broken lines of another inscription previously found in Avnik. The new inscription related to the god Ua indicates that the region of Avnik was probably the place of his worship. At this point, it can be suggested that the cult of Ua existed in the Avnik region before the formation of the Urartian Kingdom and was included in the Urartian pantheon later. In all probability, the god Ua had a cult center here. Finally, judging by the itinerary of Sarduri II, we deal here with military expedition conducted towards the regions of the headwaters of the Araxes River, rather than a visit to the temple of the god Ua. In this study, some results will be shared along with transliteration and translation of the new inscription.

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27

Dan, Roberto. "Some remarks on the Urartian blind windows of Çavuştepe." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2017): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v11i1-2.879.

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Blind stone windows are one of the characteristic traits of Urartian architecture. Although they were a reinterpretation of a Mesopotamian feature, Urartian blind windows are distinguished by their unusual T-shape. This peculiarity was evidently determined by a practical purpose; since the window stood directly on the stone base of the wall and was surrounded by the mud-brick upper wall, the projecting sidepieces gave more structural stability to the wall blocks. The principal reason for the scarcity of specimens of this type of window in Urartian sites is probably that they were usually made out of mud-bricks, as in Mesopotamia.

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28

Greppin, John A. C. "Urartian Sibilants in Armenian." Historical Linguistics 124, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 292–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/hisp.2011.124.1.292.

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29

Çifçi, Ali, and Bilcan Gökce. "‘I Have Made a Highway of Biainili’:." Altorientalische Forschungen 48, no. 2 (November 5, 2021): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2021-0013.

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Abstract After emerging in the Lake Van Basin of Turkey, the Urartian kingdom expanded its territory across Eastern Anatolia, Northwestern Iran, and Armenia between the late 9th and early 7th century BC. The high altitude of these regions and the climatic conditions, especially long and harsh winters with heavy snowfall, likely forced the Urartian monarchy to establish a reliable network of communication: new roads and new settlements along these roads were established between the capital city Tušpa and other parts of its territory. This study presents a reassessment of the archaeological and textual evidence on Urartian routes used for military campaigns, settlements located along these routes, ancient road remains and means of transportation.

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Podobed, Vyacheslav A. "About the “Scythian” Akinak from Rusahinili in Front of Mount Eiduru." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 6 (2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080017793-9.

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The paper examines an iron sword and a bouterol made of horn found in one of the Urartian sites of Rusa son of Argishti – Rusahinili period in front of Mount Eiduru (Ayanis). The sword is a specimen of a blade weapon of nomads of the period of Near Eastern campaigns – an akinax of the Early Scythian Kelermes type. The archaeological context allows us to date the sword no later than 650 BC. It is assumed that the sword from Ayanis was acquired during the western military campaigns of Rusa II and can be regarded as a gift of one of the Cimmerian “chiefs” to King Biannini. Based on the workmanship and technique of the “staff” of Queen Qaquli from Ayanis, as well as the swords found at Kelermes and Melgunov, it can be assumed that all these objects were made in an Urartian royal workshop. The swords from Kelermes and Melgunov are dip-lomatic gifts of Tsar Biannini to the Scythian chiefs who led the nomads in an alliance with Urartu, or a token of the imminent conclusion of an alliance. The fact that Urartian toreutic craftsmen inscribed the dynastic emblem of Urartian kings (I.M. Diakonoff) on the sword scab-bards of nomads rather indicates that in the eyes of Urartian donors their future owners were considered almost equal in rank to the owner of the Tushpin throne. This does not exclude the possibility that the covers could have been made during the reign of Argishti II.

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Devedjyan, Seda, Suren Hobosyan, and Ruben Davtyan. "Post-Urartian tombs of Lori Berd." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v12i1.895.

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Long-term excavations at Lori Berd’s burial ground and localised excavations of the settlement revealed a millennia-long habitation of the site by local population, the beginnings of which are evident from the end of the 3rd millennium BC. Through excavations it became clear that the Lori Berd society had already reached a high level of socio-economic status and maintained its positions during the Urartian and post-Urartian periods.

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Işık, Kenan. "The Irrigation Canal Stele of the Urartian King Argišti I Recently Discovered in Erciş/Salmanağa, North of Lake Van." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 109, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/za-2019-0015.

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Abstract This article presents a recently-found inscribed stele belonging to the Urartian king Argišti I (ca. 785/80–756 BC). The stele was erected to commemorate the inauguration of an irrigation channel running off the Dainalitini Stream (modern Deliçay), north of Lake Van in Eastern Turkey. The inscription on this stele is important, both for localizing the Dainalitini Stream mentioned in Urartian texts, as well as understanding sacrificial rituals in agricultural contexts.

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Zimansky, Paul. "Xenophon and the Urartian Legacy." Pallas 43, no. 1 (1995): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/palla.1995.1373.

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Grekian, Yervand, and Tork Dalalian. "An Urartian Bracelet from Gilan." Iran and the Caucasus 8, no. 1 (2004): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384042002957.

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Dan, Roberto. "The Urartian Site of Garibin Tepe/Alaköy, Van, Turkey." Iran and the Caucasus 23, no. 1 (2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20190102.

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This article describes an interesting archaeological site located in the Van region, Turkey, called Garibin Tepe or Alaköy fortress. It is located not far from the important Ayanis fortress, an Urartian site that dates to the 7th century B.C. Illegal excavations have brought to light remnants of unique andesite sculptures and diagnostic pottery, which allow it to be dated with certainty to Urartian times. The site stood on the main road which joined the capital of Urartu, Van fortress, with the Muradiye plain and the Ararat valley.

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Dan, Roberto. "Inside the Empire: Some Remarks on the Urartian and Achaemenid Presence in the Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 18, no. 4 (December 6, 2014): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20140402.

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The goal of the present paper is to evaluate the plausibility of possible Urartian or Achaemenid presence in the territory of the present-day Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan. The area has been considered in relation to other neighbouring regions located in the Araxes valley, with a particular focus on the site of Oğlan Qala, the most important regional settlement. This has been the subject of recent archaeological investigations that have in fact yielded conclusive evidence of Urartian presence in this region. However, there is currently no reliable evidence of a Persian occupation of the area.

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Işık, Kenan, and Bülent Genç. "On a Place Name in Urartian Studies and a new Inscription with an Urartian Expression:." Anatolia Antiqua, no. XXIX (November 30, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/anatoliaantiqua.1813.

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Dara, Maryam. "The Origin of the Discovered Urartian Bulla in Ziwiye." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 27 (December 22, 2023): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.27.2023.27.05.

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There are several discovered Urartian artifacts and among them are the bullae. They are sometimes inscribed and sealed with cylinder and/or stamp seals. The impressions sometimes contain an inscription along with a royal, mythical or ritual scene. Royal impressions include the figure and the inscription of King Rusa II. There is an Urartian bulla from Ziwiye with a stamp seal impression representing Rusa’s figure, a parasol over his head and an inscription which resembles the impressions of Ayanis bullae. Additionally, cylinder seal impressions with similar iconography and inscription are discovered in Bastam and Toprakkale. There are previous contributions on the bulla of Ziwiye but none are about its inscription or the detail of the impression in comparison with other bullae. The inscription on the bulla from Ziwiye as Dḫal-di URU (the city of God Ḫaldi). There were several cities of Ḫaldi in the Urartian kingdom but as the impression of Ziwiye bulla resembles to bullae of Ayanis, it is possible that the city this bulla came from was close to or under the control of Ayanis.

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Шрамко, І. Б. "Мідний кований казан ранньоскіфського часу з округи Більського городища." Arheologia, no. 4 (December 5, 2023): 102–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2023.04.102.

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In the article, for the first time, data on the accidental discovery of a thin-walled copper cauldron in the floodplain of the Stara Vorskla River (Left Bank Dnipro Forest-Steppe), in the nearest district of Bilsk fortified hillfort, are introduced into scientific circulation. On the basis of morphological and X-ray fluorescence analyses of the object, its place among other few similar finds in the territory of Forest-Steppe Scythia is shown, the connection with the Central Caucasian production centers, as well as the influence of Urartian art in the design of handles, are traced. Previously, the item was assigned to the first half of the 6th century BC. The rare artefact could have reached the left bank of the Dnipro with the nomads advancing to the Ukrainian forest-steppe through the Caucasus. The cauldron found differs in appearance from other similar artefacts and hasn’t had any exact analogues yet. However, the high rims and the probable presence of a low pallet may indicate a production tradition of Caucasian craftsmen. At the same time, the design of the figured overlays for fastening the handles in the shape of a stylised bird with spread wings definitely points to the Urartian (East Asian) cultural tradition. The technique of making cauldron attachments, with a perpendicularly placed, separately cast ring, used by Urartian foundries is indicative, which, at first glance, could suggest an Urartian import. Clarity is provided by the results of spectral analyses. According to the elemental composition of the metal, each of the three cauldrons known today with similar handle attachments, found in the territories of the Ukrainian forest-steppe, has a copper body and bronze handles with a significant content of lead (from 10 to 15%), which indicates the possibility of their manufacture in workshops, located on the southern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains, where at the end of the 8th—6th centuries BC there was a large centre for the production of various types of metal utensils. In our case, the attachments on the cauldrons were cast according to the local recipe, but based on Urartian prototypes. Based on the archaeological context and the results of RFA analyses of the metal of thin-walled cauldrons of the Early Scythian period, found in the territory of Forest-Steppe Scythia (Bilsk, Repiakhuvata Mohyla and Kruhlyk), it can be concluded that all of them were made in the first half of the 6th century BC in one of the Central Caucasian production centres by order and according to the taste of the nomadic elite. The possibility of Urartian craftsmen working in one of these production centres cannot be eliminated.

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Fournet, Arnaud. "About the Vocalic System of Armenian Words of Substratic Origin." Archiv orientální 81, no. 2 (September 12, 2013): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.81.2.207-222.

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The paper provides an up-to-date list and discussion of Armenian words with probable substratic or ancient adstratic origin. It is shown that at least three words can be suspected of being of Hurrian origin because of their prosodic features, instead of the more usual Urartian origin. Short and long a an i are normally reflected in Armenian by a and i. But it can be observed that the Armenian u normally reflects short ŭ while Armenian o normally reflects long ū, thus pointing at some kind of allophonic variants in Hurro-Urartian phonology between short and long u.

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Yengibaryan, Nora. "Urartian seals with an image of a stela." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2017): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v11i1-2.880.

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Among the graphic compositions of a small group of frustum-shaped Urartian seals with a hanging eye are the images of stelae with a rounded top and a surface divided by multi-row horizontal lines. These stelae were fixed in the ground or high pedestal. Seals with these described images were discovered during the excavations of a necropolis near Karchaghbyur village of the Republic of Armenia (in the Sevan lake basin) and the site of Karmir Blur (the Urartian town Teišebaini). These were also found accidentally in Eastern Turkey. A well-known stamp from Toprakkale has a similar type of depiction.

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42

Diakonoff, I. M. "Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian." Journal of the American Oriental Society 105, no. 4 (October 1985): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/602722.

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43

Khalilov, Shamil Rustamovich, and Tatyana Stepanovna Eskina. "On decoding the Urartian wedge writing." Uchenyy Sovet (Academic Council), no. 8 (July 20, 2020): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-02-2008-05.

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The article is devoted to the study of the similarity of Urartian and Lezgin languages. A whole layer of related and close words, a number of lexical, morphological, and syntactic parallels were revealed. The ways of noun and verb formation were examined, and their comparative analysis was carried out. The article can be useful in preparing for classes in Linguistics.

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44

Zimansky, Paul. "Urartian Geography and Sargon's Eighth Campaign." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 49, no. 1 (January 1990): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373416.

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45

Muscarella, Oscar White. "Urartian Metal Artifacts: an Archaeological Review." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 12, no. 1-2 (2006): 147–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005706777968924.

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AbstractMetal artifacts constitute the main component of the cultural material known from the ancient state of Urartu. The great majority of these artifacts available to archaeologists for cultural analysis derives from plundered sites, which proveniences, whether from sites in modern Turkey, Armenia, or northwestern Iran, are unknown. In fact, only a minority was obtained from excavations at known sites and tombs. At the same time there is a large quantity of publications on Urartian metal artifacts, most of which are in museums and private collections in Europe, the United States, and Japan. Most of the publications, many by museum personnel, ignore the reality of the lack of provenience and present subjective conclusions regarding provenience and interpretation. This paper discusses the consequences of the non-archaeological methodology of these publications, the nature of which many archaeologists remain unaware, and how this behavior has interfered with achieving an accurate knowledge of Urartian culture.

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Castelluccia, Manuel, and Roberto Dan. "Caucasian, Iranian and Urartian Bronze Bells." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 20, no. 1 (May 8, 2014): 67–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341261.

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AbstractThis paper presents a review of metal “bells”, a category of metal object often found in Iron Age archaeological contexts of Caucasian, north Iranian and Urartian cultures. Each cultural sphere is considered separately, focusing on material brought to light during archaeological excavations. An analysis of these three different traditions allows comparison of these artifacts in order to detect evidence of contacts and reciprocal influences between these cultural regions, which strongly interacted during the first half of the Iron Age.

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47

Kashani, Poorya, Bita Sodaei, Shahram Heydarabadian, and Behrooz Paranj. "A Study of Urartian Metallurgy Techniques Case Study: Urartian Bronze Weaponry in the Reza Abbasi Museum." Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica - Natural Sciences in Archaeology IV, no. 1/2013 (June 30, 2013): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2013.1.8.

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48

Belli, Oktay. "Dams, reservoirs and irrigation channels of the Van plain in the period of the Urartian kingdom." Anatolian Studies 49 (December 1999): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643059.

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The citadel of Van (Tushpa) was the main settlement of the Urartian kingdom, which dominated the regions of eastern Anatolia, Caucasia and northwestern Iran between the ninth and sixth centuries BC. Lake Van borders the site on the west, while to the south is the eastern extension of the Taurus mountains, stretching east to west and reaching 3000-3500m in height. These steep mountains, rising like a natural wall between the Urartian city and its greatest enemy the Assyrian kingdom to the south, provided an advantageous defensive feature. The capital city Tushpa, which is 1.5km east of Lake Van, and the Van plain itself are bordered on the east by the 3200m high Erek mountain. Erek mountain surrounds the east of the plain like a crescent, halting the cold winds as well as providing the water supply for agriculture in the Van plain from its rich water sources. Although the soil of the Van plain, which is 1750m above sea level, is agriculturally fertile, for many crops it is barely possible to conduct successful agriculture without irrigation. The Van plain, 9km wide and 17km long, is poor in water resources, as is well known. The water sources around Erek mountain, amongst the richest in the east Anatolian region, were used effectively in the period of the Urartian kingdom for the first time. Almost all the irrigation structures built on and around Erek mountain were built in order to irrigate the Van plain to the east of Lake Van. Most of the constructed dams and reservoirs, totalling more than ten, are still in use today, with minor restoration, despite being more than 2,700 years old. If we consider that few irrigation facilities were constructed at other water sources in the east Anatolian region, it underlines the importance of these water sources at Erek mountain and its slopes for the plain of Van. It seems that the rich water sources around Erek mountain constituted another positive condition for the foundation of the capital city of the Urartian kingdom in the Van plain.

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KONAKÇI, Erım, and Bılge BAŞTÜRK. "Military and Militia in the Urartian State." Ancient West & East 8 (December 31, 2009): 169–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/awe.8.0.2045842.

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50

Smith, Adam T., and Paul Zimansky. "Ancient Ararat: A Handbook of Urartian Studies." American Journal of Archaeology 103, no. 2 (April 1999): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506781.

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