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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban agriculture – Zimbabwe – Bulawayo'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Moyo, Philani. "Urban Agriculture and Poverty Mitigation in Zimbabwe: Prospects and Obstacles in Bulawayo Townships." Journal of Human Ecology 42, no. 2 (2013): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2013.11906586.

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Dube, Thulani, Saziso Sibanda, and Phibion Chiwara. "Adapting peri-urban agriculture to climate change in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: A qualitative assessment." Cogent Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (2021): 1944486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1944486.

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3

Mpofu, Busani. "Perpetual ‘Outcasts’? Squatters in peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Afrika Focus 25, no. 2 (2012): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02502005.

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After independence in 1980 Zimbabwe’s cities experienced a proliferation in the number of squatter camps. This was because of the failure of the urban economy to offer adequate housing and jobs, leaving peri-urban space as the only sanctuary for the urban poor to live in and eke out a living informally. The promotion of rural ‘growth points’ by the national government to promote rural development to discourage migration to urban areas failed. Yet, a poor policy response by the state to this negative outcome of rapid urbanisation that aims to reverse this rural-urban migration has led to unending confrontations between its various arms and squatters who continue to be regarded as encroachers. Focussing on Bulawayo, the second largest city in Zimbabwe, and based on interviews, archival research, Council minutes and newspapers, this article critiques the state’s urban development policy vis-à-vis squatters and informality. It is argued that the persistence of a salient perception by government officials that all Africans belong to rural areas and have access to land they can fall back on in hard times serves as a vital lubricant to the state’s action of forcibly sending squatters to rural areas. This ignores the historical pattern of rapid urbanisation and the growth ofinformal economies supporting the livelihoods of thousands of people. I seek to add to the literature on low-cost housing shortages, urban squatters and peri-urbanism in Zimbabwe and on studies of informality in Third World cities in general.

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4

Hammar, Amanda. "Urban Displacement and Resettlement in Zimbabwe: The Paradoxes of Propertied Citizenship." African Studies Review 60, no. 3 (2017): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.123.

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Abstract:This article examines what urban displacement and resettlement can reveal about the nature of, and co-constitutive relationships among, property, authority, and citizenship. It focuses on an unusual case in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, where long-term illegal squatters living under constant threat of violent displacement by various local and national authorities were formally resettled by the Bulawayo City Council on peri-urban plots with houses. What surfaces are some of the paradoxes of propertied citizenship and of attaining seemingly “proper” lives in conditions of sustained marginality, a result that is not entirely unexpected when impoverished squatters are resettled far outside the frame of the city and its possibilities.

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5

MSINDO, ENOCENT. "ETHNICITY AND NATIONALISM IN URBAN COLONIAL ZIMBABWE: BULAWAYO, 1950 TO 1963." Journal of African History 48, no. 2 (2007): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853707002538.

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ABSTRACTZimbabwean historians have not yet fully assessed the interaction of two problematic identities, ethnicity and nationalism, to determine whether the two can work as partners and successfully co-exist. This essay argues that, in Bulawayo during the period studied, ethnicity co-existed with and complemented nationalism rather than the two working as polar opposite identities. Ethnic groups provided both the required leaders who became prominent nationalist figures and the precolonial history, personalities and monuments that sparked the nationalist imagination. From the 1950s, ethnic groups expanded their horizons and provided platforms from which emerging African nationalists launched their agenda. Understanding these interrelationships will reshape our understanding of the workings of these two identities in a cosmopolitan town.

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6

Grant, Miriam. "Difficult Debut: Social and Economic Identities of Urban Youth in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 37, no. 2/3 (2003): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4107245.

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7

Ngulani, T., and C. M. Shackleton. "Use of public urban green spaces for spiritual services in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 38 (February 2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.11.009.

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8

Grant, Miriam. "Difficult Debut: Social and Economic Identities of Urban Youth in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 37, no. 2-3 (2003): 411–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2003.10751274.

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9

Moyo, Philani. "Urban Livelihoods after the Fast Track Land Reform Programme in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Journal of Human Ecology 42, no. 1 (2013): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2013.11906578.

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10

Chigwenya, Average. "Financing Low-income Housing in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: Implications for the Right to the City and Inclusivity." Urban Development Issues 64, no. 1 (2019): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/udi-2019-0022.

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Abstract Accessing finances for housing has been a major problem for people on low-incomes and this has been weighing heavily on them as they try to access housing. Financial institutions in the city of Bulawayo are failing to come up with financial products that suit low-income clients. There are an estimated 110000 low-income residents among the estimated 250000 residents of Cowdray Park low-density residential area in Bulawayo. This has also affected their right to the city as they have been excluded from the housing delivery system. There are so many initiatives that have been available to those on a low-income but these initiatives have rarely benefited the urban poor of the city. This research has examined how the financial services that exist in the housing sector have been crafted to benefit the urban poor. The research employed a mixed methods approach to the inquiry, where a questionnaire was the main quantitative method used and in-depth interviews and observations were the qualitative methods that complemented it. The research found that there are various financial services that are available in Zimbabwe, but these financial facilities rarely help the urban poor. The majority of the poor have been managing without any financial support and this has been stalling their access to housing. Most housing products are fashioned along neo-liberal economic principles that have very little to offer the urban poor. This has therefore denied the urban poor in the city of Bulawayo their right to the city. Most cities in Zimbabwe are struggling to satisfy their housing demand as they have long housing waiting lists. Research therefore recommends the crafting of financial facilities that are best targeted on the urban poor, and are specially adapted to their financial conditions.

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11

Marshall, Robert. "Urban agriculture in Zimbabwe; Implications for urban management and poverty." Habitat International 21, no. 3 (1997): 340–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-3975(97)88097-6.

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12

Tichaawa, Tembi M., and Sakhile Moyo. "Urban resident perceptions of the impacts of tourism development in Zimbabwe." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 43, no. 43 (2019): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2019-0002.

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AbstractThis study examines the perceptions of urban residents towards the socio-economic and environmental consequences of tourism development in Zimbabwe. Perceptions were tested using empirical data that were gathered from a sample of 384 adult members, representing urban households in Bulawayo. The results from a semi-structured survey revealed that such sociodemographic variables as gender, education, length of stay and income are relatively predictable of their attitude towards tourism. Further, although the urban residents tended to perceive tourism impacts positively, they reacted more strongly to the environmental impacts involved than to the economic and sociocultural impacts. The urban geographic context of this study makes this finding significant, as it indicates that urban residents have an environmental consciousness with regard to tourism. The study has implications for tourism development planners and destination managers, in terms of enhanced engagement with the urban residents regarding tourism development, irrespective of the likelihood of residents supporting future development.

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13

Drakakis-Smith, David. "Mbiba Beacon, "Urban Agriculture in Zimbabwe" (Book Review)." Third World Planning Review 18, no. 1 (1996): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/twpr.18.1.r3227h5h23326380.

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14

Teta, C., M. Ncube, and YS Naik. "Heavy metal contamination of water and fish in peri-urban dams around Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." African Journal of Aquatic Science 42, no. 4 (2017): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2017.1392925.

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15

Mutizwa-Mangiza, N. D. "The Organisation and Management of Urban Local Authorities in Zimbabwe: A Case Study of Bulawayo." Third World Planning Review 13, no. 4 (1991): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/twpr.13.4.02g5071940884544.

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16

Ncube, Thembie, S. Makurunje, and S. Dube. "Consumers’ views and use of labels on food items sold in Bulawayo urban province, Zimbabwe." AFRICAN JOURNAL OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE, NUTRITION AND DEVELOPMENT 17, no. 04 (2017): 12916–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.80.16345.

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17

Hari, Chiedza Angela. "The Relevance of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Local Governance toward Environmental Management for Sustainable Development: A Case of Bulawayo City Council, Zimbabwe." Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (2020): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/qjmss.v2i1.29024.

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Background: Inspired by Bertalanffy (1954)’s Systems Theory, this study sought to establish the relevance of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in local governance. Regardless of the overwhelming research on IKS, less attention has been put on its relevance to m.odern service delivery and seems to have lost its impact in influencing decision making. It was at the centre of this study,, therefore, to establish the relevance of IKS in local governance and establish the interconnectedness among local governance, IKS and environmental management for sustainable development. Predominantly, it focused on how IKS can be utilised as an integral system that contributes to the effective management of natural environment in urban cities, precisely Bulawayo Objective: The study strived towards contributing to the localisation of the Sustainable Development Goals within the Zimbabwean context in the best interest of the furtherance of sustainable cities for development with IKS at the centre of it all. Methods: Informed by the ontological interpretivist approach, this study adopted mixed methods of collecting data from 90 randomly selected residents of Bulawayo, three Environmental Management Agency officers and three Bulawayo City Council employees. Findings: One of the major findings was that IKS is silent in urban areas compared to the rural because of (although not limited to) a) lack of historical and sacred sites, b) ignorance of theexistence of IKS and c) adoption of technology. Referring to how IKS has been effectively utilised in the rural set up, this paper strongly believed that IKS as a system has an important role to play in this development discourse. Conclusions and Recommendations: Research should focus on the applicability of IKS in urban set up especial on its applicability to other environmental management aspects such as pollution and waste management. Implications: There must also be adequate transmission of information using proper channels for affirmation of IKS especially to the young generation and stakeholders should work together for sustainable management of the environment.

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18

Chinyama, A., P. T. Chipato, and E. Mangore. "Sustainable sanitation systems for low income urban areas – A case of the city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 50-52 (2012): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2012.08.010.

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19

Ndlovu, Sibonokuhle, Moreblessings Mpofu, and Philani Moyo. "Debunking the effectiveness of in-kind transfers in alleviating urban household food insecurity in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Development Southern Africa 37, no. 1 (2019): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2019.1584031.

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20

Ngulani, T., and C. M. Shackleton. "The degree, extent and value of air temperature amelioration by urban green spaces in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." South African Geographical Journal 102, no. 3 (2019): 344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2019.1685405.

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21

Admire, Jongwe. "Synergies between urban agriculture and urban household food security in Gweru City, Zimbabwe." Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 6, no. 2 (2014): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jdae2013.0506.

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22

Flynn, Karen Coen. "Urban Agriculture in Mwanza, Tanzania." Africa 71, no. 4 (2001): 666–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2001.71.4.666.

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AbstractMany people living in Mwanza, Tanzania, provision themselves through urban agriculture—the planting of crops and raising of animals in urban and peri-urban areas, as well as in the countryside. This article compares Mwanza's urban farmers with those in Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Ghana. Like Zimbabwe's urban agriculturalists, more and more of Mwanza's are not among the poorest of the poor. Much like Ghana's urban farmers, those in Mwanza are often middle and upper-class males with access to scarce land and inputs. Urban cultivators in Mwanza differ from those in Kenya and Zambia with regard to gender, socio-economic class and the factors motivating their farming activities. These findings suggest that even though socio-economic differentiation is on the increase in Tanzania it has not reached the levels of divergence found in Kenya and Zambia. Many of Mwanza's wealthier males continue to face enough job/income insecurity to choose to plant crops to support themselves and their household in lean times. They may also engage in urban agriculture because they are unable or unwilling to take advantage of more profitable investment opportunities outside the food market, or because they desire to spread risk across a number of different investments.

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23

Teta, C., BF Holbech, L. Norrgren, and YS Naik. "Occurrence of oestrogenic pollutants and widespread feminisation of male tilapia in peri-urban dams in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." African Journal of Aquatic Science 43, no. 1 (2018): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2017.1423269.

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24

Sigauke, Esther. "Connecting urban agriculture with design thinking: a case study from Zimbabwe." Journal of Environmental Education 52, no. 1 (2021): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2020.1855094.

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25

Masvaure, Steven. "Coping with food poverty in cities: The case of urban agriculture in Glen Norah Township in Harare." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 3 (2015): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000101.

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AbstractThe focus of this study is on urban agriculture which is a common informal sector activity across most sub-Saharan African cities. Urban agriculture is more common among poor urban households, and acts as a poverty coping mechanism. Poor households often spend more than 60% of their income on food alone. The major thrust of this study was to understand the underlying mechanisms driving farming in cities. A mixed method research approach was adopted and data was collected from 103 households in Glen Norah Township in Harare, Zimbabwe through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and observations. Arising from analysis of the data, the Urban Livelihoods Coping Model (ULCM) is proposed in order to explain the phenomenon of urban agriculture in African cities. This model acknowledges the fact that the socio-economic conditions and the socio-historical context of Zimbabwe and other African countries today is as a result of the influence of ‘Western leaning’ development policies influenced by modernization and associated theories. These theories combined with cultural factors and the impact of Structural Adjustment Policies resulted in the present situation where urban agriculture plays a critical role in the survival of the urban poor as a coping mechanism against food poverty. The ULCM ascribes the emergence of urban agriculture to necessity, ability and opportunity. The significance of this study is that it will contribute to understanding the socio-economic role of urban agriculture and how it can be factored into the urban planning systems of developing countries.

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26

Sammie, Batanai L., Charles Nyamutowa, and Munyaradzi Gwazane. "Perspectives on The Effectiveness of NGO Initiatives in Urban Agriculture In Zimbabwe." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 2 (2012): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/feb2014/176.

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27

Chisita, Collence Takaingenhamo, and Madeleine Fombad. "Knowledge Management for Climate Change Adaptation to Enhance Urban Agriculture Among Selected Organisations in Zimbabwe." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 19, no. 02 (2020): 2050009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649220500094.

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Just like any other country in the world, Zimbabwe is vulnerable to climate change because of its position in a semi-arid exposed temperature variations among other vulnerabilities. The paper draws on various definitions, studies, policies and frameworks for knowledge management as the basis for recommending knowledge management strategy for climate change adaptation to enhance urban farming in Harare. It seeks to build on the existing knowledge management strategies for climate change adaptation to enhance urban farming in Harare. Currently, knowledge management strategies for climate change adaptation among selected environmental organisations and libraries in Zimbabwe are not being leveraged to actualise national development goals, however this paper seeks to examine these strategies in order to support urban farming. A well-coordinated national knowledge management strategy for climate change adaptation can contribute towards sustainable urban farming. The paper seeks to recommend knowledge management strategy for climate change adaptation among urban farmers in Harare.

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28

Chihambakwe, Michelle, Paramu Mafongoya, and Obert Jiri. "Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture as A Pathway to Food Security: A Review Mapping the Use of Food Sovereignty." Challenges 10, no. 1 (2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe10010006.

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Renewed interest in the nexus between sustainability and food security has led to growing discussions on the use of food sovereignty principles in agricultural practice. As a result of the transfiguration of the urban and socioeconomic landscape in the global South, urban and peri-urban agriculture has been touted as a potential response to increasing food insecurity in cities. Yet, both urban and peri-urban agriculture and food sovereignty have attracted cursory scholarship and programming in Zimbabwe due to fixation on more dominant rural and conventional agriculture. Beyond the rudimentary idea that the urban landscape is unfit for food production, literature has demonstrated that urban households have ingrained urban and peri-urban agriculture into their livelihoods. Regardless, institutional arrangements governing the practice remain ambivalent towards the practice, bringing to question the ability of households to fully exploit the benefits of the practice. This review underscores that failure to involve of all stakeholders undermines urban and peri-urban agriculture, consequently leading to heightened food insecurity and use of unsustainable practices. By delving into the political economy of food, we hope to stimulate discussion centered on food sovereignty within and urban spaces and beyond.

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29

Sebata, Nobuhle, Clifford Mabhena, and Mkhokheli Sithole. "Does Urban Agriculture help improve women`s resilience to poverty? Evidence from low- income generating women in Bulawayo." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 19, no. 4 (2014): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-1943128136.

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30

Dube, Buhle. "Planning conflicts at the border: Interrogating Umguza-Bulawayo peri-urban survival strategies by large and small plot-holder farmers in Zimbabwe." Journal of Geography and Regional Planning 6, no. 4 (2013): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jgrp2013.0369.

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31

Stoneman, Colin. "The Industrialisation of Zimbabwe - Past, Present and Future." Afrika Focus 6, no. 3-4 (1990): 245–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0060304008.

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In this paper I look at Zimbabwe’s moderately successful industrialisation experience, past, present and future. The lessons that can be drawn from this experience in comparison with what has happened in other countries, both more and less succesful are: that there is a need for an intelligent state role; that both import substitution and export substitution are necessary; that emphasis on industry need not and must not be mean neglect of agriculture; and that the key problem is how to avoid enclave industrialisation which services urban elites but neglects the rest of the country and the region.

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32

Chaminuka, Nyasha, and Ernest Dube. "URBAN AGRICULTURE AS A FOOD SECURITY STRATEGY FOR URBAN DWELLERS: A CASE STUDY OF MKOBA RESIDENTS IN THE CITY OF GWERU, ZIMBABWE." PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (2017): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2017.32.2645.

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33

Moore, David, and Zenzo Moyo. "‘What Will We Be without Them?’ Rural Intellectuals in the State and NGOs in Zimbabwe’s Crisis-Ridden Countryside." Critical Sociology 44, no. 4-5 (2016): 595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920516656762.

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Research on NGOs in rural Zimbabwe suggests that ideas of automatic opposition between ‘civil society’ and/or non-governmental organizations and authoritarian states are too simple. Rather, relations between state and non-state organizations such as those referenced in this article, in the rural district of Mangwe about 200 kilometres south-west of Zimbabwe’s Bulawayo, are symbiotic. This contrasts with urban areas where political histories have led to more contested state-civil society relations in the last two decades, during which social movements with a degree of counter-hegemonic (or counter-regime) aspirations were allied with many NGOs and opposition political parties. Gramsci’s idea of ‘rural intellectuals’ could complement the widely used notion of ‘organic intellectuals’ to examine the members of the intelligentsia appearing to be at one with subordinate groups in the countryside and at odds with the state. Likewise state workers distant from the centre and close to their class peers in NGOs as well as their ‘subjects’ may operate with autonomy from their masters in ruling parties and states to assist, rather than repress, citizens and also to co-operate with NGO workers. This research indicates that discerning how hegemony works across whole state-society complexes is more complicated than usually perceived, given the many regional variations therein.

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34

Chirisa, Innocent, Trynos Gumbo, Veronica N. Gundu-Jakarasi, et al. "Interrogating Climate Adaptation Financing in Zimbabwe: Proposed Direction." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (2021): 6517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126517.

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Reducing vulnerability to climate change and enhancing the long-term coping capacities of rural or urban settlements to negative climate change impacts have become urgent issues in developing countries. Developing countries do not have the means to cope with climate hazards and their economies are highly dependent on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, water, and coastal zones. Like most countries in Southern Africa, Zimbabwe suffers from climate-induced disasters. Therefore, this study maps critical aspects required for setting up a strong financial foundation for sustainable climate adaptation in Zimbabwe. It discusses the frameworks required for sustainable climate adaptation finance and suggests the direction for success in leveraging global climate financing towards building a low-carbon and climate-resilient Zimbabwe. The study involved a document review and analysis and stakeholder consultation methodological approach. The findings revealed that Zimbabwe has been significantly dependent on global finance mechanisms to mitigate the effects of climate change as its domestic finance mechanisms have not been fully explored. Results revealed the importance of partnership models between the state, individuals, civil society organisations, and agencies. Local financing institutions such as the Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe (IDBZ) have been set up. This operates a Climate Finance Facility (GFF), providing a domestic financial resource base. A climate change bill is also under formulation through government efforts. However, numerous barriers limit the adoption of adaptation practices, services, and technologies at the scale required. The absence of finance increases the vulnerability of local settlements (rural or urban) to extreme weather events leading to loss of life and property and compromised adaptive capacity. Therefore, the study recommends an adaptation financing framework aligned to different sectoral policies that can leverage diverse opportunities such as blended climate financing. The framework must foster synergies for improved impact and implementation of climate change adaptation initiatives for the country.

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Nhapi, Innocent. "The water situation in Harare, Zimbabwe: a policy and management problem." Water Policy 11, no. 2 (2009): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.018.

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Harare, the capital city of Zimbabwe, is facing water quantity and quality problems, with serious pollution of the downstream Lake Chivero. Often, these problems are attributed to rapid population growth, inadequate maintenance of wastewater treatment plants, expensive technologies and a poor institutional framework. Rampant urban agriculture could also result in washing off and leaching of nutrients. This paper brings out a number of issues related to sustainable water management in Harare. The study was based on key informant interviews, focus group discussions and a literature review. The results show that monitoring and enforcement of regulations in Harare is poor because of economic hardships and lack of political will to deal with offenders. Also, there is irregular collection of garbage, low fines owing to hyper-inflation and a general failure by the city to collect water and other charges from residents. The city has also failed to raise tariffs to economic levels owing to heavy lobbying by residents and interference by government. It was concluded that Harare cannot overcome its water-related problems under the current set-up. It is recommended that a corporatised body, free from political influence and with a higher degree of autonomy, be established to run the water services for Harare and the neighbouring towns. Such a body would need a sound and flexible system for setting tariffs and enacting/enforcing reasonable regulations.

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Dhlamini-Sibanda, Sifisokuhle I., Virgininia Dube-Mawerewere, Grace Nkhoma, and Clara O. Haruzivishe. "A Study to Examine the Relationship between Social Support and Perception of Being Institutionalized among the Elderly Aged 65 Years and Above Who Are in Institutions in Bulawayo Urban, Zimbabwe." Open Journal of Nursing 07, no. 08 (2017): 905–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2017.78067.

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37

Nhapi, I., H. J. Gijzen, and M. A. Siebel. "A conceptual framework for the sustainable management of wastewater in Harare, Zimbabwe." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (2003): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0665.

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The aim of this study was to formulate an integrated wastewater management model for Harare, Zimbabwe, based on current thinking. This implies that wastewater is treated/disposed of as close to the source of generation as possible. Resource recovery and reuse in a local thriving urban agriculture are integrated into this model. Intervention strategies were considered for controlling water, nitrogen and phosphorus flows to the lake. In the formulation of strategies, Harare was divided into five major operational areas of high-, medium-, and low-density residential areas, and also commercial and industrial areas. Specific options were then considered to suit landuse, development constraints and socio-economic status for each area, within the overall criteria of limiting nutrient inflows into the downstream Lake Chivero. Flexible and differential solutions were developed in relation to built environment, population density, composition of users, ownership, future environmental demands, and technical, environmental, hygienic, social and organisational factors. Options considered include source control by the users (residents, industries, etc.), using various strategies like implementation of toilets with source separation, and natural methods of wastewater treatment. Other possible strategies are invoking better behaviour through fees and information, incentives for cleaner production, and user responsibility through education, legislative changes and stricter controls over industry.

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38

Thebe, Vusilizwe. "Legacies of ‘madiro’? Worker-peasantry, livelihood crisis and ‘siziphile’ land occupations in semi-arid north-western Zimbabwe." Journal of Modern African Studies 55, no. 2 (2017): 201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x17000052.

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AbstractThis paper examines acts of land ‘self-provisioning’ (‘siziphile’ land occupations) and ‘radical land restitution’ (of land previously annexed from people by the local authority for a pilot grazing project) by villagers in a communal area in Lupane District in north-western Zimbabwe. Situating these occurrences within the wider and historical context of ‘madiro’ (freedom farming and unauthorised development of settlements) and Matabeleland land politics and semi-proletarianisation, it stresses the livelihood history of households, the disappointments with local job opportunities and destruction of urban-based livelihoods in a crumbling economy, and the accompanying crisis of communal area agriculture. It concludes that these factors provided a real threat to semi-proletarianisation. By self-provisioning of the land the overriding concern of villagers was to maintain a certain level of livelihood survival, even if it was at odds with their livelihood strategies, while they sought opportunities to maintain semi-proletarianisation.

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K. Mwangi, Kennedy. "Legal Literacy as a Strategy for Economic Empowerment: A Case of the Implementation of By Laws on Urban Agriculture by Kadoma Municipality, Zimbabwe." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 21, no. 08 (2016): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-2108094658.

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Sinclair, Paul J. J. "Archaeology in Eastern Africa: An Overview of Current Chronological Issues." Journal of African History 32, no. 2 (1991): 179–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700025706.

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Even at this still early stage in the development of the chronostratigraphic framework in eastern Africa a number of important advances have been reported. As more attention is paid to the different responses of food producers to the variety of resources provided by the range of available environments then, and only then, will we be in a position to understand the diachronic processes which result in settlement aggregation and urban development.In the Lake Nyanza region at the hub of the Sudanic and Guinea–Congolian regional vegetation centres, early dates for iron working are not yet convincing enough to demonstrate independent invention of iron working, but the region is almost certainly the most important diffusion source of the technique to the eastern and southern sectors of the sub-continent.Currently available data from the Maasai–Somali region show clearly the early adoption of food production techniques and a capacity to absorb iron technology without necessarily abandoning pastoral production. This did not, however, mean a lack of development based on agriculture as the towns of the Somali coast with their advanced craft production clearly show. However, it is interesting that the urban development seems closely linked to the juxtaposition of the valuable agricultural resources provided by the Shabelle river running close to the coast and the marine resources of the littoral.The Zanzibar–Inhambane floral mosaic provides a context for the spread southwards of the early farming communities and for the development of the coastal towns. Particularly important here appears to have been the combination of surface and arboreal forms of agriculture with the exploitation of marine resources. Links eastwards with the specialized floral communities of the Comoro archipelago and Madagascar were also fully established. The highlands of Madagascar experienced the expansion from the eleventh century a.d. onwards of a settlement system increasingly focused upon hydraulic agriculture which culminated in the powerful Merina kingdom and ultimately the present day capital of Antananarivo.On the continent relatively little penetration into the Zambezian miombo woodland communities was achieved by the coastal urban dwellers. In the woodlands of the vast highlands of the interior different developmental trajectories of settlement systems occurred. Here food production cannot be shown to have become established earlier than the late first millennium b.c. But by the mid first millennium a.d. significant settlement hierarchies based on mixed cropping and cattle keeping were established on the Zimbabwe plateau and the margins of the Kalahari. These together with the incorporation of the opportunities presented by inter-regional exchange and the exotic trade goods penetrating from the coast ultimately gave rise to the powerful state formations of the Mapungubwe and Zimbabwe traditions.Together these developments show a remarkable degree of regional articulation and it remains true that an adequate understanding of the processes giving rise to urbanism in any part of eastern Africa cannot be understood in isolation.

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Robson, B. T., J. R. Walton, Iain Black, et al. "Review of Urban Population Development in Western Europe from the Late-Eighteenth to the Early-Twentieth Century, by Richard Lawton and Robert Lee; Land, Labour and Agriculture, 1700-1920, by B. A. Holderness and M. Turner; The Industrial Revolution, by P. Hudson; Merchant Enterprise in Britain from the Industrial Revolution to World War One, by S. Chapman; Rethinking the Victorians, by L. M. Shires; Forever England, by A. Light; The English Eliot, by S. Ellis; Women and the Women's Movement in Britain 1914-59, by M. Pugh; The Erosion of Childhood, by L. Rose; Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings, by P. M. H. Mazumdar; Feeding the Victorian City, by R. Scola; A History of Nature Conservation in Britain, by E. Evans; The Invention of Scotland, by M. G. H. Pittock; Understanding Scotland, by D. McCrome; A Social History of France 1780-1880, by P. McPhee; Province and Empire, by J. M. H. Smith; Reconstructing Large-Scale Climatic Patterns from Tree Ring Data, by H. C. Fritts; The Origins of Southwestern Agriculture, by R. G. Matson; Indian Survival on the California Frontier, by A. L. Hurtado; Appalachian Frontiers, by R. D. Mitchell; The Politics of River Trade, by T. Whigham; Full of Hope and Promise, by E. Ross; Aboriginal Peoples and Politics, by P. Tennant; Fortress California, 1910-1961, by R. W. Lotchin; Remaking America, by J. Bodnar; The Last Great Necessity, by D. C. Sloane; Hispanic Lands and Peoples, by W. M. Denevan; Writing Western History, by R. W. Etulain; Standing on the Shoulders of Giants, by N. J. W. Thrower; The Long Wave in the World Economy, by A. Tylecote; The End of Anglo-America, by R. A. Burchell; Painting and the Politics of Culture, by J. Barrell; Colonialism and Development in the Contemporary World, by C. Dixon and M. J. Heffernan; A World on the Move, by A. J. R. Russell-Wood; Colonial Policy and Conflict in Zimbabwe, by D. Mungazi; The New Atlas of African History, by G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville; Atlas of British Overseas Expansion, by A. N. Porter (Ed.); The Population of Britain in the Nineteenth Century, by R. Woods and The Development of the French Economy, by C. Heywood." Journal of Historical Geography 19, no. 2 (1993): 205–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhge.1993.1015.

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Mpofu, Busani. "Perpetual ‘Outcasts’? Squatters in peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Afrika Focus 25, no. 2 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v25i2.4946.

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After independence in 1980 Zimbabwe’s cities experienced a proliferation in the number of squatter camps. This was because of the failure of the urban economy to offer adequate housing and jobs, leaving peri-urban space as the only sanctuary for the urban poor to live in and eke out a living informally. The promotion of rural ‘growth points’ by the national government to promote rural development to discourage migration to urban areas failed. Yet, a poor policy response by the state to this negative outcome of rapid urbanisation that aims to reverse this rural-urban migration has led to unending confrontations between its various arms and squatters who continue to be regarded as encroachers. Focussing on Bulawayo, the second largest city in Zimbabwe, and based on interviews, archival research, Council minutes and newspapers, this article critiques the state’s urban development policy vis-à-vis squatters and informality. It is argued that the persist- ence of a salient perception by government officials that all Africans belong to rural areas and have access to land they can fall back on in hard times serves as a vital lubricant to the state’s action of forcibly sending squatters to rural areas. This ignores the historical pattern of rapid urbanisation and the growth of informal economies supporting the livelihoods of thousands of people. I seek to add to the literature on low-cost housing shortages, urban squatters and peri-urbanism in Zim- babwe and on studies of informality in Third World cities in general. Key words: squatters, outcasts, informality, institutional weaknesses, peri-urban Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

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Mhazo, Tafadzwa, and Vusilizwe Thebe. "‘Hustling Out of Unemployment’: Livelihood Responses of Unemployed Young Graduates in the City of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Journal of Asian and African Studies, June 27, 2020, 002190962093703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620937035.

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Youth unemployment has emerged as a major policy issue in the recent past. Within policy circles two solutions have been proposed: first, investing in youth education, and second, incorporating youth into agriculture. Our thesis, backed by a long history of proletarianisation, is that perceptions of work and agriculture, which have become deeply entrenched in society, tend to undermine any prospects of educated youth engaging in agriculture-based livelihoods. We develop our argument by focusing on the experiences, responses and livelihood pathways of young university graduates in the city of Bulawayo. We show that young graduate youth prefer livelihood activities which maintain their status as educated citizens, and that agriculture does not confer such status. We argue that young graduates’ aspirations and livelihood pathways are often dictated by societal attitudes and views of what is an acceptable occupation. In this regard, our thesis contradicts the widespread faith in agriculture placed by policymakers in Africa.

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Sikwila, Mike Nyamazana, Godwell Karedza, and Aldous Mungadza. "Tax Collection Constraints, and Tax Burden on the Urban Informal Sector Enterprises: Evidence from Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, November 1, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n6p79.

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Chuma, Constant, Dumisani J. Hlatywayo, Joseph Zulu, Innocent Muchingami, Robin T. Mashingaidze, and Vunganai Midzi. "Modelling the Subsurface Geology and Groundwater Occurrence of the Matsheumhlope Low Yielding Aquifer in Bulawayo Urban, Zimbabwe." Journal of Geography and Geology 5, no. 3 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v5n3p158.

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Bowyer-Bower, T. A. S., I. Mapaure, and R. B. Drummond. "Ecological degradation in cities: Impact of urban agriculture in Harare, Zimbabwe." JASSA: Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa 2, no. 2 (1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jassa.v2i2.16876.

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Sigauke, Esther. "Connecting urban agriculture with design thinking: a case study from Zimbabwe." Journal of Environmental Education, January 8, 2021, 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2020.1855094.

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Banda, Collium, and Gift Masengwe. "Overcoming fear? A search for an empowering theological response to the fear of witchcraft among urban Zimbabwean Christians." Verbum et Ecclesia 39, no. 1 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v39i1.1837.

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How can we make theological sense of the resilience of the fear of witchcraft among indigenous Zimbabwean Christians? From the perspective of the transcendence and immanence of God, this article analyses the resilience of the fear of witchcraft among African Christians in Zimbabwe. The article uses results of a case study conducted in Zimbabwe in a congregation belonging to the Churches of Christ in Zimbabwe (COCZ) in the city of Bulawayo. Using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, the study affirms that many African Christians struggle to overcome the fear of witchcraft in their lives. Witchcraft is feared because it is primarily viewed as an evil power that destroys life. The article analyses the awareness of witchcraft, the experiences of witchcraft and the responses to witchcraft among Zimbabwean Christians. The article proposes that African Christians be grounded on the transcendence and immanence of God as a way of overcoming the enduring fear of witchcraft.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: A meaningful response to the fear of witchcraft in Africa requires a multidisciplinary approach including phenomenology of religion, Christian doctrines and practical theology and pastoral care. The immanence and transcendency of God in a context of fear of witchcraft must be unpacked in the light of insights from phenomenology of religion, African traditional religions, discipleship and pastoral care.

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Fallala, Muriel S., and Robert Mash. "Cervical cancer screening: Safety, acceptability, and feasibility of a single-visit approach in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine 7, no. 1 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.742.

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Background: Cervical cancer is the commonest cancer amongst African women, and yet preventative services are often inadequate.Aim: The purpose of the study was to assess the safety, acceptability and feasibility of visual inspection with acetic acid and cervicography (VIAC) followed by cryotherapy or a loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP) at a single visit for prevention of cancer of the cervix.Setting:The United Bulawayo Hospital, Zimbabwe.Methods: The study was descriptive, using retrospective data extracted from electronic medical records of women attending the VIAC clinic. Over 24 months 4641 women visited the clinic and were screened for cervical cancer using VIAC. Cryotherapy or LEEP was offered immediately to those that screened positive. Treated women were followed up at three months and one year.Results: The rate of positive results on VIAC testing was 10.8%. Of those who were eligible, 17.0% received immediate cryotherapy, 44.1% received immediate LEEP, 1.9% delayed treatment, and 37.0% were referred to a gynaecologist. No major complications were recorded after cryotherapy or LEEP. Amongst those treated 99.5% expressed satisfaction with their experience. Only 3.2% of those treated at the clinic had a positive result on VIAC one year later. The service was shown to be feasible to sustain over time with the necessary consumables. There were no service-related treatment postponements and the clinic staff and facility were able to meet the demand for the service.Conclusion: A single-visit approach using VIAC, followed by cryotherapy or LEEP, proved to be safe, acceptable and feasible in an urban African setting in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Outcomes a year later suggested that treatment had been effective.

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Paradzai Munyede, Delis Mazambani, and Jakarasi Maja. "Enhancing youth participation in local governance: an assessment of urban and rural junior councils in Zimbabwe." Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance, June 28, 2021, 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/cjlg.vi24.7734.

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Over the years, youth participation in local decision-making across Africa has been minimal, despite the existence of enabling human rights frameworks on youth participation as well as institutions such as junior councils. This research aimed to compare the efficacy of Zimbabwe’s urban and rural junior councils in enhancing youth participation in local governance, which in turn would promote reform of the current participation frameworks, the realisation of children’s rights and ultimately productive community development. This paper is a product of qualitative research, combining desk research and key informant interviews with 22 council and ministry officials as well as eight focus group discussions with sitting and former junior councillors in Harare, Bulawayo, Bindura, Mutare, Masvingo, Rushinga, Makonde and Mbire. It was found that junior councils lacked adequate funding and technical support, resulting in tokenistic participation in local governance. Their legal status is unclear as both government ministries and local governments claim ownership. The research findings suggest that junior councils could be strengthened through the enactment of a specific legal framework to regulate their activities.

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