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1
Lee, Chien-Ti. "Taiwanese Adolescent Psychosocial Development in Urban and Rural Areas." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/613.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate Taiwanese adolescent psychosocial development (i.e., autonomy and identity development) based on psychosocial theoretical models developed in western societies. Data were collected from both public senior high and vocational high schools in both urban and rural areas in Taiwan. Adolescent participants, with an average age of 17 years old, included 447 (about 54% were females) from urban areas, and 702 (62% were females) from rural areas. The results of this study revealed that Taiwanese adolescents from both urban and rural areas were similar to adolescent developmental ranges suggested in western theories. There were a few variations revealed in this study, such as scores of internal consistency, average scores of each scale, associations among indicators, and the numbers of youth classified of certain developmental status. In general, the relationships between factors and adolescent psychosocial developmental outcomes did not moderate by regional differences. Identity development of Taiwanese youth from both areas was more likely to be predicted by both situational (e.g., family income and school type) and agential factors (e.g., collectivism, parent attachment, and resiliency) than Taiwanese adolescent cognitive, emotional, and behavioral autonomy. Higher family income level and greater resiliency scores were positively associated with high autonomy and/or achieved identity status. Strong beliefs in collectivism and secure attachments with parents did not significantly correlate with autonomy but did correlate with foreclosure identity status. Across the analysis models in this study, resiliency was the strongest factor which was associated with high autonomous status and identity achievement. Implications and further recommendations for research and practical uses were further discussed.
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Beynon, Eleanorah Louise. "Changing places, changing identities : finding one's place in contemporary Chinese urban society." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249407.
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Galloway, James A. "Colchester and its region, 1310-1560 : wealth, industry and rural-urban mobility in a medieval society." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/18899.
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Beasley, Sydney Brooks. "Implementing water and sanitation systems in rural India : the role of NGOs." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118264.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018.<br>Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2018..<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 91-93).<br>NGOs are an important actor in rural India, and are increasingly important in implementing water and sanitation infrastructure. This thesis first systematically investigates physical conditions that lead to good bacteriological water quality in rural India, and then investigates how NGOs are inserting themselves into this space. Ultimately, this work examines under what conditions NGOs are effective in advancing water and sanitation systems, with a focus on how they build up, empower, and utilize local community organizations to do so. Thus, the strategies of two NGOs working in rural India that have facilitated the implementation of water and sanitation infrastructure are analyzed using an extension of Field Theory by Asad & Kay (2014). The way these NGOs create alliances, use resources, and change frames to advance water and sanitation infrastructure are similar in some ways, while distinct in others. This analysis demonstrates that these organizations are able to harmonize and negotiate their development agenda with that of the state in order to make progress in water and sanitation systems. Combining a systems analysis of rural communities' water quality with an analysis of strategies of NGOs illuminates practical implications for how policymakers can expect these organizations to incorporate new technologies and policies.<br>by Sydney Brooks Beasley.<br>M.C.P.<br>S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Bane, Jonas, and Garcia Ida Bromarker. "Social hållbarhet i den cirkulära ekonomin : Förväntade skillnader mellan storstad och landsbygd i Sverige." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-44650.
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Den svenska strategin för att implementera en cirkulär ekonomi avser att stödja Agenda 2030 för hållbar utveckling. Dock kritiserar den akademiska litteraturen konceptet cirkulär ekonomi för bristande inkludering av social hållbarhet. Eftersom implementeringsåtgärder redan införs storskaligt både nationellt och i EU, har frågan lyfts om dess lämplighet i olika regionala kontext. Således ämnar denna studie att undersöka hur de aviserade åtgärderna för cirkulär ekonomi förväntas påverka social hållbarhet i svenska storstads- och landsbygdskommuner på olika sätt. En enkätundersökning utfördes till folkvalda politiker i 37 svenska kommuner. Resultaten visar att sociala hållbarhetsaspekter generellt inte förväntas påverkas nämnvärt i omställningen till cirkulär ekonomi. Detta kan förklaras med dess frånvaro i den politiska konceptualiseringen av cirkulär ekonomi. Vidare finner vi att landsbygdskommuner generellt är mer positiva till styrmedel för cirkulär ekonomi än storstadskommunerna. Vi avslutar med att föreslå att den svenska politiska tolkningen av cirkulär ekonomi skulle kunna justeras för att bidra till sociala hållbarhetsmål mer effektivt.<br>The Swedish strategy for implementing a circular economy aims to support the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. However, academic literature is increasingly criticizing the circular economy concept for its lack of inclusion of social sustainability. With implementation measures already taking place economy-wide both nationally and in the EU, questions have been raised concerning its suitability to different regional contexts. Thus, this study aims to explore how the announced policies for circular economy are expected to affect social sustainability in urban and rural Swedish municipalities differently. A survey was conducted to elected officials in 37 Swedish municipalities. The results show that social sustainability aspects are generally not expected to be noticeably affected in the transition to circular economy. This could be due to its absence in the political conceptualization of the circular economy. Furthermore, we find that rural municipalities are generally more positive to the circular economy policies than their urban counterparts. We conclude by proposing that the Swedish political interpretation of the circular economy could be adjusted to support social Sustainable Development Goals more effectively.
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Butler, Olivia. "Let's Do Away with Urban : Autoethnographic Adventures in Stockholms län." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-182403.
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The spatial categorisations of urban and rural are still used in academia, lay terminology and policy formation in spite of a postmodern obsession with the deconstruction of binaries. Hitherto, the urban rural dichotomy has been exposed to little scrutiny, and the critiques that have been made come from the epistemological standpoint of total urbanisation which assumes the rural will be effaced by a perennial urban sprawl. The rural urban dichotomy is a derivative of the larger ideological dualism of nature and society and it has long been postulated, particularly from the standpoint of political ecology, that in the Anthropocene, nature does not exist beyond human influence. This would, in theory, support the theory that rural space is becoming effaced. Previous studies have, however, demonstrated that this subjugation of the rural to the urban works to stigmatise rural populations and engender disenfranchisement that has led to a resurgence in far-right nationalism across much of Europe. This subjugation has been enforced through this very urban norm in which both technocrats and academics favour the urban as a field for policy formation and research. When attempting to define the urban and the rural, it was found that the terms (a) are confused and confusing, evading any useful definition; (b) perpetuate a false neutrality that assumes a linear progression from rural to urban and (c) fail to recognise the complexities of space which resists binary distinctions. As such, I used Lefebvre’s spatial trifecta which suggests space is produced by three complimentary and contradictory processes: of perceived space (the material space of what we can actually see and touch, altered by seemingly banal everyday practices), conceived space (the (re)representations of space that are circulated by planners and technocrats) and lived space (the affectual space of emotion, memory and meanings) in order to think through the problems of the binary. As such, this thesis aimed to explore whether the urban and the rural still function as legitimate spatial categories and, in doing so, used an emplaced, embodied and mobile exploration of five case studies within Stockholms län in order to explore the phenomena. This was appropriate as it mirrored the affectual potential believed to be induced through rural and natural landscapes. Indeed, by developing a methodology that can better account for lived space, we can attempt to dislodge perceived and conceived spaces as the more easily accessible conceptual framework for thinking through space. The findings showed that there were many different species of urban and rural spaces, many spaces that were both urban and rural and many that were neither. Indeed, an acquiescence of purportedly rural and urban features within purportedly urban spaces, and vice versa, was the most telling result in terms of disrupting the idea that the urban and rural are stable but antipodal spatial categories. I also found the rural to be a coterminous process that produces space with and against urban landscapes, and thus should not be subjugated.
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Toledo, Maria Cristina Moiana de. "O Malabarista: um estudo sobre o professor de sala multisseriada por meio do município de Jussara - GO." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2005. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/1057.
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Previous issue date: 2005-09-01<br>Formal education, which historically was aimed at agricultural workers, was noteworthy for
the exclusive attitude of the ruling class, reducing education to mere schooling, and
established the notion that the rural worker needed no more than basic literacy. This belief
has led, over the years, to the precarious situation of rural schools, both in their physical
structure and in the inadequate preparation of teachers. Consisting essentially of a mixed level
or one-teacher class, this school is defined as having one class and a single teacher who
teaches the first four levels of primary education in the same place at the same time. This is
the context of our research theme and the teachers of mixed level classes in rural areas were
the focus of our study. Often overlooked in educational research, the teacher of mixed level
classes tends to be represented as a juggler dividing herself between the various roles imposed
on her, and a teacher who manages to facilitate the learning of up to eighteen children at the
same time. by giving these teachers a voice, a dialogue was established. We could then reveal
the social inequality and the contradictions of the rural and non-rural school. For theoretical
support, we took as a basis the studies of Sérgio Leite (1999); Jadir Pessoa (1997); Carlos
Brandão (1990); Julieta Calazans (1993); Márcia Regina Andrade and Maria Clara Di Pierro
([20--]); Edgar Kolling, Nery and Mônica Molina (1999) in relation to research on rural
education. The foundation for the arguments was found in Marx and Engels (1977); Marilena
Chauí (2003); Gaudêncio Frigotto (1995); Miguel Arroyo (1995); Iria Brzezinski, Maria
Esperança Carneiro and Wanderley Brito (2004); Acácia Kuenzer (1987); Osmar Fávero
(2001); Carlos Jamil Cury (2001) and others. An effort was made to understand the
movement, the process, the contradictions (dialectic method) in historical materialism
(methodology) which seek the basis of societies in the socio-historical formation and in
relation to production. Taking dialectic materialism as its starting point, this study took a
cross-section to get to know and to show the reality of the mixed-level teachers, of the
students and of the parents. Qualitative research was used in this study. Descriptive/analytical
study was also decided upon, using the following techniques: open interviews, free
observation, filed trip notes and closed questionnaires in order to collect socio-economic data.
The criterion for the selection of teachers was that the school in which they work should be
situated on the farms. Understanding of the thin line separating the urban from the rural shows
itself when many of the inhabitants of the poor suburbs, which are characterised more as a
product of the deterioration of the cities than of urban development, have a tense relationship
with urban culture. As they worked in the rural areas, they maintain the rural culture of their origin. It is apparent, moreover, that the rural school arises as a result of interests linked to
industrialisation and urban growth, that rural education receives marginal treatment in official
documents, and that the rural school is distinguished by its link to the work and culture of the
rural area. We have tried to show that education in the rural area at the beginning of the 21st
century is going through a process of change, demanded by social movements, bringing
together the forgotten voices of groups socially repressed, but at the same time generators of
knowledge and means of survival. The jugglers . i.e. the rural teachers, students and
parents, who in their statements show a quite different reality from that described by
municipal authorities.<br>O ensino formal, que historicamente se destinou aos trabalhadores do campo, foi marcado
pelo consenso de exclusão por parte da classe dominante, reduzindo a educação à
escolarização e estabeleceu, ideologicamente, que ao homem do campo era suficiente o
domínio das primeiras letras. Essa realidade tem gerado, ao longo dos anos, a situação de
precariedade em que viveu e ainda vive a escola do campo, seja em relação à estrutura física,
seja pelo insuficiente grau de formação do professor. Constituída essencialmente por sala
multisseriada ou unidocente, essa escola se caracteriza por possuir uma sala e ter um só
professor que ministra aulas para as quatro séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, no mesmo
local e ao mesmo tempo. Nesse contexto recaiu o tema da pesquisa e o professor da zona rural
de sala multisseriada constituiu o nosso objeto de estudo. Pouco lembrado nas pesquisas sobre
educação, o professor de sala multisseriada acabou por apresentar-se como um malabarista no
sentido de desdobrar-se entre as variadas atribuições que lhe foram impingidas e o professor
que consegue mediar aprendizagem para até dezoito crianças, simultaneamente. Ao dar voz
a esses professores, estabeleceu-se um diálogo. Pudemos, então, desvendar a desigualdade
social e as contradições da escola no campo e não do campo. Para o apoio teórico tomamos
por base os estudos de Sérgio Leite (1999); Jadir Pessoa (1997); Carlos Brandão (1990);
Julieta Calazans (1993); Márcia Regina Andrade e Maria Clara Di Pierro ([20--]); Edgar
Kolling, Nery e Mônica Molina (1999) em relação ao estudo da pesquisa no sentido da
educação no campo. O fundamento para as discussões foi encontrado em Marx e Engels
(1977); Marilena Chauí (2003); Gaudêncio Frigotto (1995); Miguel Arroyo (1995); Iria
Brzezinski, Maria Esperança Carneiro e Wanderley Brito (2004); Acácia Kuenzer (1987);
Osmar Fávero (2001); Carlos Jamil Cury (2001) e outros. Procurou-se apreender o
movimento, o processo, as contradições (método dialético) no materialismo histórico
(metodologia) que buscam os fundamentos das sociedades nas formações sócio-históricas e na
relação de produção. Tomando por fundamentação o materialismo dialético, esta pesquisa fez
um recorte para conhecer e tornar evidente a realidade dos professores de sala multisseriada,
dos alunos e pais. A pesquisa qualitativa foi utilizada para este estudo. Optou-se, também,
pelo estudo descritivo/analítico, utilizando as seguintes técnicas: entrevistas abertas,
observação livre, anotações de campo e questionário fechado para o levantamento de dados
sócio-econômicos. O critério para a seleção dos professores foi que a escola, em que eles
trabalham, estivesse situada nas fazendas. O entendimento da tênue linha que separa o urbano
do rural apresenta-se quando muitos moradores nas periferias pobres, que se caracterizam mais como produto da degradação da cidade do que, propriamente, do desenvolvimento
urbano, acabam tendo uma relação tensa com a cultura urbana. Como trabalhavam no campo,
reafirmam sua cultura rural de origem. Explicita, ainda, que a escola rural surge em função de
interesses ligados à industrialização e urbanização, recebendo a educação rural tratamento
periférico nos textos oficiais, e a Escola do Campo que se distingue pelo vínculo com o
trabalho e a cultura do campo. Buscou-se mostrar que o ensino na zona rural passa, no início
do século XXI, por um processo de mudança, reivindicada pelos movimentos sociais,
acolhendo as vozes esquecidas de grupos sociais subalternos, mas produtores de saberes e
formas de sobrevivência. Pertencem a esse grupo os malabaristas , ou seja, os professores da
roça , alunos e pais, que em seus depoimentos mostraram uma realidade diversa do discurso
das autoridades municipais.
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Racaud, Sylvain. "Les montagnes Uporoto entre ville et campagne, géographie de flux et integration territoriale en Tanzanie." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00967439.
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Les montagnes Uporoto sont un territoire agricole densément peuplé dont les conditions environnementales permettent la production d'une gamme variée de cultures à destination des marchés urbains nationaux. Située à 1700 m d'altitude, à la périphérie sud-ouest de la Tanzanie, la ville de Mbeya compte environ 400 000 habitants. Elle est la métropole régionale et la porte d'entrée pour les pays enclavés de la sous-région. La ville de Mbeya et les Uporoto sont des entités entre l'urbain et le rural et entre plusieurs échelles géographiques. La fonction d'échange prédomine, elle s'appuie sur l'essor d'un modèle agricole basé sur les cultures alimentaires commerciales. A travers une approche systémique, ce travail géographique montre comment le développement agricole et l'urbanisation sont imbriqués et produisent les causes et les effets de leurs dynamiques. Le propos s'organise en quatre parties et neuf chapitres qui analysent comment l'émergence d'un modèle d'intégration fondé sur de nouvelles cultures commerciales, reposant sur un réseau de marchés et sur la complexité des flux, produit un système qui redéfinit la montagne et sa place dans le territoire. La cohésion du système montagnard est fondée sur les complémentarités à l'intérieur du massif et entre ce dernier et les basses terres, elle est imprégnée de logiques commerciales qui renforcent la dépendance des Uporoto vis-à-vis du marché. Cette thèse propose que l'organisation extravertie du système montagnard participe à une fragmentation du massif et à une intégration défaillante au territoire national.
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Westman, Malin. "Women of Thailand : A minor field study about how nine women in urban and rural areas of Thailand look at their lives in the area of education, gender equality and influence in society, from a democratic perspective." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Social Anthropology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-54542.
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<p>This study is based on a field study carried out in Thailand during November and December 2009. The material is based on in-depth interviews with nine women that live in the northern parts of Thailand. Seven of them belong to the Karen minority group. The purpose of the study has been to highlight the different perspectives that exist in the city, and in the rural region, in the question of education and employment, equality in the household, and participation in society within the political area. The theoretical perspective has been preceded from a democratic perspective at an individual level.</p><p>The results show that education is relevant in how women see themselves, and also gender equality in the household can be connected to influence in social life outside the household. This also shows that traditional norms play an important role. Especially in the case that the woman traditionally in Thailand has been responsible for the household, while the husband in the family has had responsibility for political decisions in society. Education can be seen to provide better conditions in life for women; an opportunity for more jobs, as well as an opportunity for an income. One difference is that for some rural women, educational aims are to learn to read and write Thai, while all the women in the city point out that a degree from the university is important.</p><p>The comparison for women's responsibilities in the household and child-rearing shows that the rural women I interviewed in general are taking a greater responsibility in the household since the husbands are working a lot. The women in the city split the household chores more often between husband and wife. The Karen women I interviewed have highlighted the importance of the family, and then also their relatives. In the past, minority groups have been more vulnerable in the country, which could play a part in that family and relatives still are an additional safety net.</p><p>In the area of participation in society outside the household, women in the rural area strongly believe that participation on a political level is an issue for men. And despite higher degree of education the women don’t have an increasing interest in participating. The women in the rural area though live close to the political authorities, which means that the majority of the women there have spoken directly to the leaders and thus can influence. Here, the level of education does not matter. </p><p>The women in the city have not talked directly to the leaders to the same extent. Meanwhile, one of the women in the city has engaged herself politically. She thinks she could get respect, both as a woman and as Karen. She also sees that the possibilities for women to participate are growing in the cities, where the level of education generally is higher. Though, the other interviewees in the city would not want to be politically active. The only interest for them is to read about the situation and to vote. The women also speak about the leader as corrupt and selfish, which leads to low confidence in politicians. </p><p>Finally, the study shows that traditional norms are still strong in the country, despite education and more equality in the household. Especially that woman should be responsible for the household, while the husband involve in social issues. This is shown particularly in the rural areas. In the city however, this is not highlighted in the same way. The women there have freed themselves more from the traditional norms. And two of the women with a higher degree, can run a household on only one salary. Several of my interviewees have also been moving between urban and rural areas. This makes transition between urban and rural areas not as strong as it were earlier, now it’d more gradual. At the same time the women have an everyday life in the specific social context, which result in that traditional norms are still stronger in the rural areas.</p><br><p>Denna studie baseras på en fältstudie som utförts i Thailand under november och december år 2009. Materialet utgår från djupintervjuer med nio kvinnor som lever i de norra delarna av Thailand. Sju av dessa kommer från minoritetsfolket Karen. Syftet med studien har varit att synliggöra de olika perspektiv som finns, i stad, respektive på landsbygd, i områdena utbildning och arbete, jämställdhet i hushållet, samt deltagande i samhällslivet inom den politiska sfären. Det teoretiska perspektivet har utgått från ett demokratiskt perspektiv på en individnivå.</p><p>Resultaten visar att utbildning har betydelse för hur kvinnorna ser på sig själva, och även jämställdhet i hemmet kan kopplas till inflytande i samhällslivet. Här visar också att traditionella normer spelar en viktig roll. Speciellt i fråga om att kvinnan traditionellt i Thailand har haft ansvaret för hushållet, medan mannen i familjen har haft ansvaret för politiska beslut i samhället. Utbildning ses också som möjligheten till bättre förutsättningar i livet för kvinnorna, en möjlighet till fler jobb, samt en möjlighet till inkomst. En skillnad är dock att hos flera kvinnor på landsbygden syftar utbildning till att lära sig att kunna skriva och läsa Thai, medan alla kvinnor i staden framhåller att en utbildning med universitetsexamen är viktigt.</p><p>I jämförelsen för kvinnornas ansvar i hushållet samt barnuppfostran, visar de intervjuade kvinnorna på landsbygden generellt att kvinnorna tar störst ansvar i hemmet då männen arbetar mycket. I staden är en uppdelning mellan hushållssysslorna större. Samtidigt kan två av kvinnorna i staden klara sig själva på en egen inkomst. De Karen-kvinnor jag intervjuat har lyft fram familjens betydelse, och då också sina släktingar. Tidigare har minoritetsgrupperna varit mer utsatta i landet, vilket kan spela in i att familj och släkt blir ett extra skyddsnät.</p><p>Gällande deltagande i samhället utanför hushållet, menar kvinnorna på landsbygden starkare att detta är en fråga för männen. Trots utbildning för kvinnorna ökar inte intresset för att delta nämnvärt. En av kvinnorna känner dock inflytande med hjälp av sin utbildning. Dock lever kvinnorna närmare de politiska makthavarna på landsbygden, vilket gör att majoriteten av kvinnorna där direkt talat med ledarna och på det sättet har inflytande. Här har inte utbildningsnivån spelat roll.</p><p>Kvinnorna i staden har dock inte i samma utsträckning talat direkt med ledarna. Samtidigt har en av kvinnorna i staden själv engagerat sig politiskt. Hon kände där att hon kunde få respekt, både som kvinna och Karen. Hon ser också att möjligheterna för kvinnor att delta ökar i städerna där utbildningsnivån generellt också är högre. Allmänt är informanterna annars intresserade av situationen och går och röstar. Majoriteten har dock inget intresse av att själva delta. Kvinnorna talar också om ledarna som korrumperade och själviska, vilket leder till ett lågt förtroende för politikerna.</p><p>Slutligen visar studien att traditionella normer fortfarande lever starkt i landet, trots utbildning och mer jämställdhet i hushållet. Där kvinnan ska ansvara för hushållet medan mannen engagerar sig i samhällsfrågor. Detta visas framförallt på landsbygden. I staden är dock inte detta lika tydligt och där har kvinnorna frigjort sig mer från traditionella normer. Flera av mina informanter rör sig också över stora områden och mellan stad och landsbygd. Det gör att övergångarna mellan stad och landsbygd inte blir så starka som de tidigare varit, de blir mer gradvisa. Samtidigt visar informanterna att vardagslivet i det specifika sammanhanget påverkar den sociala kontexten, vilket gör att traditionella normer fortfarande lever starkare på landsbygden.</p>
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Siciliano, Giuseppina <1976>. "Integrated approaches for evaluating development strategies in rural areas: case studies from Italy and China." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/933.
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L’obbiettivo della presente tesi e’ duplice: (i) analizzare la possibile integrazione di modelli multiscala e multicriteriali per valutare l’efficacia di politiche di sviluppo rurale nel raggiungimento di obiettivi di sostenibilita’; (ii) esplorare, tramite l’applicazione dei suddetti modelli, gli impatti economici, ambientali e sociali di specifiche strategie di sviluppo rurale in due aree di studio localizzate in Italia e Cina. L’analisi si basa sulla selezione e valutazione di indicatori multidimensionali, che fanno riferimento ai principali obiettivi delle politiche studiate. Inoltre, un’analisi multiscala e’ realizzata per definire i possibili limiti e trade-off di future politiche di sviluppo a diverse scale di analisi. L’utilizzo delle due metodologie si e’ dimostrato particolarmente efficace per la realizzazione di uno studio integrato in grado di rappresentare, tramite analisi qualitative e quantitative, l’aspetto multidimensionale delle politiche di sviluppo rurale.<br>The objective of this thesis is twofold: (1) to investigate the synergies arising from the implementation of multi-scale and multi-criteria approaches in the evaluation of rural development policies (RDP); (2) to explore the impacts and trade-offs of RDP in two selected case studies located in Italy and China. The thesis argues that multi-criteria and multi-scale approaches can be combined to provide a useful framework with which to structure an integrated analysis of RDP in order to assess their effectiveness in achieving sustainability goals across scales. The analysis is performed by selecting and evaluating multidimensional criteria, which represent the main goals of development policies in the areas of study. Moreover, multi-scale analysis is performed to define boundary conditions and trade-offs for future local development. The use of the two methodologies appears to be very significant to capture both the multidimensional and multi-scale aspects of the Rural Development Policies analysed and to generate several sets of “view-dependent” representations of rural systems that are useful for trade-off assessments.
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Van, Niekerk Jacomina. "Kultuurtekste oor verstedeliking 'n vergelyking van Afrikaner- en swart verstedeliking in literêre tekste /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08032009-182300.
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Lindell, Johan. "Cosmopolitan Divide? : Examining the Tension Field Between Media, Residential Patterns and Cosmopolitan Attitudes." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-4457.
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<p> </p><p>Today, global media such as the Internet provides media audiences scattered across the globe with the possibility of cross-cultural moral interaction upon a plethora of global digital public spheres. Such trends have been the catalyst for increased academic attention to the field of media and morality and the notion of media audiences as global citizens – ‘cosmopolitans at home’, consuming a wide array of mediated, global images and thus enforcing a proximity with the ‘distant Other’. Parallel to such trends is the dichotomous relationship between rural- and urban areas that have emerged as increasingly ambivalent in ‘network society’. Due to the ‘urbanization of media culture’ and the ‘digital divide’, it is argued that rural areas, in an era characterized by global interconnectedness, are rendered dysfunctional. On the other hand however, media can be argued to promote inclusion and new possibilities for rural people.</p><p> </p><p>This study set out to empirically examine the tension field between residential patterns (rural/urban), the media (Internet) and cosmopolitanism. Setting out from the research questions: (1) <em>What variables determine a ‘cosmopolitan outlook’ in Sweden?</em>, (2) <em>Does media use/access promote a ‘cosmopolitan outlook’, and under what circumstances?</em>, and (3) <em>Is there a ‘cosmopolitan divide’ between different residential patterns – and if so: how does it relate to different patterns of media use and access?</em>.<em> </em>To attend the research questions, data from the annual national survey, Riks-SOM 2008, was analysed and the findings indicated the general trends for the Swedish cosmopolitan was, in accordance with other empirical accounts, young and well educated. Furthermore, respondents ‘high’ on Internet use where more likely to be cosmopolitans – confirming theoretical accounts of e.g. Anthony Giddens, Ulrich Beck and Dick Hebdige. Also, ‘locality’ proved to be more important for rural people than for people living in metropolitan areas. Finally, men and women displayed different ‘cosmopolitan patterns’: rural women being more cosmopolitan than metropolitan women in terms of a ‘willingness to move to a country outside of Europe’ while men displayed the opposite, following the hypothesis.</p><p> </p>
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Clark, Mark William. "A society transformed : a political analysis of rural Malay society." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28165.
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This thesis presents a political analysis of rural Malay society in Peninsular Malaysia. Like other traditional societies in Southeast Asia, Peninsular Malaysia has had to contend with the intrusion of economic modernization and the adoption of western democratic institutions and processes. These influences have had a profound affect on how politics is conducted in these states. Since governments must now acquire and maintain the support of a largely rural based population through the electoral principle, these governments must link their bureaucracies and political structures with the peasant in order to maintain stability for their governing bodies. One important way of achieving this goal is to coopt into the institutions of state, those persons viewed by the villager as leaders of their community.
What, then, becomes the glue which bonds the villager to state institutions? That glue is the patron-client relationship. The coopting of a patron produces the necessary linkage between state institutions and the villager. But in order for this connection process to be completed, these leaders must in turn connect with higher level leaders (patrons) who operate within pyramidal structures of patron-client relationships throughout the various levels of the bureaucracy and political structures. I refer to these linkage connections as "linchpins".
By examining a number of village case studies in Peninsular Malaysia, I provide evidence that the nature of the patron-client relationship has been transformed by the modern state influences. The political dominance of the government has created patron-client structures influenced by the political institutions (e.g., political parties). This political influence has weakened the ability of the bureaucracy to function with any effective linchpins between it and the villager. On the other hand, the political influence has strengthened the linchpin connections between the villager and the politicians. The effects of this dominance has not only shifted patron-client relationships but also has created the environment for either alliance formation, through the existing power structure as factions (within a political party, for example), or has created the potential for peasant group action which could be manifested in protest movements generated outside the patron-client structure. The result could be a weakening or dissolution of patron-client structures. Combine these possibilities and the result will be inimical to state stability.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Political Science, Department of<br>Graduate
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Zhuang, Chenyan. "L’action de la personne et la dynamique de la société : à travers le cas des écoles d'enfants migrants à Beijing." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN20030/document.
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Notre recherche a pour objet le processus de légalisation des écoles créées par des travailleurs paysans en ville pour scolariser leurs enfants. Contrairement aux chercheurs qui essayent jusqu’à présent de donner une explication factuelle du phénomène, nous avons souhaité en faire un laboratoire pour éclairer la question suivante : comment des initiatives privées émergent pour devenir des projets porteurs de bien commun et comment le bien commun évolue pour devenir un bien public et réformer la gouvernance de la Cité ? Plus brièvement, nous souhaitons clarifier le rôle de la personne dans les changements sociaux. Cette recherche s’est attachée à montrer ce qui se passe effectivement en Chine, notamment le rôle dynamique des initiatives privées dans les évolutions politiques et institutionnelles du pays, à travers l’exemple des directeurs d’écoles d’enfants migrants. Sur le plan théorique, la recherche a été conduite à mettre à l’épreuve une théorie socioanthropologique de la personne, dépassant l’habituelle dichotomie entre l’individuel et le collectif, et à vérifier comment celle-ci, avec ses capacités instituante et éthique, participe à l’émergence et à la construction du bien publicet à l’évolution de la Cité<br>This study focuses on the legalization process of schools created by migrant workers of rural origin in order to educate their children. Unlike researchers who have tried so far to give a factual explanation of the phenomenon, we aim to take this case as a laboratory to shed a light on the following question: how do private initiatives emerge to become projects embodying a common good and how does the common good evolve into a public good and reform the governance of the City? Morebriefly, we want to clarify the role of the person in social change. Our research seeks to demonstrate what is actually happening in China, in particular the dynamic role of private initiatives in the political and institutional evolutions of this country, taking as example directors of schools for migrant children. On the theoretical side, the study was conducted to test a socioanthropological theory of the person, beyond the usual dichotomy between the individual and the collectivity, and see how the person, with his or her instituant and ethical capacities, participate in the emergence and construction of the public good and the evolution of the City
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Lee, Sudhamma. "Rural-Urban Migration in China." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533797.
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Almeida, Mara Elisabete da Silva. "Urban preferences for rural landscapes." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/12387.
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A crescente procura social por paisagens rurais, nomeadamente pelas suas funções
não produtivas, tem sido evidente na região mediterrânica. Os urbanos tornaram-se
novos utilizadores do espaço rural principalmente pelas actividades de recreio e como
local de residência e para identificar quais os requisitos destas funções no âmbito da
gestão da paisagem e do espaço rural torna-se necessário um conhecimento mais
vasto no que respeita às preferências de paisagem destes utilizadores. O objectivo
deste estudo é identificar as preferências de paisagem dos urbanos. Um questionário
baseado em fotografias foi o suporte para 308 entrevistas aplicadas em 10 concelhos
do Alentejo. Este questionário foi aplicado a oito grupos de utilizadores com origem
urbana (habitantes rurais, novos rurais, chefes de exploração, caçadores, utilizadores
com segunda residência, visitantes regulares, turistas e eco-turistas). Os resultados
indicam que existe uma clara diferenciação nas preferências dos urbanos,
condicionada pela funcionalidade associada à paisagem rural, pela nacionalidade e
pela ligação que os utilizadores têm à agricultura. Apesar da divergência de
preferências os resultados demonstram que a agricultura tem uma forte influência nas
escolhas dos urbanos e que os valores de consumo, embora estejam na base das
funções que estes utilizadores procuram no espaço rural, estão fortemente associados
a valores de protecção e produção; ### ABSTRACT:
Society’s’ growing demand for rural landscapes, mainly for its non-productive functions,
has been observed in Mediterranean rural landscapes. Urban dwellers became new
users of the countryside mainly for residential and recreational activities. To identify the
requirements of these functions in the landscape and rural space management, a
better understanding is needed regarding landscape preferences expressed by these
users. The aim of this study is to identify landscape preferences among urban rooted.
A photo-based survey, applied in 10 municipalities in the Alentejo region, Southern
Portugal, was the support for 308 interviews carried out to eight groups of landscape
users (rural inhabitants, new rural inhabitants, landowners, hunters, second residents,
regular visitors, tourists and eco-tourists) all with an urban living background. Results
show that preferences among urban rooted diverge according to landscape’s functional
aspects, user’s nationality and connection to farming. Despite the variance on
preferences results demonstrate that farming has a strong influence on preferences
among all urban users. Consumption values, although being in the basis of urban
user’s main purpose in rural space, are closely connected to production and protection
values.
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CLARK, II DONALD EDWARD. "PUBLIC DESIGN IN TODAY'S URBAN SOCIETY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1053438394.
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Clark, II Donald E. "Public design in today's urban society." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1053438394.
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Gohar, E. S. "Sudden change, society and urban form." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/32307.
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Stewart, Donald J. "Rural students-urban schools: Rural students' experiences of computing in their urban post-compulsory education." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36676/1/36676_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.
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This research focuses on the origins and nature of one cohort of students' computing experience as they progressed from their isolated rural junior setting to senior schooling in urban locations. The study investigated the influence of parents, teachers, peers and the wider rural community on their development as students in general. The data collection concentrated especially on how their rural upbringing influenced their educational outcomes, but serendipitously revealed the considerable effects of the religious beliefs held by many in their community. This further enhanced the capacity of the thesis to identify strategies needed to address the dilemmas that these students experienced.
The study followed those members of a single cohort of students as they ended their compulsory education in a rural school and proceeded to post-compulsory, senior secondary, education in 'their nearest regional city. Some students entered the state schooling system while others opted for a senior education embedded within the religious boundaries of their Christian upbringing. The researcher maintained contact with these students socially, and also by meeting them weekly as they returned to their home town from their forays into the city.
The research employed a phenomenographical approach in which regular meetings with the cohort were audio taped and later transcribed using a computer voice recognition package. The transcripts were then returned to the participants for validation and correction. These corrected transcripts were then analysed to reveal students' conceptions of their lived experiences of computing as part of their senior schooling, and these conceptions were then placed within an outcome space which illustrates the inter-relationships between them.
The thesis reveals a complex relationship between rural families, how they live, how they interact with each other and how they perceive outsiders from the city. and illuminates the many quandaries they face in both their daily lives and their educational experiences. including communication problems between rural feeder schools and their urban counterparts; depth of curricula; and the impact that religious affiliations have on rural families. It concludes with a range of recommendations regarding the strategies that could be employed to help other teachers/educators who are placed in similar rural situations to understand the physical/developmental and cultural/spiritual inequalities that isolated rural families encounter.
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Olson, Jeffrey L. "The Evolution of Urban-Rural Space." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376926850.
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Gammon, V. A. F. "Popular music in rural society : Sussex 1815-1914." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370433.
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Roggenbuck, Abbey. "Urban agriculture, urban planning and urban development in the contemporary African city: a case study of the Lukhanyo Hub Project." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29284.
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PLEASE NOTE: THIS THESIS IS EMBARGOED.
Historically, urban agriculture (UA) in the African context has been viewed as a food security and livelihood intervention. However, influenced primarily by discourses in the Global North, the framing of urban agriculture has shifted. Increasingly, advocacy from urban planners has shaped how UA “gets done”. Drawing on contemporary planning concepts, these practitioners have been innovating new forms of urban agriculture that connect UA to the built environment, such as vertical farming, rooftop gardens, and mixed-use urban “agrihoods”. However, scholars from the fields of Southern and African urbanism and critical urban planning, have raised concerns regarding the uncritical application of Northern theories, including those from urban planning, into the African context. Specifically, there is concern around planners’ lack of regard for the inherent characteristics of African cities as they attempt to world them into global cities. Against this background, this dissertation examines the process behind attempts to integrate these new forms of urban agriculture into the African context through a case study of the Lukhanyo Hub project in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa. Focusing specifically on visions for urban agriculture at the Lukhanyo Hub, this dissertation asks, How do each of the actors articulate the purpose/function of urban agriculture? What is the spatiality of their ideal urban agriculture and why? and What is the role the state, civil society organizations and community in that vision? To answer these questions, participants from the project development team, municipal government, and civil society organisations were engaged in in-depth interviews and participant observation. The results centred around four themes: creating a farmer network, urban agriculture and environmental education/training, economic or distribution model, and creating a contextualised but replicable Hub model. Several challenges and critiques emerged throughout the data collection process, which seemed to stall the development. The author argues that this forced the development team to take a more participatory, co-development approach. This should have positive effects on the future of the project, though further research will be required to say for certain.
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Zhu, Yuhong. "Urbanisation et urbanisme des petites villes en Chine." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00007719.
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Á la suite d'une période d'intense urbanisation du territoire de la République populaire de Chine, qui s'est matérialisée par une forte croissance des 5 grandes mégalopoles (Shangai, Beijing, Tianjin, Chongqing, Guangzhou) mais également de centaines de villes millionnaires, l'enjeu du développement des petites villes commence à être perçu. Peuvent-elles devenir des acteurs du développement des espaces ruraux, contenir l'exode rural vers les métropoles ? C'est à cette fin que le Xème plan quinquennal (2001-2005) pour l'économie nationale donne des orientations en faveur de l'essor des petites villes.<br />S'appuyant sur des enquêtes réalisées dans les petites villes chinoises, ce travail tente de les catégoriser afin de déterminer la place qu'elles occupent dans l'organisation et l'économie du territoire ; le rôle qu'elles jouent dans le développement de régions faiblement urbanisées peut contribuer à freiner la concentration urbaine dans les mégalopoles du littoral oriental. L'auteur analyse également la manière dont l'urbanisation des petites villes chinoises constitue un facteur de requalification des tissus urbains des petites villes favorisant leur attractivité et leur compétitivité.
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O'Kane, Clare. "A society in transition : society, identity and nostalgia in rural Northern Ireland, 1939-1968." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557643.
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This thesis is a study of social and cultural change in rural Northern Ireland from the outbreak of the Second . World War in 1939 to the late 1960s, a period in which rural society was undergoing transition. This study charts the progress of that transition, addressing the ambiguity of a period in which rural people were faced with the struggle between old and new, the narrowing gap between country and city and the loss of rural identity that came with modernisation and standardisation. This thesis also, examines how rural life in the middle decades of the twentieth century is explored in imaginative literature about the countryside written at the time and in the recorded memory of rural. people casting a backward glance on their own past. This study, therefore, not only provides a social and cultural history of rural Northern Ireland during the 1940s and 1950s, but it also examines how this rural society in transition was both represented and remembered. The thesis begins with a chapter which examines the ways in which the Second World War acted as a catalyst for change in the Northern Ireland countryside. Chapter two and three explore how this process of change continued in the post-war period, looking at how ordinary rural people adapted to social reform and cultural evolution. Chapter four considers literary interpretations of the rural at time when traditional rural identities were under threat. Finally, this thesis argues that the process of accelerated change that took place in rural Northern Ireland from the 1940s to the 1960s has had a significant impact on how this period is remembered by rural people. Rural life underwent such a transformation during this time, and so few tangible links to the past remain, that those looking back often do so with nostalgia.
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Wu, Yucheng. "The role of urban design in urban development : Taiwan's urban design in comparative perspective." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366776.
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Karlsson, Ida. "Rural-Urban Migration in Babati District, Tanzania." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Social and Economic Geography, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9119.
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Saif, Raisa, and Raisa Saif. "Extreme Weather Events and Rural-Urban Migration." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12566.
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In numerous regions around the globe, climate change can be expected to change the pattern of severe weather events. Migration flows have been systematically larger the higher the proportion of the population in urban areas in the destination county relative to the origin county. Richer models demonstrate that the effects of a number of different types of extreme weather events (i.e. flooding, heat waves, and wildfires) in the origin county on county-to-county migration flows are statistically significantly greater when the destination county is more urbanized. The effect of the number of fatalities from flooding and heat waves in the origin county on migration flows is also amplified when the destination county is more urbanized. Thus it appears that even in a developed country like the U.S. extreme weather events still exacerbate rural-to-urban migration flows.
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Chen, Weijia. "Essays on Rural-Urban Migration in China." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27798.
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Since the late 1980â s, China has experienced the worldâ s largest peacetime out-migration of its rural labor force to urban areas. The temporary nature of the labor migration complicates the control on this mobile population, and its multi-faceted influence on the whole economy makes the migration policy controversial. Based on cross-sectional Chinese rural household survey data, this study analyzes the effects of migration on rural areas and explores the determinants of the participation and duration of the temporary migration.
The first chapter investigates how parental migration affects the decision of enrolling children in high school through migrationâ s effects on household income and the opportunity cost of schooling in rural China. The opportunity cost of schooling is approximated by the marginal productivity of children imputed from family production estimation, which controls for potential endogeneity in the time allocation decisions of family members. The empirical results show that temporary migration of parents raises their childrenâ s probability of high school enrollment by 3.2%, resulting primarily from a positive income effect. These findings suggest that reductions in barriers to migration raise rural household earnings, and foster the investment in childrenâ s education.
The second chapter studies the determinants of participation and duration of temporary rural-urban migration in China highlighting the role of education and migrant networks. The Probit and Logit models are fitted to the dichotomous migration participation estimation. To correct for the sample selection bias, Heckmanâ s two-step procedure is used to estimate the length of migratory work. Empirical results confirm the existence of a migrant network effect on both migration participation and migration length. Schooling increases migration probability non-linearly and its effect on migration length is insignificant once migration is controlled. Furthermore, the positive effect of migrant networks on migration participation is especially prominent among individuals with junior and senior high school education.<br>Ph. D.
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Brady, Edward A. "Urban and rural insurgencies : a comparative analysis /." Maxwell AFB, Ala. : School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, 2008. https://www.afresearch.org/skins/rims/display.aspx?moduleid=be0e99f3-fc56-4ccb-8dfe-670c0822a153&mode=user&action=downloadpaper&objectid=81e9c409-53b9-4e45-aa6b-4eecdce16aea&rs=PublishedSearch.
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Ha, Viet Hung Buppha Sirirassamee. "Rural-urban migration and fertility in Vietnam /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd420/4838140.pdf.
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Hasan, Sacha. "Civil society participation in urban development in Syria." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2596.
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This research examines urban planning as a form of governance, considering it a process where decisions are taken on urban land use, analysing the possibilities for wider participation of civil society in this process in order to promote potential sustainable outcomes within their related political, economic and social contexts. The geographical context for this study is Syria where, along with other countries of the south, such issues have been under-researched. Syria is experiencing a transformation period economically and socially. This has been greatly influenced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This effect is translated into the objectives of the Syrian national 10th Five-Year Development Plan (FYP) (2006-2010) of promoting stable economic growth and sustainable human development as two requirements to achieving a socio-market economy. According to the FYP, sustainable human development is characterised by empowering civil society as a partner in the development process and boosting its participation in all society aspects towards the achievement of ‘good governance’. This is intended to counter the misperception that urban development processes are limited to formal institutions of the government, and to include a whole range of society actors from all state, private sector and civil society spheres. This is consistent with the UNDP focus on civil society participation as a fundamental prerequisite of sustainable development, which is an essential characteristic of good urban governance. However, to date, the extent to which these values have been incorporated in practice has not been examined. This study adopts a case study approach and uses institutional analysis to examine the extent to which development institutions in Syria permit the environment needed to apply this principle in practice. In addition, the research investigates the areas where possible alternative institutional models can be developed within state-market-civil society contexts through defining new roles and relationships, mainly between civil society and the state, in order to promote an effective practice of civil society participation in urban development decision-making. The empirical analysis in this research highlighted the shortcomings of international empowering policies, where neither the role nor the potential of the informal segments of civil society are recognised. In addition, the analysis showed that the international policies of participative approach to urban development tend to be limited and do not sufficiently take into account the fact that structures of power are multi-layered, multirelated, and change from one context to another. Empowering options for civil society participation thus need to be informed by in-depth understanding of local contexts. The research suggests that the adoption of UNDP enabling approaches in Syria has potential. However, achieving this is a political matter, where issues of how power is structured and practiced by society actors (the state, the private sector and the civil society) in a given context should be considered. Thus, this research maintains a postmodern view of civil society participation in urban development. It argues for the need to promote a proactive approach to enable civil society participation in the countries of the South based on an institutional vision of planning as a form of governance, rather than a normative internationally accepted approach developed in isolation from the given political and institutional urban development context.
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Chaudhuri, Jayasri Ray. "Inter-urban and rural-urban linkages in terms of migration and remittances." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385382.
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Claussnitzer, Marco. "Urban Apiculture – A Way to Reconnect Society and Nature?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-227510.
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In recent years honeybees have attracted a great deal of attention, an attention that seems to be rather unlikely when one looks at the general relationship between humans and the environment, which is often taken for granted. This study aims to look into one kind of corporate initiative in urban apiculture to reconnect humans and nature again. In particular the focus is on motivation, implementation and the impact these initiatives have on sustainable development. A transdisciplinary approach has been adopted that combines different perspectives of beekeepers in the field, scholars and business. It is thereby important to note that adopting apiculture as part of a corporate sustainability strategy is a rather recent trend, which reflects both the scope and the results of the study. This study has found the primary motivation behind apiculture projects for corporations to be raising awareness about the fate of honeybees (Apis mellifera) and supporting honeybee population numbers. This also reflects in the impact on sustainable development. Not only does the urban environment offer an ideal habitat that shows benefits for honeybee health and their honey, but honeybees also benefit the urban environment through their pollination services. And although the connection between corporations and apiculture seems to be alien at first glance, benefits also extend to the corporations themselves, including a greater identification with the corporation by its employees, more cooperation both within one corporation and with other corporations and more publicity. Urban apiculture can thus help reconnecting society and nature in different ways. However, the greater the abundance of honeybees the more limited seem their benefits and initially positive impacts might even turn negative. To prevent this, the study therefore concludes that it is important to decide about the extent in which urban apiculture is adopted on a case by case basis that is possibly supplemented by planting additional forage.
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Luo, Baozhen. "The impact of rural-urban migration on familial elder care in rural China." Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia State University, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/38/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2009.<br>Title from title page (Digital Archive@GSU, viewed June 8, 2010) Heying Jenny Zhan, committee chair; James Ainsworth, Elisabeth Burgess, Charles Jaret, committee members. Includes bibliographical references (p. 187-195).
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Ha, Thi Kim Anh. "Spontaneous rural to urban migration and its link to rural development in Vietnam." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0028/MQ33843.pdf.
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Sreekumar, Thundiyil Thrivikraman Pillai. "State, civil society and development e-topia : information and communication technologies and the making of a rural network society in India /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202004%20SREEKU.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 202-215). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Cheng, Yuqiong. "Urban Villages in China: Issues from Rapid Urbanization and Society Transformation." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1306498629.
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Gulec, Basak Mukaddes. "Rural-urban Migration And Unemployment: Evidence From Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610588/index.pdf.
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The primary aim of this study is to explore the connection between rural - urban migration and unemployment in Turkey and examine whether this internal migration has an effect on increasing the unemployment rates. By using Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) panel data techniques and fully identifying these very concepts: migration from rural areas to urban areas, unemployment and internal migrations effects on the unemployment, an attention will be taken to the (negative) impact of internal migration on unemployment in Turkey.
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SUN, FEI. "Analysis to China's Urban and Rural CPI Data." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-175796.
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Waal, Clarissa de. "Urban aspiration and rural development in Southern Greece." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239705.
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Davies, Meirion James. "Population mobility 1835-1885 : Rural and urban perspectives." Thesis, Swansea University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528932.
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Aniah, Eugene Joseph Ugbe. "Urban-rural interaction in cross river state Nigeria." Thesis, Durham University, 1992. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1552/.
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Neely, Runa. "Political Tolerance Amongst Swedish Rural and Urban Youth." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-374101.
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Ripplinger, David. "Organizing Transit in Small Urban and Rural Communities." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26729.
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The justification of government support of rural transit on the basis of the presence of increasing returns to scale and the most efficient regional organization of transit is investigated. Returns to density, size, and scope at most levels of output were found. Cost subadditivity, where a monopoly firm can provide service at a lower cost than two firms, was found for many, but not all observations. The presence of natural monopoly in rural transit in a strict sense is rejected. The findings and implications are directly applicable to rural transit in North Dakota and should be helpful in informing future federal policy as well as rural transit policy, service design, and operation in other states.
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Florence, Lea C. "Rural-Urban Variations in Meals on Wheels Programs." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3700.
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Older adults are living longer than ever before. By 2060, the U.S. population aged 65 or older is projected to reach 98 million. As adults age, the prevalence of chronic diseases and disabilities increases. The need for Meals on Wheels (MOW) services is growing alongside the aging population. Yet, little is known about the geographic variation of services. Little is documented about the organizational capacity of MOW organizations in terms of geography. The current policies supporting home-and community-based services, including MOW, may be insufficient to support all older adults in all types of communities. An analysis of the More Than a Meal® Comprehensive Network Study was conducted to determine geographic variation in services delivered through MOW programs and to document organizational capacity by geography. Chi-squared analyses were performed to identify relationships between twenty services offered through MOW organizations and categorial offerings within nutrition, in-home safety, socialization, and community connections categories. Spidergrams were created to document organizational capacity holistically and for three individual organizations for each of the geographic areas: Rural Only, Partial Rural, and Non-rural Service Areas. Using these findings, a policy analysis was conducted to determine policy recommendations to inclusively support rural older adults.
Older adults living in rural areas access the full complement of services provided by MOW programs differently than do their non-rural counterparts. Specifically, a statistically significant relationship was found between the stratified component of in-home safety for rural, partial rural and non-rural service areas. When evaluated on the individual service offering level, statistically significant relationships between rurality and congregate meals, nutrition education, nutrition assessment, coordination of USDA food assistance programs, and telephone reassurance were seen. Spidergram documentation of capacity created visual representations of geographic similarities and differences. The policy analysis produced three potentially viable policy additions for the Older Americans Act around a provision for innovation programs, a report on in-home safety, and business acumen provisions. This work lays the foundation for further analysis of existing data with a lens of geographic specificity, as well as articulates the importance of looking at organizational capacity as a part of policy recommendations for understanding rural community-based organizations.
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Beatty, Kate E., Nathan Hale, Michael Meit, Paula Masters, and Amal Khoury. "Clinical Service Delivery along the Urban/Rural Continuum." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6870.
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Background: Engagement in the core public health functions and ten essential services remains the standard for measuring local health department (LHD) performance; their role as providers of clinical services remains uncertain, particularly in rural and underserved communities.
Purpose: To examine the role of LHDs as clinical service providers and how this role varies among rural and nonrural communities.
Methods: The 2013 National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO) Profile was used to examine the geographic distribution of clinical service provision among LHDs. LHDs were coded as urban, large rural, or small rural based on Rural/Urban Commuting Area codes. Bivariate analysis for clinical services was conducted by rural/urban status. For each service, the proportions of LHDs that directly performed the service, contracted with other organizations to provide the service, or reported provision of the service by independent organizations in the community was compared.
Results: Analyses show significant differences in patterns of clinical services offered, contracted, or provided by others, based on rurality. LHDs serving rural communities, especially large rural LHDs, tend to provide more direct services than urban LHDs. Among rural LHDs, larger rural LHDs provided a broader array of services and reported more community capacity for delivery than small rural LHDs- particularly maternal and child health services.
Implications: There are capacity differences between large and small rural LHDs. Limited capacity within small rural LHDs may result in providing less services, regardless of the availability of other providers within their communities. These findings provide valuable information on clinical service provision among LHDs, particularly in rural and underserved communities.
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Pagtolun-an, Imelda. "A methodology for segregating rural and urban mortality." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71167.
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This study involved the design and testing of the Rural Urban Mortality Measurement (RUMM) technique. The technique generates independent estimates of rural and urban mortality for all age-groups by segregating death registration data into areas of similar characteristics to urban and rural areas. These areas are referred to as inferred urban and inferred rural populations in the study.
In order to assess the reliability and validity of the RUMM technique, it was applied to the Philippine death registration data of 1975 and 1980, and to the 1980 death registration data . for Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. This application followed several procedural stages involving evaluation and assessment of the reliability and completeness of death and population data.
Application of the RUMM technique to Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia allowed the comparison of inferred urban arid inferred rural mortality estimates to the estimates generated for urban and rural areas. This is because Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia have rural and urban data on death registration.
The assessment procedure which compared the closeness of the patterns and levels of mortality between inferred urban and urban areas, and between inferred rural and rural areas, showed no difference. The differences in survival ratios for each age-group and the mean differences were found to be close. to zero. This led to the conclusion that the mortality estimates for inferred urban and inferred rural populations are valid representations of· levels and patterns of mortality found in urban and rural areas. Therefore, in cases where rural and urban tabulations of deaths do not exist, RUMM technique provides a valid method for calculation of mortality estimates.
This study also presented the strengths and weaknesses of the technique especially when applied to sub-national populations. Mainly, weaknesses result from using the Brass Growth Balance Equation to assess completeness of death registration. Substitution of alternative estimates of death registration completeness tends to strengthen the technique.
Finally, this study showed the robustness of the RUMM technique as well as its non-dependence on any specific index of urbanization arid on any technique of assessing completeness-of death registration.<br>Ph. D.
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Iversen, Lisa. "Exploring respiratory health in rural and urban Scotland." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU214168.
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The study aimed to describe: the epidemiology of self-reported chronic respiratory disease, patterns of respiratory-related health service utilisation and quality of life in the community in Scotland, in relation to rural and urban locations, and to investigate change over time. At baseline compared with urban respondents, rural respondents reported a significantly lower prevalence of any chest illness, asthma, more than two other chronic conditions and eczema/dermatitis. Rural respondents were less likely to report a number of respiratory symptoms. Respiratory-related health service utilisation was significantly lower among respondents from rural rather than urban practices. Rural residency appeared to be associated with better health status among those with COPD and/or emphysema but the results were not adjusted for potential confounding. At follow-up, the cumulative incidence of self-reported chronic respiratory disease and respiratory symptoms was similar among respondents from rural and urban practices. Patterns of respiratory-related health service use were similar to baseline. There was no evidence of significant rural-urban differences in changes in quality of life scores. The Scottish Executive Urban Rural Classification produced similar results to the general practice-based rural-urban definition. The intermethod reliability study found that some conditions tended to be over-reported, especially those likely to be self-diagnosed. Importantly, there did not appear to be any systematic rural-urban difference in the strength of agreement between self-reported information and the medical records. Where there were rural-urban differences in mean FEV1, FVC or PEF values, rural residents had higher (better) values than urban dwellers.
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Duvivier, Chloé. "Does Urban Proximity Enhance Rural Development in China?" Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF10414/document.
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Cette thèse étudie si les villes stimulent le développement économique des zones rurales voisines en Chine. Dans un premier temps, la thèse retrace l'évolution des relations entre zones urbaines et rurales depuis la période maoïste (Chapitre 1). Alors que durant des décennies entières les zones rurales ont été sacrifiées au profit des villes, depuis le début des années 2000 est apparue l'idée que les villes devaient à leur tour « soutenir les zones rurales ». A l'heure actuelle, de nombreux investissements visant à renforcer les liens entre villes et campagnes sont réalisés dans le but de favoriser la croissance rurale. Cependant, l'effet des villes sur le développement rural en Chine demeure profondément méconnu. L'objectif de cette thèse est ainsi de fournir une analyse détaillée de l'effet des villes sur le développement rural afin de comprendre si renforcer les liens urbains-ruraux peut constituer une stratégie de développement rural efficace. Après avoir défini ce que l'on entend par zones urbaines et rurales en Chine (Chapitre 2), nous passons en revue la littérature sur l'effet des villes sur le développement rural (Chapitre 3). Les trois chapitres suivants fournissent des analyses empiriques. La première analyse empirique s'attache à l'effet des villes sur le secteur agricole des zones rurales avoisinantes (Chapitre 4). Ensuite, nous étudions l'effet des villes sur le secteur rural non-agricole (Chapitre 5). Enfin, alors que les deux premières analyses empiriques se concentrent sur l'effet des villes sur la performance économique rurale, la dernière étude analyse l'effet des villes sur le développement rural, en estimant l'impact de la proximité urbaine sur la pollution rurale (Chapitre 6). A la lumière des résultats obtenus, nous nous interrogeons sur l'efficacité d'une politique visant à renforcer les liens villes-campagnes en Chine (Chapitre 7)<br>This dissertation studies whether cities enhance development in nearby rural areas in China. First, we recount the evolution of urban-rural relations since the Maoist period (Chapter 1). While rural areas were sacrificed in favor of cities for decades, since the early 2000s the government has indicated that cities should “support the countryside". Nowadays, a high number of investments have been realized to strengthen linkages between urban and rural areas with the aim of enabling cities to promote rural development. However, very little is known about the effective impact of cities on nearby rural areas in the specific Chinese context. The present dissertation aims at providing a detailed analysis of the role of cities on rural areas in order to assess whether strengthening urban-rural linkages is an effective rural development strategy. After having defined what we mean by urban and rural areas in China (Chapter 2), we provide a review of the literature on the role of cities in rural development (Chapter 3). The following three chapters present empirical investigations. The first empirical test focuses on the effect of cities on the agricultural sector of nearby rural areas (Chapter 4). We then study the impact of cities on the rural non-agricultural sector (Chapter 5). Finally, after having focused on the economic impact of cities, we investigate the effect of cities on rural development by testing whether urban proximity significantly increases rural pollution in China (Chapter 6). In the light of the results obtained, we consider whether relying on cities to enhance rural development could be an effective strategy (Chapter 7)