Journal articles: 'Urban and rural youth'

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Honig, Emily, and Xiaojian Zhao. "Sent-down Youth and Rural Economic Development in Maoist China." China Quarterly 222 (March 31, 2015): 499–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741015000363.

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AbstractThis article explores the relationship between the sent-down youth movement and economic development in rural China during the Cultural Revolution. It examines ways in which sent-down youth themselves initiated improvements in rural life, and more importantly, how local officials used both their presence to acquire equipment and technical training and their skills and education to promote rural industry. The sent-down youth offices established in the cities and the countryside inadvertently provided connections between remote rural counties and large urban centres that enabled the transfer of a significant quantity of material goods, ranging from electrical wires and broadcast cables to tractors and factory machinery. Ultimately, we show how individual sent-down youths, their families, and both urban and rural officials – none of whom had a role in determining government policies – identified and made use of resources that those policies unintentionally produced.

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Chen, Yi, Ziying Fan, Xiaomin Gu, and Li-An Zhou. "Arrival of Young Talent: The Send-Down Movement and Rural Education in China." American Economic Review 110, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 3393–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20191414.

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This paper estimates the effects on rural education of the send-down movement during the Cultural Revolution, when about 16 million urban youth were mandated to resettle in the countryside. Using a county-level dataset compiled from local gazetteers and population censuses, we show that greater exposure to the sent-down youths significantly increased rural children’s educational achievement. This positive effect diminished after the urban youth left the countryside in the late 1970s but never disappeared. Rural children who interacted with the sent-down youths were also more likely to pursue more-skilled occupations, marry later, and have smaller families than those who did not. (JEL I21, J13, J24, N35, O15, P36, R23)

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Li, Hongbin, Prashant Loyalka, Scott Rozelle, Binzhen Wu, and Jieyu Xie. "Unequal Access to College in China: How Far Have Poor, Rural Students Been Left Behind?" China Quarterly 221 (March 2015): 185–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741015000314.

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AbstractIn the 1990s, rural youth from poor counties in China had limited access to college. After mass college expansion started in 1998, however, it was unclear whether rural youth from poor counties would gain greater access. The aim of this paper is to examine the gap in college and elite college access between rural youth from poor counties and other students after expansion. We estimate the gaps in access by using data on all students who took the college entrance exam in 2003. Our results show that gaps in access remained high even after expansion. Rural youth from poor counties were seven and 11 times less likely to access any college and elite Project 211 colleges than urban youth, respectively. Much larger gaps existed for disadvantaged subgroups (female or ethnic minority) of rural youth from poor counties. We also find that the gaps in college access were mainly driven by rural–urban differences rather than differences between poor and non-poor counties within rural or urban areas.

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Looker, E. Dianne. "THE COMPLEX MOBILITIES OF RURAL VERSUS URBAN YOUTH: MOBILITY INTO AND OUT OF THE PARENTAL HOME AND ONE’S COMMUNITY." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 12, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs122202120233.

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This paper examines the options facing rural versus urban youth as they negotiate the complex mobilities of moving into adulthood. Specifically, it looks at the links between geographic mobility into and out of one’s home community, and mobility into and out of the parental home. Qualitative and numeric data from a longitudinal survey of 1200 youth provide insight into these transitions. Leaving the parental home is clearly a process rather than an event, and for many it is subjective and ambiguous. More rural youth than urban expected to leave both their parental home and their community, for education and work, and more in fact did leave, by age 19 and 22. This pattern reflects the often limited educational and work options in rural areas. Many youth returned to the parental home for varying lengths of time; again, more rural than urban youth followed this pattern. Urban youth more often have the option of staying close to home to pursue further education or find a job. The parental home serves as an important safety net for youth, especially those who may have been pushed to leave because of limited options nearby. Having the option of returning home gives youth an additional way of dealing with the challenges of their complex mobilities. The results confirm that the pressures on rural youth as they grapple with the mobilities options available to them are quite different than those on their urban counterparts. Thus, rural youth are more often faced with the complexities inherent in the links between social and spatial mobilities.

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Heckert, Jessica, Sandra Boatemaa, and Claire E. Altman. "Migrant youth’s emerging dietary patterns in Haiti: the role of peer social engagement." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 7 (July 28, 2014): 1262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014001372.

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AbstractObjectiveThe present study examines whether rural-to-urban migrant youth consume a greater diversity of high-sugar beverages and fried snacks (HSBFS) compared with their peers who remain in rural areas. It also tests whether the association between migration and HSBFS diversity is moderated by migrant youth’s social engagement with their peers.DesignParticipants were recruited in August and September 2011 following the completion of primary school (6th grade) and shortly before many rural youth migrate to urban areas. Participants were re-interviewed six months later. HSBFS diversity was assessed at follow-up; analyses control for baseline and follow-up characteristics.SettingBaseline interviews occurred in rural Southeast Haiti. Follow-up interviews of migrants occurred at urban destinations in Haiti.SubjectsThe sample includes 215 youth (mean age 15·9 years; 43·3 % female; 21·9 % rural-to-urban migrants) who were interviewed at baseline and follow-up.ResultsRural-to-urban migrant youth consumed a greater diversity of HSBFS products at follow-up than their rural counterparts (b=0·70,P≤0·05). Moreover, we found that this relationship varied by level of peer social engagement. Youth who migrated and had a high degree of peer social engagement consumed 2·2 additional types of HSBFS products daily than their counterparts who remained in rural areas and had low peer social engagement.ConclusionsHigher HSBFS diversity among migrant youth is consistent with the patterns proposed by the nutrition transition. Interactions with peers may have an important influence as migrant youth adopt new dietary preferences. Emerging dietary patterns among youth migrants have important implications for health trajectories and the development of degenerative diseases.

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Mbah, EN, CI Ezeano, and MO Agada. "Effects of rural-urban youth migration on farm families in Benue state, Nigeria." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 6, no. 1 (August 12, 2016): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v6i1.29207.

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The study was assessed to determine the effects of rural-urban youth migration on farm families in Benue state, Nigeria during November 2014 to June 2015. Interview schedule was used to collect data from a sample of 80 respondents. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. Results indicate that majority (76.3%) of the respondents were males, middle aged and married. Major causes of ruralurban youth migration indicated by the respondents include inadequate employment opportunities in rural areas (M=3.6), search for better education (M=3.5), inadequate social infrastructure such as schools (M=3.4), poor medical care services in rural areas (M=3.4), looking for money through labour (M=3.4), apprenticeship programme (M=3.2), etc. Findings of the study also indicate that reduction of agricultural labour force (M=3.5), low agricultural productivity (M=3.3), high cost of labour (M= 3.3), reduction on demand for locally grown foods (M=2.9), decrease in dependency ratio in the rural areas (M=2.7), reduction on number of mouths to feed (M=2.7), among others were major effects of ruralurban youth migration among farm families. The study recommends that Nigerian government should provide adequate physical and social infrastructure in rural areas in order to encourage youths to remain in agriculture, reduce rural-urban youth migration as well as sustain agriculture for enhanced food security.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (1): 14-20, June, 2016

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Barratt, Caroline, Martin Mbonye, and Janet Seeley. "Between town and country: shifting identity and migrant youth in Uganda." Journal of Modern African Studies 50, no. 2 (May 18, 2012): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x1200002x.

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ABSTRACTIn Uganda, as in many other African countries, increasing numbers of 15–24 year olds are migrating to urban areas to look for work and educational opportunities. We explore the shifting sense of identity amongst youth migrants in Uganda as they struggle to reconcile the differences in social norms between the rural settings in which they are brought up and the urban environment in which they now live. The experience of migration significantly impacts on the transition from youths to adults by influencing their perception of their own identity as well as the expectations of society. Young people often hold conflicting views of their rural and urban experiences, suggesting that understanding rural and urban realities as distinct entities does not reflect the complex relationship, and possible confusion, of the migrant experience. In contrast to existing literature on migrant identities, which has tended to focus on the identity shift experienced by adult transnational migrants, this reveals the particular challenges faced by youth migrants whose adult self is not yet formed.

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Obiora, Chinwe Joy. "Agriculture and Rural Development versus Youth Rural-Urban Migration: the Menace." Journal of Agriculture Economics and Rural Development 2, no. 2 (2014): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12966/jaerd.05.05.2014.

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Kidido, Joseph Kwaku, and John Tiah Bugri. "Youth Access to Agricultural Land from Peri-urban and Rural Perspective: A Study of Techiman Traditional Area in Ghana." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 8, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024919883145.

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This study examines youth access to agricultural land from both peri-urban and rural perspectives. Using the Techiman area as a case study, the study interviewed youth and elders made up of chiefs and family heads using multiple random sampling techniques. The results revealed that, the youth generally have access to small landholdings whether in the peri-urban or rural context. These small holdings were a manifestation of the challenges underling the youth access to land under customary system. The predominant challenges facing the youth included; high rental/acquisition cost, land scarcity and land disputes. The youth also suffered more from the urbanisation effects, but do not benefit from proceeds arising out of peri-urban land use conversions. The study recommends youth agricultural land access policy and a compensation regime which benefits both the youth and adults in land use conversions in the peri-urban areas of Ghana.

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Oscarson, Renee A., Mary T. Bowne, Debra A. DeBates, Julie A. Bell, and Sherri S. Bair. "Assessing Rural Communities through Youth Photography." Journal of Youth Development 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2012.145.

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Despite frequent concerns about youth and young adult migration from rural to urban areas, most measures used to assess youth in rural community research have been developed by adults. Accurate understanding of youth community perceptions necessitates youth input into the research process. The participatory research strategy described here, using photography to describe community, enables youth to define community and identify what they value about their communities. Photographs and explanations of the photographs indicated that youth value places (schools, churches, as well as locations unique to communities) and people from those communities. Photovoice, photography-based participatory-action research, is a feasible and engaging method for obtaining youth perspectives on community issues. Further, Photovoice may be adapted to the needs of different age groups and situations.

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V. Yu., Zozulevich, and Pabat V. V. "Socio-professional features of student youth in the context of patriotic education." HUMANITARIAN STUDIOS: PEDAGOGICS, PSYCHOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY 11, no. 4 (November 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/hspedagog2020.04.013.

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The article formulated and theoretically substantiated the socioprofessional features of rural youth in the context of patriotic education in agricultural educational institution The article is a stage of research of features of rural youth, their motivation to study in agricultural educational institution, return of youth to rural territories after the received education. The paper highlights the transformation of social and professional identity of rural youth as a result of admission to agricultural educational institution. Socio-professional factors that motivate young people to enter agricultural educational institution are considered, the features of social and professional identity of rural and urban youth are compared.

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Dudley, Michael, Brent Waters, Norman Kelk, and John Howard. "Youth suicide in New South Wales: urban‐rural trends." Medical Journal of Australia 156, no. 2 (January 1990): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb126417.x.

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Brown, Trent. "Youth Mobilities and Rural–Urban Tensions in Darjeeling, India." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 38, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2015.1031086.

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Levin, Aaron. "Several Issues Differentiate MH Care in Rural, Urban Youth." Psychiatric News 48, no. 16 (August 8, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2013.8b10.

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Alekseyenko, Nataliia S., Vitalii M. Andriychuk, Larysa Ya Fedoniuk, Arina O. Ivanytsia, and Olga V. Dzekan. "PECULIARITIES OF TRUNK SKIN AND FAT FLEXURES CHANGES OF RURAL AND CITY YOUTH IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 9 (2020): 2010–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202009221.

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The aim: Determination of the peculiarities of annual changes in the thickness of trunk skin and fat flexures of rural and urban youth during educational process. Materials and methods: Were examined 200 healthy youths (100 residents of the village, 100 residents of the city) at their 1st, 2nd and 3rd courses of study at the University of Life Safety using Shephard R. method. Results: Based on the data obtained, the annual reduction of all trunk fat index values of rural and urban youth during their studies at the University of Life Safety were established. Comparing intra-group annual changes, they were drastically smaller in the first year of study, both in the rural group and in the locals’ group. Conclusions: During the course of the study, we found a decrease in all the supervised indicators in both groups. However, intergroup changes during the first year of study were significantly ostent.

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Downs, Shauna M., Shawn N. Fraser, Kate E. Storey, Laura E. Forbes, John C. Spence, Ronald C. Plotnikoff, Kim D. Raine, Rhona M. Hanning, and Linda J. McCargar. "Geography Influences Dietary Intake, Physical Activity and Weight Status of Adolescents." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/816834.

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Purpose. The purpose of this study was to assess rural and urban differences in the dietary intakes, physical activity levels and weight status of a large sample of Canadian youth in both 2005 and 2008.Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study of rural and urban adolescents (n=10,023) in Alberta was conducted in both 2005 and 2008 using a web-based survey.Results. There was an overall positive change in nutrient intakes between 2005 and 2008; however, rural residents generally had a poorer nutrient profile than urban residents (P<.001). They consumed less fibre and a greater percent energy from saturated fat. The mean physical activity scores increased among rural youth between 2005 and 2008 (P<.001), while remaining unchanged among urban youth. Residence was significantly related to weight status in 2005 (P=.017), but not in 2008.Conclusion. Although there were small improvements in nutrient intakes from 2005 to 2008, several differences in the lifestyle behaviours of adolescents living in rural and urban areas were found. The results of this study emphasize the importance of making policy and program recommendations to support healthy lifestyle behaviours within the context of the environments in which adolescents live.

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Letiecq, Bethany L., Sandra J. Bailey, and Julie A. Keller. "Rural After-School Programs: Meeting the Needs of At-Risk Youth and Their Families." Journal of Youth Development 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2007): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2007.346.

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Extant research has focused on out-of-school time among urban and suburban youth, yet there remains scant information on rural low-income youth and their families. This study examines the salience of after-school programs for rural youth. Using an ecological framework, we assess changes in youth behavior and skill acquisition based on reports from 47 youth attending after-school programs in two rural communities, along with their primary caregivers and teachers. Results indicate enhanced life skills and social behaviors among youth attendees. Implications for future research, programming, and policymaking are discussed.

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Guo, Chao, Lihua Pang, Lei Zhang, Gong Chen, Zhenjie Wang, and Xiaoying Zheng. "Disparities of sexual orientations by sex and urban or rural residence among youth in China." Sexual Health 13, no. 5 (2016): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16041.

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This study explores the distribution of sexual orientations and examined disparities by sex and rural and urban residency of non-heterosexual youth, aged 15–24 years, in China. Data was derived from a 2009 nationally representative survey. Among 22 288 participants, 0.79% identified as homosexual, 1.47% identified as bisexual, and 4.26% were unsure about their sexual orientation. Compared with male youth and urban youth, female youth (adjusted odds ratio = 1.37, 95% confidence interval: 1.23–1.52) and rural youth (adjusted odds ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.09–1.40) were more likely to be non-heterosexual. More efforts should be made to enhance sex education and legal protection for non-heterosexual youth in China.

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Roemmich, James, LuAnn Johnson, Grace Oberg, Joley Beeler, and Kelsey Ufholz. "Youth and Adult Visitation and Physical Activity Intensity at Rural and Urban Parks." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081760.

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Less physical activity among rural residents may contribute to rural-urban health disparities. Parks can be ideal community resources for promoting physical activity. This study compared park visitation and activity intensity at 15 urban and 15 rural parks matched for acreage and amenities. Parks were observed in the morning, afternoon, and evening on 4 days to determine number of visitors, activity intensity, and amenity use. A total of 5486 visitors were observed with no differences in percentages of males (55.5% vs. 53.9%) and females (44.5% vs. 46.1%) or percentages of weekday (82.4% vs. 81.9%) and weekend (17.6% vs. 18.1%) visitors. The probability of visitors sitting was greater and in moderate intensity activity lower at rural parks. A greater proportion of children (25.0% vs. 14.5%) in rural parks, and teens in urban parks (8.0% vs. 69.6%), were observed on sport fields. A greater proportion of adults in urban areas (12.5% vs. 46.0%) were observed spectating sports. Greater proportions of rural children (10.9% vs. 3.5%), teens (34.1% vs. 12.4%), and adults (38.9% vs. 10.1%) were observed using shelters. Thus, when similar amenities are available, rural and urban parks are used differently, especially by youth. The urban park study results cannot be wholly applied to rural parks.

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Andres, Lesley, and E. Dianne Looker. "Rurality and Capital: Educational Expectations and Attainments of Rural, Urban/Rural and Metropolitan youth." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 31, no. 2 (August 31, 2001): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v31i2.183387.

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This paper uses data from two longitudinal surveys of Canadian youth to examine the effects of rural versus urban/rural and metropolitan residence on young people's educational expectations and attainments. The surveys are based in British Columbia (B.C.) and Nova Scotia (N.S.), two provinces that have very different systems of postsecondary education. B.C. has an articulated system with formal structures which allow students to take the first two years of university study at a community college before transferring to a university. N.S. has no such formal transfer system. Its community college system is not well developed but it has a large number of universities, some of which are in rural areas. The findings show that, in both provinces, students in rural areas have lower expectations and attainments compared to other students, even when parental background, gender and academic stream are controlled. A comparison across provinces shows that rural youth in B.C. are more likely than their N.S. counterparts to pursue postsecondary education, but rural N.S. youth are more likely to have successfully completed a degree program four to five years after high school. Implications of these findings for future research as well as for policy changes in the two provinces are discussed.

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Akpan, Sunday B., Inimfon V. Patrick, and Amina Amama. "Level of Income Inequality and Determinants of Poverty Incidence among Youth Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 5 (September 27, 2016): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n5p162.

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The prevalence of poverty among youths engaged in agricultural production is partly responsible for increase in agricultural diversification and rural-urban migration among other social vices in developing societies. To help generate suitable policies in order to tackle this rampaging issue, the study specifically analyzes poverty and income inequality as well as identified determinants of poverty among youths involved in agricultural production in the rural areas of Akwa Ibom State located in southern Nigeria. Data were collected from 300 youths spread across the rural areas of the State. Combinations of sampling methods were employed to sample cross sectional data from respondents. The study used descriptive tools and regression analysis (Logit regressions) to analyze information collected. The socio-economic analysis reveals that, most youth farmers were educated; social capital formation was poor, while land size averaged at 0.48ha per youth. About 45.1% of male youths and 72% of female youths live below poverty line in the study area. Income inequality index revealed 0.4009 for male youths and 0.3797 for female youths. The Logit model estimates revealed that, youths’ years in social organization, level of formal education, age of youths; amount of non-farm income, farm size, agricultural extension activities and commercial purposes of agricultural production reduced the probability of poverty incidence among youth farmers in the State. Household size and dependent ratio were positive drivers of poverty among rural youths. Based on the research findings, it is recommended that poverty and income inequality among youths engaged in agricultural production in the rural area of the State can be successfully handled, if sound family welfare packages are implemented in the rural communities. Also, rural youth’s groups should be strengthen to promote social capital formation; while farm enterprise development capacity should be encourage among youths as well as strengthening agricultural extension system in the State. Marginal lands should be developed and distributed to youth farmers in the area.

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Mahiya, Innocent Tonderai. "URBAN YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF A DOLLARISED ECONOMY IN ZIMBABWE." Commonwealth Youth and Development 14, no. 1 (March 7, 2017): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/1803.

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The attainment of independence in Zimbabwe in 1980 was met with a mounting problem of rural to urban migration by people who had long been constrained by the colonial administration (Bond 2003). The influx of migrants into the urban areas quickly swallowed the available jobs that the urban areas could offer to the new urbanites. From the year 1980, urban unemployment has been on the increase and, notably, has been dominated by the youths because of the high mobility that characterises this age group against a shrinking economy and a productive base. Today, urban youth unemployment in Zimbabwe has reached 42 per cent among the urban unemployed, which is among the highest on the continent (Feresu, Chimhowu and Manjengwa 2010).

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Buechler, Stephanie, and América Lutz-Ley. "Livelihoods with multiple stressors: Gendered youth decision-making under global change in rural Northwest Mexico." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 1096–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619878603.

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Livelihoods in rural communities have become increasingly complex due to rapidly changing socio-economic and environmental forces, with differing impacts on and responses by female and male youth. This study contributes to feminist political ecology through an explicit focus on youth and an examination of the intersections of age and gender in educational choices, livelihood systems, and human–environment interactions. We undertake double exposures analysis to explore female and male youths’ livelihood-related decision-making in Rayón, a semi-arid rural community in Northwest Mexico, undergoing global environmental change and globalization-related shifts in agriculture, climate, water, and socio-economic conditions. Global environmental change exacerbates an already fragile, local ecological context. A focus on gender issues among youth in three age categories (14–15, 16–19, and youth in their 20s) with respect to their decision-making concerning the future is critical to gaining a better understanding of the roles women and men will play in linked agricultural and non-agricultural, rural to urban livelihood systems. Agricultural employment increasingly includes global agribusiness where local youth compete with people from other areas. Access to employment, education, as well as water and land resources varied by gender, age, and social class, and played significant roles in livelihood diversification and migration decisions and outcomes. Mothers’ access to government assistance for their natural resource-based livelihoods positively impacted daughters’ opportunities. Educational curricula failed to link environmental change with local livelihoods and to prepare students for urban careers. This study offers insights related to female and male youths’ needs associated with environmental education, technology access, job training, and child and sibling care in order for them to more successfully confront the future across village, town, and city spaces.

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Segal, Bernard. "Urban-Rural Comparisons of Drug-Taking Behavior among Alaskan Youth." International Journal of the Addictions 29, no. 8 (January 1994): 1029–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826089409047925.

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White, David A., Erik A. Willis, Kelsey Dean, Kelsey Borner, and Ann M. Davis. "Objectively Measured Physical Activity Patterns In Urban And Rural Youth." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000479234.58783.1f.

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Zollinger, Terrell W., Robert M. Saywell, Amanda D. Overgaard, Michael J. Przybylski, and Mohan Dutta-Bergman. "Antitobacco Media Awareness of Rural Youth Compared to Suburban and Urban Youth in Indiana." Journal of Rural Health 22, no. 2 (April 2006): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2006.00019.x.

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Noland, Melody, Mary Kay Rayens, Amanda T. Wiggins, Luz Huntington-Moskos, Emily A. Rayens, Tiffany Howard, and Ellen J. Hahn. "Current Use of E-Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes Among US High School Students in Urban and Rural Locations: 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 5 (July 21, 2017): 1239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117117719621.

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Purpose: Adolescent tobacco use is higher in rural than in urban areas. While e-cigarette use is increasing rapidly among this age group, differences in prevalence between rural versus urban populations for this relatively novel product have not been explored. The purpose is to investigate whether location of school (rural–urban) is associated with e-cigarette use and dual use (defined as the use of both e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes) among high school students. Design: Cross-sectional survey obtained using a stratified, 3-stage cluster sample design. Setting: United States. Participants: A nationally representative sample of US high school students (N = 11 053) who completed the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS); slightly more than half were urban (54%). Measures: The NYTS measures tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes, and use behavior and demographics of students in the United States. Analysis: Weighted logistic regression assessed the relationships of urban–rural location with current e-cigarette use and dual use, adjusting for demographic factors, perceived risk, and social norms. Results: There were clear differences in patterns of adolescent e-cigarette and cigarette use in rural versus urban areas. Social norms and perceptions may play a role in understanding these differences. Conclusion: Urban youth current cigarette smokers were nearly twice as likely as rural cigarette smokers to also use e-cigarettes. Reasons for urban–rural differences need to be taken into account when designing prevention programs and policy changes.

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Leung, May May, Jing Jun, Anna Tseng, and Margaret Bentley. "‘Picture me healthy’: a pilot study using photovoice to explore health perceptions among migrant youth in Beijing, China." Global Health Promotion 24, no. 3 (August 11, 2015): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975915594126.

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Globalization has resulted in an influx of migrant families from rural provinces into the urban areas of China. Although the migrant population may live in the same cities as urban residents, they experience different lives because of restricted access to job opportunities, social services, and schools for children. Limited research exists with Chinese rural-to-urban migrant youth, particularly using community-based approaches. This study explored migrant youths’ perceptions of their nutrition, physical activity, and health environment, using the community-based participatory research method of photovoice. Twelve migrant youth (6 boys and 6 girls) in Beijing, China, participated in two photovoice assignments focused on personal safety, nutrition, and physical activity. The photographs taken by the youth guided group discussions and semi-structured interviews. Inductive and deductive processes were used to identify codes (ideas emerging from text); similar codes were grouped into themes. Pedestrian safety was the most common personal safety concern. Another safety issue was the excess garbage in the community. Garbage was also a barrier to nutrition and physical activity as it was a food sanitation concern and limited the physical environments where children could play. Schools and community recreation centers were perceived as facilitators of physical activity. However, community centers were also a barrier as a limited number of them caused overcrowding, resulting in safety concerns. Photovoice enables youth to express their health perceptions. Our data provide interesting preliminary insight into the lives of Chinese migrant youth, which could help inform the development of interventions and advocate for positive environmental changes for this marginalized population.

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Lee, Gyu-Young, and Youn-Joo Um. "Factors Affecting Obesity in Urban and Rural Adolescents: Demographic, Socioeconomic Characteristics, Health Behavior and Health Education." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 2405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052405.

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In this study, we aimed to analyze the demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, health behavior factors, and health education of urban and rural adolescents and their impact on obesity in rural and urban youths. We analyzed data from 60,040 students from 800 schools using the 14th Youth Health Behavior Web-based Survey data for 2018. The mean age of the participants was 15.01 ± 1.77; 30,463 (50.7%) males and 29,577 (49.3%) females. The data were analyzed using a chi-square test and multinominal logistic regression analysis. Rural adolescents had significantly lower parental income, parental education, and academic performance levels. Urban adolescents tended to have a higher rate of breakfast fasting, ate more fast-food, exercised less, had a higher rate of sleep dissatisfaction, and had significantly higher current alcohol intake. Rural adolescents reported more stress and obesity levels than their urban counterparts. Factors influencing the obesity of urban adolescents were grade level, father’s education, mother’s education, academic performance level, fast-food, exercise, current alcohol intake, and sleep satisfaction. Factors influencing the obesity of rural adolescents were parents’ income level, academic performance level, exercise, and sleep satisfaction. To effectively prevent and manage adolescent obesity, which is an indicator of health equity among adolescents, an effort must be made to improve health education and the local environment in both urban and rural areas.

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OKETAYO, A. O., and Y. L. OLALEYE. "EFFECT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION OF YOUTHS ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN OGBOMOSO SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OYO STATE. NIGERIA." Journal of Humanities, Social Science and Creative Arts 11, no. 1 (November 22, 2017): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jhssca.v11i1.1688.

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The study examined the effect of rural-urban migration of youth on rural development in Ogbomoso South Local Government Area of Oyo State. Rural-urban migration is a phenomenon that most developing nations of the world are experiencing due to the gross neglect of the rural areas. In Nigeria, the issue of rural-urban migration is quite alarming owing to the discriminatory centralization of facilities in the urban areas as well as widening income gap between the urban and rural areas. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design while purposive sampling technique was used in selecting 300 from Ogbomoso south LGAs. The data collected was tested by using Pearson product moment correlation and ANOVA. The study established that self-help project had significant relationship with youth out-migration (r = .351*, N= 300, P < .05), community economy also had significant relationship with out-migration (r = .277*, N= 300, P < .05), care for elderly had negative significant relationship with out-migration(r = -.182*, N= 300, P < .05) and cultural practices also had significant relationship with out-migration (r = .198*, N= 300, P < .05). The study recommended that; government should decentralize its developmental projects and programmes in order to accommodate the rural areas. Government should make agriculture attractive for rural dwellers so that they could see it as a profitable occupation and there should be economic incentives to promote adaptation of indigenous skills and technologies in the rural areas.

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Cairns, Kate. "Youth, Dirt, and the Spatialization of Subjectivity: An Intersectional Approach to White Rural Imaginaries." Canadian Journal of Sociology 38, no. 4 (December 31, 2013): 623–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs21199.

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Abstract. Canada’s rural idyll is embedded within the colonial legacy of a white settler society; however, little research has examined how class and gender uphold this articulation of rurality and whiteness. This article draws on ethnographic research with white, working-class rural youth to develop an intersectional analysis of rural imaginaries. The analysis shows how youth construct their own rural identities through racialized representations of urban and global “others.” I argue that these racist place-narratives must be understood in the context of competing discourses of rurality in Canada: the romanticized pure white rural of colonial history, and the pathologized poor white rural of a cosmopolitan future. Even as youth locate their gendered performances within the rural idyll, they are marked as “dirts” by their classed, rural status. By inscribing racist discourses onto others, youth resist the classist imagery projected onto their community and thereby re- claim a pure white rural idyll.

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Mykerezi, Elton, Genti Kostandini, and Bradford Mills. "Do Rural Community Colleges Supply Unique Educational Benefits?" Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 41, no. 2 (August 2009): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800002881.

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Community colleges likely draw to college individuals who would otherwise not attend due to their low costs and open admission requirements. This is labeled as the democratization effect. They may also divert individuals away from 4-year to terminal 2-year college degrees (the diversion effect). This study estimates democratization and diversion effects separately for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan youth using nationally representative data and models that account for endogenous institution selection. We find the democratization effect to exceed the diversion effect of community colleges for both metro and nonmetro youth. The democratization-diversion ratio is slightly higher for urban youth.

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Culliney, Martin. "Escaping the rural pay penalty: location, migration and the labour market." Work, Employment and Society 31, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 429–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017016640685.

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This article analyses the longitudinal effect of rural/urban migration on labour market outcomes for young people in Britain. It assesses how rural/urban origin and residential location affect career prospects, tracking earnings from youth (defined as aged under 25) into adulthood using data from British Household Panel Survey waves 1–18. Earnings in rural areas are higher overall, although young people in rural areas are paid less than urban counterparts. While earnings increase at a quicker rate for those in rural locations, being of rural origin leads to slower wage growth and respondents who ‘stay rural’ throughout the full observation period earn less than all other groups.

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Yiu, Lisa, and Jennifer Adams. "Reforming Rural Education in China: Understanding Teacher Expectations for Rural Youth." China Quarterly 216 (November 19, 2013): 993–1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741013001136.

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AbstractThe Chinese state's commitment to improve teaching quality in rural regions is a key component of national efforts to close the rural–urban education gap. In this paper, we investigate an understudied but critical dimension of quality teaching: teacher expectations. We employ longitudinal data gathered in Gansu Province in 2000 and 2007 to first examine whether teacher expectations for rural youth are conditioned by students’ social origin and teacher background characteristics. Next, we determine the predictive accuracy of their expectations. Our results highlight the ways in which teacher expectations condition the sorting of rural children among different schooling tracks with distinct life trajectories. Significantly, teachers are more likely to hold lower expectations for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. In addition, non-local teachers hold lower expectations for rural children compared to local teachers. Finally, a low percentage of teachers expect students to enrol in post-compulsory vocational education. We consider the implications of these results for both educational policy and social inequality.

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Smith, Sara. "Politics, pleasure, and difference in the intimate city: Himalayan students remake the future." cultural geographies 24, no. 4 (August 3, 2017): 573–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474474017719906.

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Across India, first-generation college students are flooding from rural backgrounds into Indian universities in urban settings – many facing additional challenges of ethnic, religious, regional, or linguistic minority status. Following the lives of Ladakhi youth, who travel to the city from the edge of the Tibetan plateau in India’s Jammu and Kashmir State, this article traces the experience of ‘the intimate city’ through discussion of urban pleasures and marginalization. Bridging critical emergent literatures on education and on the intimate and political city, here, I argue that the rural to urban mobility necessary for education enables self-consciously global and cosmopolitan subjectivities for subaltern youth that transcend and complicate both neoliberal development projects and parents’ hopes. Despite problems of unemployment, decline of government jobs, and increasing competition between educated youth, higher education remains a path to a better standard of living, particularly for first-generation students. Parallel to this instrumental role of higher education, for underrepresented students joining the higher education path, experiences of discrimination and marginalization can be intensified in the foreign urban setting and university campus. This research finds that young people both struggle and thrive in the city and that their embodied practices of clothing, food, and friendship enable them to forge subaltern forms of cosmopolitan belonging that transcend regional and national borders, create new subjectivities, and different understandings of the political. This work then suggests attention to the role that rural–urban mobility and education play in enabling new and self-consciously global or transnational subjectivities for subaltern youth that exceed neoliberal state development projects, create new horizons beyond the medical/engineering-focused dreams of rural parents, and reshape geographies of belonging.

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Bokhan, T. G., E. D. Galazhinsky, O. V. Terekhina, A. L. Ul'yanich, and S. A. Bogomaz. "Personal Determinants of the Subjective Quality of Life among Working Rural and Urban Youth." Sibirskiy Psikhologicheskiy Zhurnal, no. 77 (2020): 68–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/17267080/77/4.

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At present, to solve the problem of the life quality of the population has become an integral criterion for evaluating the effectiveness and success of the state's socio-economic policy. The appeal to the study of the quality of life among young people in its objective, subjective and person’s aspects is determined by the fact that youth as a social group differs from other groups of the population. It is more active, has relevant knowledge and skills, an accelerated adaptation process, greater migration mobility and material needs. It faces the task of self-determination in socio-economic and political changes and the choice of life orientations. The aim is to determine the contribution of personal resources to the subjective assessment of the quality of life among representatives of socio-demographic youth groups with different perceptions of self-realization opportunities in living conditions. The research is based on the newly developed conceptual working model of the quality of life by D.A. Leontiev (2020), which integrates objective, subjective and person’s factors of environmental assessment. The methods used are: the questionnaire «Quality of life and satisfaction», «Life satisfaction» scale, «Self-realization satisfaction index in living conditions», questionnaire «Self-organization activity», questionnaire «Differential diagnosis of reflexivity», «Self-determination of personality and basic beliefs» scale. Sample is 280 people aged 18 to 40 years, including 140 people living in the rural municipality of the North of the Tomsk region (Siberian region), and 140 residents of the city of Tomsk. As a result, we have found out that there is some general dissatisfaction with the quality of life, but the representatives of rural youth are less satisfied with the quality of their lives than the representatives of urban working youth. Personal resources are significantly more pronounced in the urban working youth group; many representatives of rural youth have deficits in personal resources. It is revealed that such a personal resource as self-identity can me-diate the impact of assessing the opportunities for self-realization in environmental conditions on the quality of life among urban and rural youth. At the same time, we have identified specific personal resources that can serve as mediators in assessing opportunities for self-realization in living conditions and the quality of life among urban and rural youth. However, a small percentage of variance indicates the need to refine the results and include new personal resources in the search for mediators of this relationship. The data revealed in both groups on the mediation nature of assessing the possibility of self-realization in living conditions indicate the importance of creating conditions for self-realization for young people, both in urban and rural living environments.

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Guo, Chao, Ruoxi Ding, Xu Wen, and Xiaoying Zheng. "Male Experience and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Premarital Pregnancy: Based on a Nationwide Population-Based Survey Among Urban and Rural Chinese Youths." American Journal of Men's Health 13, no. 1 (January 2019): 155798831983190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988319831900.

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Little is known about the male experience of premarital pregnancy (MEPP) and the sociodemographic characteristics of unmarried male youths involved in pregnancy. This study estimates the prevalence of MEPP and identifies the sociodemographic factors associated with it among Chinese unmarried youths aged 15–24 years, using data from the Survey of Youth Access to Reproductive Health in China. Descriptive analyses and χ2 tests were applied to explore the number and prevalence of MEPP, and logistic regressions were used to identify the associated factors. As a result, among 2,853 sexually experienced male youths, 597 individuals reported 852 partner pregnancies caused by them during their lifetime, with a weighted prevalence rate of 20.87% (95% CI [18.85%, 22.88%]). Among these pregnancies, 78.05% ended in induced abortion. Factors like living with only the father (OR: 4.16, 95% CI [2.22, 7.8]) and the low level of education of the father (junior high school or below, OR: 1.60, 95% CI [1.04, 2.46]) were associated with MEPP among unmarried male youth. Furthermore, there is a marked difference between the rural and urban youth in factors associated with MEPP. The findings in this study highlight the importance of and need for strategies and interventions targeting male youths, in order to improve sexual education and reproductive services.

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Gui, Yongxia. "Gender role attitudes and their psychological effects on Chinese youth." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 47, no. 5 (May 7, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.7563.

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Questions from the World Values Survey were administered to 404 undergraduates at a Chinese university to explore the relationships among rural and urban experience, gender role attitudes, and psychological well-being. Results showed that female students were more gender egalitarian than were male students. Female students with traditional gender role attitudes were more likely to be from rural than urban areas, display lower subjective health, and report lower life satisfaction. Male students with traditional gender role attitudes scored higher on life satisfaction than did traditional females. The results imply that exposure to urban living experiences leads to more egalitarian gender role attitudes, and that this attitude is accompanied by better psychological well-being for females. Limitations of the findings are discussed.

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Gewirtz O'Brien, Janna R., and Annie-Laurie McRee. "144. Health Outcomes Among Homeless Youth—How do Youth in Rural and Urban Areas Compare?" Journal of Adolescent Health 66, no. 2 (February 2020): S73—S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.11.147.

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Weber, Bruce A., J. Matthew Fannin, Sam M. Cordes, and Thomas G. Johnson. "Upward Mobility of Low-Income Youth in Metropolitan, Micropolitan, and Rural America." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 672, no. 1 (June 23, 2017): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716217713477.

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We analyze county-level social, demographic, and economic data in U.S. counties to explore how economic mobility in the United States varies across the geography of the rural-urban interface. We reveal that micropolitan areas—small and medium urban centers—appear to play a unique role in the geography of intergenerational economic mobility. Micropolitan areas help to define the blurred boundaries of the new rural-urban interface, and play a unique and potentially powerful role in supporting the upward mobility of low-income youth. In some geographic areas, micropolitan counties serve as cores of nonmetropolitan America, supporting upward mobility in ways that take advantage of their density and scale. In other domains, they are relatively low-density transition zones between remote noncore rural counties and metropolitan America, supporting upward mobility of low-income youth in ways that exploit the opportunities and reveal weaknesses associated with nonmetropolitan small size, lack of density, and limited technological capacity.

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Fontanella, Cynthia A., Danielle L. Hiance-Steelesmith, Gary S. Phillips, Jeffrey A. Bridge, Natalie Lester, Helen Anne Sweeney, and John V. Campo. "Widening Rural-Urban Disparities in Youth Suicides, United States, 1996-2010." JAMA Pediatrics 169, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3561.

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Biggar, Raymond W., Craig J. Forsyth, Jing Chen, and Tayler A. Richard. "Protective Factors for Deviance: A Comparison of Rural and Urban Youth." Deviant Behavior 37, no. 12 (May 27, 2016): 1380–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1185861.

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Cardarelli, Kathryn M., Melinda Ickes, Luz Huntington-Moskos, Craig Wilmhoff, Angela Larck, Susan M. Pinney, and Ellen J. Hahn. "Authentic Youth Engagement in Environmental Health Research and Advocacy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 2154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042154.

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Training in environmental health (EH) engages and inspires youth to tackle health promotion and policy change. Yet, there is little guidance on how to successfully nurture and sustain youth engagement. This paper compares four case studies of youth engagement to promote EH in rural and urban communities using the Youth Empowerment Solutions (YES!) framework. Of the case studies in rural (Central Appalachia) and urban (Cincinnati, Ohio) communities, two employ citizen science approaches using PhotoVoice and environmental sampling; one engages youth in a science communication camp; and one focuses on policy advocacy. We compare and contrast these case studies using the YES! Critical Components and Empowerment levels. The case studies were discussed at the 2020 Partnerships in Environmental Public Health Meeting, where participants identified challenges and possible solutions for promoting and maintaining authentic youth engagement in EH research and advocacy. Analysis of the case studies indicated that youth engagement activities focusing on the individual were more common than those targeting the organizational setting or the community. Youth demonstrate agency to impact EH issues in their communities by engaging in hands-on opportunities to practice citizen science and advocacy. Overcoming challenges to authentic young engagement is important to sustain this work.

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Keopasith, Thiengtham, and Shen Neng. "Then Effects of rural-urban migration on economic status of rural residents." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 6 (October 27, 2020): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i6.887.

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The study examined the effects of rural-urban migration on the economic status of rural residents. The study utilized a mixed-methods research approach to collect and analyze data, first, data were collected through a questionnaire from households whose family members migrated to urban centers, and interviews were held with various heads of villages in the study area. The study reveals that the majority of the migrants were able-bodied youth who migrated to urban centers to seek employment and education. Migrants’ families at places of origin benefited from migration of their own relations to urban centers mainly through remittances which enabled them to improve their livelihood as the remittances were spent on daily consumption and investment into business activities. The study recommends that government should formulate policies that would create employment for citizens in rural areas, and encourage the private sector to build industries in rural areas to prevent rural-urban migration. Government and the private sector should also empower rural farmers through the promotion of markets for farm produce in order to improve the income of rural farmers, reduce poverty, improve the quality of life and well-being, increase their happiness, satisfaction, and minimize rural-urban migration. The study findings are limited to developing countries where rural-urban migration is a challenge due to the generally low quality of life in rural areas. Further research on the effects of rural-urban migration on the economic status of rural residents should involve a quantitative analysis of the impact of remittances by migrants on poverty reduction in rural areas.

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Duda, Marlena. "Fatigue and Health Behaviour of Ill Youth from Rural and Urban Areas." Journal of Education, Technology and Computer Science 31, no. 1 (2020): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/jetacomps.2020.1.13.

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The issue of chronic diseases in the population of children and youth should be constantly monitored due to the dynamically changing conditions of life. The risk of health deterioration and the process of convalescence are related to negative health behaviours, the feeling of fatigue and lowering quality of life. These phenomena are determined by the type of disease, individual decisions and many other factors of social nature: support, place of residence or income. The aim of this paper is to analyse the feeling of fatigue and health behaviours declared by youth in the period of late adolescence.

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Gainey, Randy R., and Carole L. Seyfrit. "Fear of Crime among Rural Youth: Testing the Generality of Urban Models to Rural Areas." Sociological Focus 34, no. 3 (August 2001): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2001.10571199.

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Qurani, I. Zahara, A. Noyara Rahmasary, and N. Fajri Usman. "The Comparative Study of Youth-Related Agriculture Initiatives: Optimizing the Role of Indonesian Youth in Improving Food Security." E3S Web of Conferences 142 (2020): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014206002.

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In the near future, the food insecurity risk is escalating if the surging population is not followed by increasing youth farmers while arable land is on a declining trend. Only 4 per cent (less than 3.5 million) youth aged 15-35 work as a farmer in Indonesia since the current general perspective of working in agriculture sector seems unpromising for most youth. This worsens the state of food insecurity unless there is a breakthrough to ignite youth interest. While the proportion of youth population both in rural and urban Indonesia are relatively similar (23 per cent and 25 per cent respectively in 2018), different approaches might be needed. Fortunately, many initiatives have been commenced to appeal to more youth. These approaches allow youth to acquire agriculture skills, from enabling land access to exposing the sector to the digital world. Using the available information acquired from secondary data and interviews, this study aims to identify, compare, and define the most viable approach amongst the existing initiatives, including land access, crop insurance, and incentive for youth farmers in rural area; and mainstreaming digital platform such as peer-to-peer lending, local product promotion, and vertical farming to engage urban youth. Eventually, the recommendation from this study will optimize youth role in improving the state of food security

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Ahmadi, Alireza, Mojgan Gharipour, Fatemeh Nouri, and Nizal Sarrafzadegan. "Metabolic Syndrome in Iranian Youths: A Population-Based Study on Junior and High Schools Students in Rural and Urban Areas." Journal of Diabetes Research 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/738485.

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Aim. The present population-based study aimed to assess prevalence of metabolic syndrome and itsrelated components in Iranian youth in the different sex, age, and residential subgroups.Method. Overall, 1039 junior high school and 953 high school students were selected using multistage random sampling. Fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were determined. Trained individuals measured waist circumference and blood pressure. Subjects with MetS were selected according to two definitions provided by the IDF and de Ferranti.Results. Among girls in intervention area, hypertriglyceridemia was more prevalent in rural than in urban areas using IDF definition. Significant differences were observed between boys in rural and urban areas regarding some components of metabolic syndrome including hypertriglyceridemia and high waist circumference. Besides, boys who are residents in urban areas had higher blood pressure, as well as higher waist circumference, than boys in rural areas.Conclusion. Our youth population is at significant risk of developing metabolic syndrome, and the pattern of this phenomenon seems to be discrepant in boys as well as in rural and urban areas probably due to the different lifestyle aspects, genetic factors, and racial differences.

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Cameron, Ann, Toupey Luft, Dana Dmytro, Neringa Kubiliene, and Winni Chou. "ADOLESCENTS NEGOTIATING ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS IN A CULTURALLY DIVERSE, URBAN COMMUNITY." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 8, no. 1 (March 8, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs81201716739.

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In this study we examined the negotiation of romantic relationships by urban youth, as discussed in focus groups, in a multicultural community. We compared these urban-student findings for an emergent fit with previously reported findings from more homogeneous groups of rural students. The unifying category, wrestling with gender expectations, which was identified in the rural studies, also emerged in the present study. A new unifying category represented urban participants’ balancing cultural expectations in the contexts of their families and social groups. Three categories from the former rural studies emerged in the present urban study: making sacrifices, showing respect, and standing up for oneself; and a new category emerged: communicating. While the rural students identified media as critical contextual conditions for romantic relationships, the current urban teens identified digital and social media as crucial contextual conditions in dating relationships. Together, these findings suggest the importance of considering cultural and contextual aspects of youths’ dating processes for developing a grounded theory that reflects aspects of teens’ relational lives. Implications of this emergent theory are explored, and directions for future research are suggested.

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Majee, Wilson, Karien Jooste, Lydia Aziato, and Adaobi Anakwe. "Scars of disengagement: perspectives on community leadership and youth engagement in rural South Africa." Global Health Promotion 26, no. 3 (August 30, 2017): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975917715877.

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Given the emerging global youth disengagement epidemic, anticipated population growth, and the threat of continued rural–urban migration among young adults, recent research has focused on community leadership practice and the factors that influence youth engagement at the local level. Studying these practices and factors can elicit interventions that can improve youth engagement and youth health. This study engaged South African rural community leaders in interviews to collect perceptions and experiences on community leadership and factors that influence youth engagement and their health behaviors. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Emergent themes are categorized into four domains: conceptualizations of leadership, current youth behaviors, barriers to youth engagement, and youth leadership opportunities and potential solutions. Findings demonstrate a clear grasp of the concept of community leadership among community leaders, and an awareness of the complex interplay of social, economic and environmental factors on youth disengagement and the potential interventions to promote more youth participation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban and rural youth'

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