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1
Snyder, Laura A., and Helen Michael. "Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma in a Juvenile Labrador Retriever: Case Report and Literature Review." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 47, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5693.
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A 7 mo old Labrador retriever presented for evaluation of facial swelling associated with a 5 cm oral mass extending caudally from the upper third premolar on the left side. Cytology revealed an atypical population of round cells of undetermined origin. A diagnosis of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) was reached via histopathology and confirmed with positive immunohistochemical staining for desmin. In humans, RMSs have a well-described round cell cytologic appearance. Few descriptions of veterinary cases of RMS exist. This report describes the cytologic appearance of alveolar RMS in a young dog and both summarizes and compares findings throughout the veterinary and human literature.
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Hendler, G. "Civilized Creatures: Urban Animals, Sentimental Culture, and American Literature, 1850-1900." Journal of American History 93, no. 3 (December 1, 2006): 882–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4486479.
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Cohen, Lara Langer. "Civilized Creatures: Urban Animals, Sentimental Culture, and American Literature, 1850-1900 (review)." Legacy 23, no. 2 (2006): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/leg.2006.0016.
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Lindahl, Johanna, and Ulf Magnusson. "Zoonotic pathogens in urban animals: Enough research to protect the health of the urban population?" Animal Health Research Reviews 21, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252319000100.
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AbstractWith more than half of the global population living in cities, the urban areas are also teeming with animals, including peridomestic wildlife, pets, and livestock. Urban animals may carry zoonotic pathogens, and crowded conditions in cities can increase the risk for the human population. We used a systematic approach to screen two publication databases as well as gray literature, and quantified the studies conducted on zoonoses in urban animals with respect to the geographic distribution, the host animal and pathogens. Out of 876 references found, 93 were included into final data extraction. Few studies were from the rapidly expanding cities in low- and middle-income countries where urban livestock-keeping is far more prominent than in high-income countries. Most studies were performed in peridomestic wildlife and pets, less in livestock. The most common category of pathogens studied were gastrointestinal parasites followed by gastrointestinal bacteria, whereas studies on some other zoonoses internationally recognized as critical for public health were few or absent. In conclusion, to mitigate the risks of emergence of zoonoses from urban animals this review highlights the research gaps on zoonoses, particularly in livestock in rapidly growing tropical cities and a more comprehensive inclusion of pathogens prioritized by WHO and OIE.
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DeGregorio, Brett, Raymond Moody, and Hannah Myers. "Soft Release Translocation of Texas Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum) on an Urban Military Installation in Oklahoma, United States." Animals 10, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081358.
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Wildlife translocation is an often-used technique to augment populations or remove animals from harm’s way. Unfortunately, many translocation efforts fail to meet their goals for myriad reasons, particularly because translocated animals make large, erratic movements after release, which can result in high mortality rates. Soft release, holding animals in acclimation pens for some period of time at the recipient site before release, has been proposed as a technique to reduce these large movements and increase the survival of translocated animals. Here, we compared the survival and movement patterns of soft-released Texas horned lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum) with resident lizards, as well as hard-released lizards from a prior study. Juvenile lizards that were soft-released had high survival rates similar to resident lizards, despite still moving more frequently and occupying larger home ranges than residents. Conversely, soft-released adult lizards had survival rates similar to those that were hard-released, and much lower rates than resident adults. Curiously, soft-released adults did not have significantly higher movement rates or home range sizes than residents. Our results suggest that caution should be used before adult Texas horned lizards are translocated. However, juveniles responded well to soft release, and future research should explore whether they are more resilient to translocation in general, or if soft release provided a specific survival advantage. Contrary to our predictions, the survival of translocated animals was not related to their post-release movement patterns, and the mechanism underlying the observed survival patterns is unclear.
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Hone, David W. E., Darren H. Tanke, and Caleb M. Brown. "Bite marks on the frill of a juvenile Centrosaurus from the Late Cretaceous Dinosaur Provincial Park Formation, Alberta, Canada." PeerJ 6 (October 12, 2018): e5748. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5748.
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Bite marks on bones can provide critical information about interactions between carnivores and animals they consumed (or attempted to) in the fossil record. Data from such interactions is somewhat sparse and is hampered by a lack of records in the scientific literature. Here, we present a rare instance of feeding traces on the frill of a juvenile ceratopsian dinosaur from the late Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta. It is difficult to determine the likely tracemaker(s) but the strongest candidate is a small-bodied theropod such as a dromaeosaur or juvenile tyrannosaur. This marks the first documented case of carnivore consumption of a juvenile ceratopsid, but may represent scavenging as opposed to predation.
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Phipps, William Bertram, Andrew Frederick Rich, and Matteo Rossanese. "Asymptomatic Enteric Duplication Cyst in a Geriatric Cat: Case Report and Review of the Literature." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 57, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-7057.
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An 11 yr old female neutered domestic shorthair presented for an 8 mo history of an asymptomatic abdominal mass. Computed tomography described an irregular, cystic structure closely associated with the duodenum, and focal ultrasonography confirmed the mass shared outer layers with the intestinal wall. Coeliotomy revealed the mass was originating from, and firmly adhered to, the antimesenteric border of the duodenum but was not communicating with the intestinal lumen. En bloc mass resection with omentalization was performed without small intestinal resection. Histopathology confirmed an enteric duplication cyst. The cat made a full recovery and remained asymptomatic postoperatively with no evidence of recurrence. A review of the literature confirms the duodenum to be the most common location of enteric duplication cysts in felines and that subtotal excision is curative in most cases. This differential should be considered in cases of cystic gastrointestinal structures in juvenile and adult felines, with or without associated clinical signs. In cases of luminal involvement or malignant transformation, intestinal resection and anastomosis is more appropriate. This report describes the presentation, investigations, and treatment of an asymptomatic duodenal duplication cyst in an adult feline and summarizes and compares current knowledge of the condition between veterinary and human literature.
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Siefert, J., K. H. Hillebrandt, M. Kluge, D. Geisel, P. Podrabsky, T. Denecke, M. Nösser, et al. "Computed tomography-based survey of the vascular anatomy of the juvenile Göttingen minipig." Laboratory Animals 51, no. 4 (December 8, 2016): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677216680238.
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Over the past 50 years, image-guided procedures have been established for a wide range of applications. The development and clinical translation of new treatment regimens necessitate the availability of suitable animal models. The juvenile Göttingen minipig presents a favourable profile as a model for human infants. However, no information can be found regarding the vascular system of juvenile minipigs in the literature. Such information is imperative for planning the accessibility of target structures by catheterization. We present here a complete mapping of the arterial system of the juvenile minipig based on contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Four female animals weighing 6.13 ± 0.72 kg were used for the analyses. Imaging was performed under anaesthesia, and the measurement of the vascular structures was performed independently by four investigators. Our dataset forms a basis for future interventional studies in juvenile minipigs, and enables planning and refinement of future experiments according to the 3R (replacement, reduction and refinement) principles of animal research.
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Saari, Susanna, Scott Richter, Michael Higgins, Martina Oberhofer, Andrew Jennings, and Stanley H. Faeth. "Urbanization is not associated with increased abundance or decreased richness of terrestrial animals - dissecting the literature through meta-analysis." Urban Ecosystems 19, no. 3 (March 10, 2016): 1251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-016-0549-x.
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Sepp, Tuul, Beata Ujvari, Paul W. Ewald, Frédéric Thomas, and Mathieu Giraudeau. "Urban environment and cancer in wildlife: available evidence and future research avenues." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1894 (January 9, 2019): 20182434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2434.
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While it is generally known that the risk of several cancers in humans is higher in urban areas compared with rural areas, cancer is often deemed a problem of human societies with modern lifestyles. At the same time, more and more wild animals are affected by urbanization processes and are faced with the need to adapt or acclimate to urban conditions. These include, among other things, increased exposure to an assortment of pollutants (e.g. chemicals, light and noise), novel types of food and new infections. According to the abundant literature available for humans, all of these factors are associated with an increased probability of developing cancerous neoplasias; however, the link between the urban environment and cancer in wildlife has not been discussed in the scientific literature. Here, we describe the available evidence linking environmental changes resulting from urbanization to cancer-related physiological changes in wild animals. We identify the knowledge gaps in this field and suggest future research avenues, with the ultimate aim of understanding how our modern lifestyle affects cancer prevalence in urbanizing wild populations. In addition, we consider the possibilities of using urban wild animal populations as models to study the association between environmental factors and cancer epidemics in humans, as well as to understand the evolution of cancer and defence mechanisms against it.
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Burke Wood, Patricia. "Significance of Horses: Control Legislation and Impact on Irish Travellers." Society & Animals 27, no. 5-6 (October 15, 2019): 487–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341566.
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AbstractThis paper documents the significance of horses to Irish Travellers, on several fronts, to demonstrate their unusual relationship with horses as companion animals and as work animals in a non-farm context. Their multiple attachments and engagement are analyzed in the context of the literature in human–nonhuman animal relations and animal geographies, which helps illuminate the ways in which horses have shaped Traveller geographies and identities, and how these associations have become politicized. The 1996 Control of Horses Act has led to greater restrictions on the keeping of horses; the impact of the loss of this animal from Traveller daily life is discussed. This research also helps fill a gap in the literature on horses and urban and rural landscapes in Ireland, which has to date largely excluded Travellers.
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Shannon, Laurie. "The Eight Animals in Shakespeare; or, Before the Human." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 124, no. 2 (March 2009): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.2.472.
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The poverty of the single-digit sum in my title, I trust, raises a brow. After all, the ubiquity of those we conventionally shepherd into the enclosure of the term animals stands out as a feature of both Shakespearean material and early modern texts generally. The animal footprints in this archive result from the frequency with which early moderns encountered living and butchered animals in their daily routines. Hardly an urban, rural, or domestic scene was painted without them. For illustration, Jan van der Heyden's cityscape of Amsterdam's main public square dramatizes the civic visibility of dogs and horses (alongside the town hall and the New Church) and muddies any distinction between beasts of burden and creatures of leisure—especially beneath that vast early modern sky (see next page). In a prescient intimation of modernity, Thomas More's Utopia imagined a noncitizen, butchering class performing its labors, deemed too brutal for citizens to witness, out of sight (75). Early modern humans had more contact with more animals than most of us now do. For a species with weak ears and a terrible nose, out of sight is out of mind.
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Conte, Alessandro, and Elena Addison. "Management of severe stifle trauma: 2. Periarticular fractures." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 21, no. 7 (June 25, 2019): 633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x19856180.
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Practical relevance: Periarticular stifle fractures are uncommon but challenging injuries to treat. There may be concurrent damage to the ligaments and stabilising structures of the stifle joint itself, which should also be evaluated (see Part 1 of this article series). Improved knowledge of the fixation options and biomechanical challenges of these injuries will aid clinical decision-making and effective repair. Clinical challenges: Due to their nature, periarticular fractures may have small juxta-articular fragments, which require additional thought to address during stabilisation. In juvenile animals, these fractures typically involve the physis and often can be managed with cross pin fixation. In adult cats, locking fixation, specialised plates or external skeletal fixators can be utilised to address the juxta-articular fragments. Readers should also be aware of patellar fracture and dental anomaly syndrome (PADS), where cats develop insufficiency fractures affecting the patella and proximal tibia. A careful oral examination should be performed in affected patients, as these cats may have persistent deciduous teeth. Close attention should be paid to preoperative radiographs for evidence of chronicity of the injury including sclerosis of the patella, remodelling and blunting of the fracture lines. Aims: The aims of the article are to review the current literature surrounding periarticular fractures of the stifle joint and to summarise the diagnosis, treatment, outcome and complications of each fracture type. As well as discussing general fracture fixation and biomechanical principles applicable to both dogs and cats, information is provided on specific issues facing cats, such as PADS. Evidence base: Published data is limited, with reports including only a small number of cats. The information and recommendations in this article have therefore been drawn from a combination of the available literature and the authors’ clinical experience.
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Butcher, Luke, Andrew Day, Debra Miles, and Garry Kidd. "A Comparative Analysis of the Risk Profiles of Australian Young Offenders From Rural and Urban Communities." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 14 (June 5, 2019): 2483–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x19853110.
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Australian young people from rural areas, particularly Aboriginal young people, are overrepresented in the juvenile justice system. Apart from broad evidence regarding the entrenched social disadvantages experienced by young people in rural communities, the literature is limited in describing why this might be case. Due to these social disadvantages, it is hypothesised that young offenders from rural communities will have higher levels of offending risk factors, as measured by the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory—Australian Adaption (YLS/CMI-AA). A total of 6,750 archival records were analysed, showing that significantly more Aboriginal young offenders live in rural areas. Contrary to the hypothesis, urban young offenders had significantly higher risk scores than rural young offenders. These findings suggest that there may be particular ecological factors that are not assessed in the current risk assessment instrument or that rural young people have a range of protective factors that may insulate against the broader context of social disadvantage.
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Tüür, Kadri, and Ene-Reet Soovik. "Among Forests, Wetlands and Animals: Ecocriticism in the Baltics." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 11, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2020.11.2.3498.
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Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania often tend to be grouped together under the label of ’the Baltic countries’, yet they constitute a region characterised by a diversity which also manifests itself in the field of academic research. Still, it may be possible to detect some common elements in the ecocriticism-related activities that have been taking place in these states during the past couple of decades. The article maps the salient tendencies in the environmental humanities (including ecocriticism) of the region that recently gained an institutionalised platform in the form of the Baltic Conferences on the Environmental Humanities and Social Sciences (BALTEHUMS) that were started in 2018. A survey is given of the three countries’ most significant events and publications that have boasted an ecocritical component, ecocriticism’s institutional representation and inclusion of ecocritical issues in university syllabuses and theory textbooks, as well as some pertinent topics and sub-fields on which the scholars in these countries are currently working. Among these, various aspects of the connections of literature and the ecosystems of the forest (trees) and the mire can be noticed; while also animal studies, literary urban studies, bio- and ecosemiotics and environmental history appear to have entered a fruitful dialogue with ecocritical scholarship currently conducted in the Baltics.
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Pordzik, Ralph. "George Orwell’s Imperial Bestiary: Totemism, Animal Agency and Cross-Species Interaction in “Shooting an Elephant”, Burmese Days and “Marrakech”." Anglia 135, no. 3 (September 6, 2017): 440–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ang-2017-0045.
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AbstractThis essay argues that Orwell’s representation of animals as companion species offers a strikingly new, as-yet largely neglected view of animal agency and interiority in his work. In “Shooting an Elephant”, Burmese Days and “Marrakech”, the writer’s focus on the social reject is supplemented by a marked sense of community implying human tragedy yet framing it within precariously situated human-animal, colonial or urban-imperial transitions that visualise animals as agents of change and co-shaping species interdependent with the lives of the humans that utilize and domineer them. Animals are required whenever Orwell aspires to shift from isolation to communality, from the self-conscious outsider to the larger realm of ideas framing the world in which his characters strive to overstep the accepted lines of social performance and conformity. Read in and around disciplinary structures of rationalization, Orwell’s animals appear to secure themselves, quite paradoxically, a place within the normative anthropocentric framework excluding them. They extend beyond anthropomorphising or allegorical modes of description and open up bio-political perspectives within and across regimes of knowledge and empathy. Orwell’s writings thus present a challenge to the culturally accredited fantasy of human exceptionalism, collapsing any epistemic space between humans and animals and burying the idea of sustaining radical species distinction.
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Irimia-Hurdugan, Oriana. "The Economic and Ecological Potential of Macrophytic Vegetation in Urban Lakes." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/trser-2013-0021.
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ABSTRACTThis paper considers certain elements relating to the ecological and economic importance of the aquatic macrophytes common in the Câmpia Română/Romanian Plain lakes, especially those species belonging to the genera Myriophyllum and Potamogeton, common in Bucharest’s urban lakes. At present, the macrophytes of the Bucharest lakes are collected by personnel of the Lakes, Parks and Leisure Administration of Bucharest by mechanised and manual methods, which are sun-dried and transported as waste and deposited in a landfill. Thus these macrophytes are merely generating costs through harvest, transport and storage, instead of being a direct revenue source for the City hall. This study presents a review of international literature in support of the economic potential as fertiliser for open field crop, orchard and garden crop application, as well as food for farm animals. The last portion of the paper argues the vital need for the preservation of macrophyte stands in the lacustrine habitat for green, sustainable and integrated management of the urban lakes used for leisure and fishing.
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Crane, Adam L., and Maud C. O. Ferrari. "Patterns of predator neophobia: a meta-analytic review." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1861 (August 23, 2017): 20170583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0583.
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Neophobia, the fear of novel stimuli, plays a major role in animal ecology. Here, we review studies on predator neophobia and explore its underlying patterns within an ecological framework. Predator neophobia is typically assessed by observing behaviours in novel areas that bring potential risk from unknown predators, or by observing behaviours towards certain kinds of objects and odours that are novel. We conducted a literature review across taxa, surveying research on baseline and induced neophobia versus controls. We calculated effect sizes for the intensity of neophobic responses, and categorized data according to six factors (taxa, age class, background type, trophic position, test cue type and experimental treatment type). While accounting for each of the other factors, we found that baseline neophobia was stronger among birds and mammals, and towards novel areas, relative to other taxa and cue types. Baseline neophobia was lower for wild-caught animals and for those that were higher in trophic position, compared with those reared in captivity and from lower trophic levels. By contrast, induced neophobia was similar in intensity across taxa, background types and testing cue types, while again being lower among upper trophic-level members and among juvenile animals. Although induced neophobia occurred across all treatment types, brain lesions induced stronger neophobia than predation risk or social isolation. We discuss potential mechanisms underlying these results and highlight gaps in the literature.
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Wojnarowski, Konrad, Paweł Podobiński, Paulina Cholewińska, Jakub Smoliński, and Karolina Dorobisz. "Impact of Estrogens Present in Environment on Health and Welfare of Animals." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 2152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072152.
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Nowadays, there is a growing interest in environmental pollution; however, knowledge about this aspect is growing at an insufficient pace. There are many potential sources of environmental contamination, including sex hormones—especially estrogens. The analyzed literature shows that estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and synthetic ethinyloestradiol (EE2) are the most significant in terms of environmental impact. Potential sources of contamination are, among others, livestock farms, slaughterhouses, and large urban agglomerations. Estrogens occurring in the environment can negatively affect the organisms, such as animals, through phenomena such as feminization, dysregulation of natural processes related to reproduction, lowering the physiological condition of the organisms, disturbances in the regulation of both proapoptotic and anti-apoptotic processes, and even the occurrence of neoplastic processes thus drastically decreasing animal welfare. Unfortunately, the amount of research conducted on the negative consequences of their impact on animal organisms is many times smaller than that of humans, despite the great richness and diversity of the fauna. Therefore, there is a need for further research to help fill the gaps in our knowledge.
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Neal, Zachary P. "The urban metabolism of airline passengers: Scaling and sustainability." Urban Studies 55, no. 1 (January 17, 2017): 212–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016686535.
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Concerns about the negative externalities of air transport suggest it is important to consider the sustainability of growth in demand for air transport. However, there is little agreement on how the sustainability of demand should be evaluated. In this paper, I draw on the extensive literature on allometric scaling in biology, which examines animals’ demand for calories, to provide a novel framework for evaluating the sustainability of cities’ demand for air transport service. Viewing cities as analogous to organisms and airline passengers as analogous to life-sustaining resources, I focus on two questions. First, at what rate do cities metabolise passengers, that is, how many airline passengers does it take to fuel a city of a given size? Second, does this metabolic rate differ for business and leisure passengers, which represent different kinds of urban resources? Using data on airline passenger movement between 103 US metropolitan areas in each year from 1993 through 2011, I find that cities demand airline passengers in proportion to their population size, but when viewed separately, demand for business passengers as a function of city size is much lower than for leisure passengers. Moreover, I find that these patterns have remained relatively stable over the last two decades. The findings suggest that considering passenger type is important in evaluating the sustainability of air transport and the capacity of the air transport system to support cities’ continued growth.
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Castañeda-Navarrete, Jennifer. "Homegarden diversity and food security in southern Mexico." Food Security 13, no. 3 (February 13, 2021): 669–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01148-w.
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AbstractHome gardens are recognised in the literature for their contribution to food security, yet the process by which agrobiodiversity and household characteristics mediate this relationship is less well understood. This paper contributes to fill this research gap by drawing on a multi-site case study in the Yucatán region in Mexico. By applying regression analysis, the significance of the association between home garden diversity and food security is confirmed. Plant diversity is found to have a positive association with food consumption scores and the frequency of vegetable intakes. The number of animals used for food purposes is also found to have positive and significant associations with food consumption scores and frequency of meat intakes. However, the dimension and the significance of these positive associations were found to vary among communities and quantiles of the distribution of food security measures. In the households studied, younger individuals and better-educated people, males and Spanish speakers were more likely to engage in jobs in urban areas. Engagement in urban jobs was found to involve complementarities with the overall plant diversity of home gardens, but also trade-offs with the diversity of vegetables and other herbs used for food purposes and with the abundance of animals raised for food purposes.
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Carroll, Matthew J., Alexander Singer, Graham C. Smith, Dave P. Cowan, and Giovanna Massei. "The use of immunocontraception to improve rabies eradication in urban dog populations." Wildlife Research 37, no. 8 (2010): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10027.
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ContextRabies causes ~55 000 human deaths each year, primarily as a result of bites from dogs, which are the major rabies reservoir in the developing world. Current rabies control strategies include vaccination, culling and surgical sterilisation of dogs. However, recently developed immunocontraceptives could be used alongside vaccination to apply fertility control to more animals. AimsWe used a modelling approach to explore (1) whether adding single-dose contraceptives to rabies vaccination would improve effectiveness of rabies eradication, (2) how sensitive control methods are to variation in population parameters and (3) the effects of applying control continuously or in pulses on rabies eradication. MethodsA continuous time, compartmental model was created to describe canine rabies epidemiology. Parameters were derived from the literature. The following three control methods were applied at varying rates and durations: vaccination, vaccination plus fertility control (v + fc) and culling. Outcomes were classified into the following three categories: rabies persistence, rabies eradication and population extinction. Key resultsWhen control was applied continuously for up to 24 months, vaccination was least effective; the effort required to eradicate rabies was about twice that required with culling or v + fc. At realistic control rates, only v + fc consistently resulted in rabies eradication. Increasing population growth rate and city size made rabies eradication harder; for vaccination, considerably greater control rates and durations were required, whereas culling and v + fc showed only minor decreases in effectiveness. When control was applied for 1 or 2 months (for one month every 12 months or every 6 months) per year for up to 20 years, vaccination became less effective because of population turnover between control periods; v + fc lost little effectiveness, as decreased birth rates reduced the input of susceptible animals. ConclusionsUsing immunocontraception alongside vaccination could improve rabies control campaigns by reducing the proportion of the population that must be treated, or reducing the necessary duration of the campaign. It could also make control effective under larger population growths, in larger cities and when control is pulsed. ImplicationsImmunocontraceptives could become a useful tool in canine rabies control by allowing fertility control to be applied on a large scale. Further work is required to improve understanding of dog ecology and parameterise location-specific models, which could be used to inform management plans.
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Fierro, Pablo, Jaime Tapia, Carlos Bertrán, Cristina Acuña, and Luis Vargas-Chacoff. "Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Two Edible Fish Species and Water from North Patagonia Estuary." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062492.
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Estuaries worldwide have been severely degraded and become reservoirs for many types of pollutants, such as heavy metals. This study investigated the levels of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in water and whole fish. We sampled 40 juvenile silversides Odontesthes regia and 41 juvenile puye Galaxias maculatus from the Valdivia River estuary, adjacent to the urban area in southern South America (Chile). Samples were analyzed using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In water samples, metals except Zn were mostly below the detection limits and all metals were below the maximum levels established by local guidelines in this estuary. In whole fish samples, concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Cd were significantly higher in puyes than in silversides. Additionally, Zn, Pb, and Mn were correlated to body length and weight in puyes, whereas Cd was correlated to body length in silversides. The mean concentration of heavy metals in silverside and puyes were higher than those reported in the literature. In silversides, all heavy metal levels were below the limits permitted by current legislation (FAO), whereas in puyes Pb and Cd levels were above the recommended maximum level established by international guidelines, therefore putting the human population at risk.
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Rodrigues, Tercilia de Oliveira, Italmar Teodorico Navarro, Jancarlo Ferreira Gomes, Luzia Helena Queiroz, Sílvia Helena Venturoli Perri, Mariele Fernanda da Cruz Panegossi, Thais Rabelo Santos-Doni, and Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani. "The effectiveness of blended learning continuing education program on toxoplasmosis for basic education teachers." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 8 (July 15, 2021): e43410817619. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17619.
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Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis of great importance for public health since it is referenced as causing changes in human fetuses and animals. This research aims at comparing the knowledge of 165 basic education professionals before and after a blended learning online course (180-hour) on toxoplasmosis. A health education course on major urban zoonoses was offered once a year between 2009 and 2013 on the Virtual Learning Environment TelEduc platform. An open question questionnaire on Toxoplasmosis was applied before and after the specific module, and the responses were categorized according to the literature review theme. The initial and final evaluations addressed issues such as toxoplasmosis etiologic agent, clinical signs in animals and humans, and form of transmission and prevention. Toxoplasmosis general knowledge increased significantly (p<0.0001) after the course. The results showed that the continuing education of teachers through Distance Learning and Blended Learning Course contributed to the acquisition of knowledge.
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Chalker-Scott, Linda. "Impact of Mulches on Landscape Plants and the Environment — A Review." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-25.4.239.
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Abstract Mulches provide aesthetic, economic and environmental benefits to urban landscapes. Mulching is especially useful in the establishment of trees in landscapes that receive minimal care, such as restoration sites. In general, mulches improve soil health, creating healthy populations of plants and associated animals. These biodiverse, stable landscapes are more resistant to stress, are more aesthetically pleasing, require fewer applications of pesticides and fertilizers, and are ultimately more sustainable than those without mulch cover. All mulches are not created equally, however, and this review compares the costs and benefits of landscape mulches as reported in the scientific literature. It also presents real and perceived problems associated with various landscape mulches.
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V. da Costa, Glauber, Elenilze F. B. Ferreira, Ryan da S. Ramos, Luciane B. da Silva, Ester M. F. de Sá, Alicia K. P. da Silva, Cássio M. Lobato, et al. "Hierarchical Virtual Screening of Potential Insectides Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase and Juvenile Hormone from Temephos." Pharmaceuticals 12, no. 2 (April 18, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph12020061.
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Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762; Diptera: Culicidae) is the main vector transmitting viral diseases such as dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever, urban yellow fever, zika and chikungunya. Worldwide, especially in the Americas and Brazil, many cases of dengue have been reported in recent years, which have shown significant growth. The main control strategy is the elimination of the vector, carried out through various education programs, to change human habits, but the most usual is biological control, together with environmental management and chemical control. The most commonly insecticide used is temephos (an organophosphorus compound), but Aedes aegypti populations have shown resistance and the product is highly toxic, so we chose it as a template molecule to perform a ligand-based virtual screening in the ChemBrigde (DIVERSet-CL subcollection) database, searching for derivatives with similarity in shape (ROCS) and electrostatic potential (EON). Thus, fourty-five molecules were filtered based on their pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties and 11 molecules were selected by a molecular docking study, including binding affinity and mode of interaction. The L46, L66 and L68 molecules show potential inhibitory activity for both the insect (−9.28, −10.08 and −6.78 Kcal/mol, respectively) and human (−6.05, 6.25 and 7.2 Kcal/mol respectively) enzymes, as well as the juvenile hormone protein (−9.2; −10.96 and −8.16 kcal/mol, respectively), showing a significant difference in comparison to the template molecule temephos. Molecules L46, L66 and L68 interacted with important amino acids at each catalytic site of the enzyme reported in the literature. Thus, the molecules here investigated are potential inhibitors for both the acetylcholinesterase enzymes and juvenile hormone protein–from insect and humans, characterizing them as a potential insecticide against the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
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Williams, III, John A., and Greg Wiggan. "Models of Success, Teacher Quality and Student Disciplinary Infraction: A Critical Analysis of Chicago’s Urban Preparatory Academies and Harlem Children’s Zone." Journal of Educational Issues 2, no. 2 (August 26, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v2i2.9788.
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<p>School discipline disparities in U.S. education is accompanied by a litany of literature that focuses on African Americans in low-performing urban schools (Civil Right Project, 2000; Losen, 2011; Mendez & Knoff, 2003; Skiba, Michael, Nardo & Peterson, 2002; Wilson, 2014). Public K-12 institutions in the U.S. report that African Americans are suspended at three-times the rate of White students (23% for African Americans as compared to 7% for Whites). Furthermore, the most recent Civil Rights Discipline Collection report (Office of Civil Rights, 2014) indicates that students who receive one suspension have a much greater chance of being suspended multiple times, ultimately leading to expulsion and or involvement in the juvenile justice system (Allen & White-Smith, 2014; Gregory, 1995; Office of Civil Rights, 2014; Pane & Rocco, 2014). A significant amount of research focuses on public education institutions’ dismal outcomes in this area (Skiba et al., 2002; Office of Civil Rights, 2014; Wilson, 2014), without examining charter schools to determine if discipline disparities are endemic in them as well. This study examined two urban, high achieving charter schools. Urban Preparatory Academies in Chicago and Harlem Children’s Zone in New York. The school characteristics are assessed through critical race theory to better understand the relationship between teacher quality and student discipline. The findings of the study indicate that while both schools had similar student demographics, lower rates of discipline infractions were reported in the individual campuses that employed a higher number of qualified teachers. These findings have implications for teacher preparation and urban education.</p>
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Caicedo, Edgar-Yaset, Kelly Charniga, Amanecer Rueda, Ilaria Dorigatti, Yardany Mendez, Arran Hamlet, Jean-Paul Carrera, and Zulma M. Cucunubá. "The epidemiology of Mayaro virus in the Americas: A systematic review and key parameter estimates for outbreak modelling." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): e0009418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009418.
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Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arbovirus that is endemic to tropical forests in Central and South America, particularly within the Amazon basin. In recent years, concern has increased regarding MAYV’s ability to invade urban areas and cause epidemics across the region. We conducted a systematic literature review to characterise the evolutionary history of MAYV, its transmission potential, and exposure patterns to the virus. We analysed data from the literature on MAYV infection to produce estimates of key epidemiological parameters, including the generation time and the basic reproduction number, R0. We also estimated the force-of-infection (FOI) in epidemic and endemic settings. Seventy-six publications met our inclusion criteria. Evidence of MAYV infection in humans, animals, or vectors was reported in 14 Latin American countries. Nine countries reported evidence of acute infection in humans confirmed by viral isolation or reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). We identified at least five MAYV outbreaks. Seroprevalence from population based cross-sectional studies ranged from 21% to 72%. The estimated mean generation time of MAYV was 15.2 days (95% CrI: 11.7–19.8) with a standard deviation of 6.3 days (95% CrI: 4.2–9.5). The per-capita risk of MAYV infection (FOI) ranged between 0.01 and 0.05 per year. The mean R0 estimates ranged between 2.1 and 2.9 in the Amazon basin areas and between 1.1 and 1.3 in the regions outside of the Amazon basin. Although MAYV has been identified in urban vectors, there is not yet evidence of sustained urban transmission. MAYV’s enzootic cycle could become established in forested areas within cities similar to yellow fever virus.
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Piskorski, Rodolfo. "Four-footed Weakness: Childhood and Neoteny in Oedipus Rex." Oxford Literary Review 41, no. 2 (December 2019): 258–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/olr.2019.0282.
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That Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex is concerned with childhood is something of a truism, but there are ways in which this holds true that go beyond its contribution to the Freudian theory of infantile sexuality. The riddle posed by the sphinx, whose solving cements Oedipus’ incestuous marriage, foregrounds infancy and its similarities to and differences from other life stages. More than that, it illustrates a difference between humans (whose number of feet changes) and other animals via a recapitulationist perspective that summarises the evolution of the human in one individual's life. However, I argue that, rather than foregrounding childhood, the play explores a peculiar trait of human infancy: neoteny. While this biological term refers to the retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood, it has been critically deployed not only to suggest that humans are neotenic because their adult state after sexual maturation resembles the young of primates, but also that this resemblance stems from a premature birth and a prolonged, helpless infancy. I read the play as an intervention on the logic of the riddle that opposes neoteny to recapitulation. In the play, the difference between begetting (φύω, phuō) and rearing (τρέφω, trephō) is constantly worked over through the exploration of the difference between biological and adoptive fathers, between nature and nurture, which lays bare the conceptual work of neoteny.
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Balashov, I., and A. Markova. "Occurrence of an invasive slug Limacus flavus (Stylommatophora: Limacidae) in the trees of an urban landscape in Kyiv city (Ukraine), with remarks on its colouration." Ruthenica, Russian Malacological Journal 31, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/ruthenica.2021.31(3).1.
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The importance of trees for an invasive Mediterranean cellar slug, Limacus flavus , was studied within one block of a residential area in Kyiv city (Central Ukraine) from spring of 2020 to spring of 2021. Slugs tended to occur in the old poplars ( Populus nigra var. italica ). Live animals or their traces were found on the 71 of 320 poplars and on 17 trees of other species in the studied area. Slugs often go up to at least 12 m above the ground on these poplars and feed on the lichens there. Animals breed and spend the daytime inside at least some of these trees under the bark. Slugs were wintering in some of these trees in 2020-2021 and probably also at least in 2019-2020, while previously L. flavus was reported from Eastern Europe only in connection to cellars, basements and greenhouses. Apparently these slugs are occupying additional habitats in response to climate change and their occurrence in the trees may become common in Eastern Europe with the warming of climate. The colouration of L. flavus and closely related L. maculatus is discussed. Various differences of the colouration were suggested in the literature to distinguish the two species, most notably the central light stripe on the back of L. flavus , but this character is absent in most of the studied specimens and, therefore, the overall colouration overlaps in the studied populations of the two species.
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Fearn, S., L. Schwarzkopf, and R. Shine. "Giant snakes in tropical forests: a field study of the Australian scrub python, Morelia kinghorni." Wildlife Research 32, no. 2 (2005): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04084.
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Studies on species that attain very large body sizes provide a powerful opportunity to clarify the ecological correlates and consequences of body size, but logistical obstacles mean that most ‘giant’ species have attracted little field-based research. The Australian scrub python, Morelia kinghorni (= M. amethistina in earlier literature), is the largest Australian snake. Our three-year field study in the Tully River Gorge of tropical north-eastern Australia provides the first detailed ecological data on this species. Snakes aggregate in the gorge during the dry season for reproductive activities (combat, courtship and mating), and these aggregations consist primarily of large adult males. Wet-season samples from a nearby road contained more females, and more juvenile animals. Body temperatures of diurnally active pythons averaged 25.2°C, and were highly correlated with air and substrate temperatures. Larger snakes were cooler than smaller conspecifics, perhaps reflecting their slower heating rates. Recapture of marked individuals suggests that pythons of both sexes and all body sizes maintain fixed home ranges, as the distance from initial capture did not increase through time; most animals were recaptured <100 m from their initial capture point, but some dispersed at least 1.5 km. Adult male pythons spanned a massive range in body sizes (1.3–3.76 m in snout–vent length, 0.30–11 kg in mass), and larger males were more likely to engage in combat, exhibit combat-related injuries (bite wounds) and obtain matings. Presumably reflecting the reproductive advantage of larger body size, males attained much larger maximum sizes than did females within our study population.
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Dawson, Gowan. "DICKENS, DINOSAURS, AND DESIGN." Victorian Literature and Culture 44, no. 4 (November 4, 2016): 761–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150316000358.
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Charles Dickens's novels only occasionally feature images of prehistoric creatures. There is, of course, the famous “elephantine lizard. . .waddling. . .up Holborn Hill” in the opening scenes of Bleak House (1852–53), which, as is brilliantly captured in Tom Gauld's recent cartoon “Fragments of Dickens's Lost Novel ‘A Megalosaur's Progress’” (2011), has become a kind of icon of Dickens's entire fictional oeuvre (Figure 1). But beyond Bleak House’s iconic megalosaurus “forty feet long or so,” Dickens's panoramic representations of urban landscapes, which Adelene Buckland has shown to abound with quasi-geological ruins, are usually populated only by their more diminutive modern inhabitants (1; ch. 1). Even when the changing cityscape of “carcases. . .and fragments” of “giant forms” seems, as in Dombey and Son (1847–48), to suggest the presence of colossal fossilized skeletons thrown up by a “great earthquake,” they remain lifeless and merely augment the pervading atmosphere of urban upheaval (46; ch. 6). Animate extinct animals instead appear more commonly in novels by contemporaries such as William Makepeace Thackeray or, later in the century, Henry James. In their fiction, creatures such as the megatherium, a large edentate from the Pliocene epoch, not only afford apposite metaphors for gargantuan manifestations of industrial modernity, as in the former's Mrs. Perkins's Ball (1846) and the latter's The Bostonians (1885–86). More significantly, they also provide a model for the complex structures of serialized novels, whether commendatory, as in Thackeray's The Newcomes (1853–55), or otherwise, as in the famous epithet “large loose baggy monsters” that James coined in the preface to the New York edition of The Tragic Muse (1908) (1:x).
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LUCENA, Leandro Ricardo Rodrigues de, and Rosângela Paula Teixeira LESSA. "SHAPE AND CLUSTER ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT DETECTER PATTERNS OF RHIZOPRIONODON POROSUS IN NORTHEAST COAST OF BRAZIL." REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE BIOMETRIA 37, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.28951/rbb.v37i2.389.
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The genus Rhizoprionodon comprises seven species of sharks occurring in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, the species are small and medium-sized animals attaining about 150 cm, inhabiting coastal waters, estuaries and brackish waters and feeding mainly on mollusks, crustaceans and small fish. In Brazil the two species are found Rhizoprionodon porosus and lalandi. The use of morphometric approaches has limitations for this group due to lack of anatomical landmarks, since they have a continuous form without angles. This study will analyze the chondrocranium a structure that is considered species-specific. The study aims to verify the hypothesis suggested in the literature of two populations of the species R. porosus off northeastern Brazil. One corresponds to the northern coast of the Northeast (RN) and the other to the eastern coast of this region (PE). For that we performed a comparative morphometric study of the chondrocranium of R. porosus between the indicated areas using shape and cluster analyses. Thus, there were differences both for adult and juvenile phases by regions of capture. In conclusion, there is indeed a difference between chondrocranium from Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte as showed by approaches used.
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Pilgrim, Karyn. "Beyond the Story of Sustainable Meat." Society & Animals 27, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341503.
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AbstractThis paper examines Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma (2006) and Kingsolver’s Animal, Vegetable, Miracle (2007), and argues that pastoral and narrative elements of these texts obscure an uncomfortable dissonance between their locavore claims to environmental sustainability and “sustainable meat” production. Much recent literature from within the frameworks of ecocriticism and ethics has been critical of the ethical/ sustainable meat movement for using simplistic and inaccurate models of sustainability, and for failing to reposition nonhuman animals outside the framework of capitalist commodification. Inadequately considered by these self-fulfilling stories are empirical data that indicate a global lack of resources to deploy “sustainable meat” production, as well as the implications of continuing the ideology of dominion over nonhumans. This paper calls for a new sustainable food story that encourages radical ways of thinking about farming and nonhumans, and that incorporates a landscape both urban and rural.
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Broitman, Dani, Danny Czamanski, and Marina Toger. "The Complex Interactions between Cities and Nature." Quality Innovation Prosperity 21, no. 1 (April 30, 2017): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/qip.v21i1.781.
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<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> Proximity to nature is highly valued by urbanites. They demonstrate higher willingness to pay for housing at locations near open and green spaces. But, nature in cities can generate negative externalities as well. The aim of this paper is to present the complex relationship between nature and cities and the possible negative influence of urban nature on property prices.</p><p><strong>Methodology/Approach:</strong> The data presented in this paper include open spaces, the presence of wild animals and residential property values in Haifa, Israel. These data were analyzed to uncover spatial regularities and basic statistical relationships.</p><p><strong>Findings:</strong> The results reveal the expected presence of dominant positive externalities related to proximity to open and green areas. However, in certain areas and under certain circumstances, the nuisances generated by the presence of wild animals in close proximity to housing are correlated with lower property prices.</p><p><strong>Research Limitation/implication:</strong> We demonstrate in this paper that that there is a complex relationship between nature and cities, albeit focusing our analysis on large mammals in cities only. Disentangling positive and negative externalities of urban nature is a challenging task. The paper presents an example of the potential difficulties that need to be dealt with in such analysis.</p><strong>Originality/Value of paper:</strong> Through the case study, we show that there are good reasons to believe that there are both positive and negative externalities of nature in cities. To our best knowledge, attempts to disentangle both types of effects using property values do not exist in the literature.
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Sinang, S. C., E. S. Reichwaldt, and A. Ghadouani. "Local nutrient regimes determine site-specific environmental triggers of cyanobacterial and microcystin variability in urban lakes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 5 (May 7, 2015): 2179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2179-2015.
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Abstract. Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in urban lakes present serious health hazards to humans and animals and require effective management strategies. Managing such blooms requires a sufficient understanding of the controlling environmental factors. A range of them has been proposed in the literature as potential triggers for cyanobacterial biomass development and cyanotoxin (e.g. microcystin) production in freshwater systems. However, the environmental triggers of cyanobacteria and microcystin variability remain a subject of debate due to contrasting findings. This issue has raised the question of whether the relevance of environmental triggers may depend on site-specific combinations of environmental factors. In this study, we investigated the site-specificity of environmental triggers for cyanobacterial bloom and microcystin dynamics in three urban lakes in Western Australia. Our study suggests that cyanobacterial biomass, cyanobacterial dominance and cyanobacterial microcystin content variability were significantly correlated to phosphorus and iron concentrations. However, the correlations were different between lakes, thus suggesting a site-specific effect of these environmental factors. The discrepancies in the correlations could be explained by differences in local nutrient concentration. For instance, we found no correlation between cyanobacterial fraction and total phosphorous (TP) in the lake with the highest TP concentration, while correlations were significant and negative in the other two lakes. In addition, our study indicates that the difference of the correlation between total iron (TFe) and the cyanobacterial fraction between lakes might have been a consequence of differences in the cyanobacterial community structure, specifically the presence or absence of nitrogen-fixing species. In conclusion, our study suggests that identification of significant environmental factors under site-specific conditions is an important strategy to enhance successful outcomes in cyanobacterial bloom control measures.
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Ryazanov, Sergey D., Olga A. Belonovich, Evgeny G. Mamaev, Victor S. Nikulin, Sergey V. Fomin, and Vladimir N. Burkanov. "Establishing of local population, population dynamics and current abundance of Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus) in the Commander Islands." Izvestiya TINRO 176, no. 1 (March 30, 2014): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2014-176-100-114.
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The time course of the establishment of a local population of Steller sea lions in the Commander Islands, population dynamics and current abundance were studied using literature published since the 1930s and the author’s observations conducted during breeding seasons 2008-2011. The local population of Steller sea lions started formation in the early 1960s, when mature females first began to populate the islands and the population was fully established in the early 1990s. The whole process of development the Commander Islands Steller sea lion sub-population took about three decades. Abundance of adult and juvenile sea lions fluctuated highly in 1991-2011 without any statistically significant trend, but numbers of pups had a pronounced negative slope mostly due to three sharp declines in pup production in 2000, 2009, and 2011. A total of about 700 animals of age 1+ inhabit the islands during the breeding season and about 200 pups are born annually at the present time. This total number of Steller sea lions is close to the mean value for the period after 1990s. Nevertheless, occasional sharp declines in pup production cause some anxiety, so far as they could lead to extinction of the Steller sea lion sub-population in this area as had occurred in the middle of the 19th century.
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da Costa, AR, DC de Abreu, R. Torres Chideroli, KMdSd Espirito Santo, D. Dib Gonçalves, GW Di Santis, and Ud Pádua Pereira. "Interspecies transmission of Edwardsiella ictaluri in Brazilian catfish (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) from exotic invasive fish species." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 145 (July 15, 2021): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03610.
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Infections caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri are one of the biggest problems in the catfish industry in North America and have been reported in fishes around the world. E. ictaluri was detected in juvenile pintado Pseudoplatystoma corruscans—a Brazilian catfish—in a farm in Paraná State, Brazil; diseased animals showed ascites and neurological signs of infection, with more than 50% mortality. Exotic invasive species susceptible to this bacterium have been reported in this area. We assessed the susceptibility of pintado to E. ictaluri with experimental infection via intraperitoneal and immersion methods as well as a cohabitation experiment with Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and African walking catfish Clarias gariepinus, 2 exotic invasive species. All pintados challenged by intraperitoneal and immersion routes and those cohabiting with infected C. gariepinus died within 17 d of the challenge. Mortality of Nile tilapia reached 71.42% after the intraperitoneal and 35.71% in the immersion challenges within 28 d, whereas African walking catfish showed zero mortality. Observed clinical signs were comparable to those in the farm and those described in the literature as enteric septicemia of catfish. With this study, we demonstrated the susceptibility of P. corruscans to E. ictaluri, as well as interspecies transmission of this bacterium.
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LUCERO, N. E., R. CORAZZA, M. N. ALMUZARA, E. REYNES, G. I. ESCOBAR, E. BOERI, and S. M. AYALA. "HumanBrucella canisoutbreak linked to infection in dogs." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 2 (August 5, 2009): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809990525.
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SUMMARYThe zoonotic risk ofBrucella canishas been considered fairly high for persons who handle breeding dogs in kennels or are exposed to infected animals. Transmission to humans in other circumstances has been thought to be rare. We describe an uncommon outbreak of brucellosis caused byB. caniswhich, to the best of our knowledge, is the first reported in the literature. This outbreak involved six persons (three children and three adults), a bitch and three puppies which had close daily contact with the family. The clinical symptoms of the index case led to an erroneous diagnosis and the infection would have gone undiagnosed if culture had not been positive. This report aims to increase awareness of medical personnel of the need to order screening tests for children, immunodeficient persons or pregnant women presenting with fever of unknown origin, unexplained spleen or liver enlargement or other systemic signs. The emerging zoonotic potential of this disease in urban areas and the need to coordinate canine brucellosis surveillance systems should be evaluated.
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Rico, Yessica. "Landscape genetics of Mexican biodiversity: A review." Acta Universitaria 29 (April 10, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2019.1894.
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The rich biodiversity of Mexico is threatened due to habitat fragmentation and climate change. Landscape genetics provides an excellent framework that integrates genetic, geographic, and ecological landscape data to inform conservation strategies. To discuss the value of landscape genetics for the study of the Mexican biota, a literature review of landscape genetics studies in Mexico was conducted to highlight trends of taxonomic groups, habitats, and research objectives. A total of 20 studies were identified: 65% in plants and 35% in animals. A large proportion of studies focused on temperate ecosystems and tropical forests, whereas marine and urban environments were lacking. Detection of linear barriers and landscape features on gene flow were the most popular objectives, while two objectives were exclusive to plants: spatial adaptive variation and estimates of contemporary gene flow with parentage analyses to evaluate effects of habitat fragmentation. Potential areas of research for landscape genetics studies in Mexico and recommendations are discussed.
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Dawkins, Brody J., Beth E. Shubin Stein, Douglas N. Mintz, Peter D. Fabricant, Andreas H. Gomoll, Sabrina M. Strickland, Alexandra H. Aitchison, and Daniel W. Green. "PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT CARTILAGE RESTORATION WITH PARTICULATED JUVENILE ALLOGRAFT IN PATIENTS UNDER 21 YEARS OLD: POSTOPERATIVE MRI ANALYSIS AND RETURN TO SPORT RATES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00136.
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Background: Patellofemoral joint cartilage defects are difficult to treat due to their unique thickness and topography. Numerous cartilage restoration techniques are available to surgeons treating articular cartilage defects. However, patellofemoral joint restoration historically produces worse outcomes than tibiofemoral joint restoration. One cell-based option is particulated juvenile allograft cartilage (PJAC), though literature regarding the efficacy of this treatment is sparse, especially in patients under the age of 21 years. Hypothesis/ Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate postoperative outcomes of PJAC for patellofemoral chondral defects using MRI and return to sport rates in this active, high-demand patient population. Methods: Patients at an urban tertiary care musculoskeletal institution who underwent PJAC for patellofemoral joint cartilage restoration were identified through records review. Patients 21 years old or younger with minimum clinical follow-up of 1 year and postoperative MRI at a minimum of 6 months after surgery were included. Cartilage restoration was assessed by MRI using the International Cartilage Repair Society’s standardized system. Sport activity was collected from medical records. Results: Thirty-six knees in 34 patients with a mean age of 16.1 ± 3.1 years old (range 10—21 years old) were analyzed. Mean follow-up was 32.1 months. Defects were located on the patella in 25 knees, and trochlea in 11 knees (Figure 1). There were no bipolar lesions in the cohort. Mean defect size was 2.47 cm2. Twenty-four knees (66.7%) were graded either ‘normal’ or ‘nearly normal’, and 28 knees (77.8%) had greater than 50% of the defect filled on follow-up imaging. Return to sport rates among patients who participated in a sport preoperatively was 100%. Conclusion: Restoration of patellofemoral chondral defects in young patients with particulated juvenile allograft can be performed with satisfactory short-term efficacy, excellent postoperative MRI appearance, and very high rates of return to sport. Tables/Figures: [Figure: see text]
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TICHELAR, MICHAEL. "‘A blow to the men in Pink’: The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Opposition to Hunting in the Twentieth Century." Rural History 22, no. 1 (March 7, 2011): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793310000154.
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AbstractIn 1976 the RSPCA finally adopted a policy of opposition to fox hunting and the shooting of birds for sport after a long history of highly controversial internal debate and external lobbying by pressure groups. This article explores the possible long-term historical reasons behind the change of policy. It seeks to begin to fill a gap in the historical literature and explain the changes in public opinion towards hunting that occurred during the course of the twentieth century by looking at key episodes in the history of the RSPCA up to the 1970s. It shows there was a decline in aristocratic dominance on the ruling council of the RSPCA after the 1920s, but other reasons for the change in policy included the increasing influence of an urban/metropolitan view of the countryside after the 1950s; changing public attitudes towards farmers, who had been traditional supporters of hunting; and the increasing importance of environmentalism and ecology after 1960. By the end of the twentieth century it was no longer possible to argue that hunting was an essential feature of rural society and culture, despite the continuing popularity and survival of fox hunting with hounds.
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Levander, C. "Elusive Childhood: Impossible Representations in Modern Fiction; Dependent States: The Child's Part in Nineteenth-Century American Culture; Civilized Creatures: Urban Animals, Sentimental Culture, and American Literature, 1850-1900; Schoolroom Poets: Childhood, Performance, and the Place of American Poetry, 1865-1917." American Literature 79, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-2006-090.
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CINNER, J. E. "Poverty and the use of destructive fishing gear near east African marine protected areas." Environmental Conservation 36, no. 4 (December 2009): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000123.
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SUMMARYPoverty may be an important influence on the exploitation of marine resources in tropical developing countries. A number of studies have hypothesized that destructive fishing gears, which can degrade habitat, capture high proportions of juvenile fish and ultimately lead to reduced yields, are primarily used by the poorer segments of society. However, few studies have empirically tested this relationship. This paper examines relationships between the use of destructive seine nets and thirteen socioeconomic conditions in communities adjacent to three peri-urban marine protected areas in east Africa. Fishers using destructive gears were younger, less likely to have capital invested in the fishery, had lower fortnightly expenditures and were poorer in two multivariate indices of material style of life. Based on the two multivariate material style of life indices, a binary logistic regression model classified whether fishers used destructive gears with almost 70% accuracy. These findings are broadly consistent with the literature on poverty traps, which are situations in which the poor are unable to mobilize the resources required to overcome low-income situations and consequently engage in behaviour that may reinforce their own poverty. Managers aiming to reduce destructive gear use may need to partner with civil society and donors to help break poverty traps.
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Wallis, Peggy, Ronald Gehr, and Perry Anderson. "Fluorides in Wastewater Discharges: Toxic Challenges to the St. Lawrence River Biological Community." Water Quality Research Journal 31, no. 4 (November 1, 1996): 809–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1996.045.
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Abstract This literature review examines the risk to fluvial organisms of fluoride released to the St. Lawrence River by the Montréal Urban Community waste-water treatment plant. The following key points are presented regarding the behaviour of fluoride in aquatic systems: fluoride is not removed by primary sewage treatment methods; fluoride from the treatment plant is rapidly diluted to background levels; aquatic plants do not accumulate significant levels of fluoride; fluoride is generally sequestered in the shell/exoskeleton/skeleton and skin of animals and released via the urinary system; fluoride ion is not very toxic in aquatic systems; there is rarely a large difference between acute and chronic (or lethal and sublethal) threshold levels of fluoride in aquatic systems; the most sensitive aquatic organisms are trout and fingernail clams; finally, the only significant evidence of synergistic action is with aluminium. It is concluded that fluoridation of the city of Montréal’s drinking water would not pose any significant additional risk to the biological community in the receiving waters of the St. Lawrence River.
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Segata, Jean, Luiza Beck, and Luísa Muccillo. "Beyond Exotic Wet Markets: COVID-19 Ecologies in the Global Meat-Processing Industry in Brazil." eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics 20, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 94–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.20.1.2021.3794.
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In this article we argue that the overvaluation of exotic narratives about wild animal consumption and wet markets conceals how the global agribusiness establishes unhealthy ecologies. Increasing infection rates from the new coronavirus registered among meat industry workers, their families, and the community, resulted in the suspension of several establishments in this sector in Brazil. If the meat processing industry cannot be considered entirely safe, why are risks to health, morality, and civility often represented by the unregulated practices of wet markets considered exotic? This paper shows that the global meat processing industry weaves a myriad of intimate encounters between humans, animals, highly toxic chemicals, organic waste, and precarious work relationships. They are unhealthy ecologies where coexistence, infection, risk, and death are always involved. We suggest a multispecies approach to analyse and respond to the COVID-19 pandemic; instead of the exaltation of contagion and the boundaries of contention, there needs to be an effort to establish integrated policies for the health and joint care of humans, animals, and environments.
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Zumbulidze, N. G., V. M. Khokkanen, F. O. Kasymov, O. A. Marchenko, D. A. Yarovoy, and O. V. Chudinova. "Ocular dirofilariasis: case reports." Kazan medical journal 98, no. 3 (June 5, 2017): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2017-393.
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The article deals with the problem of ditofilariasis - the only facultative for the human in Russian Federation zoonotic parasitic helminth. Over the last years, there is a pronounced tendency to increased number of animals and humans dirofilariasis cases in the temperate climate area. The spread of the disease (which until quite recently was considered as endemic for tropical climate countries and southern regions of our country) is related to a wide causative agent circulation in the environment and to the spread of the great number of stray dogs and lack of adequate measures aimed on detection and treatment of infected animals. Moreover, there is a year-round risk of infection caused by «basement» Culex mosquitoes and in an urban setting. Herewith, the problem of dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis nematodes is poorly known and there are no sufficient data on its true prevalence in our country. In the article, clinical cases of ocular dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria repens are presented, diagnosed in Ural and North-Western Regions of the Russian Federation. Upon larvoscopic examination, Dirofilaria repens immature female was identified in all four cases. The article contains short literature review of dirofilariasis problem in Russia and morbidity prognosis. The need for thorough epidemiological anamnesis and use of ultrasound, laboratory and larvoscopic examination for clinical diagnosis of ocular dirofilariasis is reviewed. The main aspects of conservative and surgical treatment of parasitic infection are presented. The late diagnosis of dirofilariasis caused by absence of pathognomonic symptoms at early stages of the disease requires wider awareness and clinical suspicion of this pathology.
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Previero, Marília, Carolina V. Minte-Vera, Matheus Oliveira Freitas, Rodrigo Leão de Moura, and Claudenice Dei Tos. "Age and growth of the dog snapper Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) in Abrolhos Bank, Northeastern Brazil." Neotropical Ichthyology 9, no. 2 (June 17, 2011): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252011005000024.
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We determined the age and growth of the dog snapper (Lutjanus jocu), caught in the region of Abrolhos Bank, Bahia State, by the fishermen from coastal communities of Prado, Alcobaça, Caravelas, and Nova Viçosa. We examined 205 sectioned otoliths of fish caught by harpoon, longline, hand line, and gill nets (14.5 to 79.5 cm fork length). The formation of each ring was considered annual. The sectioned otoliths showed between 0 and 29 rings. Nearly half of the analyzed specimens had between 0 and 7 rings (88 of 205). Fish caught with nets in the estuarine region were the juvenile, while fish caught with lines and harpoons were the oldest. Two von Bertalanffy growth models were fitted to length-at-age data: one assuming constant variance of length-at-age (SVB) and another assuming constant coefficient of variation, i.e. variance increasing as a function of average size (CVVB). The SVB estimates were Loo = 87.82 cm, K = 0.10, and t0 = -1.486 and the CVVB estimates were Loo = 117.60 cm, K = 0.06, and t0 = -2.470. The largest Loo values estimated by the CVVB model are supported by reports from the literature of larger animals occurring in the deeper outer shelf of Abrolhos Bank. Growth parameters were also estimated for males and females separately (SVB model) (Loo = 92.80 cm, K = 0.099, and t0 = -1.680 for males, and Loo = 82.10 cm, K = 0.105, and t0 = -1.570 for females).
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Siqueira, Eliezer Da Cunha, Semirames Do nascimento Silva, Francisco Guimarães Lopes, Francisco Edu de Andrade, and Caio Braga Ferreira. "Avaliação dos impactos da seca no Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo-PB." Revista Principia - Divulgação Científica e Tecnológica do IFPB 1, no. 40 (May 25, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18265/1517-03062015v1n40p21-27.
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<p>The objective of this work was to evaluate the economic, social and environmental impacts caused by the drought in the Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo, Paraíba. The study was developed in the Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo (PISG), located in the district of São Gonçalo, near the city of Sousa, state of Paraíba. The research design was based on the application of a questionnaire to the settlers of the Perimeter, on site visits and data collection through references in the literature. The Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo had a great reduction in the production of coconut and banana, which represent the main crops explored in the Perimeter. Besides the loss of production, the drought has caused other problems for the producers, such as their impoverishment and indebtedness from loans to banks. There were also major social problems, such as the lack of employment, the increase in the number of assaults and the departure of the settlers’ children to the urban centers and to other states, provoking the rural exodus. Environmental problems have also been verified, such as increased use of pesticides, which cause serious data to soil, water, animals, plants and humans.</p>
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Moreira-de-Sousa, C., M. Iamonte, and C. S. Fontanetti. "Midgut of the diplopod Urostreptus atrobrunneus: structure, function, and redefinition of hepatic cells." Brazilian Journal of Biology 77, no. 1 (March 2017): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.11715.
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Abstract Diplopods are considered important macroarthropods the soil as part of its maintenance and balance. These animals usually do not occur in high densities, but population explosions caused by environmental disturbances, climate changes, and use of pesticides that eliminate possible competitors, have been reported. The millipede Urostreptus atrobrunneus Pierozzi and Fontanetti, 2006 have become a nuisance to humans in infestation sites in urban centers of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. As a contribution to the understanding of this potential pest, this study describes the histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of the U. atrobrunneus midgut, and presents the redefinition of hepatic cells somewhat controversial in the literature. The region of the midgut is characterized by the absence of a cuticular intima, and composed of a pseudostratified epithelium on a thick basal membrane, followed by a muscle layer, a layer of hepatic cells, lined by an external membrane. The morphology observed in U. atrobrunneus is similar to that reported for other species of diplopods. The hepatic cells have been previously described as randomly without forming a layer, however, the present results clearly demonstrate that these cells form a continuous layer over the whole midgut.