Journal articles: 'Urban bus demand'

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Zhu, Zhenjun, Xiucheng Guo, Jun Zeng, and Shengrui Zhang. "Route Design Model of Feeder Bus Service for Urban Rail Transit Stations." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1090457.

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As an important part of urban public transportation systems, the feeder bus fills a service gap left by rail transit, effectively extending the range of rail transit’s service and solving the problem of short-distance travel and interchanges. By defining the potential demand of feeder bus services and considering its relationship with the traffic demands of corresponding staging areas, the distance between road and rail transit, and the repetition factor of road bus lines, this paper established a potential demand model of roads by opening feeder bus services and applying a logit model for passenger flow distribution. Based on a circular route model, a route starting and ending at urban rail transit stations was generated, and a genetic algorithm was then applied to solve it. The Wei-Fang community of Shanghai was selected as the test area. Per the model and algorithm, the feeder route length was conformed to a functional orientation of short-distance travel and the feeder service of a feeder bus; the route mostly covered where conventional bus lines were fewer, which is a finding that is in agreement with the actual situation; the feasibility of the model and algorithm was verified.

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Khakbaz, Amir, Ali Shahandeh Nookabadi, and Seyyed Nader Shetab Boushehri. "URBAN BUS FLEET ROUTING IN TRANSPORTATION NETWORK EQUIPPED WITH PARK-AND-RIDE: A CASE STUDY OF BABOL, IRAN." Transport 32, no. 1 (March 5, 2017): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2017.1277551.

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Recently, most cities have tried to connect park-and-ride facilities with public transit vehicles. The present study aims to design urban bus routes in the transportation network equipped with park-and-ride. Seven important factors which affect the design of urban bus network are identified through the literature review. These factors include demand coverage, route directness, passengers’ satisfaction, minimum length of bus route, budget, use of existing bus routes and number of lines. In this article, by use of the mentioned factors, a new model is developed to determine the urban bus routes. The new model figures the routes with park-and-ride as origin and Central Business District (CBD) as destination, in such a manner that the covered demand is maximized. Our novel method is more effective than other options currently available. In fact, it uses the most important factors in designing urban bus routes. Furthermore, an efficient Genetic Algorithm (GA) based approach is represented to solve large-scale problems. Numerical results show the effectiveness of this approach. At last, the developed model is applied to design the urban bus routes in the transportation network of Babol (Iran).

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Misiurski, Przemysław. "Statistical analysis of urban bus transport data in the regional dimension." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 18, no. 11 (November 30, 2017): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2017.042.

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Urban transport has a significant impact on the shaping of functionality of cities and well organized makes the city become more attractive as far as the mobility and competitiveness are regarded. Article concerns parameters which pertain to urban bus fleet used in public transport in all voivodeships over the period of 2009-2016. The aim of the paper is to show results of effective demand in urban bus transport. This paper presents also factors that were determining demand.

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Ellis, Christopher J., and Emilson C. D. Silva. "British Bus Deregulation: Competition and Demand Coordination." Journal of Urban Economics 43, no. 3 (May 1998): 336–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/juec.1997.2047.

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Zhuk, Mykola, Volodymyr Kovalyshyn, and Volodymyr Hilevych. "Forecasting of urban buses dwelling time at stops." Transport technologies 2020, no. 2 (November 9, 2020): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/tt2020.02.044.

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Intelligent Transport Systems in urban conditions is one of the solutions to reduce congestion of vehicles and the amount of harmful emissions. An important component of ITS is the assessment of the duration of a public transport trip. It is necessary to focus on the study of the duration of the bus (the duration of traffic between stops and the dwelling time). In this paper, the authors focused on determining the dependence of the duration of buses at stops depending on the demand of passengers. The dwelling time of buses at stops is not considered independent of the duration of the journey. The duration of the bus is the periods of time when the buses wait at the stops, and the travel time, which is the duration of the bus between each two stops. The study was conducted on the bus route #3A in Lviv. To determine the dwelling time of the bus at stops, it is necessary to take into account information about passengers and the trajectory of buses. The obtained data can increase the accuracy of forecasting in different traffic situations in comparison with the most modern methods.

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Yu, Qing, Weifeng Li, Haoran Zhang, and Dongyuan Yang. "Mobile Phone Data in Urban Customized Bus: A Network-based Hierarchical Location Selection Method with an Application to System Layout Design in the Urban Agglomeration." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 6203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156203.

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Employment is one of the essential socioeconomic connections in urban agglomeration. However, both the demand and the supply of transjurisdictional public transport service are unevenly distributed in such area. Customized bus has a high potential of serving transjurisdictional and long-distance commuting demand. This study proposes a network-based layout design method to generate hierarchical service scopes and stations for customized bus system. First, the home and the workplace of residents are identified using mobile phone data, to construct a jobs-housing relationship network. Then, an iterative algorithm based on network community detection and density-based spatial clustering is applied to the jobs-housing relationship network to hierarchically segment the urban agglomeration area into communities. Three methods are proposed for location selection of customized bus stations. A case study is conducted using the mobile phone dataset from nine cities in the Yangtze River Urban Agglomeration in China. A four-level hierarchical customized bus system layout is generated and both the spatial properties and network properties of service scopes are analyzed. The proposed three methods of customized bus station location selection are compared based on the average travel distance and the rationality of the resulted customized bus station location.

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Li, Bowen, Zhengdong Huang, Jizhe Xia, Wenshu Li, and Ying Zhang. "Coupling Degree between the Demand and Supply of Bus Services at Stops: A Density-Based Approach." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030173.

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The bus stop layout and route deployment may influence the efficiency of bus services. Evaluating the supply of bus service requires the consideration of demand from various urban activities, such as residential and job-related activities. Although various evaluation methods have been explored from different perspectives, it remains a challenging issue. This study proposes a spatial statistical approach by comparing the density of the potential demand and supply of bus services at bus stops. The potential demand takes jobs-housing locations into account, and the supply of bus services considers bus stops and their associated total number of daily bus arrivals. The kernel density estimation (KDE) and spatial autocorrelation analyses are employed to investigate the coupling relationship between the demand and supply densities at global and local scales. A coupling degree index (CDI) is constructed to standardize the measurement of demand-supply balance. A case study in Wuhan, China demonstrated that: (1) the spatial distribution of bus stops is reasonable at global level, (2) Seriously unbalanced locations for bus services have been detected at several stops. Related adjustments that can improve these defects are highly recommended.

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Wang, Dou Wei, Xiao Ning Zhu, and Hong Yang Wu. "Integration of Public Transport and Bus Rapid Transit System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (December 2012): 1860–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.1860.

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Along with the acceleration of city-urbanization and industrialization process of the cities, city traffic demand increases rapidly. This provides a good development opportunity for the urban traffic and also brings new challenges for the urban traffic at the same time. In addition, the demands for the public transport service quality are becoming more and more strictly for the growth of residents’ travel and the improvement of life quality, the problems in the public transport system have become the main aspects that restrict the development of the urban public transport system. So the advantages of BRT in the optimization of the network are becoming more and more significant.

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Yatsenko, Svetlana. "ANALYSIS OF METHODS TO CALCULATE BUS DEMAND FOR URBAN ROUTES." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 112, no. 5 (May 2016): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2016-5-193-202.

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Tian, Qing Bin. "Forecast of Urban Public Transport Demand in Yantai Economic and Technological Development Zone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 1867–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.1867.

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Urban transport demand in Yantai Economic and Technological Development Zone is forecast. Through analyzing current bus trip OD and calculating bus trip product and attraction, functional relations between each subzone’s public trip product and attraction, and population and post in base year is built. Then, parameters of gravity model are standardized, public trip product and attraction are forecast by employing method of gravity model.

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Deng, Lianbo, Wei Gao, Yanbing Fu, and Wenliang Zhou. "Optimal Design of the Feeder-Bus Network Based on the Transfer System." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/483682.

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This paper studied the classic feeder-bus network design problem (FBNDP), which can be described as follows: for the passenger travel demand between rail stations and bus stops on a given urban transit network, it designs the optimal feeder bus routes and frequencies so as to minimize the passengers’ travel expense and the operator’s cost. We extended the demand pattern of M-to-1 in most existing researches to M-to-M. We comprehensively considered the passenger travel cost, which includes the waiting and riding cost on the bus, riding cost on rail, and transfer cost between these two transportation modes, and presented a new genetic algorithm that determines the optimal feeder-bus operating frequencies under strict constraint conditions. The numerical examples under different demand patterns have been experienced and analysed, which showed the robustness and efficiency of the presented algorithm. We also found that the distribution pattern of the travel demand has a significant influence on the feeder-bus network construction.

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Zheng, Meina, Runxuan Zhou, Shanshan Liu, Feng Liu, and Xiucheng Guo. "Route Design Model of Multiple Feeder Bus Service Based on Existing Bus Lines." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (December 12, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8853872.

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The feeder bus, as an important component of urban public transportation systems, is capable of filling the existing service gap left by urban rail transit to satisfy feeder demand. Two challenges to taking advantage of the feeder bus are identified. The first challenge is to identify the service gap, and the second one is to strengthen the coordination of multilevel urban traffic modes. Given these two challenges, this paper established a route design model that introduced a feeder bus demand coefficient to quantify feeder demand for each bus stop. To assist the design of feeder bus routes, an optimization approach based on the tabu search algorithm was proposed. Considering the sizeable combinational optimization problem, the algorithm decomposed this problem into three phases: feeder area partition, candidate stop selection, and route design problem. In the first phase, the entire area was partitioned into several subareas and the specific boundary nodes were moved into an adjacent subarea. Then, the stops with the minimum overall travel cost from every subarea were chosen as candidate ones under the limit of operating costs. The last step was to find the shortest circular route to visit each candidate stop and determine the operating direction. The proposed optimization had been implemented in a downtown area of Suzhou, China, in order to verify its effectiveness through the performance in terms of the quality of optimal solutions and computing efficiency. In addition, a possibility of simplifying a multiple circular route design problem to a single route design problem utilizing spatial clustering is provided to enhance the computing efficiency in a large-scale network.

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Liu, Xiao Na, Jian Jun Wang, and Teng Fei Zhang. "A Method of Bike Sharing Demand Forecasting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 1813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.1813.

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Bike sharing system is an important part of urban public transport system, mainly to undertake the function of connection and transfer with bus system, and connection with private car and satisfy the demand of citizen short-distance travel, and other functions. Setting bike sharing rental point is according to the planning of urban comprehensive transportation, using data on the residents travel , including travel rate, traffic structure, etc. and then to predict the proportion of future bike sharing to the total amount of travel, finally obtain bike sharing overall scale combining Bike sharing turn over rate.

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Marsden, Greg. "Vehicle Location Systems in Urban Traffic Control." Journal of Navigation 49, no. 2 (May 1996): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300013308.

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This short paper discusses briefly the role of the current forms of bus priority used in the United Kingdom and how these strategies are incorporated within our urban traffic control systems.The philosophy behind the SCOOT (Split, Cycle and Offset Optimization Technique) demand-responsive signal timings program is discussed, and the latest results from the bus priority trials carried out in London by the University of Southampton and London's Traffic Control Systems Unit (TCSU) are appraised. The system installed in London is compared with current dead reckoning vehicle location systems and the major differences highlighted.

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Arnet, Kathrin, S. Ilgin Guler, and Monica Menendez. "Effects of Multimodal Operations on Urban Roadways." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2533, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2533-01.

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Public transportation (e.g., buses) can provide more efficient urban transportation systems by carrying more people in the same space. A commonly used solution to prioritize this mode is to dedicate a lane for bus use only. However, the changes in system capacity are not clear for the use of a dedicated bus lane instead of completely mixed-use lanes. Even if the capacity of the dedicated bus lane were not fully used, this strategy could still increase car capacity in the remaining lanes in two ways: ( a) buses traveling on a separate lane would eliminate conflicting bus maneuvers and ( b) the reduced number of lanes available for cars could reduce the number of lane changes and could smooth traffic. This paper empirically analyzes differences in car capacity between ( a) a mixed-use scenario without the influence of buses and a dedicated-lane scenario and ( b) a mixed-use scenario with and without buses. Results show that with mixed-use lanes the car capacity per lane remains the same as compared with a dedicated-lane scenario. However, in mixed-use conditions, the presence of a bus in traffic flow can reduce capacity by 20%. Based on these findings, a simple analysis is carried out to compare passenger delay at urban signalized intersections with a mixed use versus dedicated bus lane. It is shown that passenger delay can be reduced with use of dedicated bus lanes if bus occupancies are relatively high or if car demand is low.

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Zhang, Hu, Shuzhi Zhao, Huasheng Liu, and Shidong Liang. "Design of Integrated Limited-Stop and Short-Turn Services for a Bus Route." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7901634.

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As a major choice for daily travel, public transit plays an important role in transporting passengers, thus relieving congestion on urban transit routes. In high-demand bus networks, urban transit demand presents imbalance of use of urban bus corridors. The demand patterns in both directions are asymmetric. In this paper, we develop a model which calculates the network and transportation costs in terms of wait time, in-vehicle travel time, and operator costs. We propose an integrated strategy, with an integrated limited-stop and short-turn line, by adjusting a variety of frequencies to meet the unbalanced and asymmetric demand. To minimize these costs, a model with a genetic algorithm can determine frequencies and the proper stations which can be skipped, as well as where turning back can occur, given an origin-destination trip matrix. Numerical examples are optimized to test the availability of an integrated service by minimizing the objective function, and the results are analyzed. Our results show that integrated service patterns can be adjusted to meet the demand under different conditions. In addition, the optimized schemes of an integrated service and the frequencies derived from the model can significantly reduce total cost.

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Jagiełło, Aleksander. "The Polish electric bus market against a background of the world market." Transport Economics and Logistics 76 (December 4, 2018): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/etil.2018.76.12.

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In the majority of the developed and in some of the developing countries we can observe gradual shift from the conventional public urban transport vehicles driven by diesel fuel towards electric vehicles. The process requires changes in the demand and supply side of urban transport market in particular countries around the world. The aim of this paper is to assess the standing of electric bus market in Poland against a background of the European and world market. The assessment involved presenting, in the first part of the article, characteristics of the worldwide and European markets from the demand and supply side. As for the world market of electric buses, the article discusses at great length the characteristics of Chinese market since this is the dominant market as regards both the number of vehicle in operation and the number of manufactured electric buses. The second part of the article provides the characteristics of demand and supply side of electric bus market in Poland presenting both domestic and European electric bus manufacturers who situated their production plants in Poland. The article also presents forecasts related to the scale of demand increase reported by the Polish local authorities.

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Steiner, Konrad, and Stefan Irnich. "Strategic Planning for Integrated Mobility-on-Demand and Urban Public Bus Networks." Transportation Science 54, no. 6 (November 2020): 1616–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2020.0987.

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App-based services and ridesharing in the field of mobility-on-demand (MoD) create a new mode of transport between motorized individual transport and public transportation whose long-term role in the urban mobility landscape and within public transport systems is not fully understood as of today. For the public transport industry, these new services offer new chances but also risks, making planning models and tools for integrated intermodal network planning indispensable. We develop a strategic network planning optimization model for bus lines that allows for intermodal trips with MoD as a first or last leg. Starting from an existing public transport network, we decide simultaneously on the use of existing line segments in the future fixed-route network, on areas of the city where an integrated MoD service should be offered, on how MoD interacts with the fixed-route network via transfer points, and on passenger routes fulfilling given service-level requirements. The main challenges from a modeling point of view are to capture the interplay between MoD services and the fixed public network, as well as the approximation of MoD costs taking into account that vehicle utilization is a key factor influencing these costs. We develop a path-based formulation and a branch-and-price algorithm, as well as an enhanced enumeration-based approach, to solve real-world instances to proven optimality. The solution methods are tested on instances generated with the help of real-world data from a medium-sized German city, Göttingen, that currently operates around 20 bus lines.

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Cipriani, Ernesto, Stefano Gori, and Marco Petrelli. "A bus network design procedure with elastic demand for large urban areas." Public Transport 4, no. 1 (February 25, 2012): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12469-012-0051-7.

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Zhang, Jiantong, Biyu Lv, Guichao Tian, and Wenchi Liu. "Fare Design in Urban Transit Network considering Elastic Demand and Adverse Weather’s Impact." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/197515.

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Due to the disturbance of unexpected effects and adverse weather conditions, transit supply and demand manifests many uncertainties. In this paper, we take account of these uncertainties and propose a transit fare structure design model including both ground and underground public transportation. Such transit fare design problem is described through bilevel programming, in which the upper level is the transportation authority’s transit fare structure decision aiming to minimize the transit network’s total travel and operation cost, while the lower level is a transit network assignment model considering supply and demand uncertainties that influence passengers’ travel choice decisions. A heuristic algorithm is developed to solve the problem, and a numerical example is presented to illustrate the application. We get some important results: (1) a diversified fare structure considering uncertain weather’s impact is quite necessary; (2) when the value of time is at a high level, metro fare should be higher than bus fare; (3) the optimal metro and bus fare should be close under an extremely adverse weather condition; (4) fare structure could be quite different with varied value of time.

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Basso, Leonardo J., and Hugo E. Silva. "Efficiency and Substitutability of Transit Subsidies and Other Urban Transport Policies." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.6.4.1.

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This paper analyzes the efficiency of and the substitutability between three urban congestion management policies: transit subsidization, car congestion pricing, and dedicated bus lanes. The model features user heterogeneity, cross-congestion effects between cars and transit, intertemporal and total transport demand elasticities, and is simulated using data for London, UK and Santiago, Chile. We find that the substitutability between policies is large and, in particular, the marginal contribution of increased transit subsidies, as other policies are implemented first, diminishes rapidly. Bus lanes are an attractive way to increase frequencies and decrease fares without injecting public funds. (JEL L92, L98, O18, R42, R48)

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Fernandez-Sanchez, Gonzalo, and Alvaro Fernandez-Heredia. "Strategic Thinking for Sustainability: A Review of 10 Strategies for Sustainable Mobility by Bus for Cities." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 4282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114282.

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The sustainable mobility of the future comes about through sustainable ways of transport, such as walking, cycling, or collective transport. This includes the bus, the underground, and trains in big cities. This article reviews bus-related policies and initiatives worldwide. It also analyses ten cities looking at medium and long-term strategies for the urban bus service. The main ideas are: the forecasts for the use of the urban bus system indicate a significant increase in demand, therefore, there is a need for expanding the offered services; efforts to change the fleets towards Compressed Natural Gas and Electric vehicles; support of technological innovation for communication and accessibility; improving commercial speed and frequencies by infrastructure improvements, operation optimisation and technology; and, the link between these strategies and the air quality of cities. The transition towards a sustainable transport will happen based on the belief that the bus service is no longer the transport of the past or the present, but of the future.

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Zamanian, Mohammad Hossein, and Farideddin Peiravian. "Multi-Step Heuristic Method for Bus Terminal Location Problem." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 10 (May 18, 2019): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119849402.

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Bus terminals are one of the main facilities that have a key role in the collection and distribution of passengers within an urban transportation network. The location of a bus terminal strongly affects its performance. Owing to the increasing demand, it is sometimes necessary to add a new bus terminal to the existing urban bus network. Finding a proper location, however, is a challenge that is influenced by different transportation and socio-economic considerations, which in turn affects the surrounding land-use and traffic patterns. In this paper, a new multi-step heuristic method is proposed for the bus terminal location problem to identify a new bus terminal location based on the existing network as well as other transportation considerations and constraints. This is achieved by identifying the existing bus stops that have the greatest potential to be turned into a bus terminal. Other factors taken into consideration are the locations of the existing bus terminals, adjacent land-use, construction costs, node connectivity, and system accessibility. Owing to the multi-objective nature of the problem, a goal programming approach is used to formulate the objective function. To evaluate the proposed model, it was applied to the city of Shiraz in Iran. The results show that the model can provide acceptable and reliable outcomes.

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Yang, Hongtai, and Christopher Cherry. "Statewide Rural-Urban Bus Travel Demand and Network Evaluation: An Application in Tennessee." Journal of Public Transportation 15, no. 3 (September 2012): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.15.3.6.

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Chen, Weiya, Xin Liu, Dingfang Chen, and Xin Pan. "Setting Headways on a Bus Route under Uncertain Conditions." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 17, 2019): 2823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102823.

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Urban public transport is a sustainable transportation strategy. Promoting public transport is an important means of urban transport sustainable development. Reasonable operation scheduling can increase the attractiveness of public transit systems and be conducive to the sustainability of transportation systems. Setting headways on a bus route is the key work of bus scheduling. For the refined management requirements of bus scheduling, this paper comprehensively considers the influence of three uncertainties on the bus route headway: passenger demand elasticity, which is an elasticity with respect to the supply of service, the randomness of the bus travel time between bus stops, and the abandoned passengers flow. A bus route headway allocation model is established. Considering the attractiveness of bus traveling and the interests of passengers, the objective functions are the maximum number of passengers waiting for the bus at each stop and the minimum number of passengers who fail to board. An enumeration combining a recursive algorithm under Monte Carlo random simulation conditions is designed to solve the problem. A comparison of the optimal bus departure interval (headway of the origin stop) under different conditions is studied using a numerical case. Under the same conditions, the results show that the model proposed in this paper can reduce the passengers waiting time and attract more passengers traveling by bus and it also meets the goal of sustainable public transport well. These findings are significant references for optimizing bus operations considering these uncertain factors.

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Zhang, Si-Jia, Shun-Ping Jia, Yun Bai, Bao-Hua Mao, Cun-Rui Ma, and Tong Zhang. "Optimal Adjustment Schemes on the Long Through-Type Bus Lines considering the Urban Rail Transit Network." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2018 (September 30, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8029137.

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It is of great importance to optimize the schemes of long through-type bus lines to adapt to the urban rail transit network. Focusing on the long through-type bus lines close to metro stations, a bilevel programming model on the adjustment schemes of bus lines is proposed, taking the impacts of urban rail transit network into account. The upper level model aims at adjusting the setting decisions of stop stations and vehicle headways of bus lines to minimize the passenger travel cost and maximize the benefits of bus operators. The lower level model is a passenger flow assignment model based on Logit-SUE considering the crowding perception of passengers in bus vehicles. Moreover, the constraint of average load factor of the bus line sections is considered. Then the genetic algorithm is applied to solve the proposed model, and a numerical example is conducted to verify the effectiveness. Results show that the value of the objective function of the model is improved by 27.2%, in comparison with the original scheme. Even though the average travel cost of passengers increases slightly, the bus line operation cost and the imbalance degree of load factors are reduced by 46.1% and 18.6%, respectively. The sensitivity analyses show that it is better to divide the long through-type bus line into several separate bus lines with independent operation, respectively, under the condition of unbalanced passenger flow distribution. Meanwhile, the multiple bus lines are more adapted to the unbalanced passenger flow distribution when the weight of the benefits of the bus operators in the total objective function is bigger. Besides, the lower time value that the passengers perceive, the more passengers willing to take bus than metro trains. As the increment of the passenger time value, the combination of feeder bus lines and a longer bus line is better for passengers’ trip demand than the long through-type bus line.

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Pagano, Anthony M., Paul Metaxatos, Eric A. Holeman, Victor Mora, Alicia Morreale, and Kate Stanis. "Measuring Unmet Needs of Intercity Bus Transportation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1841, no. 1 (January 2003): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1841-05.

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Federal funding for intercity bus programs is available to states under Section 5311 (f) of the Federal Transit Act. The act requires that 15% of all federal funding for public transportation in nonurbanized areas be expended for intercity bus transportation, unless the state governor certifies that the intercity bus service needs are adequately met. A demand-supply-deficiency analysis was undertaken to assess whether intercity bus needs are being met in Illinois. The analysis indicates that some larger city-to-city routes could use additional service. In addition, many smaller urban places have no access to rail or bus service, especially in southern Illinois, and many of these have no Section 5311(f) recipients. Without state support for intercity bus programs, it is unlikely that people in these places will have access to such service in the foreseeable future.

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Grijalva, Edwin R., and José María López Martínez. "Analysis of the Reduction of CO2 Emissions in Urban Environments by Replacing Conventional City Buses by Electric Bus Fleets: Spain Case Study." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 7, 2019): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030525.

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The emissions of CO2 gas caused by transport in urban areas are increasingly serious, and the public transport sector plays a vital role in society, especially when considering the increased demands for mobility. New energy technologies in urban mobility are being introduced, as evidenced by the electric vehicle. We evaluated the positive environmental effects in terms of CO2 emissions that would be produced by the replacement of conventional urban transport bus fleets by electric buses. The simulation of an electric urban bus conceptual model is presented as a case study. The model is validated using the speed and height profiles of the most representative route within the city of Madrid—the C1 line. We assumed that the vehicle fleet is charged using the electric grid at night, when energy demand is low, the cost of energy is low, and energy is produced with a large provision of renewable energy, principally wind power. For the results, we considered the percentage of fleet replacement and the Spanish electricity mix. The analysis shows that by gradually replacing the current fleet of buses by electric buses over 10 years (2020 to 2030), CO2 emissions would be reduced by up to 92.6% compared to 2018 levels.

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Gao, Liangpeng, Yue Zheng, Yanjie Ji, Chenghong Fu, and Lihai Zhang. "Reliability Analysis of Bus Timetabling Strategy during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Case Study of Yixing, China." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (February 15, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6688236.

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How to meet the daily demand for resident transport while limiting the transmission of infectious diseases is a problem of social responsibility of urban transport systems during major public health emergencies. Considering the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic (COVID-19), a bus timetable system based on the “if early, wait, and if late, leave soon” strategy is proposed. Based on public transport vehicle constraints in this system, the concept of reliability is introduced to evaluate public transport timetable systems, and a model based on an event tree is built to calculate the failure rate of urban bus timetables. Then, the public transport situation in Yixing city is used as an example to perform confirmatory analysis, and the fluctuations in the reliability of the bus timetable during the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic are discussed. The research results show that the method proposed in this paper can obtain the overall failure rate of urban bus timetable by traversing the calculation of each round-trip interval and achieve an accurate evaluation of the reliability of bus timetables. During the early, middle, and more recent stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, the failure rate of bus timetables in Yixing city initially decreased and then increased. In the early stage of the outbreak, the failure rate of the Yixing bus timetable was 7.8142. However, the failure rate decreased to 4.3306 and 5.0160 in the middle and late stages of the epidemic, respectively. In other words, the failure rate of the public transport network in the middle and late stages decreased by 44.58% and 35.81%, respectively, compared with that in the early stage. Thus, during major health emergencies, such as the novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak, the reliability of the urban bus timetable system can be improved by at least 35%, and cross-infection at bus stations can be prevented. The research results verify the feasibility and reliability of the implementation of bus timetabling strategies during major health emergencies.

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Hoonsiri, Chinnawat, Siriluk Chiarakorn, and Vasin Kiattikomol. "Using Combined Bus Rapid Transit and Buses in a Dedicated Bus Lane to Enhance Urban Transportation Sustainability." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 3052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063052.

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Combined bus rapid transit and buses in a dedicated bus lane (CBBD) is a measure that bus rapid transit (BRT) operators implement to reduce overlapping routes between BRT and fixed-route buses. The CBBD measure can combine the passengers of both systems on the same route, which helps increase passenger demand for the BRT, and reduce fuel consumption and emissions from utilizing the exclusive lanes for the combined route. However, the CBBD could affect some bus and BRT passengers in terms of either losing or gaining travel time-saving benefits depending on their travel pattern. This research proposed a methodology to determine the travel distance initiating disadvantage for BRT passengers (DDB) to justify the potential success of the CBBD operations. The number of passengers gaining a benefit from the CBBD was sensitive to the distance between the CBBD stops and the operational period of the CBBD. The CBBD reform would be beneficial to transit agencies to improve the travel time of passengers and be able to promote environmental sustainability for the public transportation system in urban cities.

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Liu, Xinmin, Lu Sun, Qiuxia Sun, and Ge Gao. "Spatial Variation of Taxi Demand Using GPS Trajectories and POI Data." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (January 13, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7621576.

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Taxi as a door-to-door, all-weather way of travel is an important part of the urban transportation system. A fundamental understanding of temporal-spatial variation and its related influential factors are essential for taxi regulation and urban planning. In this paper, we explore the correlation between taxi demand and socio-economic, transport system and land use patterns based on taxi GPS trajectory and POI (point of interest) data of Qingdao City. The geographically weighted regression (GWR) model is used to describe the influence factors of spatial heterogeneity of the taxi demand and visualize the spatial distributions of parameter estimations. Results indicate that during the peak hours, there are some differences in taxi demand between workdays and weekends. Residential density and housing prices increase the number of taxi trips. Road density, parking lot density and bus station density are positively associated with the taxi demand. It is also found that the higher of the proportion of commercial area and public service area, the greater of the taxi demand, while the proportion of residential area and the land use mix have a negative impact on taxi demand. This paper provides some references for understanding the internal urban environmental factors generating from the taxi travel demand, and provides insights for reducing the taxi vacancy rate, forecasting taxi temporal-spatial demand and urban public transportation system planning.

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Faresse, Si Mohamed, Mohamed Assini, and Abdallah Saad. "Hybrid energy storage system optimal sizing for urban electrical bus regarding battery thermal behavior." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 2894. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i3.pp2894-2911.

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This paper proposes an algorithm for sizing the hybrid energy storage system of an urban electrical bus regarding battery thermal behavior. The aim of this study is to get the supercapacitors optimal contribution part in the hybrid energy storage system to keep the battery temperature within its allowable limit. A semi-active parallel topology that uses supercapacitors as a main source of energy is considered. According to the bus mechanical parameters and the ARTEMIS driving cycle, the power and energy demand are calculated. Using mathematical models for the battery, supercapacitors and DC-DC converter, several simulations are performed for different hybridization percentages. While observing the evolution of battery temperature, the most favorable hybridization percentage is defined.

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Wallis, Ian P. "Demand and service impacts of competition for the market – Australian urban bus case studies." Research in Transportation Economics 59 (November 2016): 330–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2016.07.013.

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Wang, Jiadong, Zhenzhou Yuan, Zhichao Cao, and Ziqi Lu. "Optimal Bus Bridging Schedule with Transfer Passenger Demand during Disruptions of Urban Rail Transit." Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems 147, no. 10 (October 2021): 04021071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jtepbs.0000568.

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Meng, Meng, Chunfu Shao, Jingjing Zeng, and Chunjiao Dong. "A simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment model with combined modes." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 26, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v26i1.1252.

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This paper presents a dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model for urban multi-modal transportation network by constructing a mesoscopic simulation model. Several traffic means such as private car, subway, bus and bicycle are considered in the network. The mesoscopic simulator consists of a mesoscopic supply simulator based on MesoTS model and a time-dependent demand simulator. The mode choice is simultaneously considered with the route choice based on the improved C-Logit model. The traffic assignment procedure is implemented by a time-dependent shortest path (TDSP) algorithm in which travellers choose their modes and routes based on a range of choice criteria. The model is particularly suited for appraising a variety of transportation management measures, especially for the application of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). Five example cases including OD demand level, bus frequency, parking fee, information supply and car ownership rate are designed to test the proposed simulation model through a medium-scale case study in Beijing Chaoyang District in China. Computational results illustrate excellent performance and the application of the model to analysis of urban multi-modal transportation networks.

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Li, Wen, Wei Feng, and Hua-zhi Yuan. "Multimode Traffic Travel Behavior Characteristics Analysis and Congestion Governance Research." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (November 26, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6678158.

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The rapid aggregation of modern urban population and the rapid growth of car travel lead to traffic congestion, environmental pollution, and other problems. In view of the limited land resources in our country, it is impractical to meet residents’ travel demand by blindly increasing traffic supply. Therefore, addressing the urban road congestion problem for sustainable development of modern cities, the paper makes research on residents’ travel behavior characteristics and travel preference under the condition of multimodal transportation to formulate reasonable traffic demand management strategy for the guide on public traffic demand, bus priority strategy, and congestion management. The operation characteristic of each transportation mode is analyzed by comparing its related traffic and economic characteristics. Multimode traffic choice behavior is discussed by establishing multiple logistic regression models to analyze the main influencing factors to travelers’ social and economic attributes, travel characteristics, and preference based on travel survey data of urban residents. The paper proposes the development of an urban public transportation system and travelling mode shift from cars to public transportation as reasonable travel structure for congestion management and sustainable development of modern cities.

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Lu, Ryland. "Does Investing in Rail Transit Benefit the Poor? A Comparative Study of Rail and Bus Travel by Low-Income Households in the California Household Travel Survey." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 6 (September 28, 2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118796738.

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This paper addresses academic discourse that critiques urban rail transit projects for their regressive impacts on the poor and proposes bus funding as a more equitable investment for urban transit agencies. The author analyzed data from the 2012 California Household Travel Survey on transit trips in Los Angeles County. The author cross-tabulated data on the modal breakdown of transit trips by household income category and on the breakdown of household income associated with trips by bus and rail transit modes. The author also comparatively evaluated the speed of trips (as a ratio of miles per hour) taken by rail and by bus by low-income households in the county. The author found convincing evidence that, on average, trips low-income households made by rail transit covered a greater distance per hour than trips taken by bus transit, but that trips made on the county’s bus rapid transit services with dedicated rights-of-way had a higher mean speed than those taken by rail. Moreover, the mode and income cross-tabulations indicate that rail transit projects only partially serve low-income households’ travel needs. To the extent that equitable transit planning entails minimizing the disparities in access, both rail and bus rapid transit projects can advance social justice if they are targeted at corridors where they can serve travel demand by low-income, transit dependent households.

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Cyril, Anila, Raviraj H. Mulangi, and Varghese George. "Bus Passenger Demand Modelling Using Time-Series Techniques- Big Data Analytics." Open Transportation Journal 13, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447801913010041.

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Background: Public transport demand forecasting is the fundamental process of transport planning activity. It plays a pivotal role in the decision making, policy formulations and urban transport planning procedures. In this paper, public bus passenger demand forecasting model is developed using a novel approach. The empirical passenger demand for a bus depot is modelled and forecasted using a data-driven method. The big data generated by Electronic Ticketing Machines (ETM) used for issuing tickets and collecting fares is sourced as the data for demand modelling. This big data is time indexed and hence has the potential for use in time-series applications which were not previously explored. Objectives: This paper studies the application of time-series method for forecasting public bus passenger demand using ETM based time-series data. The time-series approach used is the four Holt-Winters’ modeling methods. Holt-Winters’ additive and multiplicative models with and without damping have been empirically compared in this study using the data from the inter-zonal buses. The data used in the study is a part of the transaction on ticket sales by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) maintained at the Trivandrum City depot of an Indian state Kerala, for the period between 2010 and 2013. The forecasting performance of four time-series models is compared using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and the model goodness of fit is determined using information criteria. Conclusion: The forecasts indicate that multiplicative models with and without damping, which better account for seasonal variations, outperform the additive models.

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Li, Bing, and Min Li. "Research on Terminal Construction and Operation Management about the Integration of Urban and Rural Bus." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 2584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.2584.

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The speeding up of urbanization and urban-rural integration development strategy between urban and rural passenger flow increase rapidly. Urban and rural public transportation as a link between the central cities and vast rural areas, has a very important role.It can not only meet the demand of urban and rural residents, build and improve the structure of urban and rural dweller, also greatly promote the development of China's urban and rural integration process.Aiming at the existing problem of rural passenger transport, from the aspects of operating mode, equipped with the capacity to improve to accelerate the process of integration of urban and rural public transportation, take unified transportation operation mode.Taking Hohhot as an example, aiming at the problems of the city and then put forward the development strategy of public transportation, and gives the corresponding safeguard measures effectively.

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Shekar Lokku, Prashanth, and Csrk Prasad. "Travel demand estimation through corridor level analysis for hyderabad metro rail." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.23 (April 20, 2018): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.12753.

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Urbanisation around the world is occurring in a rapid manner. Due to which peoples’ lives are in measurable situation like damaging the environment via increase in usage of private vehicles. In this line, transportation engineering plays a vital role in terms of sustainable development. Sustainability is the term used for balancing the three main components like social, environment and economic; not to trouble much of natural resources so as to preserve them for the future generations. To address the problems related to the transportation like traffic congestion, increase in pollution etc., Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) is the best alternative. To plan the MRTS in urban areas, it is necessary to estimate the travel demand, so as to fulfil the financial viability criteria.Corridor level analysis is performed to estimate the travel demand for Hyderabad Metro Rail, India. Multinomial Logit model (ULOGIT) is used to obtain the probability of MRT desired upon various modes. The results revealed that there would be adequate demand for the proposed MRT if the MRT could have double fare than that of bus fare and has half of the travel time to that of the current bus.

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Han, Zhike, Luoyuan Liao, and Gui Wang. "Research on performance evaluation method of Public Transit Routes based on BCC model." Filomat 32, no. 5 (2018): 1887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1805887h.

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The fast development of urbanization and development have led to an increase in the difficulties with regards to satisfying the demand of public transport. The quantized evaluation analysis of urban public transport performance is useful to identify its shortcomings and to also enable further optimization of the transport system. This facilitates the improvement of the systems quality of service and provides the means to reduce operating costs. Furthermore, the quantification of the bus lines performance evaluation is crucial in raising the systems operational efficiency and improving the operators level of service. In this study, the data collected from Hangzhou Bus Companys operating income table is evaluated to assess bus performance by Excel and Deap software. The study constructs the conceptual framework that evaluates the performance evaluation of the single bus line, and divides the implementation process of the single bus line service into two stages. Building the Output-BCC (Banker Charnes Cooper) model with DEA method to calculate the operational efficiency and service efficiency, then accesses the Hangzhou bus transport objectively and provides some suggestions.

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Vaughan, Rodney. "Optimum polar networks for an urban bus system with a many-to-many travel demand." Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 20, no. 3 (June 1986): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-2615(86)90018-4.

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Cao, Yi, and Zhongzhen Yang. "The Adjustment Method of Bus Lines along New Subway after Operation." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 48, no. 3 (November 5, 2019): 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.13023.

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In order to adapt to the passenger demand after urban subway new line operation, and improve the operational efficiency of the bus lines along subway, the adjustment method of bus lines is studied. Taking the HuangHe Rd. segment with Dalian Metro Line 2 as the research object, the passenger volumes of every main traffic mode before and after subway operation were investigated respectively. By mathematical statistics method, the characteristics of passenger volume transferring among the bus, car and subway before and after operation were compared and analyzed. Based on the theory of random utility, not only the Logit model of traffic mode selection before and after subway operation was constructed, but also the calibration method of model parameter was proposed. The adjustment method of bus lines along subway was proposed. The calculation and analysis of application in the case was also conducted. The research indicates that, after subway operation, the passengers undertaken by car and bus along the subway will be attracted by subway to some extent. To adjust the bus lines according to the characteristic of passenger transferring can improve the operational efficiency of the bus lines along subway.

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Chen, Xumei, Xiaomi Han, Xianchao Jia, Lei Yu, and Tao Wan. "Capacity Modeling of Weaving Areas on Urban Expressways with Exclusive Bus Lanes Based on Gap Acceptance Theory." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119843235.

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Intense lane-changing maneuvers at weaving sections often cause traffic turbulence on expressways, especially in the presence of a concurrent medium exclusive bus lane (XBL) and general purpose lanes. Such intense lane-changing activity usually affects the operation and reduces the capacity of weaving sections in relation to their equivalent basic expressway segments. In this context, a study on the capacity model of weaving areas on an expressway with a median XBL is conducted based on the analysis of lane-change behaviors using gap acceptance theory. Two weaving sections on expressways with median XBL are selected as case studies to obtain the estimated capacity as well as the maximum traffic throughput under a certain bus saturation on the XBL. The results show that estimated capacity is larger than maximum traffic throughput because of low utilization rate of buses on the XBL, and capacity is significantly affected by weaving demand. Error measures based on the estimated and observed maximum traffic throughput are analyzed to verify the validity of the proposed model. A sensitivity analysis shows that, compared with the increase of on-ramp bus flow ratio, the increase of off-ramp bus flow ratio results in a more obvious trend of the reduction of capacity and maximum traffic throughput.

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Moslem, Sarbast, and Szabolcs Duleba. "Sustainable Urban Transport Development by Applying a Fuzzy-AHP Model: A Case Study from Mersin, Turkey." Urban Science 3, no. 2 (May 20, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3020055.

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Sustainable development decisions generally require citizen participation in the decision process to avoid public resistance and objections in the long term. Because of the involvement of non-experts, the uncertainty of the decision is increased, and this must be considered in the decision-making process. This paper aims to introduce a sustainable urban transport development problem in which citizens are involved to allow them to express their preferences for improving certain elements of the public bus system. To mitigate the uncertainty of the non-expert evaluations, a fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model has been created and applied. Since the objective of the research is to provide a suitable framework for transport development tenders, only the criteria weights have to be determined; thus, an alternative level has not been applied. The model has been tested on the urban bus transport system of a large Turkish city: Mersin. Based on the application, citizen preference weights could be associated with certain elements of the supply quality; thus, government development source allocation decisions could be supported. The fuzzy-AHP model ensures that the final development implications will meet public demand for bus system improvement in the city.

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Qazi, Asif-Nawaz, Yutaka Nara, Kazuaki Okubo, and Hisashi Kubota. "Demand variations and evacuation route flexibility in short-notice bus-based evacuation planning." IATSS Research 41, no. 4 (December 2017): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2017.01.002.

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De Gruyter, Chris, Tayebeh Saghapour, Liang Ma, and Jago Dodson. "How does the built environment affect transit use by train, tram and bus?" Journal of Transport and Land Use 13, no. 1 (November 23, 2020): 625–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2020.1739.

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While much research has explored the influence of the built environment on public transport use, little focus has been given to how this influence varies by public transport mode. Using a case study of Melbourne, this study assesses the influence of the built environment and other characteristics (transit service quality, demand management and socio-demographics) on commuting by train, tram and bus. Key findings indicate that the built environment has a significant influence, but with notable differences between individual public transport modes. Commuting by tram was found to have the strongest association with the explanatory variables, while bus had the weakest explanatory power. Differences in the geographical coverage of public transport services in Melbourne play a key role in explaining the influence of the built environment. Population density is positively associated with tram use, which operates in older, higher density environments, but is negatively associated with train and bus use. Furthermore, the association with land-use mix is only significant for train and tram use, as buses tend to operate in areas with greater land-use homogeneity. When focused on inner Melbourne only, the influence of the built environment is diluted, while distance to public transport becomes more significant. The findings have important implications for practice, not only in terms of improving transit demand forecasting but also in targeting changes to the built environment to leverage higher transit ridership by mode.

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Jiang, Xiaohong, Xiucheng Guo, and Bin Ran. "Optimization Model for Headway of a Suburban Bus Route." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/979062.

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Due to relatively low passenger demand, headways of suburban bus route are usually longer than those of urban bus route. Actually it is also difficult to balance the benefits between passengers and operators, subject to the service standards from the government. Hence the headway of a suburban bus route is usually determined on the empirical experience of transport planners. To cope with this problem, this paper proposes an optimization model for designing the headways of suburban bus routes by minimizing the operating and user costs. The user costs take into account both the waiting time cost and the crowding cost. The feasibility and validity of the proposed model are shown by applying it to the Route 206 in Jiangning district, Nanjing city of China. Weightages of passengers’ cost and operating cost are further discussed, considering different passenger flows. It is found that the headway and objective function are affected by the weightages largely.

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Yan, Yian, Huang Wang, Jiuchun Jiang, Weige Zhang, Yan Bao, and Mei Huang. "Research on Configuration Methods of Battery Energy Storage System for Pure Electric Bus Fast Charging Station." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 12, 2019): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030558.

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With the pervasiveness of electric vehicles and an increased demand for fast charging, stationary high-power fast-charging is becoming more widespread, especially for the purpose of serving pure electric buses (PEBs) with large-capacity onboard batteries. This has resulted in a huge distribution capacity demand. However, the distribution capacity is limited, and in some urban areas the cost of expanding the electric network capacity is very high. In this paper, three battery energy storage system (BESS) integration methods—the AC bus, each charging pile, or DC bus—are considered for the suppression of the distribution capacity demand according to the proposed charging topologies of a PEB fast-charging station. On the basis of linear programming theory, an evaluation model was established that consider the influencing factors of the configuration: basic electricity fee, electricity cost, cost of the energy storage system, costs of transformer and converter equipment, and electric energy loss. Then, a case simulation is presented using realistic operation data, and an economic comparison of the three configurations is provided. An analysis of the impacts of each influence factor in the case study is discussed to verify the case results. The numerical results indicate that the appropriate BESS configuration can significantly reduce the distribution demand and stationary cost synchronously.

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Yang, Yuwei, Jun Chen, and Zexingjian Du. "Analysis of the Passenger Flow Transfer Capacity of a Bus-Subway Transfer Hub in an Urban Multi-Mode Transportation Network." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 2435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062435.

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In the context of a rapid developing urban economy and the increasing number of motor vehicles, urban commuting transportation has witnessed a serious mismatch between the supply of and the demand for transportation network resources. In developing an urban multi-mode traffic network, using a urban traffic transfer hub to coordinate the transportation capabilities among different traffic networks is perceived to be highly effective for exploring the network transportation capacity of an entire transportation system, and improving travel efficiency and experiences for the public. Based on the super-network model, this paper develops a topological structure for a multi-mode traffic network, in which two typical combined travel modes are selected to establish the path impedance function for that network. Moreover, the multi-mode traffic allocation model and the solving algorithm are constructed in the research. The paper studies the impact of two types of factors related to the transfer capacity of passenger flows based on the regular traffic network of a bus-and-subway transfer hub using a sensitivity analysis of the transfer time and the associated penalty. The findings suggest that both changes in transfer walking time and the transfer penalty have no significant effect on the bus passenger flow.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban bus demand'

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