Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urban common'

Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2017.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 64-70).<br>Over the last two decades, Boston and Cambridge have generated some of the strongest and most celebrated innovation districts - Kendall Square and the Seaport District - in which new models of commercial and civic real estate support dense webs of relationships among high-growth companies, academia, investors, mentors, and corporate R&D. Although beneficial for the overall competitiveness of the region, the wealth generated by these start-up and tech communities is not broadly shared, and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts's economic development policy, Opportunities for All, has focused on reducing disparities across the state. Meanwhile, the state's Gateway Cities present persistent challenges with lower than average incomes and weak market conditions for real estate development. Since 2014, MassDevelopment's Transformative Development Initiative (TDI) has focused the state's investment in Gateway Cities on projects intended to generate follow-on private investment, including TDI Cowork grants for "collaborative workspaces," broadly defined. In an effort to support communities of entrepreneurs across the state, TDI Cowork expanded into a state-wide Collaborative Workspaces Program in 2016. Despite this interest in using community-oriented workspaces to catalyze new economic opportunities, policymakers, developers, and other economic development professionals in Massachusetts lack a comprehensive picture of what spaces are currently available that aim to support innovation and entrepreneurship. A new inventory of workspaces utilized three categories from a previous list of innovation assets and found 50 "coworking spaces," 51 "innovation centers," and 20 "maker spaces." Of the 121 spaces, approximately 70 opened in the last three years and several others are expected to open in 2017. Survey data showed that spaces in Boston, Cambridge, and Somerville differ from those in the rest of the state in several ways that are significant for stakeholders aiming to catalyze economic development, including a higher portion serving startup teams, providing access to corporate partners and investors, and supporting members/users of digital products versus creative or professional services. Further analysis of the innovation ecosystem in Worcester suggested opportunities to attract mid-stage start-ups and mid-career entrepreneurs rather than focusing on undergraduate student retention as an economic development strategy.<br>by Rachel Belanger.<br>M.C.P.

This thesis is about renovations and municipal housing companies, and more generally, it concerns housing inequality and urban restructuring. The Swedish housing market is strongly characterized by housing inequality, and, in addition, large parts of the affordable rental stock are facing need for renovations. Renovations which risk making the rental stock less accessible and, in addition, reinforce inequality and displacement. Half of all the properties facing renovation in Sweden are owned by municipal housing companies, allmännyttan, which are obliged to provide good and accessible housing for everyone and the common benefit. However, since 2011, the municipal housing companies are at the same time to operate under preconditions that require profit. In the light of this potential conflict of interest, the overarching purpose has been to provide an empirical exploration and problematization of how renovations are managed and motivated within allmännyttan and what potential implications this has on supplying good housing for all. Through the case of the municipal housing company Bostads AB Poseidon and the district Frölunda Torg in Gothenburg, renovations have been explored within a municipal setting and larger urban restructuring process. The material that formed the empirical data was qualitative and comprised three parts: policy, communication with tenants, and interviews with employees at Bostads AB Poseidon. Central concepts in exploring the renovations have been displacement pressure, urban restructuring, and hegemonic gaze. The thesis has identified several aspects concerning renovations and the altered role of allmännyttan which raises questions whether the renovations can be understood as for the common benefit.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2000.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-72).<br>This is a study of the effect researchers and their methods have on the process of community organizing. It specifically focuses on Heritage Common, a subsidized housing development in Lawrence, Massachusetts with a population comprised of 81% Latino residents. A survey on the social service needs of the residents was conducted for the owner and management company, The Community Builders (TCB). During the survey process, the residents of Heritage Common voiced their desire to organize a Tenants' Committee that would be formally recognized by the management and have a say in the future of their community. The project started as a social services needs assessment and became a community organizing case study with an interest in the role of the researcher and the research methods as catalysts in the process. The results of the survey were used to inform the residents about which groups within the community as well as which social services could be identified as targets for organizing efforts. This project was begun in October 1999, and as of May 2000, Heritage Common has established a formal Tenants' Committee. The first meeting between management, the Tenants' Committee and the residents to address community concerns will be held on May 18, 2000.<br>by Madeline C. Fraser.<br>M.C.P.

Globalization and rapid urbanization in the developing world have been contributing greatly to a current unsustainable reality. In order to move towards a sustainable society, the strength of people working collectively as a community must be recognized and harnessed to begin making changes from the bottom up. This thesis will examine how a common participatory space has the potential to become a community hub, and to foster participatory dialogue, negotiation and decision-making within urban communities of poverty. After examining the current reality, including present development practices, this research strives to find universal elements for a common participatory space where vision building and strategic community action can flourish. This study also examines the processes needed to engage community members in the cultivation, creation and maintenance of a common participatory space.

In the early 1990s, India liberalised its economy and subsequently its television market, signalling a deeper integration into the global economy. This study examines how a group of women from urban, middle-class backgrounds have responded to the widening educational and economic opportunities and cultural changes that followed. Data were gathered through life history interviews with twenty-seven participants: ten pairs of mothers and daughters in the city of Pune and seven young women in Mumbai. Data were analysed using Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of capital, habitus and field in order to explore individual and family strategies for social reproduction. Findings indicate that middle-class belonging for these Indian women is not an automatic result of economic wealth, education, employment or marriage. Their middle-class status involves a complicated set of choices, performances and practices relating to the kind of education they receive, marriage to the 'right' kind of man by a certain age and, for the younger generation of women, participation in the global economy through appropriate professions. Participants in Mumbai, the so-called 'modem girls', work in the outsourcing industry. Their jobs allow economic mobility but have led to struggles associated with derogatory societal views due to their nightshift work and its perceived links with sexual freedom. These women seek to reinvent expectations of 'good' middle-class womanhood, by providing financial support to other family members or through religious observances. The role of the media in shaping discourses of marriage, mothering and contemporary Indian womanhood is also examined and reveals how young women are required to embody a range of contradictions; for example, as sexually appealing yet virtuous, independent yet family-oriented women. The symbolic capital both generations accrue as educated individuals who prioritise the family cements their position as respectable, middle-class women while engaging with the economic and cultural shifts that have come with liberalisation.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2001.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 331-361).<br>This study explores the collective negotiation behavior of the developing countries of the South in international environmental politics. The so-called 'South'-represented in global negotiations by Group of 77 (G77)-is an unwieldy and unlikely collective made up of over 130 countries displaying dramatically different economic conditions, ideological persuasions, political systems and geographic features and environmental endowments. Yet, for over 30 years now, the collective has demonstrated remarkable resilience in the face of internal divisions as well as external threats. Although sometimes described as an economic collective 'of the poor', the South is, in fact, a political collective 'of the marginalized'. Its resilience stems from its member's strongly shared sense of exclusion from the international system and their collective desire to change the 'rules of the game'. This resilience, however, has often come at the cost of having to slip into 'lowest common denominator' positions. In following an 'asymmetrically prescriptive-descriptive' research approach, this study seeks to explore the nature of the 'South' as a negotiating collective and understand why it tends to slip into lowest common denominator positions. The study uses the case of global negotiations on the Desertification Convention and twelve experimental runs of a simulation-game (The Chlorine Game; conducted in four countries, with 191 players of 59 different nationalities).<br>(cont.) The case-experience and the experimental results are analyzed using a heuristic framework developed to explore and explain strategic options available to collectives in international multilateral negotiations. Descriptively, the study concludes that the South tends to negotiate as a 'behavioral alignment' maintaining a relatively broad issue focus and investing relatively little in the internal organization. While this explains its 'lowest common denominator' tendency, it is nonetheless an understandable strategy given the South's chronic lack of resources and diversity. Prescriptively, the study suggests that the most desirable results for the South are likely to be in 'coalition mode' where the collective moves towards increased internal coordination and a more specific issue-focus. This will require concerted investment in more meaningful South-South negotiation prior to North-South negotiations and in the internal organization of the G77.<br>by Adil Najam.<br>Ph.D.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 49-51).<br>This thesis develops a system for observing, visualizing, and understanding transportation behavior at the scale of an urban institution's entire population. In particular, the Massachusetts institute of Technology (MIT) will serve as a case study. This research does not accept the presumption that the individual is a purely autonomous decision maker when it comes to transportation behavior. Rather, decisions can be a result of following the example of others' in a given community, not necessarily a process of autonomous utility optimization. As such, human transportation behavior is examined within the context of "social institutional" and "urban tribal" constructs. By recognizing such social institutional tribes as fundamental affecters of transportation behavior, we can develop new analytical units called "commuter footprints." These footprints are derived from the "digital breadcrumbs" of user behavior within an institution. By bringing these footprints to light, it will give policy makers a new avenue to influence transportation behavior in urban areas by targeting these social institutional tribes as a whole. Given the growing desire for policies to be evaluated with performance-based metrics, this thesis also strives to articulate metrics for a social institution's transportation behavior. These metrics will aid in annual reporting, and may even serve as useful indicators from which to measure change over time. Furthermore, the thesis proposes potential avenues for "living lab" style research and experiments that could utilize such a system.<br>by J. Ira Winder.<br>M.C.P.

Recent years have seen the City of Calgary adopt a suite of sustainability policies in a bid to shift its received trajectory of sprawling urban development towards eco-conscious alternatives. But where sustainable urban development is typically rendered as a consensus-driven project portending mutual benefits for a given locality, the historical adoption of sustainability policies in Calgary has been characterized by waves of conflict and controversy which have allegedly watered down the City’s policy objectives. Rather than evaluating the technical merits of individual policies against ‘best practice’-type standards, this thesis argues that the meanings and implications of particular policy paradigms – such as Calgary’s move towards sustainability – must be found in both the specific institutional configurations in which policies are formed and the political-economic conditions to which they respond. This thesis explores these institutional pressures and conjunctural forces through a historical analysis of several key moments in the emergence and evolution of sustainability-oriented policy in Calgary. Chapter 1 establishes context for this inquiry, while Chapter 2 formulates a theoretical framework by synthesizing neo-Marxian interpretations of local environmental policy and recent innovations in the field of ‘policy mobilities’ with the work of Antonio Gramsci, particularly related to his conception of hegemony. Building upon this edifice, Chapter 3 comprises a historical overview of the City’s first attempts at sustainability-oriented policy, which I argue are best viewed as a ‘fix’ for several tensions and contradictions surrounding Calgary’s hegemonic development model, which I term ‘developer-led suburbanization’. Attempts to reformat and restructure this model through consensual community ‘visioning exercises’ and ‘systems’-based rationalities are considered in Chapter 4, which I explain as a manoeuvre by the City to restore political legitimacy and wrest control over development matters from private sector actors. These narratives converge in my central argument: the historical formation of sustainability policies in Calgary has not been a process of incremental rationalization or evolutionary refinement, but has instead reflected a series of struggles for political leadership within an arrangement that can be best understood through the Gramscian concept of hegemony.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Geography, Department of<br>Graduate

Urban agriculture in post-industrial countries is commonly represented in form of shared community gardens or individual gardening lots. However, within the last years, an increasing number of commercial urban farming enterprises around the globe have started their operations. While recreational projects have received much attention, the commercial and entrepreneurial remained mainly uninvestigated. Using a grounded theory approach, this explorative dissertation aims to contribute to an understanding of farming as a new urban profession and the motivation of commercial urban farmers (CUFs) to grow in the city, rather than the countryside. Based on ten semi-standardized in-depth interviews, this study reveals first, that CUFs merge the commonly rural occupation of farming and their desire for autonomic labor with the urban lifestyle as self-made growers, without significant relevant personal or educational background in farming, using alternative growing techniques. Second, the study finds two CUF categories: urbanists, who perceive themselves as actors in sustainable urban development and pursue urban growing activities to contribute to this target; and bargainers, who regard urban growing as a means to an end to progress to small-scale rural agriculture. This suggests that CUFs must engage in inner negotiations between their economic capabilities, the geographic location, and the more society oriented visions they commit themselves to. This research conceptualizes urban farming as tool to fulfill not only food and sustainability goals, but that could also function as basis for sustainable small-scale growing in the countryside.

The urban form undergoes a constant evolution process that transforms the urban experience. As it has been stated by urban morphologists, the design and planning principles as well as emerging social-economic forces shape the built environment. During the period of modernism, cities reformed their urban cores according to the fundamental elements of modernism, aiming to address the ongoing urban growth, the traffic increase and the emerging social issues. Thus, after that period, several urban cores were transformed from old districts to new modern and prestigious business and commercial centers were the former urban experience disappeared.  The center of Athens as well as the center of Stockholm constitute two representative examples of how modernism transformed completely the built environment during that period. Traffic oriented solutions prevailed against the traditional urban districts in both cases. Thus, by experiencing these two cases, common patterns were identified on the urban form of these two key public spaces of the cities. The current study is aiming to unfold the evolution of their urban form and the processes of change that took place in each case during the same time. An extended analysis is conducted, where formal and non-formal conditions are thoroughly examined. Through the analysis of the urban form, this work is aiming to reveal whether common elements that are identified in the built environment produce same implications on the urban life of the public space and consequently common urban experience to the users, despite cultural differences. In addition, the emerging unique formal and non-formal conditions, that generate vitality in each case, are selectively extracted in the last chapter, where crucial interventions are proposed.

Taking up the eternally contested, yet inescapable, question of community; this thesis takes for its point of focus the time of 'New Labour' and the millennial effervescence in which 'community' appeared to herald a new dawn of 'third way' politics. Foremost on this agenda, and addressed first in the thesis, was the concept of Community Safety; a field of policing and criminal justice organised around the term 'anti-social behaviour'. The thesis documents the tendency for critical voices to oppose the 'community' requiring this safety first on the basis of its representing post-disciplinary practices of exclusion, and second inasmuch as an ethical imperative to participate in community activities is rendered an arena of power relations. Rather than fully situate the common, and community; within a schematic of power, I seek in this thesis to argue that this return or haunting of community- its insistence - warrants attention on its own terms. Following the work of Jean- Luc Nancy(1991), the thesis follows the thought that community; as the site in which 'the common' is practiced and explored, is not unity but rather the radical, disruptive and productive statement of togetherness in plurality. Utilising empirical material gathered from ethnographic work among community groups in green spaces, the thesis opens two spaces for this contestation; the technical practices of community and the practices of democratic equality located in green space itself. These chapters refer respectively to Bernard Stiegler and Jacques Ranciere, authors who have investigated the force of 'the common' in its disruption of the intimacy of community. Against a 'politics of lost authority' the thesis argues for the enduring transgressions of this intimacy in community practice; a 'politics of the common'. In articulating this argument the thesis seeks to reclaim community both from the 'communitarian' accounts that have sought to put it to work, and from the critical accounts that have sought to clear it away as a question.

The Common Good was the ancient patrimony of a Scottish burgh, and the central resource of urban government before local rates. By the early nineteenth century this revenue was under considerable strain due to rapid population growth and urban expansion. As pressure on urban institutions and resources increased, so did debts secured against the revenue stream from Common Good assets, anxieties about which triggered the campaign for burgh reform. In 1833, as the Burgh Reform Act changed the electoral basis of burgh government, Edinburgh was declared bankrupt due to levels of borrowing incurred to build and extend the New Town and to expand Leith harbour. This thesis uses Common Good accounts as its quantitative basis. The disbursements of extant accounts for the period 1820-56 were recorded and assigned analytical categories in order to compare expenditure of different types over time. Such detailed analysis constitutes a major contribution to the existing historiography of Scottish cities and local government, providing insight into changing spending and priorities, and the effects on the unravelling of the old political order. It also facilitates discussion of the changing nature of corruption and probity in public life during a period when expectations of those holding office changed substantially. In the 1820s burgh reform seemed likely, yet in responding to the challenges of urban government, the unreformed Council was innovative. Two case studies illustrate the contingency function of the Common Good. Whilst George IV’s visit is well-known, that the Council used Common Good money to provide civic hospitality and promotion is not. The Great Fires of Edinburgh of 1824 were very damaging, especially around Parliament Square, and the Council offered a sophisticated response using the resources of the Common Good which included emergency aid to those in need, and the establishment of the first municipal fire brigade. In 1833 Edinburgh was declared bankrupt, and the City’s assets were transferred to trustees appointed for the Creditors. Without control of its finances during protracted negotiations, the new, elected Council suffered from a ‘legitimacy deficit.’ The Settlement Act 1838 served to ‘translate’ the Burgh Reform Act, 1833 to Edinburgh’s needs, as it restructured municipal debt and gave Leith a portion of Edinburgh’s Common Good, which meant Leith could make use of its police burgh status gained in 1833. This case shows the higher importance of local legislation to a major city rather than general acts. With the problems of the former political system resolved, Edinburgh’s 1856 Extension Act expanded municipal boundaries and transferred police powers to the Council, so moving towards a unitary authority. Neither burgh reform nor the restructuring of local government can be understood without first analysing how the Common Good was used, and this thesis takes important strides in that direction.

The project-based research questions how professionals working in the built environment can engage a broader range of 'others' (students, client, users) in ways of seeing and acting in a meaningful way. It challenges the role of the expert in architecture and urban design and in particular their use of the masterplan, which is often an oversimplified reductive response, laden with generalisations and the ill-considered overlay of inappropriate models. Design methods are designed to enable us to see afresh and respond accordingly. These are demonstrated in three suites of projects that include urban installations such as Five Walks for the Melbourne International Arts Festival, war memorials, lectures, photographs and teaching practice such as Taipei Operations, a student workshop, architectural exhibition, and book. The design research is situated within an expanded field of cross-disciplinary practice that includes art, landscape architecture, urban design, architecture and geography. Tools are developed to enable us to understand the city at many spatial and temporal scales; observations made at a micro scale reveal systems at a macro scale - a bottom-up approach. The application of the methods explored implies that

The Imperial Dock Lock Special Protection Area (SPA) in Leith Docks on the Firth of Forth currently supports the largest common tern (Sterna hirundo) colony in Scotland. The nest site, a former lock wall in an operational port, was designated as an SPA for the species in 2004 but very little is known about the ecology of common terns in this man-made environment. This thesis examined their ecology using a combination of long-term data for the Firth of Forth region and field research at the colony. The dynamics of the Firth of Forth breeding population of common terns was linked both to local influences of predators and the regional status of their main food source, the Firth of Forth sprat stock. Colonisation of Leith Docks resulted from relocation of birds from natural islands in the Firth of Forth which were abandoned due to unsustainable levels of predation by gulls. Herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and lesser black-backed gulls (L. fuscus) are active predators in Leith Docks but at relatively low levels. Predation attempts by mink present a serious threat and could be highly detrimental to the colony. Foraging studies revealed that terns are feeding primarily in the Forth of Forth rather than within the docks, and that their diet consists mostly of sprat, but also sandeels and gadoids. The importance of sprat in the diet is discussed in relation to the potential reopening of the sprat fishery. Surveys of birds commuting between the colony and the feeding grounds showed that a range of flight lines are used but to different extents, and found no evidence of collisions with buildings or other man-made structures. Terns were well-habituated to regular human activity but were sensitive to unusual or high-level human disturbance factors. Gulls and crows, rather than humans, were the greatest disturbance factors for nesting birds overall. Currently the Imperial Dock Lock SPA is the only site in the region that could support common terns breeding in considerable numbers, and so the future of the Firth of Forth population of common terns is now dependent on this one site. There are a number of management options available, and the future persistence of the population relies on the continued monitoring of breeding numbers of terns, of predation levels and further assessment of the sprat stock.

During the last 60 years the plastic production has increased more than 190 times and plasticpollution both at sea and land is a growing issue. Every year millions of tons of plastic waste fromland reaches the oceans, but the land-based sources are diffuse. One possible source of plasticwaste and microplastics are from plastic litter in urban areas which is common all over the world.The aim with this laboratory study was to study the photodegradation patterns of macroplasticsthat is usually found as litter in urban areas to contribute with knowledge and to theunderstanding of how macroplastics degrade to microplastics. The laboratory study wasstructured around the use of ultraviolet light exposure from UVA 340 nm lamps to acceleratephotodegradations of plastics in air. The test was divided into four different time intervals: stage7 days, stage 14 days, stage 28 days, and stage 56 days to study the evolution of plasticfragmentation over time. Effect of the UV radiation and test duration were combined to derivethe equivalent real time duration. Using Luleå as a benchmark the computed equivalence were0.27 years for every seven days of UV exposure. For stage 7d, a test with different mediums(water and air) were performed to compare the degradation processes between differentenvironments. However, for the longer time intervals air was the only tested environment. Newplastic products were bought which were among the most produced types of plastic or mostcommon plastic litter. The plastics were the following: polystyrene (PS) as plastic coffee cup lid,polypropylene (PP) as chocolate wrapping, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as plastic bottle,low- density polyethylene (PE-LD) as plastic grocery bag and cellulose acetate (CA) as cigarettefilter or butts. The analytical techniques used were a particle size and number counter, with theselected particle size interval between 4-120 μm, and a camera mounted microscope to studyshapes of microplastic particles. Before photographing the particles, the samples were filtered ona 10 μm aluminium filter. The results showed that photodegradation with UV light did in factaccelerate the degradation process even for short time intervals. Potential for fragmentation ofparticles in air was larger, due to air being a more oxidizing environment and weakening theplastics. The results implied that the degradation processes for PS is slower in water compared tothe other plastics in the same environment. In PS there was a larger amount of particles for theUV- exposed samples compared to the other plastics. This is interpreted as it has a slowerdegradation processes due to the fact when looking on the other plastics in stage w.7 (in water),the control samples have a higher particle count than for the UV exposed samples. It can beinterpreted as PS does not become as effected by the UV light while in water compared to theother plastics. Therefore, the conclusion is that the particles degraded and became smaller thanthe analysed size range (4 μm) and were therefore not detected, consequently, showing a lowerparticle count. After 56 days of UV radiation the largest amount of detected particle mass wasproduced by PP (chocolate wrapping) with 0.0143 mg/cm2 material and the least amount ofdetected particle mass in stage 56d was of PE-LD (plastic bag) with 0.00042 mg/cm2 material.Based on the comparison of the water stage and air stages together with conclusions from earlierstudies, the potential for a substantial destructive breaking of large particle are considered higherin air than in water, because the oxidation weakens the material making it less resilient tomechanical stress.

The concept of the common, found in Hardt and Negri, provides the possibility of theorising struggle that avoids the critiques that suggest Empire remains intangible, ethereal and postmodern. The concept, however, remains fragmentarily developed by the authors themselves, and is rarely the subject of sustained analysis in the secondary literature. Therefore, in order to substantiate the concept, I consider the common through three distinct moments which I identify as the urban, digital and political moments. This task is achieved through theoretical interlocutions and reflections on the 2011 Occupy movement. Throughout this thesis, and through each moment of the common, I argue that the concept must be understood as distinctly physical. Firstly, struggles over the urban common revolve around the physical (re)production of ideas, knowledge, culture and relationships in urban environments. Whilst the digital common often implies a lack of physicality, I argue that the common offers a means of thinking social media and perpetual connectivity primarily as a process of transforming the way humans engage with one another and their environments, and the radical possibilities therein. I argue that these moments of the common necessitate the development of an appropriate political moment of the common. Through centring on the physicality of struggle, Hardt and Negria's concept of the common is substantiated whilst contributing to wider debates in the field of radical theory and social movements.

Common mental disorders (CMD) is used to describe depressive and anxiety disorders. Community prevalence rates worldwide are estimated between 15%-30%. Mental health services however are mainly geared towards those with the more severe forms of mental disorder. Although the prevalence of CMD is high, little is known about help-seeking behaviour for people with CMD in community settings, particularly in developing countries. The main aim of this research is to investigate the patterns of help-seeking behaviour for CMD in an urban Malaysian community and identifying the determinants of helpseeking behaviour. A two-stage cross-sectional survey was conducted in a Malaysian urban community. Participants aged between 18-45 years, were randomly selected from an electoral register. A total of 614 participants were interviewed and assessed. In addition to background information and self-reported help-seeking behaviour, all participants were presented with a vignette depicting a person with depression and were questioned to assess level of recognition, causal beliefs of depression, recommended help-seeking behaviour and stigmatizing attitude towards sufferers. All were screened with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and probable cases of CMD were further interviewed with the diagnostic Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Stage 2 was conducted to carry out a descriptive study of pathways to care of participants with diagnosed CMD. Prevalence of CMD was 8.8%, and the risk factors associated with CMD were age, marital status, ethnicity, unemployment, and status as student. Following adjustment, only age remained significantly associated with CMD. About one third (33.1%) of the study sample had engaged in general help-seeking behaviour in the past 4 weeks. The types of help sought were namely biomedical and complimentary or alternative medicine (CAM). Those who sought help were more likely to be female, older and diagnosed with CMD (p<O.05). Similar factors were found to be significantly associated with seeking biomedical care (p<O.05). In relation to the study's main interest of the associations between help-seeking and CMD, the results indicated that people with CMD were more than 2 times more likely to utilize biomedical care (p = 0.016), where help-seeking may not have specifically addressed CMD in particular. Explanatory Models for CMD were investigated across domains of recognition levels, causal attributions and stigmatising attitudes. Almost all the participants recognized CMD as a problem (96.9"10) although only half (5 1.8%) belived CMD amounted to an illness. Six different causal attributions to CMD were generated namely psychological, physical, employment, relationship, financial and supernatural. For help-seeking specifically for CMD, the results were analysed for a hypothetical case via responses to vignette, as well as actual cases based on diagnosis. The major factors predicting biomedical help seeking for the vignette were recognition of depression as a problem, as an illness and fmancial causal attribution. Of the confinned CMD cases, only 42.6% have sought any kind of help for their problems and almost none sought specialised mental health care. Based on the findings, it is evident that a substantial number of people in the community have CMD and they generally utilize biomedical sources at the primary care level more than those not diagnosed with CMD. Although socio-demoraphic factors were predictive of help-seeking behaviour in general, they were not predictive of help-seeking for CMD. Results indicated Explanatory Models were predictive of help-seeking behaviour specifically for CMD. Help-seeking behaviour generated for CMD were mostly in line with the biomedical approach, followed by self-help and lastly CAM. Implementing policies to integrate care for CMD into primary care, promoting awareness, recognizing roles of other sectors, supporting self-help and ensuring accessibility to care would ensure people receive the appropriate care they need.

Conservation partnerships are working throughout the United States to address natural resource problems in watersheds. These projects have levels of complexity that challenge successful accomplishments. This study investigates what constitutes success in watershed partnerships and what measures may define success. Characteristics are identified from a literature search to create a success model. Characteristics of three partnerships led by the U. S. D. A. Natural Resources Conservation Service, Conservation Districts, and Resource Conservation and Development councils are compared to the model. Analyses address frequencies of occurrence of characteristics and differences between public and private responses. The results do not support the success model. Eight common characteristics of success are found in the case studies. Six of these characteristics are of a qualitative nature indicating a need to include qualitative measures with quantitative measures of success. The development of an effective guide for successful conservation partnerships is based on the eight characteristics.

<p> Comprehensive planning can help communities engage in purposeful and sustainable land use development. Previous research has indicated that Indian reservations in the United States often face unique roadblocks to these planning efforts: checkerboard patterns of tribal and nontribal ownership, and the presence of both tribal and local governments exercising land use authority within the same shared space. These roadblocks can lead to uncooperative, uncoordinated, or unsustainable development. Despite these noted problems, there remains an important gap in the current literature regarding solutions to overcome these roadblocks. The purpose of this study was to address that gap. Guided by Forester's critical planning theory to critically examine the social and historical roots of planning within a particular community, this qualitative case study examined government records and conducted 18 interviews of tribal and local government officials. Data analysis consisted of coding data to reveal emergent themes relating to cooperative land use planning in the future. These themes included: (a) approaching planning with a regional philosophy in mind, (b) strengthening interpersonal relationships, (c) finding ways to fairly compensate each other for government services, (d) continuing to acknowledge each government's ability to govern within this shared space, and (e) refraining from asserting authority over a neighboring government. This research is an important contribution to the existing literature and enhances social change initiatives by providing guidance for tribal and local government officials to increase cooperative land use planning.</p>

Space organisation of urban blocks is a significant topic of urban design field to achieve correlated urban parts that enhance the variety in urban spaces. However, the rapid urban transformation experienced in the Turkish cities resulted in the generation of similar urban blocks with the lack of spatial variety. Therefore, a re-evolution of space organisation concepts for urban blocks emerges as a design problem in order to cope with the defined problem. From this point of view, the interfaces among public, common and private spaces as the formative parts of space organisation process constitute the essence of this study. Thus, the morphological elements of urban blocks as street, plot and building are constantly reshaped and redefined based on the correlations of this realms. Within this scope, Conzen&rsquo<br>s town plan method has been adopted in this study for Bah&ccedil<br>elievler Housing Cooperative Site, to reveal the transformation experienced and the changing relations of street, plot and building throughout the morphological formation processes. In the light of this problem case and method implemented, this research indicates that in Bah&ccedil<br>elievler, the changing relations between street, plot and buildings are an outcome of the interfaces among public, common and private regarding the permeability along boundaries. Based on this outcome, this study suggests that a new understanding of space organisation in urban blocks regarding the interfaces among public, common and private spaces as counterparts of street, plot and buildings arises as a significant issue that needs to be reconsidered by urban designers, planners, architects and public authorities while defining the design and planning process.

I beni comuni sono oggi al centro di numerosissimi studi e discussioni in diversi campi: da quello giuridico, passando per quello ambientale, fino a quello economico e politico, interessando infine quello sociologico. Sempre più beni vengono riconosciuti come “comuni”, dato l’interesse collettivo che ruota attorno alla loro gestione ed alla loro tutela. Tra i più recenti beni comuni vi sono le città, «i luoghi dell’abitare umano», la cui rilevanza è andata crescendo contemporaneamente allo sviluppo industriale moderno di stampo neoliberista ed alle conseguenze (negative) che questo ha avuto sulla vita dei cittadini. La disgregazione dei legami sociali, il processo di individualizzazione, la perdita di sé e l’insicurezza permanente sono tutte conseguenze sociali causate dal trentennio neoliberista, alle quali si contrappongono sentimenti di solidarietà e comunità, oltre alla volontà di riappropriazione degli spazi urbani, attraverso il diritto alla città. La rigenerazione delle aree della città deve necessariamente includere i propri abitanti quali “modellatori” del luogo dove trascorrono la propria esistenza e dal quale ne sono al tempo stesso “modellati”. Questa pretesa di inclusione, di riscrittura e rilettura dello spazio urbano adattato a chi maggiormente lo vive, può trovare chiara espressione nel fenomeno della street art, nata dalle periferie isolate in contrasto con i curati centri cittadini. Potremmo considerare gli street artist come semplici artisti, ma sono molto di più: essi incarnano lo spirito del diritto alla città, attirano l’attenzione degli apatici passanti abituali suscitando in loro curiosità, danno uno strappo alla monotonia ed al grigiore dei palazzi e rendono espliciti i sentimenti attraverso le loro opere. L’idea di redigere una tesi su questo argomento è diretta conseguenza della mia esperienza professionale, oltre che personale, presso l’associazione Art Flood di Rovigo in cui ho avuto l’onore di espletare il mio tirocinio formativo. La parte conclusiva della trattazione riguarderà l’aspetto prettamente pratico dello stage vissuto, contenente le interviste alla presidente dell’associazione Melania Ruggini, agli artisti, ai rappresentanti delle pubbliche amministrazioni coinvolte nel Festival itinerante Deltarte ed in generale di coloro che hanno partecipato e collaborato nei laboratori di Deltarte-Accademy (indirizzati ai più giovani). L’esposizione del progetto, effettuata attraverso un analisi qualitativa, oltre a spiegarne il contesto territoriale e sociale in cui questo si radica, vuole sottolineare il valore aggiunto che l’esperienza sta apportando al luogo di riferimento, senza tralasciarne gli aspetti negativi riscontrati. La conclusione di questa trattazione vuole essere un monito, indirizzato alle amministrazioni pubbliche dell’intero territorio polesano, che le induca ad adoperarsi per modificare in profondità molti aspetti dello stesso attraverso la previsione di un progetto di rigenerazione non solamente urbana, ma territoriale, in cui inserire, tra le tante anche l’associazione Art Flood.

This study sets out to investigate the factors that have determined the progress and development of the Common EU Maritime Transport Policy (CMTP) in the 1990s, using two case-studies which examine the progress of common policies on safe seas and shortsea shipping respectively. Drawing on the theoretical strands examining European integration, in particular suggestions that an analytical emphasis on the involved policy actors is a helpful way to understand the progress of the EU policies, the research concentrates on both the economic environment of maritime transport and the interaction of policy makers and organised interests during the policy making process. Employing insights from the neoinstitutional account of comparative politics the thesis sets out to test the validity of accounts of EU policy-making that put particular stress on the critical role of the EU institutions within this process and, consequently, the advancement and content of EU level policies. The research findings suggest an explanatory model of the progress of the CMTP which focuses on the distinctive institutional dynamism of the EU, without being reductionist insofar as the other policy actors or the economic context are concerned. It takes into account, first, the vital role of the EU decision-making institutions and, second, the mediation of the extant institutional framework on the activities of all the involved policy actors. While the contextual economic internationalisation and the ineffectual policy responses of the non-EU policy making levels have provided the stimulus for discussing EU policy developments, the progress of the CMTP is found to be the outcome of a dialectic relationship between national governments, interest groups, the EU institutions, and their ideas. Within this relationship the EU institutions play a decisive role. These results challenge previous conceptions of the CMTP as the outcome of intergovernmental bargaining, or the product of an arena dominated by the variable powers of private actors. Reflecting on the theoretical debate on European integration, the thesis concludes that an internal EU policy arena with its own characteristics and complexity has grown considerably and commends the neoinstitutionalist perspective as a useful analytical tool in conceptualising EU policy developments.

The aim of this research was to unpack and analyse the emergence of narratives around urban green spaces as sites of community interaction, social activity and cultural and conservational value. I used the case study of the Rondebosch Common in Cape Town, South Africa during the period 1900 to 2015 to accomplish these aims. The Rondebosch Common has been fixture of the southern suburbs of the city for over one hundred years and provided a public green space for community interactions. I was able to gather letters and memos sent and received from the Town Clerk's Office from the South African National Archives Repository in Cape Town as well as newspaper articles from the Cape Argus and Cape News newspapers. The archival materials were chosen because they provided the point of view of the local government, the residents of Rondebosch and other users of the Rondebosch Common during the twentieth century. The newspaper articles were used to understand these points of views in the twenty-first century. Public spaces such as the Rondebosch Common are constructed in different ways, i.e. socially, politically, and these constructions determine the appropriate behaviours for the spaces as well as the values and meanings attributed to them. A public open green space such as the Rondebosch Common, which has existed as such for so long, provides an opportunity to examine the inherent political and social nature of old green spaces within the Global South context. Cape Town's colonial and apartheid state added a tension to interactions in the twentieth century as well as a layer of aspiration towards the English or Western ideal. The post-apartheid Cape Town urban and suburban landscape is still fraught with racial and socio-economic divisions. The purpose of my research was to determine how socio-economic, political and ideological context of the Rondebosch Common, in terms of both its physical location and the historical time period, has affected the way in which has been perceived by various groups and how it has been contested by those groups. I also attempt to unpack some of the uses of the Rondebosch Common and how and why they changed over time. It is argued that the demands and claims placed over a public green space such as the Rondebosch Common are represented over broader issues such as belonging, identity and civic entitlements (Di Masso, 2012).

This dissertation discusses the rebuilding of cities after war in the context of the changing character of warfare and the increased expectations for societies to deal with difficult pasts. Departing from studies that approach post-war reconstruction focusing on the functional dimension of infrastructural repair and housing relief or on debates about architectural form, this dissertation examines reconstruction through the lens of the process of 'coming to terms with the past'. It explores how understandings of victimhood and responsibility influence the rebuilding of urban space. Conversely, it argues that cities and architecture, through the meanings ascribed to them by various actors, play an important role in dealing with the past. Building on the moral philosophy of Theodor Adorno and Hannah Arendt, it discusses the potential of reconstruction for societies to work through the past, then it engages with frictions highlighted by three situations of rebuilding after different types of war. First, it examines the rebuilding of Belgrade as the capital of socialist Yugoslavia after the aerial bombings typical of the Second World War. Second, it analyses reconstruction debates in the same city after the 1999 NATO bombings, a high-tech operation, framed by NATO as a preventative, humanitarian intervention against a 'perpetrator' state. Third, it discusses rebuilding processes in Sarajevo, where destruction was inflicted between 1992 and 1995 by actors internal to the country, albeit with international ramifications, exemplary of Mary Kaldor's 'new wars'. Based on thirteen months of fieldwork conducted in Belgrade and Sarajevo between 2012 and 2015, it analyses intentions and consequences of reconstruction acts. It suggests the potential and the challenges of a reflective reconstruction, which engages critically with the past, and of a syncretic place-making reconstruction, which focuses on place and its agonistic promise. Its main contribution is to highlight the essential relationship between reconstruction and coming to terms with the past, arguing for an understanding of reconstruction with regards to conflict itself.

La notion de paysage urbain, très en vogue aujourd’hui, continue cependant à être objet de réticences importantes de la part d’un certain nombre de professionnels et de théoriciens de l’architecture et du paysage. D’autres, en revanche, se situent dans une démarche opposée et tentent, déjà depuis les années soixante-dix, de construire une extensive théorie du paysage urbain. Dans le cadre de ce débat scientifique, nous avons choisi comme objectif, pour notre travail de thèse, l’étude des conditions d’apparition et d’existence de cette notion. Ainsi, afin de répondre à l’interrogation centrale : Quand et sous quelles conditions y a-t-il des paysages urbains ?. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux approches de trois catégories d’acteurs: les artistes ; les théoriciens et professionnels et enfin les usagers ou habitants des villes. Outre leur rôle central dans la formation de cette notion, c’est la multiplicité et la complexité de leurs interactions -tant au niveau des représentations que dans celui des pratiques- qui a motivé notre choix. La première partie de la thèse se développe selon une approche généalogique qui a pour objet un corpus d’œuvres picturales. Cela nous permet de dégager les moments clefs de l’histoire de la représentation du paysage urbain et d’en préciser les figures. Nous interrogeons, dans un deuxième temps, le paysage urbain en tant que concept, par le recours à l’examen d’un ensemble de discours de théoriciens et de praticiens. Se dégagent, ce faisant, un certain nombre de spécificités théoriques et pratiques liées à cette notion. La perception du paysage urbain vécu et habité, cœur de notre recherche, est abordée, quant à elle, par le biais de trois enquêtes menées selon des méthodes distinctes, et portant deux interrogations principales : où en est la société contemporaine par rapport au paysage urbain ? ; quelles concordances entre le dessein des concepteurs et le vécu des habitants ?. Ces enquêtes permettent, notamment, de porter à la lumière une familiarisation importante du sens commun avec la notion de paysage urbain et de dégager, dans les discours des interviewés, un ensemble de caractères liés à l’évocation du paysage, du paysage en ville et du paysage urbain<br>The trendy “urban landscape” concept is still subject to significant reluctances from some architecture and landscape professionals and theorists. Whereas many others are in an opposite approach and attempted since the seventies to build an urban landscape theory. As part of this scientific debate, we have set as a goal, for our thesis work, to study the conditions of occurrence and existence of the concept. Thus, and to answer our main question : “when and under what conditions is there an urban landscape ?”. We’ve looked at three stakeholders’ approaches: artists ; theorists and professionals and finally the city people. In addition to their important roles in defining this concept, it is the multiplicity and complexity of their interactions -both at the representations and practices levels- that motivated our choice. The first part of the thesis develops a genealogical approach using a corpus of pictorial works. This allowed us to identify some of its important historical moments and figures. Secondly, we have been interested in urban landscape as a concept, by considering many theorists and practitioners positions. Therefore, it was possible to identify some patterns in the theoretical and practical terms related to this concept. The perception of an inhabited and practiced urban landscape, which particularly interests us, was approached by three surveys conducted in several methodological ways. We had two questions : where contemporary society stands related to urban landscape ? And what connects the projects of designers and the lived experiences of inhabitants ? These surveys, allowed us to discover important common sense familiarity with the concept and to identify, in respondents’ speeches, a set of criteria connected to landscape, city landscape and urban landscape

Food has lost its important role in city´s life thus its presence in people´s life has also weakened. Cities are less able to sustain themselves and rely on import food. Supermarkets, which offer a broad scale of groceries from all around the world, are the number one food resource in Sweden while people are getting detached from the region they live in and from the origins of the food they consume. Local farmers struggle to survive economically while the population is slowly increasing, so does the demand for food.[1] The current context leads to the question: can Norrland be less reliant on import food? This thesis seeks answers and possibilities for cities with cold climates specifically using Luleå in Northern Sweden as a prototype and urban agriculture as a tool. It researches the past and the current situation of food production in the area. It also explores existing initiatives which are working on local food level and possibilities for cultivation in cold climates. The purpose is to understand the existing environment, the structure of resources in and around the city. In addition to existing resources, this thesis also explores urban voids for indoor production and connects them to the main intervention, a hub, which works as a platform for education, meetings, and distribution of local products. The focus of the proposal is the public, urban level. This platform is located close to the city center and has a scale which makes it able to reconnect the otherwise fragmented city. By parks included, which are planted with autochthon plants this intervention becomes a representation of the region, a living exhibition of the possibilities in Norrbotten. It accommodates several functions such as restaurant, greenhouse, shop, research center and a market in order to reach a broad scale of users. The intervention introduced in this paper is an outcome of the specific context rather than an ultimate solution for every city with cold climates. This proposal suggests possibilities to bring food closer to the people by raising awareness and seeking opportunities to implement food production into architectural planning and design as well as showing the existing possibilities in Norrbotten. [1] Luleå Kommun, Befolkningen i Luleå 2000-2014, https://www.lulea.se/kommun--politik/fakta-kvalitet-jamforelser-och-statistik/befolkningsstatistik/befolkningen-i-lulea/befolkningen-i-lulea-2000-2015.html

The chapters of this dissertation examine efficiency failures in three areas of applied microeconomics: experimental economics, public finance, and game theory. In each case, we look at ways to resolve these failures to promote the public good. The first chapter, “An Experimental Test of the Pigovian Hypothesis,” looks at two different policies designed to reduce congestion in a common-pool resource (CPR). We present an experiment with training and a simplified decision task and find that subject behavior converges to the Nash prediction over a number of periods. A Pigovian subsidy effectively moves subject behavior to the pre-subsidy social optimum. Finally, we find a significant but non-persistent effect of information provision in moving subjects toward the social optimum. The second chapter, “Apples to Apples to Oranges,” looks at efficiency and equity failures across states resulting from public expenditure. This chapter introduces an extension of the Representative Expenditure System that uses regression methods and both state and metropolitan statistical area (MSA) level data, allowing for comparability of input costs, service requirements, and levels of need. The regression-based results are robust across state- and MSA-level formulations, although state-level approaches overestimate need for larger, less populous states. All regression-based results diverge from previous workload-based approaches. The third chapter, “Evading Nash Traps in Two-Player Simultaneous Games,” looks at efficiency failures in two-player simultaneous games. This chapter presents two new concepts: “détente” and “no-initiative,” in which players consider their own strategies and other-best-responses. We discuss their efficiency and descriptive properties across a set of simultaneous games.

Le travail aborde la gestion de l’espace urbain, en vue de la question du bien commun. En Pologne, le bien commun est inscrit dans le système juridique comme une base philosophique des lois. Une analyse parallèle des transformations urbaines présentant des caractéristiques morphologiques et historiques similaires a été réalisée : à Varsovie (Powiśle) et à Paris (Zone d'aménagement Concerté Paris Rive Gauche). L’analyse de la planification institutionnelle a été complétée par une description des initiatives socialement gérées : à Varsovie Jazdów et à Paris Grands Voisins. Le constat est que le système français confère à l’État et aux collectivités locales une position forte et des outils pour une planification urbaine opérationnelle, une gestion efficace de l’espace dans l’intérêt du bien commun. Parfois, ils limitent la liberté des acteurs privés, sociaux et institutionnels ainsi que certains droits civiques, tels que le droit de propriété, au profit d’un intérêt public (droits de préemption, lotissement et ZAC). La ZAC spécifie le cadre de la participation d’une entité sociale (association de citoyens).En Pologne, le système urbain présente davantage de caractéristiques de liberté, donnant à l'entité publique moins d'outils de contrainte administrative. Avec une position forte des entités privées (développeurs, ONG), il est difficile de rétablir un ordre spatial, qui conduit parfois au chaos, au détriment du bien public. Les procédures administratives diffèrent dans les deux pays, mais les initiatives de gestion sociale sont similaires. L'analyse des expériences de l'aménagement urbain français permet de formuler les recommandations pour le système polonais<br>This work addresses the management of urban space as a question of common good. In Poland, the common good is inscribed in the legal system as the philosophical basis of law. A parallel analysis of urban transformations with similar morphological and historical characteristics was carried out: in Warsaw (Powiśle) and in Paris (Paris Rive Gauche Concerted Development Zone). The analysis of institutional planning was supplemented by a description of socially managed initiatives in Warsaw Jazdów and Paris Grands Voisins. The French system gives the State and local authorities a strong position and tools for operational urban planning and efficient management of space in the interest of common good. Sometimes these tools limit the freedom of private, social and institutional entities as well as certain civil rights, such as property rights, in favour of a public interest (pre-emptive rights, subdivision and ZAC). The ZAC specifies the framework for the participation of a social entity (citizens' association).In Poland, the urban system has more characteristics of freedom, giving the public entity less tools of administrative constraint. With a strong position of private entities (developers, NGOs), it is difficult to restore a spatial order, which sometimes leads to chaos, to the detriment of the public good. Administrative procedures differ in both countries, but social management initiatives are similar. The analysis of French urban planning case studies makes it possible to formulate the recommendations for the Polish system<br>W pracy podejmuję temat teoretycznych przesłanek do gospodarowania przestrzenią miejską oraz jego współczesnych przejawów prawnych i praktycznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kwestii dobra wspólnego. Dobro wspólne jest przedmiotem debaty akademickiej, a w przypadku Polski jest także wpisane w krajowy system prawny jako podstawa filozoficzna kształtowania regulacji prawnych. Do zbadania tego obszaru pojęciowego wykorzystano badania literaturowe, uzupełnione o obserwację toczącej się międzynarodowej dyskusji. Badania rozszerzono o studia przypadków głównych i uzupełniających oraz porównanie otrzymanych wyników. Punktem wyjścia badań jest analiza uwarunkowań podejmowania decyzji w zakresie zagospodarowania przestrzennego - urbanistycznego w Polsce, a dokładniej w Warszawie, w której przekształcenia terenów w ostatnich dekadach stały się szczególnie intensywne. Po przeglądzie uwarunkowań warszawskich, dotyczących obszaru Powiśla, poszerzono analizę o badania literaturowe i terenowe, dotyczące uwarunkowań francuskich, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wybranego obszaru Paryża: Zone d’Aménagement Concerté Paris Rive Gauche, podlegającego współcześnie zmianom w zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym. Tereny dzielnic o znacznej powierzchni, stanowiące studium przypadku, wybrano z uwagi na zbliżone uwarunkowania morfologiczne i historyczne w miastach o odmiennej historii i ekonomii. Przypadki terenów, podlegających administracyjnemu zarządowi instytucjonalnemu i publicznemu, uzupełniono o opis przypadków, w których wybrane przestrzenie zarządzane są w sposób społecznościowy. W Warszawie przeanalizowano pod tym względem Jazdów, a w Paryżu Grands Voisins. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy stwierdzono, że francuski system prawny w zakresie planowania przestrzennego daje państwu i samorządom terytorialnym bardzo mocną pozycję i silne narzędzia urbanistyki operacyjnej, pozwalające skutecznie zarządzać przestrzenią w interesie dobra wspólnego. Niekiedy narzędzia te znacząco ograniczają swobodę działania pozostałych uczestników procesu: aktorów prywatnych, społecznych i instytucjonalnych. Niektóre z tych narzędzi ograniczają również wybrane prawa obywatelskie, jak np. prawo własności, dając w zamian możliwość realizacji interesu ogółu. Do takich narzędzi należą: prawo pierwokupu nieruchomości przez gminę, konieczność uzgadniania ewentualnych podziałów gruntu (lotissement) i ZAC (Zone d’Aménagement Concerté). 12 W ramach urbanistyki operacyjnej, a dokładnie operacji ZAC, szczegółowo określone są ramy, w których może uczestniczyć podmiot społeczny, jak np. stowarzyszenie obywateli. W Polsce system urbanistyczny wykazuje więcej cech wolnościowych, dając podmiotowi publicznemu mniej narzędzi przymusu administracyjnego. Dzisiaj, przy bardzo silnej pozycji podmiotów prywatnych (np. deweloperów, jak również rosnącej roli organizacji pozarządowych) utrudnia to zaprowadzenie ładu przestrzennego i prowadzi niekiedy do chaosu ze szkodą dla dobra ogółu. O ile oficjalne procedury administracyjne różnią się znacznie w obu krajach, o tyle inicjatywy oddolne, związane ze współzarządzaniem, wykazują wiele wspólnych cech w kwestii samoorganizacji. Analiza uwarunkowań francuskich pozwala na sformułowanie propozycji uwzględnienia

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-07-06T14:34:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2524791 bytes, checksum: 15d07d9937e0452b345edd0616d97937 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-06T14:34:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2524791 bytes, checksum: 15d07d9937e0452b345edd0616d97937 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-09<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>Psychic illness, highlighting Common Mental Disorders (CMD), one of bigest issues menking is facing actually, from non-psychotic nature. Those disorders involves a sinals set and related symptoms, mainly, to somatic problems and depressive and anxiety symptons generally related to life conditions and occupational structure. So, our goal is to analyse the vulnerabilities aspects on common mental disorders in Paraíba’s men, comparing urban and rural contexts. There were realized two empiric studies. The first is a quantitative epidemiological research wich its objective was estimate the prevalence of common mental disorders in capital and rural cities’ on men from Paraíba, associated to social economic factors, life style, search for treatment and mental health. In a sample of 432 men (160 linving in capital and 272 living in rural cities), from 21 to 59 years-old age group, were applyed a set of instruments: SRQ-20; Life Style, Acess and Health Atendance, Mental Health and Social-Demographic Questionnaries, which results were evaluated by descriptive statistics, Prevalence ratio, association (chi-square and test t) and multivariate. The CMD prevalence found among men from urban context was 46,3% and 18,4% from rural. It was observed the association between CMD presence and the age group (X2=9,183; p=0,01), with higher prevalence on yougest age group (44%), decreasing during life course (40% on group between 30 and 49 years-old and 15% on group above 50 years-old). The schoolarity association (X2=11,182; p=0,01) points to prevalence increase with schoolarity (basic: 29%; high school: 38%; university: 30%); so, we can deduce, given sample’s low Family income, that suffering can come from Family income increasing abstance after increasing the schoolarity level. At last, there was the association of CMD presence with marital status (X2=11,755; p=0,008), with bigger difference between singles (43%). The second study, qualitative, had as objective to analyse – from the participants description, which vulnerabilities elements (individuals, socials and programmatic) to CMD are presents on men’s lives from cities rurals and urbans. There were 07 men from rural context and 16 from urban context participating, with ages from 21 to 59 years-old, it was utilized individual enterviews analyzed through themactic categorial technique. Thematic categorization allowed obtaining three thematic classes: the first named “Male Suffering Contexts” refered to suffering individual aspects and involved seven analysing categories, a) Symptomatology; b) Main motives to getting ill; c) Illness consequences; d) Selfcare practices; e) Health care; f) Metal Health Care; g) Social support net. In second thematic class, named “Male Psychic Suffering Experiences”, had made refference to suffering social and intersubjetives aspects involved four analysis categories: a) Marital Relations; b) Gender Relations; c) Labor factors which step in metal health; d) Rural and urban everyday. The third thematic class was named “Professionals more sensitive and humanized to male suffering”. The results allowed to conclude, in urban context, that the relation between individual, social and programatic aspects associated to urban violence, finantial issues, unemployment, marital issues, lack of perspective and professional grown, health issues (family and personal), work oveload, social isolation, contrinute to CMD vulnerability situations between men linving on urban context.<br>O adoecimento psíquico, com destaque para os Transtornos Mentais Comuns (TMC), é um dos grandes problemas enfrentados na atualidade, de natureza não psicótica, tais transtornos envolvem um conjunto de sinais e sintomas relacionados, principalmente, às queixas somáticas e sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, geralmente associadas às condições de vida e à estrutura ocupacional. Neste sentido, objetiva-se analisar os aspectos de vulnerabilidades aos transtornos mentais comuns em homens paraibanos comparando os contextos urbano e rural. Foram realizados dois Estudos Empíricos. O primeiro trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, epidemiológica, com objetivo de estimar a prevalência dos transtornos mentais comuns em homens da capital e de cidades rurais paraibanas, associados com fatores socioeconômicos, de estilos de vida, busca por atendimento e saúde mental. Para uma amostra de 432 homens (160 residentes na capital e 272 em cidades rurais), na faixa etária de 21 a 59 anos, foi aplicado um conjunto de instrumentos: SRQ-20; Questionários de Estilo de Vida; de Acesso e Atendimento em Saúde; de Saúde Mental; Sócio-demográfico, cujos resultados foram analisados por estatística descritiva, razão de prevalência, de associação (qui-quadrado e test t) e multivariada. A prevalência de TMC encontrada entre os homens do contexto urbano foi de 46,3% e 18,4% no rural. Observou-se associação entre a presença de TMC com a faixa etária (X2=9,183; p=0,01), com maior prevalência na faixa etária mais jovem (44%), diminuindo no decorrer da vida (40% na faixa entre 30 e 49 anos e 15% na faixa acima de 50 anos). A associação com a escolaridade (X2=11,182; p=0,01) aponta o aumento da prevalência juntamente com o aumento da escolaridade (fundamental: 29%; médio: 38%; superior: 30%), podendo-se inferir, dado a baixa renda familiar da amostra, que o sofrimento pode decorrer pela ausência de melhoria na renda após o aumento da escolaridade. Por fim, houve associação da presença de TMC com o estado civil (X2=11,755; p=0,008), com maior diferença entre os solteiros (43%). O segundo estudo, qualitativo, objetivou analisar – a partir do relato dos participantes, quais elementos (individuais, sociais e programáticos) de vulnerabilidades aos TMC estão presentes nas vivências dos homens de cidades rurais e urbana. Participaram 07 homens do contexto rural e 15 do contexto urbano, com idades entre 21 e 59 anos, utilizando-se de entrevistas individuais, analisadas por meio da técnica de análise categorial temática. A categorização temática permitiu a obtenção de três classes temáticas: a primeira intitulada “Contextos de sofrimento masculino” fez referência aos aspectos individuais do sofrimento e envolveu sete categorias de análise, a saber, a) Sintomatologia; b) Principais motivos para o adoecimento; c) Consequências do adoecimento; d) Práticas de autocuidado; e) Cuidado em saúde; f) Cuidado em saúde mental; g) Rede de apoio social. Já a segunda classe temática, intitulada “Vivências de sofrimento psíquico masculino, fez referência aos aspectos sociais e intersubjetivos do sofrimento e envolveu quatro categorias de análise, a) Relações Conjugais; b) Relações de gênero; c) Fatores no trabalho que interferem na saúde psíquica; d) Cotidiano urbano e rural. A terceira classe “Profissionais mais humanizados e sensibilizados ao sofrimento masculino”. Os resultados permitiram concluir que, no contexto urbano, há uma maior prevalência de transtorno mental comum, a relação entre os aspectos individuais, sociais e programáticos, associados à violência urbana, problemas financeiros, desemprego, problemas conjugais, falta de perspectiva e crescimento profissional, problemas de saúde (familiares, pessoal), sobrecarga de trabalho, isolamento social, contribuem para situações de vulnerabilidades aos TMC entre os homens residentes no contexto urbano.

L'agglomération de Tripoli Al-Fayhā’a (Liban) est riche d'une histoire complexe et mouvementée. Depuis un siècle, sa société doit faire face à de profondes mutations aux causes et conséquences multiples, mais essentiellement liées à la reconfiguration de ses structures économiques engendrée par son incorporation dans le Liban moderne. Ancienne cité commerciale rayonnante à vocation régionale et internationale, Tripoli a perdu de son dynamisme économique. Elle ne produit plus suffisamment de richesses pour assurer à sa population une continuité de sa prospérité passée. Elle est devenue le lieu de combats physiques, économiques et symboliques dans lequel ses habitants luttent quotidiennement pour assurer leur subsistance. Postulant l'établissement d'une économie désormais principalement fondée sur des logiques de rente foncière et immobilière et de spéculation, notre thèse se propose d'analyser les raisons et la véritable teneur de ce mode de production urbaine particulier, ainsi que ses mécanismes et effets, sous l'angle de l'étude, dans la durée, des spatialités relatives à trois projets urbains : l'aménagement du littoral, la réalisation d'une opération de remembrement à finalité immobilière de jardins périurbains et le réaménagement et la mise en valeur de la médina. L'analyse des systèmes d'actions caractérisant ces trois situations ‒ appréhendées dans leurs dynamiques spatiales, historiques et sociopolitiques ainsi qu’aux échelles locale, régionale, nationale et internationale ‒, invite à questionner le sens des urbanités et de l'éventuelle citadinité en jeu à Tripoli et, au-delà, la nature fondamentale du pouvoir qui s'y exerce. Elle nous conduit alors à nous interroger sur la formation et l'existence, ainsi que P. Bourdieu la désignerait, d'une illusio immobilière, produit et productrice d'un puissant « affect commun » joyeux, laquelle serait parvenue ‒ en suivant la proposition de B. Spinoza ‒ à un état d'imperium aux conséquences humaines et gouvernementales insoutenables<br>The Tripoli Al-Fayha’ a (Lebanon) urban area has a complex and eventful history. For a century its society has been facing transformative changes with a multitude of sources and consequences essentially linked to the reconfiguration of its economic structures born of its incorporation into modern Lebanon. Once an ancient and influential commercial city with regional and international reach, Tripoli has lost much of its economic vitality. It no longer creates sufficient wealth to provide its population with the continuation of past prosperity. It has become a place of physical, economic and symbolic battles in which its inhabitants struggle daily to ensure their livelihood. Postulating the establishment of an economy now principally based on a system of land and real-estate rent and of speculation, our thesis is proposing to analyse the reasons and true tenor of this particular process of production of urban space, as well as its mechanisms and effects, as a study, over time, of the spatialities linked to three urban projects: coastal planning, the realization of a real-estate driven land reparcelling of suburban orchards, and the redevelopment and enhancement of the Medina. The analysis of the sets of actions specific to these three situations – taken in their spatial, historical, and sociopolitical dynamics as well as on a local, regional, national, and international scale – invites one to question the meaning of urbanities and of a possible citadinity at play in Tripoli and, beyond this, to question the fundamental nature of the power exercised there. This analysis leads us then to ponder on the formation and existence of, as P. Bourdieu would designate it, a real-estate illusio, produced from and producing a powerful pleasurable “common affect”, which has reached – following B. Spinoza’s proposition – a state of imperium with unsustainable human and governmental consequences

The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate how teachers perceive the instructional support provided by district and school level administrators in implementation of the Common Core State Standards. The independent variables were staff development, small group development, direct individual assistance, technology, teacher age, and teacher years of experience. The dependent variable was teacher perception of the efficacy of the instructional support received. The phenomenological approach was specifically chosen for this study to give a voice to teachers who, for the majority, are often left unheard in the policy making process. By focusing on the similarities of the participants’ experiences, the stories collected in this study will help school and district level leadership in identifying how they can best support teachers in implementing the Common Core standards. The study took place in a metropolitan school district bolstering nearly 99,000 students. Schools were selected to participate using maximum variation sampling. This type of sampling ensures that findings reflect differences in perspective, which is ideal in qualitative study (Creswell, 2007). Schools were selected according to the following descriptors: Title I status, ethnicity of student population, English proficiency of student population, disabilities of student population, grade level of student population, and College and Career Readiness Performance Index (CCRPI) Score of the school. The participants represented elementary, middle, and high school settings. The data collected during this study were analyzed using the phenomenology research procedures of Moustakas (1994). The research resulted in a collection of significant statements that were clustered to define themes. The 11 themes were extracted from 28 teacher surveys, 5 teacher interviews, and 3 school-level administrator interviews. The findings of the study revealed that school level instructional support was perceived more favorable than district level instructional support in all areas: staff development, group development, and direct individual assistance. Small group development at both the district and school level was engaging, allowing teachers to discuss, plan, and create during the time spent together. Approximately half of the participants in the study indicated that they never received direct individual assistance from administrators neither at the district nor school level. Participants expressed positive perception regarding the technological training they received and the impact it had not only on their instruction, but their administrative skill as well.

En las últimas décadas, la categoría del Común ha resurgido para dibujar un camino de emancipación del capitalismo sin el Estado, retomando las tesis del marxismo autonomista. En este camino, los Comunes son las prácticas sociales autónomas que producen la emancipación, es decir, Lo Común, y mediante las cuales éste se puede instituir. Sin embargo, las teorías autonomistas del Común se caracterizan por una cierta reticencia a abordar cómo la emancipación puede tener lugar sin el Estado. Puesto que en la sociedad occidental contemporánea la relación con el Estado es ineludible, la investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el papel del Estado en el proyecto autonomista de emancipación del Común. El análisis se desarrolla en el entorno urbano y se centra en la relación entre los Comunes Urbanos y el Estado (local). La hipótesis de la tesis es que los Comunes Urbanos pueden necesitar el apoyo del Estado (local) y esto puede flanquear la producción de Lo Común con su propia producción de emancipación: Lo Público. Adoptando un enfoque relacional que analiza el caso de Barcelona, la tesis demuestra que los Comunes Urbanos necesitan del Estado (local). Muchos Comunes Urbanos necesitan los recursos y el reconocimiento del Estado (local), a pesar de que puedan afectar su autonomía, y todos se beneficiarían de un mayor apoyo del Estado (local) en términos de regulaciones, políticas públicas y planificación. Sin embargo, a pesar de que el Estado (local) podría teóricamente flanquear Lo Común ampliando el espectro de la emancipación, no parece que lo haga. Cuando el Estado (local) se encuentra con Lo Común, tiende a reemplazar Lo Común con Lo Público, y Lo Público tiende a obstaculizar y marginar espacialmente a Lo Común. Por lo tanto, los Comunes Urbanos deberían continuar luchando por su autonomía. Sin embargo, también deberían luchar para obtener y asegurarse formas de apoyo del Estado (local), tratando de evitar que este último limite su autonomía, que transforme Lo Común en Lo Público, que mantenga la hegemonía de la producción de la emancipación y que margine espacialmente a Lo Común. La tesis concluye sosteniendo que, tal como lo sostienen las teorías autonomistas del Comunes, el proyecto de emancipación del Común puede construirse sin tomar el control del Estado, pero sin embargo no puede prescindir de asegurarse formas de apoyo por parte del Estado.<br>In the last few decades the category of Common has re-emerged to draw a path of emancipation from capitalism without the State, reviving the thesis of autonomist Marxism. In this path, the Commons are autonomous social practices that produce emancipation, namely The Common, and through which The Common can be instituted. However, autonomist Common’s theories are characterized by a certain reticence to address how emancipation can take place without the State. Considering that the relation with the State in contemporary Western society is ineludible, the research aims to assess the role of the State in the autonomist Common’s emancipatory project. The analysis is set in the urban environment focusing on the relation between Urban Commons and the (local) State. The thesis hypothesis that Urban Commons may need the support of the (local) State and this may flank the production of The Common with its own production of emancipation: The Public. Adopting a relational approach to the analysis of the case of Barcelona, the thesis demonstrates that Urban Commons needs the (local) State. Many of them needs the resources and the recognition of the (local) State, despite these may affect their autonomy, and all of them would benefit from a further support of the (local) State in terms of regulation, public policies and planning. However, despite the (local) State could theoretically flank The Common widening the spectrum of emancipation, it does not appear to do so. When the (local) State meets The Common it tends to replace it with The Public, and The Public tends to hinder and spatially marginalise The Common. Hence, Urban Commons should continue their struggle for autonomy. However, they should also struggle to obtain forms of support from the (local) State, preventing the latter from limiting their autonomy, transforming The Common into The Public, maintaining the hegemony of the production of emancipation and spatially marginalizing The Common. The thesis concludes sustaining that, as sustained by the autonomist Commons theories, the Common’s emancipatory project can be constructed without taking over the State but it cannot avoid to secure forms of support from the State.

This research investigates the uses and perceptions of the population of the East Carrollton Area in New Orleans so as to evaluate the possible outcomes of urban design intervention and policy changes. Using GIS, field notes, structured interviews and a population survey, this research evaluates how much the built environment influences the uses of the neighborhood open space. Subsequently, it evaluates how the neighborhood open space is perceived as a place as opposed to a transportation infrastructure. Overall, the built environment affects the experience of the residents when they perform leisure activities in the neighborhood open space. Major deterrents to functional use and active transportation are related to social factors and the social environment. The neighborhood open space is largely perceived as an asset by the residents. It can be a valid replacement for urban parks when the population cannot access them.

Esse estudo parte da problemática da moradia no Brasil para pensar o modo como temos construídos as políticas de gestão do espaço urbano. Desde 2009 acompanhamos o aumento das práticas de remoção, impulsionadas pela demanda de organização do país para a Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014. Esse cenário agrava-se pelo fato de que, de maneira geral, as famílias removidas são oriundas das comunidades mais pauperizadas, habitantes informais de um modelo de cidade que os exclui da possibilidade de acesso a moradia legal. Tomamos como campo de pesquisa a remoção de 1500 famílias para ampliação da Avenida Tronco na cidade de Porto Alegre. Nesse contexto proliferam-se denúncias, promovidas por coletivos de militância, de violações de direitos humanos por parte dos gestores na execução das obras. No entanto, essa gramática dos direitos vai ser igualmente utilizada pela Prefeitura Municipal como forma de justificar e legitimar a demanda de retirada dos moradores dos locais das obras. Desta forma, os direitos se constituem como uma ferramenta privilegiada por meio da qual tanto os gestores, quanto os militantes buscam engajar os moradores atingidos pelas obras, bem como dos demais habitantes da cidade em determinados modos de compreender e se relacionar com ela, com a moradia, com a remoção, com os movimentos contestatórios e entre nós. Nesse sentido, inspirados na concepção foucaultiana de dispositivos, buscamos nos colocar sobre as linhas de visibilidade e dizibilidade produzidas pelos discursos dos direitos humanos em meio à essas disputas, para compreender como esses discursos incidem sobre os modos como habitamos as cidades e nos colocamos frente aos modos de gestão do território e da vida urbana. Assim, tomamos como material de análise documentos produzidos pela Prefeitura Municipal e pelos movimentos sociais, tais como vídeos de audiências públicas, relatórios técnicos, atas das reuniões nas comunidades atingidas e dossiês de denúncias de violações de direitos. Além disso, no intuito de nos aproximarmos de outras formas de compreender e habitar as cidades, que extrapolam aqueles propostos pelas linhas de visibilidade dos grandes enunciados dos direitos humanos, realizamos entrevistas com as famílias que estão sendo removidas, lideranças comunitárias, funcionários da prefeitura municipal e vereadores envolvidos no reassentamento. Essas análises evidenciam a forma como a urbanização da cidade e, nesse contexto, mais especificamente da Avenida Tronco, opera no disciplinamento das ruas e dos corpos, trazendo estes para as zonas de luminosidade e legalidade da cidade. Os direitos serão a ferramenta de disputa, de inclusão, exclusão e de controle do trânsito entre essas zonas. As práticas de remoção vão se constituir como formas de promoção de uma inclusão condicionada e fragmentária. São práticas que não irão se colocar no enfrentamento das desigualdades de acesso à moradia e à cidade, mas que servem para a gestão da pobreza, para sua submissão à lógica Estatal e para o azeitamento logicado sistema capitalista de produção das cidades e dos modos como vivemos nelas. O medo, a insegurança, a precariedade das condições de vida serão elementos fundamentais para a aceitabilidade das ações Estatais por parte dos citadinos. O discurso do acesso a direitos contribui para o engajamento da população nessa relação de aceitabilidade, pois são a promessa, ainda que por vezes falaciosa, da possibilidade de acesso à uma vida mais segura. Entretanto, eles são também veículo de manutenção de relações de dominação e de desigualdade nas cidades. Por outro lado, vemos a proliferação de formas de viver que escapam à essas tentativas de normatização, não necessariamente em uma atitude de oposição a elas, mas antes de indiferença e displicência, por operarem a partir de outros agenciamentos do desejo. Nesse sentido trazemos o conceito de comum, articulado à discussão sobre o direito à cidade, como possibilidade de construção de uma nova gramática de proposição ética de modos gestão do território e da vida urbana, que extrapola a lógica individualista presente em meio as Declarações de direito e investe em um agenciamento das singularidades e diferenças nas cidades.<br>This study draws upon the problematic of housing in Brazil to think the way policies of urban space management are constructed. Since 2009 we have been following the increase in practices of displacement, driven by the demand of Brazilian’s organization for the 2014 Football World Cup. This scenario is worsened by the fact that, in general, the families removed come from impoverished communities, informal inhabitants of a model of city that excludes them from the possibility of access to legal housing. Hence this thesis takes as a field of research the displacement of 1500 families for the expansion of Avenida Tronco in the city of Porto Alegre. In this context, militancy collective groups proliferate a series of indictments regarding human rights violations perpetrated by executive managers of the construction works. However, this grammar of human rights is equally used by Porto Alegre’s City Hall as a way of justifying and legitimizing the removal of local residents within construction sites. In this sense, human rights constitute a privileged tool through which both groups – managers and militants – try to obtain the engagement of residents towards a certain way of understanding and relating to the city and its problematic: housing matters, displacement practices, protest movements and even how to relate amongst ourselves. This process affects not only those harassed by the construction sites, as every other inhabitant of the city. Inspired by foucauldian concept of apparatus, we place ourselves on the lines of visibility and utterance produced by human rights discourses in the midst of these disputes. We do it so in order to understand how these discourses produce ways of inhabit cities, we put ourselves ahead of territory and urban life management mechanisms. As analytical material, it is taken documents produced by both Municipal Government and social movements, such as videos of public hearings, technical reports, minutes of meetings from affected communities and files of human rights violations formal complaints. In addition, in order to get closer to other ways of understanding and inhabiting cities, which extrapolate those proposed by lines of visibility of human rights leading narratives, we conducted interviews with families who were being removed, community leaders, municipal officials and councilmen involved in the resettlement. These analyses show how urbanization of a city and, in this context, more specifically of Avenida Tronco, operates in the disciplining of streets and bodies, bringing them to the areas of luminosity and legality of a city. Human rights are the tool of dispute, inclusion, exclusion and traffic control between these zones. Displacement practices constitute a way of promoting fragmented and conditioned inclusion. These are practices unwilling to serve as a confrontation line towards inequalities, specially those regarding equal access to housing and to the city. Displacement practices serve, therefore, to the management of poverty, its submission towards State logic and to the logical ease of the capitalist system of production of cities and the ways we live in them. Fear, insecurity, and the precariousness of living conditions will be fundamental elements for the acceptability of State actions by city dwellers. The discourse of access to rights contributes to the engagement of the population in this relation of acceptability, since they are the promise, albeit sometimes fallacious, of the possibility of access to a safer life. On the one hand, they are also a vehicle for maintaining relations of domination and inequality in cities. On the other, however, we see the proliferation of forms of living that escape these attempts of normalization, not necessarily in an attitude of opposition to them, but rather of indifference and disgruntlement, since they operate through other agencies of desire. Irrevocably, we bring the concept of common, articulated to the discussion about the right to the city, as a possibility for constructing a new grammar of ethical proposition of territorial and urban life management means, which extrapolates the individualistic logic existent in declarations of rights documents and invests in an agency of singularities and differences in the cities.<br>Este estudio parte de la problemática de la vivienda en Brasil para pensar los modos como hemos construido las políticas de gestión del espacio urbano. Desde 2009 hemos acompañado el aumento de las prácticas de remoción, estimuladas por la demanda de organización del país para el Mundial de Fútbol de 2014. Ese escenario agravase por el hecho de que, de manera general, las familias removidas son oriundas de comunidades más empobrecidas, residentes informales de un modelo de ciudad que los excluye de la posibilidad de acceso a la vivienda formal. Hemos tomado como campo de pesquisa la remoción de 1500 familias para la ampliación de la Avenida Tronco en la ciudad de Porto Alegre. En ese contexto se proliferan denuncias, promovidas por colectivos de militancia, de violaciones de derechos humanos por parte de los gestores en la ejecución de las obras. Sin embargo, esa gramática de los derechos es igualmente utilizada por la Intendencia Municipal a fines de justificar y legitimar la demanda de retirada de los residentes de estas regiones. De esta forma, los derechos se constituyen como una herramienta privilegiada por la cual tanto los gestores cuanto los militantes buscan engranar los moradores atingidos por las obras, así como los demás residentes de la ciudad en determinados modos de comprender y relacionarse con ella, con la vivienda, con la remoción, con los movimientos de protestas y entre nosotros. En ese sentido, inspirados por la concepción foucaultiana de dispositivos, buscamos colocarnos sobre las líneas de visibilidad y decibilidad producidas por los discursos de los derechos humanos en medio a esas disputas, para comprender como esos discursos inciden sobre los modos como habitamos las ciudades y nos colocamos frente a los modos de gestión del territorio y de la vida urbana. Así hemos tomado como material de análisis documentos producidos por la Intendencia Municipal y por los movimientos sociales, como videos de audiciones públicas, informes técnicos, atas de reuniones en las comunidades que serán reubicadas y expedientes de denuncias de violaciones de derechos. Además, con el intento de aproximación de otras formas de comprender y habitar las ciudades, que extrapolan aquellos propuestos por las líneas de visibilidad de los grandes enunciados de los derechos humanos, hemos realizado entrevistas con las familias que están siendo removidas, líderes comunitarios, funcionarios de la Intendencia Municipal y concejales involucrados en la reubicación. Esos análisis evidencian la forma como la urbanización de la ciudad y, en ese contexto, más específicamente de la Avenida Tronco, opera en el disciplinamiento de las calles y de los cuerpos, trayendo estos para las zonas de luminosidad y legalidad de la ciudad. Los derechos son herramientas de disputa, inclusión, exclusión y control de la circulación entre estas zonas. Las prácticas de remoción se constituyen como formas de promoción de una inclusión condicionada y fragmentaria. Son prácticas que no se colocan en el enfrentamiento de las desigualdades de acceso a la vivienda y a la ciudad, pero que sirven para la gestión de la pobreza, para la sumisión frente a la lógica estatal y para la manutención del sistema capitalista de producción de ciudades y de los modos de vivir en ellas. El miedo, la inseguridad, la precariedad de las condiciones de vida van a ser elementos fundamentales para la aceptabilidad de las acciones estatales por parte de los citadinos. El discurso de acceso a los derechos contribuye para el compromiso de la población en esa relación de aceptabilidad, pues es la promesa, aunque por veces equivocada, de la posibilidad de acceso a una vida más segura. No obstante, ellos son también vehículo de manutención de relaciones de dominación y de desigualdad en las ciudades. Por otro lado, hemos visto la proliferación de formas de vivir que escapan a esas tentativas de normalización, no necesariamente en una actitud de oposición a ellas, pero antes de indiferencia y displicencia, por operaren a partir de otras agencias del deseo. En ese sentido, traemos el concepto del común, articulado a la discusión sobre el derecho a la ciudad, como posibilidad de construcción de una nueva gramática de proposición ética de modos de gestión del territorio y de la vida urbana, que extrapola la lógica individualista presente en medio a las Declaraciones de derecho y invierte en una agencia de las singularidades y diferencias en las ciudades.

The sustainability of improved pedagogy gained through professional development (PD) of mathematics teachers has undergone little empirical study. In a midsized urban school district in the Northeastern United States, all high school mathematics teachers attended a 3-year mandatory PD program. Although an external evaluator studied this program immediately after completion, there had been no longitudinal study of the perceptions of its participants regarding the sustained benefits of the program. This qualitative study offered a follow-up study of the participants in the Math and Science Partnership (MSP) PD program to provide insight to administrators regarding the sustainability of benefits gained through the MSP program. The conceptual framework for the study consisted of Desimone's model for evaluating PD and Kleining's framework of systematic exploration and inquiry. The participants (N =7) were asked about their perceptions of the value, applicability, longevity, and efficacy of their MSP PD and their suggestions to improve the program. Data were organized and analyzed using Patton's semistructured systematic framework to reveal general consensus as well as anecdotal evidence. The perceptions of the mathematics teachers provided pertinent information that administrators could use to determine the format of future PD. Teachers participating in this study indicated that having a college professor present a combination of content knowledge and pedagogy skills made the MSP program highly effective and long-lasting. Using this feedback, district leaders could institute improved PD, giving their teachers the skill and knowledge to lift their students academically. Closing the mathematics achievement gap may open employment and college opportunities to students which allow them to escape poverty and lead more successful lives.

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“Light memories” are visual episodic memories of a lighting composition that transcendedan emotional response. The study considers the memories and how they could be a wayto integrate users in the design process. Both designs and memories are considered twosubjective elements, for both designers and users. The purpose of the thesis is to firstly testif there are common light memories for users that share the same specifics of the cultureassociated to the availability of daylight and secondly to explore the possibility of creatinga design method to incorporate this light memory as a design tool, to recreate the similaremotional response of the memory in a newly designed setting. Two street typologies in Egypt were chosen to be the visual memories to be assessed. Apersonal daylight analysis was conducted to understand the designer’s perspective. And avirtual reality experiment was conducted along with descriptive questionnaire to understandthe emotional response of users to these streets. A comparison of the designer and usersresults helped in the creation of a scheme for design. The proposed method suggests theusage of perceptual tools such as the light distribution and contrast ratios and proposesthe analysis of the memory in terms of scales. The method is applied in the creation of twoexperiential models that abstract the essence of the light memories and puts them intoquestion for subjects to evaluate. The emotional response of users is recorded to evaluatethe method application. Based on the tests it was found that the existing of a common memory is possible. Theevaluation of the specific street memory through the experiential model results show that ahigh percentage among the users sharing the same daylight culture recognized the streets.Although most users had the same emotional responses to the models, but the agreementon the emotional percentage amongst them was lower than the recognition results.This indicates that the memory could be integrated into the design process but wouldn’tnecessarily have the same emotional impact on users. Having a strict design methodology isdifficult to implement yet could be an eye opener for ways to use the light memories.