Journal articles: 'Urban Compactness'

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Hu, Xinyue, Han Yan, Deng Wang, Zhuoqun Zhao, Guoqin Zhang, Tao Lin, and Hong Ye. "A Promotional Construction Approach for an Urban Three-Dimensional Compactness Model—Law-of-Gravitation-Based." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 6777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176777.

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Urban sprawl has led to various economic, social, and environmental problems. Therefore, it is very significant to improve the efficiency of resource usage and promote the development of compact urban form. It is a common topic that measuring urban compactness is done with certain ways and methods as well. Presently, most urban compactness measurement methods are based on two-dimensional (2D) formats, but methods based on three-dimensional (3D) formats that can precisely describe the actual urban spatial conditions are still lacking. To measure the compactness of the 3D urban spatial form accurately, a 3D Compactness Index (VCI) was established based on the Law of Gravitation and the quantitative measurement model. In this model, larger 3D Compactness Index values indicate a more 3D-compact city. However, different urban scales may influence the discrepancy scale of different cities. Thus, the 3D Compactness Index model was normalized as the Normalized 3D Compactness Index (NVCI) to eliminate such discrepancies. In the Normalized 3D Compactness Index model, a sphere with the same volume of real urban buildings in the city was assumed as the most compact 3D urban form, and which was also calculated by 3D Compactness Index processing. The compactness value of the normalized 3D urban form is obtained by comparing the 3D Compactness Index with the most compact 3D urban form. In this study, 1149 typical communities in Xiamen, China, were selected as the experimental fields to verify the index. Some of communities have a quite different Normalized 3D Compactness Index, although they have a similar Normalized 2D Compactness Index (NCI), respectively. Moreover, comparing with the 2D Compactness Index (CI) and Normalized 2D Compactness Index (NCI), the 3D Compactness Index and Normalized 3D Compactness Index can describe and explain reality more precisely. The constructed 3D urban compactness model is expected to contribute to scientific study on urban compactness.

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Altarans, Indra, and Wisnu Pradoto. "URBAN COMPACTNESS DI WILAYAH PERKOTAAN KENDAL." JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH & KOTA 14, no. 4 (January 9, 2019): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v14i4.17822.

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Urbanisasi merupakan proses terjadinya pengkotaan suatu desa sehingga menyebabkan rencana pembangunan kota menjadi tidak terkendali sehingga menimbulkan Urban Sprawl. Urbanisasi akan di proyeksikan beberapa tahun mendatang akan terjadi di Kabupaten Kendal, dikarenakan Pengembangan Kawasan Industri Jababeka di Kendal dalam skala yakni pada area seluas 2200 hektar. Tentu akan membawa dampak yang cukup signifikan, keberadaan lahan pertanian akan terancam akibat meningkatnya permintaan lahan. Upaya untuk membatasi Urban Sprawl di perkotaan kendal dapat dilakukan dengan konsep Compact City sebagai model pengembangan kota yang efisien. Dari itu, di perlukannya Urban Compactness untuk menimalisir Urban Sprawl di Perkotaan Kendal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat kekompakan kota di Wilayah Perkotaan Kendal, sehingga di perlukannya derajat pengukuran kota kompak yang disebut dengan Urban Compactness. Pengukuran Urban Compactness berdasarkan keseluruhan indikator Compact City antara lain, indikator Urban Compactness yang digunakan meliputi kepadatan, percampuran fungsi, aksesbilitas kota, dan kerterkaitan jaringan jalan dan transportasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif yang dipakai dalam mengidentifikasi Urban Compactness di Wilayah Perkotaan Kendal, dengan teknik analisis yang digunakan untuk menjawab tujuan dan sasaran. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif kuantitatif, analisis spasial, dan analisis scoring. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Urban Compactness di Wilayah Perkotaan Kendal, mengenai setiap indikator Compact City dalam penentuan Urban Compactness menunjukkan bahwa, pada tingkat Urban Compactness tertinggi berada di Kecamatan Kendal, sedangkan tingkat Urban Compactness sedang berada di Kecamatan Pegandon, dan tingkat Urban Compactness terendah terdapat di Kecamatan Brangsong, Kecamatan kaliwungu, Kecamatan Ngampel, dan Kecamatan Patebon.

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Ewing, Reid, and Shima Hamidi. "Compactness versus Sprawl." Journal of Planning Literature 30, no. 4 (July 22, 2015): 413–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885412215595439.

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In 1997, the Journal of the American Planning Association published a pair of point–counterpoint articles now listed by the American Planning Association as “classics” in the urban planning literature. In the first article, “Are Compact Cities Desirable?” Gordon and Richardson argued in favor of urban sprawl as a benign response to consumer preferences. In the counterpoint article, “Is Los Angeles-Style Sprawl Desirable?” Ewing argued for compact cities as an alternative to sprawl. It is time to reprise the debate. This article summarizes the literature on urban sprawl characteristics and measurements, causes, impacts, and remedies since the original debate.

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Su, Qing. "Urban Spatial Expansion, Urban Compactness, and Average Travel Demand in the US Urbanized Areas." International Journal of Regional Development 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijrd.v7i1.15811.

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This paper examines the impact of a wide variety of factors on spatial size, spatial compactness measured by population density, and average travel demand measured by daily vehicle miles traveled per capita. The simultaneous equation regression results indicate real average household income has a positive impact on spatial size and average travel demand while a negative impact on urban spatial compactness. Transportation cost measured by fuel cost per mile has a negative impact on spatial size while a positive impact on urban spatial compactness. Among the land use policy tools, urban growth boundary has a positive impact on urban compactness while minimum lot size has a positive impact on urban spatial size.

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Yu, Haidong, Yong Liu, Juanjuan Zhao, and Gen Li. "Urban Total Factor Productivity: Does Urban Spatial Structure Matter in China?" Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010214.

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With the rapid development of urbanization in China, urban spatial form has increasingly gained research attention. In this study, the DEA (data envelopment analysis)-Malmquist index model and a panel data model are used to examine the relationship between the urban spatial form and total factor productivity (TFP) of 30 provincial cities in China. Our method of measuring urban spatial form is different from the current entropy method, but we use remote sensing GIS (Geographic Information System) technology to measure the relevant data on urban compactness and urban elongation. The average values of urban compactness and urban elongation first rise, then fall, and then rise again, and there are alternate situations of urban compact development and urban sprawl and expansion. Furthermore, there is a significant positive correlation between urban compactness and TFP. Therefore, cities with high urban compactness can promote TFP. In addition, there is a significant negative correlation between urban extension rate and TFP, indicating that an increase in urban elongation has a restraining effect on TFP. Finally, the average TFP of each city shows a fluctuating trend of rising first and then declining, which is determined mainly by technological change and efficiency change. These results are expected to provide a scientific basis for the development of urban agglomerations in China.

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Angel, Shlomo, Sara Arango Franco, Yang Liu, and Alejandro M. Blei. "The shape compactness of urban footprints." Progress in Planning 139 (July 2020): 100429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2018.12.001.

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Tsai, Yu-Hsin. "Quantifying Urban Form: Compactness versus 'Sprawl'." Urban Studies 42, no. 1 (January 2005): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000309748.

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van Nes, Akkelies. "Spatial Configurations and Walkability Potentials. Measuring Urban Compactness with Space Syntax." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 5785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115785.

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This contribution demonstrates how space syntax methods on various scale levels can be used to identify and describe the spatial features of a compact city. Firstly, the term urban compactness is discussed. A short discussion of some writings on the compact city are elaborated. As it transpired, urban compactness can best be approached from a spatial topological point of view, since compactness is a topological property. Secondly, urban compactness will be reconsidered in spatial configurative terms through the use of space syntax and urban micro scale tools. Examples from car-, pedestrian-, and public transport-based centres in Oslo and Bergen will be used throughout this contribution. Discussions of the examples in this contribution are discussed with references to other space syntax research results. As the case studies show, enhancing compact neighbourhoods with good walkability potential from a spatial perspective relies on spatial interaccessibility on all scale levels. Accessibility depends on spatial configurative compactness. Seemingly, it depends on the following complex set of sufficient conditions: a spatially integrated street network on all scale levels, short urban blocks and streets with building entrances with windows and doors on the ground floor level.

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Park, Kwiwon, Mack Joong Choi, and Hee-Sun Cho. "The Effects of Urban Compactness on Temperature." Journal of Environmental Policy and Administration 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15301/jepa.2017.25.1.1.

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Asidiqi, Hasbi, Rizon Pamardhi Utomo, and Soedwiwahjono Soedwiwahjono. "Pengaruh Urban Compactness terhadap Tingkat Ketersediaan Ruang Terbuka Hijau di Kawasan Solo Baru." Arsitektura 15, no. 1 (July 14, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/arst.v15i1.11384.

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The development of city at this time tend to increase rapidly with the growing of built-up area as happened in Solo Baru Region. Then, appears compact city concept, The concept focuses on centralizing development in an area which is able to maximize the available land in the form of intensification of land use in a way that diverse land use in order to protect the environment (nature) vicinity of the possibility turned into urban areas. Meanwhile, urban compactness is a method for measuring how compact the region. This research was conducted by the administrative border of villages in Solo Baru Region. The problem in this research how was the influence of urban compactness toward the level of green space availability in Solo Baru Region? The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of urban compactness toward the level of green space availability. Methods for determining urban compactness with assessing of three variables, namely the density, mixed-use and public transportation. While the level of availability of green space views based on availability to the population and territory. The method used the descriptive-quantitative analysis using scoring and descriptive-spasial. The results showed there is an influence on the level of urban compactness towards green space availability. The level of urban compactness influence on the green space availability was high in 2002 and also high in 2016. This research recommendations in the planning area is the availability of green space should be increased in prone compaction areas.Keywords: compact city, urban compactness, level of green space availibility

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Dzulfikar, Faris, and Romeiza Syafriharti. "PENGARUH TINGKAT KEKOMPAKAN PERKOTAAN TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK PERGERAKAN PENDUDUK DI KOTA BANDUNG." Jurnal Wilayah dan Kota 5, no. 02 (October 8, 2018): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/jwk.v5i02.2157.

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ABSTRAK Kota Bandung adalah ibukota Provinsi Jawa Barat dengan tingkat kepadatan penduduk dan konsentrasi kegiatan yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mengetahui ukuran kekompakan perkotaan Kota Bandung serta hubugannya dengan karakteristik pergerakan penduduknya. Faktor pembangun dari ukuran kekompakan perkotaan di Kota Bandung diantaranya dilihat dari kepadatan penduduk, kepadatan pekerjaan, indeks guna lahan campuran, pelayanan fasilitas, panjang jalan, serta panjang trayek angkutan umum. Sedangkan karakteristik pergerakan penduduk dilihat dari jarak dan pemilihan moda menuju tempat kerja. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini diantaranya analisis klaster hirarki untuk mengetahui klasifikasi tingkat urban compactness ditiap kelurahan Kota Bandung, serta analisis regresi linear berganda dan analisis crosstab untuk mengetahui hubungan dan pengaruh dari ukuran urban compactness terhadap karakteristik pergerakan penduduk di Kota Bandung. Didapat bahwa klasifikasi urban compactness tinggi dan rendah tersebar pada wilayah tengah wilayah studi Kota Bandung. Ada pula faktor-faktor dari ukuran urban compactness yang bertolak belakang dan tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap karakteristik pergerakan penduduk di Kota Bandung. Kata Kunci: kekompakan perkotaan, karakteristik pergerakan, regresi linear berganda, crosstab

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Liu, Yong, Hans Peter H. Arp, Xiaodong Song, and Yu Song. "Research on the relationship between urban form and urban smog in China." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 44, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 328–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813515624687.

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The present study aims at exploring whether aspects of urban form (compactness ratio and elongation ratio) are associated with urban smog (particulate matter) in China. Quantitative indicators relating to urban form and urban smog were selected and quantified for 30 Chinese cities, for the reference years 2000, 2007, and 2010, by using a combination of compiled statistical data, remote sensing, and geographical information system data. Panel data analysis was used to evaluate the degree of association between measures of urban form and urban smog, while controlling for urban population, built-up area green coverage rate, power consumption, SO2 emissions, gross value of industrial output, gross industrial output, and buses per capita. The results indicate that urban compactness and urban elongation were positively correlated to urban particulate matter. It is therefore recommended to consider the implication of urban form on smog as part of urban planning and as part of ongoing strategies to mitigate the deleterious consequences of air pollution.

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Chang, Hsueh Sheng, Tzu Ling Chen, and Chi Fei Wang. "Explore Impacts of Urban Compactness on Energy Consumption." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.46.

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Anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) result in global climate destabilization, and the elements of GHGs associated with climate change are now well understood and a link to urban GHGs emissions has been well articulated. Compact city concept has been proposed for a while to response high energy consumption and GHGs emission in urban area. However, over compact might come up some problems, such as over-crowded of population, buildings, and cars which brining up other environmental issues. This study attempts to investigate potential negative impacts of urban compactness on energy consumption. The result shows that under a threshold of high density and mixed land use, it might come up energy saving outcome. However, it will become energy consumption while exceeding the threshold.

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Stathakis, D., and G. Tsilimigkas. "APPLYING URBAN COMPACTNESS METRICS ON PAN-EUROPEAN DATASETS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-4/W1 (May 6, 2013): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-4-w1-127-2013.

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Mohajeri, Nahid, Govinda Upadhyay, Agust Gudmundsson, Dan Assouline, Jérôme Kämpf, and Jean-Louis Scartezzini. "Effects of urban compactness on solar energy potential." Renewable Energy 93 (August 2016): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.02.053.

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Burton, Elizabeth. "Measuring Urban Compactness in UK Towns and Cities." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 29, no. 2 (April 2002): 219–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b2713.

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Although promotion of the compact city is now enshrined in land-use planning policy in many countries, including the United Kingdom, there is little evidence to support the many claims in its favour. In seeking to provide empirical data to advance the debate, one of the key problems researchers face is the task of measuring urban compactness. Research on the compact city is hampered both by a lack of consensus on its meaning and by the absence of recognised indicators for measuring it. This paper describes the development of a large set of urban compactness indicators used in an investigation of social sustainability outcomes in twenty-five English towns and cities. The paper begins by identifying and defining the different aspects of urban compactness, then outlines the indicators (including sources and methods) used for measuring each of these aspects. Finally, the values of these indicators for a range of English towns and cities are presented and reviewed. The aim of the paper is to contribute methodological tools to the compact city debate and provide a model for further research, essential in this field.

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Liu, Yong, and Cuihong Long. "Urban and Rural Income Gap: Does Urban Spatial Form Matter in China?" SAGE Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 215824402110022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211002215.

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This research uses satellite remote sensing data to measure the urban spatial form and analyzes the impact of changes to urban spatial structure on the income gap between urban and rural residents. The results indicate that the compactness of the urban spatial form is positively correlated with the income gap between urban and rural residents. However, there is no statistically significant relationship between the urban spatial extension rate and the urban–rural income gap. A subsequent analysis of the control variables shows that fiscal policy is positively correlated while urbanization is negatively correlated with the income gap between urban and rural residents. These conclusions provide the basis for formulating policies to narrow the urban–rural income gap. Appropriately reducing the spatial compactness of cities can narrow the income gap. In addition, changing excessive preferences for urban fiscal policy and increasing the level of urbanization can also promote a reduction in the income gap between urban and rural residents.

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Qiao, Zhi, Guangjin Tian, Lixiao Zhang, and Xinliang Xu. "Influences of Urban Expansion on Urban Heat Island in Beijing during 1989–2010." Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/187169.

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Beijing has experienced rapid urbanization and associated urban heat island (UHI) effects. This study aimed at analyzing the impact of urban form on UHI in Beijing using TM/ETM images between 1989 and 2010. Spatial analysis was proposed to explore the relationships between area, compactness ratio, the gravity centers of urban land, and UHI. The UHI in Beijing spatially represented a “NE-SW” spindle. The land surface temperature (LST) was higher in south than in north. Urban Heat Island Ratio Index (URI) was well interrelated with urban land area in different zones. Under the similar urban land area condition, UHI and compactness ratio of urban land were in positive correlation. The moving direction of the UHI gravity center was basically in agreement with urban land sprawl. The encroachment of urban land on suburban land is the leading source of UHI effect. The results suggest that urban design based on urban form would be effective for regulating the thermal environment.

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Xu, Weipan, Haohui Chen, Enrique Frias-Martinez, Manuel Cebrian, and Xun Li. "The inverted U-shaped effect of urban hotspots spatial compactness on urban economic growth." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 11 (November 2019): 181640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181640.

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The compact city, as a sustainable concept, is intended to augment the efficiency of urban function. However, previous studies have concentrated more on morphology than on structure. The present study focuses on urban structural elements, i.e. urban hotspots consisting of high-density and high-intensity socioeconomic zones, and explores the economic performance associated with their spatial structure. We use night-time luminosity data and the Loubar method to identify and extract the hotspot and ultimately draw two conclusions. First, with population increasing, the hotspot number scales sublinearly with an exponent of approximately 0.50–0.55, regardless of the location in China, the EU or the USA, while the intersect values are totally different, which is mainly due to different economic developmental level. Secondly, we demonstrate that the compactness of hotspots imposes an inverted U-shaped influence on economic growth, which implies that an optimal compactness coefficient does exist. These findings are helpful for urban planning.

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Tung, Tran Minh. "Urban renewal applicable to an increase in density: Conceptualization of compact-KDT in Vietnam with Hanoi as a case study." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE 12, no. 5 (August 30, 2018): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2018-12(5)-09.

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Urban renewal projects are becoming more and more active, especially in public-owned gold land plots in Vietnam's cities center. The re-development of these land resources known as the residentialization: transformation of different land-use functions into new residential areas (also new neighborhoods) - the KDTM ({Khu Do Thi Moi} abbreviated in Vietnamese) - is increasing the urban density in these areas. Vietnam uses three factors to control urban density: building density; number of floors and/or height of the building; floor area ratio. The current tasks of land-use policies are the determination of an urban density that can adapt to the development of urban space; take full advantage of the land value increment, boost investments without causing any consequences because of the overcrowded population. The residential units will be called compact units when their (occupancy) density exceeds the threshold of 300 persons/ha. For the Compact-KDT concept (compacted KDTM), it is recommended to have: (1) the average level of compactness corresponding to the density of 300 to 600 persons/ha; (2a) the high level of compactness to be controlled - 600 to 1200 persons/ha; (2b) the high level of compactness to be strictly controlled and applied in some exceptional cases - 1200 to 2000 persons/ha; (3) the extremely high level of compactness to be avoided - more than 2000 persons/ha. A Compact-KDT always guarantees the functions of a "normal" KDTM, there are some functionalities that should be added: organization of land-use and spatial functions; public spaces; internal traffic; and reducing energy consumption and the use of non-recyclable natural resources. Rather than being passive to fluctuations in urban density, this increase can be accommodated with a calm and fair attitude by analyzing adverse consequences and the benefits of this process, not just negative effects for the development of urban space, the concentration of population and the economic growth of cities. Keywords: urban renewal; urban density; new urban areas/new residential areas (KDTM - Khu Do Thi Moi); residentialization; (new) compact urban areas (Compacted KDTM/Compact-KDT).

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Koziatek, Olympia, and Suzana Dragićević. "A local and regional spatial index for measuring three-dimensional urban compactness growth." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46, no. 1 (May 10, 2017): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808317703983.

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The negative impacts resulting from urban sprawl are recognized as serious issues entailing environmental problems. Urban developments are moving towards a more compact form to mitigate many issues including pollution concerns, land depletion, and population growth demands. Urban compactness has been reported to be a more sustainable form of development that occurs through densification and mixed land use practices through spatial indicators that intensify the landscape. Urban modeling has been used extensively to aid in urban and regional planning as it can forecast possible scenarios of urban growth. The objective of this research is to develop and implement a spatial index for three-dimensional (3D) urban compactness to evaluate potential vertical development growth. The spatial index has two components, local and regional, and it is derived based on parameters accounting for a vertical urban growth suitability analysis, land designation, and average building height. Datasets used for this study were for the Metro Vancouver Region, Canada, a rapidly developing area with plans in place for sustainability and compact growth. The spatial index was derived for the study area for the year 2011 and projected to the year 2041 with a 10-year time interval, accounting for the spatio-temporal land use change. Results indicate concentrations of urban compactness growth near densely populated and transportation-oriented locations and also capture urban leap-frogging processes. The presented research aims to aid local governments in future planning processes related to regional sustainable development growth.

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Tang, Decai, Zhijiang Li, and Brandon J. Bethel. "Relevance Analysis of Sustainable Development of China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt Based on Spatial Structure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 23, 2019): 3076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173076.

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Scientifically justifiable spatial structure can not only promote the efficient use of regional resources, but can also effectively avoid “urban diseases”, such as traffic congestion, housing shortage, resource scarcity, and so on. It is the “regulator” and “booster” of regional development. Firstly, this paper measures the spatial structure of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from the four dimensions of scale distribution, central structure, spatial connection, and compactness: Gini coefficient of urban scale, urban primacy, regional economic linkage strength, and spatial compactness. Secondly, the optimized Super-Slack Based Measure-Undesirable model is used to evaluate the sustainable development status of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Finally, a sustainable development correlation analysis model based on regional spatial structure is constructed. Based on the overall perspective of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the individual perspective of 11 provinces and cities, the relationship between the spatial structure of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and sustainable development is analyzed. It is found that the impact of the four spatial structure indicators on the sustainable development level of the Yangtze River Economic Zone is relatively stable in five different periods. The ranking results are as follows: Gini coefficient of urban scale > urban primacy > regional economic linkage strength > spatial compactness.

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Rao, Yingxue, Jingyi Dai, Deyi Dai, Qingsong He, and Huiying Wang. "Effect of Compactness of Urban Growth on Regional Landscape Ecological Security." Land 10, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080848.

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With rapid urbanization destroying the ecological environment, scholars have focused on ways to coordinate harmonious development using urban spatial layouts and landscape ecological security. To explore landscape ecological security (the landscape elements, spatial positions and connections that are of key significance to the health and safety of ecological processes) from the perspective of urban form evolution pattern will help to open a new perspective of urban management research, and become the basic work of urban space policy and the implementation of the beautiful China strategy. Based on urban growth and land use data from 356 cities in China, this study applied a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to quantify the impact of China’s urban growth pattern on landscape ecological security at the spatial level. The research results show that: (1) To some extent, the infilling growth pattern has a certain effect on the enhancement of regional landscape ecological security; (2) In the three control variables (DEM, Population density and GDP), the following conclusions are drawn: regional landscape planning should reasonably allocate landscape resources according to the local topographic features to obtain a higher landscape ecological security; The increase of population density leads to the fragmentation and diversity of the landscape in some regions, which makes the landscape ecological security weak; more economically developed areas have stronger landscape ecological security. This paper highlights the importance of urban growth patterns to landscape ecological security. In addition, considering the different urban evolution trajectories in developed and developing countries, this study proposes targeted development recommendations, providing a reference for urban managers to formulate reasonable development policies and to realize sustainable development with the goal of landscape safety management and control.

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Yan, Han, Kai Wang, Tao Lin, Guoqin Zhang, Caige Sun, Xinyue Hu, and Hong Ye. "The Challenge of the Urban Compact Form: Three-Dimensional Index Construction and Urban Land Surface Temperature Impacts." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061067.

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Cities are growing higher and denser, and understanding and constructing the compact city form is of great importance to optimize sustainable urbanization. The two-dimensional (2D) urban compact form has been widely studied by previous researchers, while the driving mechanism of three-dimensional (3D) compact morphology, which reflects the reality of the urban environment has seldom been developed. In this study, land surface temperature (LST) was retrieved by using the mono-window algorithm method based on Landsat 8 images of Xiamen in South China, which were acquired respectively on 14 April, 15 August, 2 October, and 21 December in 2017, and 11 March in 2018. We then aimed to explore the driving mechanism of the 3D compact form on the urban heat environment (UHE) based on our developed 3D Compactness Index (VCI) and remote sensing, as well as Geo-Detector techniques. The results show that the 3D compact form can positively effect UHE better than individual urban form construction elements, as can the combination of the 2D compact form with building height. Individually, building density had a greater effect on UHE than that of building height. At the same time, an integration of building density and height showed an enhanced inter-effect on UHE. Moreover, we explore the temporal and spatial UHE heterogeneity with regards to 3D compact form across different seasons. We also investigate the UHE impacts discrepancy caused by different 3D compactness categories. This shows that increasing the 3D compactness of an urban community from 0.016 to 0.323 would increase the heat accumulation, which was, in terms of satellite derived LST, by 1.35 °C, suggesting that higher compact forms strengthen UHE. This study highlights the challenge of the urban 3D compact form in respect of its UHE impact. The related evaluation in this study would help shed light on urban form optimization.

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Lambert, Thomas E., Hokey Min, and Kyle Dorriere. "The impact of urban sprawl on journey to work times for mass transit and all other commuters in the United States: A research note." Journal of Transportation Management 26, no. 2 (January 1, 2016): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/1451606700.

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As government budgets get tighter, there has been considerable public outcry about the continued investment in public mass transit systems and their financial viability. Amid this outcry, a number of studies have been conducted to determine which factors influence the use and efficiency of publiclyfunded mass transit systems. These factors include population density and less sprawl (or greater urban compactness). However, their impact on mass transit usage is somewhat contradictory in that the heavy concentration of populations in the urban area and greater compactness is believed to increase mass transit usage due to a bigger number of potential passengers. In fact, greater compactness and greater transit ridership have played a role in lengthening the journey to work for most commuters and thus discouraged the use of mass transit systems. Thus, some questioned the wisdom of mass transit subsidies and “smart growth” policies. To attempt to answer this question and avoid any further confusion, this paper examines how urban sprawl affects the journey to work commute time of mass transit riders and other commuters throughout the United States after controlling for variables such as the volume of ridership, local per capita income, the presence of a local rail transit system, and local weather. The findings for this research note defy some conventional wisdom and point to several public policy recommendations on how to improve public mass transit at the local level. For instance, we find that greater urban compactness can be turned into a mass transit advantage if mass transit riders can use a commuter rail option.

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Smilka, Vladyslav. "Settlement Compactness as a Quality Characteristic of Land Use." Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2020-0004.

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AbstractThe aim of the research is to propose the method for forming an indicator of compactness of a populated population and to test it. The comparative analysis, structuring, geospatial modelling methods have been used in the research. Land use management and development regulation, which is carried out by urban planning documentation, is the spatial frame for sustainable territory development. Forming of quantitative and qualitative indicator system that characterises the level of urban development of a settlement is an overriding issue for state estimation of settlement development. Management decisions on land use management should be made taking into account the evaluation results. The compact form is an essential basis for the efficient and stable use of the settlement territorial resources. There is no single evaluation technique of settlement compactness; there are a variety of approaches and methods for the assessment of settlement form. The compactness level in this study is estimated by a system of indicators that attests to the multiplicity of land uses and the degree of accessibility to basic services and leisure facilities. The determining technique of component compactness has been tested in evaluating the planning structure of Kyiv. All planning quarters are rated according to a five-level rating scale. For each classification group, general recommendations have been developed to improve the land use system aimed at improving the compactness of the settlement. The results of compactness assessment can be used through geoinformation monitoring tools in the provision of administrative services as justification for managerial decision-making.

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Montejano, Jorge, Camilo Caudillo, Paavo Monkkonen, Erick Guerra, Juan M. Núñez, Blanca E. Garza, Gerardo Ávila, and Sandra Medina. "Urban Form and Productivity in México 1995-2015." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n1p300.

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Worldwide, urban policies are encouraging more compact development in cities arguing environmental sustainability and higher economic productivity. However, there is limited evidence for the relationship between urban form and economic productivity outside high-income countries. While we know that workers in larger cities are more productive, existing empirical evidence on the relationship between compactness and productivity is only from high-income countries, with a productive service sector. Given that the economic base of many cities in Mexico consists of land-intensive manufacturing activities, policies promoting urban compactness have potential negative impacts on economic growth by restraining expansion. In this paper we explore the relationship in time between urban form/spatial structure and economic productivity in Mexico, by testing the hypothesis that growing in a compact way is positively associated with labor productivity. That hypothesis is not completely rejected because several measures of urban form are positively correlated with higher levels of productivity, and other measures are negatively correlated. As the principal findings are counterintuitive, they raise questions about what is the accepted knowledge of urban growth. Keywords: Urban Form; urban structure; productivity; manufacturing; México.

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Lee, Il-Hee, and Joo-Hyung Lee. "A Study on the Urban Compactness Evaluation of Korean Metropolises." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 13, no. 7 (July 31, 2012): 3224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2012.13.7.3224.

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Shirazi, M. Reza. "Compact Urban Form: Neighbouring and Social Activity." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051987.

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Compact urban form has been widely suggested as a more sustainable development pattern that enhances different aspects of social liveability such as social exchange, collective interaction, and outdoor activity. Empirical research, however, challenges proposing a generic and universal understanding of compactness and its social advantages: compactness is perceived and lived differently in different socio-cultural contexts. This paper contributes to the call for gaining a more place-specific understanding from the compact urban form. To do so, it examines the social life of compact neighbourhoods in two study sites in Berlin. Social life is investigated by measuring the two dimensions of “neighbouring” and “social activities”: while the former explores how residents of the neighbourhood perceive different aspects of social life, the latter maps how urban space accommodates different types of social activity. Questionnaires and advanced mapping techniques are the primary sources of research obtained through intensive fieldwork and on-site observation. The research findings challenge some dominant assumptions attributed to the compact urban form orthodoxy: a compact neighbourhood can be perceived as safe, offer acceptable home and neighbourhood satisfaction, and, at the same time, suffer from low social networking and community engagement.

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Tao, Jing, Ying Wang, Rong Wang, and Chuanmin Mi. "Do Compactness and Poly-Centricity Mitigate PM10 Emissions? Evidence from Yangtze River Delta Area." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 4204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214204.

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The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region is one of the most densely populated and economically developed areas in China, which provides an ideal environment with which to study the various strategies, such as compact and polycentric development advocated by researchers to reduce air pollution. Using the data of YRD cities from 2011–2017, the spatial durbin model (SDM) is presented to investigate how compactness (in terms of urban density, jobs-housing balance, and urban centralization) and poly-centricity (in terms of the number of centers and polycentric cluster) affect PM10 emissions. After controlling some variables, the results suggest that more jobs-housing-balanced and centralized compactness tends to decrease emissions, while poly-centricity by developing too many centers is expected to result in more pollutant emissions. The effect of high-density compactness is more controversial. In addition, for cities with more private car ownerships (>10 million within cities), enhancing the polycentric cluster by achieving a more balanced population distribution between the traditional centers and sub-centers could reduce emissions, whereas this mitigated emissions effect may be limited. The difference between our study and western studies suggests that the correlation between high-density compactness and air pollution vary with the specific characteristics and with spatial planning implications, as this paper concludes.

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Poškienė, Diana, and Dalia Dijokienė. "Compactness is Not Enough: Development and Trends of a Sustainable Urban Concept." Architecture and Urban Planning 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2021-0006.

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Abstract The changing concept of sustainable development is changing the practice of designing sustainable urban forms. The article presents a variety of concepts of a sustainable urban form and their ambiguous assessment – the model of a compact city, if applied in all cases, can cost the quality of one’s environment and the quality of life. New bottom-up trends are emerging in theory and in practice of the 21st century, which focus on the urban planning process which is more inclusive in terms of society. The article discusses examples of the creation of a sustainable urban narrative for the development of a relationship with the community.

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Wu, Zhang, Li, Dale, Ding, and Lu. "Urban Parcel Grouping Method Based on Urban Form and Functional Connectivity Characterisation." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 6 (June 16, 2019): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8060282.

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The grouping of parcel data based on proximity is a pre-processing step of GIS and a key link of urban structure recognition for regional function discovery and urban planning. Currently, most literature abstracts parcels into points and clusters parcels based on their attribute similarity, which produces a large number of coarse granularity functional regions or discrete distribution of parcels that is inconsistent with human cognition. In this paper, we propose a novel parcel grouping method to optimise this issue, which considers both the urban morphology and the urban functional connectivity. Infiltration behaviours of urban components provide a basis for exploring the correlation between morphology mechanism and functional connectivity of urban areas. We measured the infiltration behaviours among adjacent parcels and concluded that the occurrence of infiltration behaviours often appears in the form of groups, which indicated the practical significance of parcel grouping. Our method employed two parcel morphology indicators: the similarity of the line segments and the compactness of the distribution. The line segment similarity was used to establish the adjacent relationship among parcels and the compactness was used to optimise the grouping result in obtain a satisfactory visual expression. In our study, constrained Delaunay triangulation, Hausdorff distance, and graph theory were employed to construct the proximity, delineate the parcel adjacency matrix, and implement the grouping of parcels. We applied this method for grouping urban parcel data of Beijing and verified the rationality of grouping results based on the quantified results of infiltration behaviours. Our method proved to take a good account of infiltration behaviours and satisfied human cognition, compared with a k-means++ method. We also presented a case using Xicheng District in Beijing to demonstrate the practicability of the method. The result showed that our method obtained fine-grained groups while ensuring functional regions-integrity.

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Kopylova, Tatiana, and Alexander Mikhailov. "COMPACTNESS ANALYSIS OF URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT INTERMODAL NODES WHEN DETERMINING TIH AREA URBAN DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 21, no. 4 (April 2017): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2017-4-166-175.

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Tan, Feifei, and Zhaohua Lu. "The impact of urban compactness on urban sustainable development in China: The case of Nanjing." Sustainable Development 27, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sd.1874.

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Galal Ahmed, Khaled, and S. M. Hossein Alipour. "Investigating the Effect of Urban Compactness on Energy Efficiency in Recent Urban Communities in UAE." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603 (September 18, 2019): 022092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/603/2/022092.

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Hamidi, Shima, and Reid Ewing. "Is Sprawl Affordable for Americans?" Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2500, no. 1 (January 2015): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2500-09.

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Housing affordability has been one of the most persistent national concerns in the United States, mainly because housing costs are the biggest item in most household budgets. Urban sprawl has been proved by previous studies to be a driver of housing affordability. Previous studies, however, were structurally flawed because they considered only costs directly related to housing and ignored the transportation costs associated with a remote location. This study sought to determine whether, after transportation costs were taken into account, urban sprawl was still affordable for Americans. Multilevel modeling and the recently released location affordability indexes (LAIs) and metropolitan compactness indexes tested the relationship between sprawl and housing affordability. By controlling for covariates, this study found that in compact areas, the portion of household income spent on housing was greater but the portion of income spent on transportation was lower. Each 10% increase in a compactness score was associated with a 1.1% increase in housing costs and a 3.5% decrease in transportation costs relative to income. The combined cost of housing and transportation declined as the compactness score rose. As metropolitan compactness increased, transportation costs decreased faster than housing costs increased, creating a net decline in household costs. This is a novel finding, conditioned only on the quality of the data on which the LAI is based.

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Qi, Weifeng, Chuanglin Fang, and Jitao Song. "Measurement and spatial distribution of urban agglomeration industrial compactness in China." Chinese Geographical Science 18, no. 4 (November 26, 2008): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11769-008-0291-2.

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Cao, Lei. "Scale Effect Analysis of Urban Compactness Measurement Index Based On Grid." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 63 (May 2017): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/63/1/012049.

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Restivo, Cernigliaro, and Casuccio. "Urban Sprawl and Health Outcome Associations in Sicily." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 15, 2019): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081350.

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Urban sprawl has several negative impacts on the environment, the economy, and human health. The main objective of this work was to formulate and validate a sprawl/compactness index for Sicilian municipalities and evaluate its association with health outcomes. An ecological study was conducted with 110 municipalities in Sicily, Italy. Principal component analysis was adopted to create the sprawl/compactness Sicilian index, and linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the sprawl index and health outcomes. More variance of the new sprawl index was explained by the working factor, followed by density, surface extension, and land use mix. When validating the index, we found that public transportation had an inverse relation with sprawl increase (p < 0.001), and private transportation was directly related to the increase in sprawl (p < 0.001). After controlling for the Sicilian socio-economic deprivation index and overall mortality, cardiovascular mortality was the only outcome directly associated with the increase in the sprawl index (odds ratio = 0.0068, p < 0.001). Urban sprawl has to be monitored in Sicily over time to understand the evolution of the urbanization phenomenon and its relationship with health outcomes such as cardiovascular mortality. The use of the sprawl index should help policymakers define the necessary strategic aspects and actions to improve human health and quality of life in cities through a multi-sectorial approach.

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Xu, Chao, Dagmar Haase, Meirong Su, and Zhifeng Yang. "The impact of urban compactness on energy-related greenhouse gas emissions across EU member states: Population density vs physical compactness." Applied Energy 254 (November 2019): 113671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113671.

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Granpayehvaghei, Tahereh, Ahmad Bonakdar, Ahoura Zandiatashbar, and Shima Hamidi. "The Quest for Creative Industries: A Multilevel National Study of the Impacts of Urban Form on the Geography of Creative Industries." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 8 (April 16, 2019): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119843470.

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Creative industries have gained increasing attention in light of the cultural economy as viable magnets for local and regional economic development. Policy makers thus would benefit from attracting creative industries as potential economic boosters. However, it is hard to target such catalyst industries without better knowledge of the urban form conditions that may influence the location preference of these industries; do creative industries favor compact, pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods with transit accessibility to employment? This paper, as one of the first national studies, answers this question using a multilevel modeling approach to control for the socioeconomic and built environment characteristics at both local and regional levels. Factor analysis is used to define a Creative Score, which captures the geography of creative industries using the number of creative firms, employment, the percentage of creative firms, and a creative employment location quotient. The compactness/sprawl index is used at both census tract and metropolitan levels as a proxy for urban form. Accounting for the socioeconomic factors, the findings suggest that, at the neighborhood level, the compactness index is significantly and positively associated with the Creative Score. Every 10% increase in compactness score results in a 0.3% increase in Creative Score at the census tract level. This is partly because compact neighborhoods provide creative industries with a stronger consumer base as a reliable source of development. Compact urban form also serves agglomeration economies by facilitating knowledge exchange, reducing travel time and costs, and giving greater accessibility to destinations by transit.

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Hamidi, Shima. "Urban sprawl and the emergence of food deserts in the USA." Urban Studies 57, no. 8 (June 12, 2019): 1660–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019841540.

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Providing access to a variety of healthy and affordable foods has been the goal of several federal and state policy initiatives in the USA. The first step towards the successful implementation of these initiatives is to identify food deserts and to understand the mechanism by which food deserts arise. This national-level study investigates the association between urban sprawl and the emergence of food deserts at both regional and neighbourhood levels. Multilevel analysis is used to model the likelihood of a census tract being a food desert, controlling for sociodemographic and built environmental characteristics. We find that urban sprawl, measured via a compactness index, holds a significant association with the likelihood of a census tract being a food desert. Specifically, a one unit increase in the compactness index is associated with a 5.6% decrease in the odds of a census tract being a food desert. In conclusion, we recommend increasing the land use density, mix and walkability of neighbourhoods to create a supportive and attractive environment for food retailers in which to invest.

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Cremades, Roger, and Philipp S. Sommer. "Computing climate-smart urban land use with the Integrated Urban Complexity model (IUCm 1.0)." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-525-2019.

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Abstract. Cities are fundamental to climate change mitigation, and although there is increasing understanding about the relationship between emissions and urban form, this relationship has not been used to provide planning advice for urban land use so far. Here we present the Integrated Urban Complexity model (IUCm 1.0) that computes “climate-smart urban forms”, which are able to cut emissions related to energy consumption from urban mobility in half. Furthermore, we show the complex features that go beyond the normal debates about urban sprawl vs. compactness. Our results show how to reinforce fractal hierarchies and population density clusters within climate risk constraints to significantly decrease the energy consumption of urban mobility. The new model that we present aims to produce new advice about how cities can combat climate change.

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Zhang, J., and Y. Wang. "A pixel‐based method to estimate urban compactness and its preliminary application." International Journal of Remote Sensing 27, no. 24 (December 2006): 5435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160600983638.

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Saniroychansyah, M., Arta Farmawati, Dina Septari Anindyah, and Lanthika Atianta. "Urban Compactness Effects on the Distributions of Healthy Houses in Yogyakarta City." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (July 2016): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.06.058.

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Salvati, Agnese, Helena Coch, and Michele Morganti. "Effects of urban compactness on the building energy performance in Mediterranean climate." Energy Procedia 122 (September 2017): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.303.

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Aulia, P. L., H. M. Taki, and A. S. Wartaman. "Impact of transportation on urban compactness index in South Tangerang City, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 737, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/737/1/012052.

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Liu, Yong, Yu Song, and Xiaodong Song. "An empirical study on the relationship between urban compactness and CO2 efficiency in China." Habitat International 41 (January 2014): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.07.005.

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Jain, Madhavi, A. P. Dimri, and D. Niyogi. "Urban Sprawl Patterns and Processes in Delhi from 1977 to 2014 Based on Remote Sensing and Spatial Metrics Approaches." Earth Interactions 20, no. 14 (April 1, 2016): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-15-0040.1.

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Abstract Recent decades have witnessed rapid urbanization and urban population growth resulting in urban sprawl of cities. This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal dynamics of the urbanization process (using remote sensing and spatial metrics) that has occurred in Delhi, the capital city of India, which is divided into nine districts. The urban patterns and processes within the nine administrative districts of the city based on raw satellite data have been taken into consideration. Area, population, patch, edge, and shape metrics along with Pearson’s chi statistics and Shannon’s entropy have been calculated. Three types of urban patterns exist in the city: 1) highly sprawled districts, namely, West, North, North East, and East; 2) medium sprawled districts, namely, North West, South, and South West; and 3) least sprawled districts—Central and New Delhi. Relative entropy, which scales Shannon’s entropy values from 0 to 1, is calculated for the districts and time spans. Its values are 0.80, 0.92, and 0.50 from 1977 to 1993, 1993 to 2006, and 2006 to 2014, respectively, indicating a high degree of urban sprawl. Parametric and nonparametric correlation tests suggest the existence of associations between built-up density and population density, area-weighted mean patch fractal dimension (AWMPFD) and area-weighted mean shape index (AWMSI), compactness index and edge density, normalized compactness index and number of patches, and AWMPFD and built-up density.

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Haryani, S. "SUSTAINABILITY LEVEL OF DENSELY POPULATED AREA: JATIMULYO URBAN COMMUNITIES, LOWOKWARU DISTRICT, MALANG CITY." TATALOKA 21, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.21.4.718-726.

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Large cities still peak the interests of some Indonesian society. Big city development as the center of economic activity is a powerful pull for society, influencing high workforce from both inside and outside of the city, causing a strong current of urbanization. One main problem that always accompanies urban areas development is density population. Urbanization has caused a very rapid explosion in the city population; one implication is the clumping workforce in large Indonesian cities. The high number of people who choose to settle in the city increase the number of both legal and illegal settlements. In the high-density settlement, many houses are not liveable and irregular. The densely populated settlements find many houses unfit for habitation and irregular. The research aims to formulate the sustainability level of Urban communities, Lowokwaru District, Malang City using quantitative method through sustainability level calculation. Jatimulyo Urban Communities is measured by the sustainability criteria of density, diversity, mixed-use, and compactness to formulate the related sustainable urban spatial structure. Interpretation of the calculation results references similar research. The calculation result shows that Jatimulyo Urban Communities is included in the moderate sustainability level, where density is moderate (101.1-200 people/ha), has a moderate building density (20-40 buildings/ha), has a random diversity level (1.0) and an entropy index (0.51), and compactness is near perfect inequality (Gini Coefficient 0.99).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban Compactness'

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