Journal articles: 'Urban cultural archaeology'

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Oniţiu, Atalia, and Mariana Balaci. "Cultural Heritage and Urban Landscape in a Future European Cultural Capital – Challenges and Trends." European Review Of Applied Sociology 13, no. 21 (December 1, 2020): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eras-2020-0010.

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AbstractEuropean countries interest for archaeological heritage, as part of the cultural landscape, was firstly expressed at the London Convention (1969), whose content was later revised by La Valetta Convention (1992). Romania joined this Convention in 2000, thus assuming the mission to protect and preserve the archaeological heritage, facing with massive economic development and urban expansion. Although we speak of a consecrated historical center, in Timisoara’s urban landscape preventive archaeology has become a reality only from 2004, when first researches were conducted. During the last few years, local infrastructure development has determined an extension of archaeological investigations over the historical area of the city, with major influences especially over public transportation (most of the times hampered, sometimes deviated, even blocked in the specific area, during archaeological research). Our approach focuses on multiple facets and implications of preventive archaeology over Timisoara’s urban landscape, from immediate, obvious issues (such as population’s satisfaction regarding archaeological investigations, their consequences (over access in the area, safety or transportation)), to long-term results (over local tourism, urban development or locals’ education for protecting and promoting cultural heritage).

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Oniţiu, Atalia, and Mariana Balaci. "Cultural Heritage and Urban Landscape in a Future European Cultural Capital – Challenges and Trends." European Review Of Applied Sociology 13, no. 21 (December 1, 2020): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eras-2020-0010.

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Abstract European countries interest for archaeological heritage, as part of the cultural landscape, was firstly expressed at the London Convention (1969), whose content was later revised by La Valetta Convention (1992). Romania joined this Convention in 2000, thus assuming the mission to protect and preserve the archaeological heritage, facing with massive economic development and urban expansion. Although we speak of a consecrated historical center, in Timisoara’s urban landscape preventive archaeology has become a reality only from 2004, when first researches were conducted. During the last few years, local infrastructure development has determined an extension of archaeological investigations over the historical area of the city, with major influences especially over public transportation (most of the times hampered, sometimes deviated, even blocked in the specific area, during archaeological research). Our approach focuses on multiple facets and implications of preventive archaeology over Timisoara’s urban landscape, from immediate, obvious issues (such as population’s satisfaction regarding archaeological investigations, their consequences (over access in the area, safety or transportation)), to long-term results (over local tourism, urban development or locals’ education for protecting and promoting cultural heritage).

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Smith, Monica L. "The Archaeology of Urban Landscapes." Annual Review of Anthropology 43, no. 1 (October 21, 2014): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-025839.

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Silverman, Helaine. "Cahuachi: Non-Urban Cultural Complexity on the South Coast of Peru." Journal of Field Archaeology 15, no. 4 (1988): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/530044.

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Kindynis, Theo. "Excavating ghosts: Urban exploration as graffiti archaeology." Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal 15, no. 1 (September 17, 2017): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741659017730435.

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Based on several years of near-nightly excursions into London’s disused, non-public, forgotten, subterranean and infrastructural spaces, this article considers the significance of discovering years - or even decades - old surviving traces of graffiti (‘ghosts’, in graffiti parlance) in situ. The article also draws on extensive ethnographic research into London’s graffiti subculture, as well as in-depth semi-structured interviews with several generations of graffiti writers. The article proceeds in four parts. The first part reflects on three sources of methodological inspiration: unauthorised urban exploration and documentation; more-or-less formal archaeological studies of graffiti; and ‘ghost ethnography’, an emergent methodological orientation which places an emphasis on absence and the interpretation of material and atmospheric traces. The second part of the article considers recent theoretical work associated with the ‘spectral turn’. Here, ghosts and haunting provide useful conceptual metaphors for thinking about lingering material and atmospheric traces of the past. The third part of the article offers some methodological caveats and reflections. The fourth and final part of the article seeks to connect theory and method, and asks what significance can be drawn from unauthorised encounters with graffiti ‘ghosts’.

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Afkhami, Behrouz. "Interpretive approach to applied archaeology and its status in Iran." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 7, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-08-2015-0029.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to applied archaeology and interpretive methods for Iranian traditional archaeology. Applied archaeology is based on a holistic approach providing rational approaches in the field of cultural heritage preservation and sustainable use of the potential of cultural heritage with the participation of the people. This paper aims to create social good standing archaeology knowledge with respect to Iranian archaeology experts. Design/methodology/approach In this survey study, data collection was accomplished using a questionnaire. The sample consists of professors, PhD students, post-graduate fellows, and educated experts of the Iranian Tourism, Handicrafts and Cultural Heritage Organization. Findings Applied archaeology as a provider of situations, positions and employment opportunities for archaeologists has not been considered seriously in the Iranian archaeological education. Traditional education emphasizes the cultural history and field techniques; hence it does not consist of critical areas of heritage codes, protection and budget management, business skill and the most important, interpretation and consequently sustainable development. Iranian archaeologists agree with the findings of the applied archaeology. Evaluation of their opinions reveals that they agree with all applied archaeology items of the questionnaire. Originality/value As an approach, applied archaeology can be proactive and improve the status of archaeology in the Iranian field of cultural heritage, and representations of outputs such as site-museum and sustainable use of them which ultimately fulfil social, economic and even political-identity purposes, then applied archaeology can be a constructive element in archaeology and prevent vandalism and looting in cultural heritage.

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Vaporis, Constantine N. "Digging for Edo. Archaeology and Japan's Premodern Urban Past." Monumenta Nipponica 53, no. 1 (1998): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2385656.

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Müller, Ulrich. "Steps towards understanding medieval urban communities as social practice." Archaeological Dialogues 22, no. 2 (November 2, 2015): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203815000197.

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The contribution by Axel Christophersen aims to present new perspectives for the archaeology of medieval and post-medieval towns. In enlisting ‘social-practice theory’, the author would like to view the town as a dynamic, ever-changing network of social and cultural practices which is registered in the archaeological data. This perspective on the town lies, therefore, somewhere between structure-centred and agent-centred approaches. As such, Axel Christophersen's contribution can be seen as more comprehensive. I assess the piece also as a programmatic contribution to the development of theory in the apparently long-term conflict between ‘processual and postprocessual archaeology’. It should be said in advance that he was successful in this. At the same time, however, his contribution makes it clear that it is not easy to transfer or apply current cultural-studies concepts to historical periods and the materiality of archaeological data.

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Ross, Anne. "More than archaeology: New directions in cultural heritage management." Queensland Archaeological Research 10 (December 1, 1996): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/qar.10.1996.97.

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<p>Cultural heritage management (CHM) has long been regarded as an off-shoot of mainstream archaeology, largely because CHM began as a result of archaeological concerns about the destruction of sites by amateur fossicking and urban development pressures (Bowdler 1983, Cleere 1989).</p><p>The archaeological paradigm which underpinned CHM has recently been challenged, largely as a result of Aboriginal involvement in decision making (Byrne 1991, Sullivan 1993, Ellis 1994, Ross 1996). Focus has moved away from the 'site'; landscapes are becoming the unit of management and the roles of anthropology and indigenous ascription of meaning to place are growing rapidly as the new basis for CHM.Â These shifts and their implications for heritage management authorities and academic researchers are examined.</p>

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Castillo, Alicia, and Sonia Menéndez. "Managing Urban Archaeological Heritage: Latin American Case Studies." International Journal of Cultural Property 21, no. 1 (February 2014): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739113000313.

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Abstract:This article focuses on the idea that archaeology aids the revaluation of cultural properties within historical centers. At the same time, it holds that the application of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972 should imply the development of best management practices at inscribed sites. The handling of archaeological heritage in three Latin American cities is presented and discussed in this study, through the theoretical assumptions of preventive archaeology for the management of archaeological properties. It examines the different social contexts of World Heritage in these areas and concludes that the traditional vision of World Heritage impedes other historical readings of the past in these places. This conclusion is reached through a proactive vision defending the use of these UNESCO World Heritage Sites to improve management models with high public participation, the use of which should also be considered in the European community. There is, finally, a reminder of the desired objective: the improvement of archaeological management and, consequently, of urban historical discourses, whose outcomes enrich the lives of citizens.

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Colomer, Laia. "Stones, Books and Flags: Born and the Role of Archaeological Heritage Management under the Barcelona Model." European Journal of Archaeology 22, no. 1 (September 6, 2018): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2018.54.

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Since the 1980s, Barcelona's local institutions have been pioneers in creating a close relationship between culture, urban regeneration, and the social and economic development of the city, and subsequently in implementing a new paradigm in cultural policy for entrepreneurial, cultural, and creative cities. As a consequence, the city has also become a model for place branding and cultural tourism. In this context, Born, an archaeological site of the early eighteenth century which offers detailed testimony to both the cultural and economic lifestyle of the city at that time and the defeat of the Catalans during the War of the Spanish Succession, has been preserved and opened to the public in line with the city's varying cultural policies and attitudes to national identity over the last two decades. This article discusses Born from 2000 to 2017 and the political and cultural management context in relation to the Barcelona model that has defined its current form as a cultural centre. In this context, this article also discusses the role of archaeology in Barcelona's cultural governance, as a case study through which to consider the role of urban archaeological heritage management today.

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Symonds, James. "Historical Archaeology and the Recent Urban Past." International Journal of Heritage Studies 10, no. 1 (March 2004): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1352725032000194231.

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Skrede, Joar, and Sveinung Krokann Berg. "Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development: The Case of Urban Densification." Historic Environment: Policy & Practice 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17567505.2019.1558027.

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Osborne, James F. "Settlement Planning and Urban Symbology in Syro-Anatolian Cities." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24, no. 2 (June 2014): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774314000444.

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Few subjects have excited the imagination of archaeologists working in ancient complex societies as have monumentality and urban planning. Yet the two topics are rarely explicitly theorized in a sustained integrated investigation within a single study, despite the fact that monumental architecture is often considered a primary basis for identifying the presence of urban planning. This article makes the related methodological arguments that both phenomena benefit from a more full consideration of one another, and that the meaningful aspect of monumentality and urban symbology needs to be considered in conjunction with the formal aspect of monuments and urban layouts. These positions are then implemented in a study of the Syro-Anatolian city-state system that existed in the ancient Near East during the early first millennium bc. The capital cities of these polities were characterized by a program of monumentality that brought royalty, city walls, gates and monumental sculpture into an unmistakable constellation of associations. The consistency of this pattern of monumentality and urban form suggests that at least a degree of urban planning existed.

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Gascoigne, Alison L. "The Late Roman and Early Islamic Urban Enceinte." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14, no. 2 (October 2004): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774304250168.

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It has been established in the preceding sections that settlement walls were by no means uncommon in ancient Egypt, and it is from this tradition that the late Roman and early Islamic urban configuration developed. With the incorporation of the country into the Roman empire, it was inevitable that changes would be made to its defensive situation, and the continuing Hellenization of the upper classes would alter perceptions of the urban ideal. This section will consider to what extent these forces brought Egypt into line with other eastern Roman provinces, and how the urban enceinte developed after the Arab conquest of the country in 642.

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Lloyd, J. A. "Urban Archaeology in Cyrenaica 1969-1989: the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods." Libyan Studies 20 (January 1989): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006610.

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During the past two decades all the major cities of Cyrenaica have seen new fieldwork, and much has been achieved. The Department of Antiquities has been active, particularly in the increasingly important area of rescue archaeology. Its resolute and skilful efforts have included very important work at Shahat (Cyrene) (Walker (in Walda and Walker), this volume) and at Benghazi (Berenice). At the latter city, one of the least known in Cyrenaica, the Department's excavations at Sidi Khrebish demonstrated the rich archaeological potential of the site and led to the large-scale campaigns of 1971-5, in which the Society for Libyan Studies was deeply involved.Generous support has also been extended to British teams at Euesperides (Berenice's predecessor), Driana (Hadrianopolis), Tocra (Tauchira) and Tolmeita (Ptolemais); to the Italian Mission, whose work at Cyrene has proceeded throughout the period; to the major American investigation of the extra-mural Demeter sanctuary at the same site; and to the French Mission, which has conducted annual campaigns at Susa (Apollonia) since 1976. There has also been productive research into the minor towns.Perhaps the outstanding feature of the period under review, however, has been publication. No less than thirteen major site reports (see bibliography under Apollonia, Berenice, Cirene, Cyrene and Tocra), several works of synthesis (Goodchild 1971; Huskinson 1975; Rosenbaum and Ward-Perkins 1980; Stucchi 1975), collected papers (Goodchild 1976) and a profusion of shorter studies in journals, conference proceedings (Barker, Lloyd and Reynolds 1985; Gadallah 1971; Stucchi and Luni 1987) and exhibition publications (Missione Italiana 1987) have appeared — a very rich harvest. Many of course, had their genesis in earlier research, particularly during the fecund years of Richard Goodchild's controllership. Amongst much else, this saw Boardman and Hayes' exemplary Tocra project, which in its use of quantification, scientific analysis and other techniques anticipated later British and American work; the University of Michigan's extensive research at Apollonia; and the inauguration of the Italian Mission, under S. Stucchi, to Cyrene (Stucchi 1967), whose work on the architectural development, art and anastylosis of the city continues to make an outstanding contribution to our appreciation of Libya's archaeology and cultural heritage.

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Miyazaki, Shintaro. "Urban sounds unheard-of: a media archaeology of ubiquitous infospheres." Continuum 27, no. 4 (June 4, 2013): 514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2013.803302.

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Moeller, Nadine. "Evidence for Urban Walling in the Third Millennium bc." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14, no. 2 (October 2004): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774304220169.

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A tradition of enclosure walls developed in Egypt very early on. Until recently the evidence was primarily artistic, in the shape of depictions on several late prehistoric palettes of symbols representing enclosed areas of square layout with rounded corners and numerous external buttresses. These images seem to depict walled inhabited settlements, and they belong to artistic compositions that also portray fighting and other violence; and together such scenes are often seen as reflecting local struggles along the road of state formation.

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Kemp, Barry. "The First Millennium bc: Temple Enclosure or Urban Citadel?" Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14, no. 2 (October 2004): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774304240161.

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The first millennium bc brought warfare to the interior of Egypt on a significant scale. We have two vivid records, one written and the other pictorial. The former is a first-person narrative of the Napatan (Sudanese) king Piankhy who, having gained control of the south of Egypt, embarked in 730 bc on a methodical subjugation of the rest of the country, then under the rule of several local families. During the seemingly irresistible northward progress of his army Piankhy makes frequent reference to walls with battlements and gates which could be countered with siege towers/battering rams and the erection of earthen ramps, although Piankhy himself preferred the tactic of direct storming. Within the circuit of these walls lay treasuries and granaries and, in the case of the city of Hermopolis in Middle Egypt, the palace of the local king Nemlut together with its stables for horses.

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Koumaridis, Yorgos. "Urban Transformation and De-Ottomanization in Greece." East Central Europe 33, no. 1-2 (2006): 213–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633006x00114.

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AbstractThis article examines the ways in which nationalism transformed Greek urban space during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Through urban planning, architecture, archaeology, the destruction of Ottoman material remains and the promotion of Ancient Greek and (later) Byzantine heritage, urban space was gradually hellenized and cleansed of its Ottoman past. Specific examples, including the case of Thessaloniki, where the strong Ottoman character of the city was gradually effaced, are examined so as to outline the aims and the patterns of this transformation.

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Hudson, Lynn M. ":Making San Francisco American: Cultural Frontiers in the Urban West, 1846–1906." American Historical Review 114, no. 1 (February 2009): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.1.173.

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Basri, Pertev, and Dan Lawrence. "Wealth Inequality in the Ancient Near East: A Preliminary Assessment Using Gini Coefficients and Household Size." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30, no. 4 (June 18, 2020): 689–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774320000177.

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Investigating how different forms of inequality arose and were sustained through time is key to understanding the emergence of complex social systems. Due to its long-term perspective, archaeology has much to contribute to this discussion. However, comparing inequality in different societies through time, especially in prehistory, is difficult because comparable metrics of value are not available. Here we use a recently developed technique which assumes a correlation between household size and household wealth to investigate inequality in the ancient Near East. If this assumption is correct, our results show that inequality increased from the Neolithic to the Iron Age, and we link this increase to changing forms of social and political organization. We see a step change in levels of inequality around the time of the emergence of urban sites at the beginning of the Bronze Age. However, urban and rural sites were similarly unequal, suggesting that outside the elite, the inhabitants of each encompassed a similar range of wealth levels. The situation changes during the Iron Age, when inequality in urban environments increases and rural sites become more equal.

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Tutundžić, Sava P. "A Consideration of Differences between the Pottery Showing Palestinian Characteristics in the Maadian and Gerzean Cultures." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 79, no. 1 (October 1993): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751339307900105.

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Recent publication of pottery finds from many years of excavations at Maadi and the latest relevant discoveries in Lower Egypt have made possible a more comprehensive typological comparison between pottery showing Palestinian features found in Maadian and Gerzean cultural contexts. This comparison shows that such pottery is different in character in the two cultures, and that the reason for this is primarily chronological. Examples found at Maadian sites correspond closely to the Early Proto-Urban period in Palestine, those at Gerzean sites to the Late Proto-Urban period.

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Gaydarska, Bisserka, Marco Nebbia, and John Chapman. "Trypillia Megasites in Context: Independent Urban Development in Chalcolithic Eastern Europe." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30, no. 1 (October 14, 2019): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774319000301.

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The Trypillia megasites of the Ukrainian forest steppe formed the largest fourth-millennium bc sites in Eurasia and possibly the world. Discovered in the 1960s, the megasites have so far resisted all attempts at an understanding of their social structure and dynamics. Multi-disciplinary investigations of the Nebelivka megasite by an Anglo-Ukrainian research project brought a focus on three research questions: (1) what was the essence of megasite lifeways? (2) can we call the megasites early cities? and (3) what were their origins? The first question is approached through a summary of Project findings on Nebelivka and the subsequent modelling of three different scenarios for what transpired to be a different kind of site from our expectations. The second question uses a relational approach to urbanism to show that megasites were so different from other coeval settlements that they could justifiably be termed ‘cities'. The third question turns to the origins of sites that were indeed larger and earlier than the supposed first cities of Mesopotamia and whose development indicates that there were at least two pathways to early urbanism in Eurasia.

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Fishman, Robert, and Manuel Castells. "The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements." American Historical Review 91, no. 5 (December 1986): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1864387.

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Pitts, Martin, and Dominic Perring. "The Making of Britain's First Urban Landscapes: The Case of Late Iron Age and Roman Essex." Britannia 37 (November 2006): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/000000006784016585.

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ABSTRACTThis paper presents preliminary research into the social and economic impact of early urban settlement in Britain, focusing on the case-study area of Late Iron Age to Roman Essex. Through fresh analysis of ceramic assemblages from Colchester and Heybridge, we describe hitherto unrecognised socio-cultural groupings and identities through subtle differences in the deposition of pottery in the generations before and after conquest. The concluding discussion concentrates on problems that we still have to address in describing the economic basis of early urban society in Britain.

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Shanken, Andrew M. "The Visual Culture of Planning." Journal of Planning History 17, no. 4 (June 14, 2018): 300–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538513218775122.

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Over the course of the twentieth century, American planners deployed an array of visual techniques to analyze, represent, and promote the American city. Early planners looked to maps of poverty, disease, ethnicity, war, and land use, as well as archaeology, world’s fairs, and the photography of social reform. They became adept at combining drawings, diagrams, and charts to map information and make visual arguments for urban transformation. These techniques were tools of cultural critique and anticipation that shaped American understandings and expectations of cities. This essay surveys the imagery of urban planning as a prompt to historians to pay close attention to the visual culture of urban planning.

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Chase, Arlen F., Diane Z. Chase, John M. Morris, Jaime J. Awe, and Adrian S. Z. Chase. "Archaeology and Heritage Management in the Maya Area: History and Practice at Caracol, Belize." Heritage 3, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 436–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3020026.

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Archaeology and heritage management in the Maya area have developed differently in the various modern-day countries that make up ancient Mesoamerica. In the country of Belize, heritage management has been conjoined with archaeology since at least the late 1970s. Long-term projects, such as the 1985-to-present archaeological investigations at the ancient ruins that comprise the immense city of Caracol, Belize, demonstrate the evolution of heritage management. This abandoned metropolis has also been the location of concerted stabilization and conservation efforts. Research and heritage management efforts at this urban center have been coordinated and intertwined since the project’s inception. This article contextualizes the long-standing relationships between archaeology and cultural heritage as it has been practiced at Caracol, Belize within the broader field of Maya Studies.

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Algaze, Guillermo. "Emergence and Change in Early Urban Societies. Linda Manzanilla, ed." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 307 (August 1997): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357707.

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Coningham, Robin, and Mark Manuel. "Priest-Kings or Puritans? Childe and Willing Subordination in the Indus." European Journal of Archaeology 12, no. 1-3 (2009): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461957109339691.

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One of the Indus Civilization's most striking features is its cultural uniformity evidenced by a common script, artefact forms and motifs, weights and measures, and the presence of proscribed urban plans. Early excavators and commentators utilized ideas of diffusion, and concepts of kingship and slavery remained prevalent within interpretations of the Indus. Whilst Childe questioned ideas of diffusion and hereditary rule he still identified a system of economic exploitation in which the vast majority of the population was subordinated. More recently scholars have begun to argue that small sections of the Indus population may have willingly subordinated themselves in order to secure positions of power. This article explores the dichotomy between traditional Eurocentric normative models of social organization and those derived from south Asian cultural traditions.

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Lawrence, Henry W. "British Urban Trees: A Social and Cultural History, c. 1800–1914." Journal of Historical Geography 57 (July 2017): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2016.10.003.

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Godina, E. Z., L. Gundegmaa, and E. Y. Permyakova. "Morphofunctional Characteristics of Mongolian Children and Adolescents Living in Different Ecological Zones." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 49, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.1.146-153.

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In 2014–2015, 13,477 Mongolian schoolchildren (5833 boys and 7644 girls from different regions of the country), aged 8–17, were subjected to a comprehensive biological study. The program included 50+ anthropometric and anthroposcopic traits. Out of this set, bodily dimensions and functional parameters were used for the present paper. Their analysis was carried out among residents of mountain-taiga, steppe, and desert zones, which are still the main ecological niches of Mongolia. The urban sample (the best known Mongolian population, which included only subjects born and living in Ulaanbaatar) was used as a control group. The urban children and adolescents, as well as those living in the mountain-taiga zone, are characterized by maximal average values of the parameters. In the capital, these parameters are mostly affected by the living conditions, which are the best, confirming the results of previous studies. At the same time, the stressful urban factors account for higher indicators of the hemodynamic system in urban schoolchildren. The resemblance of these characteristics in steppe and desert dwellers results from relatively similar climatic conditions and physical stress patterns.

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Cohen, E., A. Ndao, B. Faye, S. Ndiaye, E. H. M. Ndiaye, G. Ezan, L. Gueye, G. Boëtsch, P. Pasquet, and N. Chapuis-Lucciani. "Large Body Size as a Socially Valued Factor Determining Excess Weight and Obesity in the Context of the Nutritional Transition in Senegal." Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 30, no. 1-2 (February 21, 2018): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/bmsap-2018-0006.

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Like most African countries, Senegal is experiencing a nutritional transition. Global drivers of sedentary behavior and high-calorie dietary intake, together with local anthropological drivers of large body size as a socially valued characteristic could be exposing the population to obesity. This study therefore set out to assess the impact of this sociocultural factor on the nutritional status of Senegalese adults. We set up 14 focus groups (n=84 participants) and a crosssectional quantitative survey (n=313 women; n=284 men) of adults in three different socio-ecological areas in Senegal (rural: n=204; suburban: n=206; urban: n=187). We also assessed perceptions of body weight (Body Size Scale) and weight status (anthropometric measures). Middle-aged and older Senegalese people value excess weight more than younger Senegalese in all the areas studied. Being female, older, living in urban/suburban areas and valuing excess weight/obesity were independently associated with being overweight/obese. A higher socio-economic status was also associated with being overweight/obese. A nutritional transition is under way in Senegal in urban/suburban areas, particularly affecting older urban women, with specific cultural factors contributing to this phenomenon. This suggests a need for local measures targeting women and is accounted for by specific anthropological characteristics in the Senegalese population.

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Yon, Marguerite. "Ugarit: The Urban Habitat The Present State of the Archaeological Picture." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 286 (May 1992): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357116.

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Daviau, P. M. Michèle. "Archaeology of the City: Urban Planning in Ancient Israel and Its Social Implications. Ze'ev Herzog." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 321 (February 2001): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357660.

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Athanassiou, Emilia, Vasiliki Dima, Konstantinia Karali, and Panayotis Tournikiotis. "The Modern Gaze of Foreign Architects Travelling to Interwar Greece: Urban Planning, Archaeology, Aegean Culture, and Tourism." Heritage 2, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 1117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2020073.

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This paper reflects on the embrace of the Ancient world in modernity and the journey to Greece as a vehicle for their reciprocal reshaping. In the interwar period, new visual narratives emerged in Western accounts, proposing alternative contexts for Greek cultural heritage and associating regional culture with the emergence of modernism. The article investigates the mobility of modern travellers in Greece as an essential factor for the new contextualization of the country’s dominant cultural paradigm -Antiquity- as well as for the emergence of parallel narrations of the Mediterranean genius loci that examine the spatial imprint of heritage and tourism on the Greek urban, archaeological and natural environment. Western intellectuals, engineers, architects and urban planners, supported by a highly mobile network of editors, travel agencies, tourist cruises, architectural or archaeological conferences and congresses, contributed to the promotion of modern architecture and urban infrastructure in Greece. Their yet to become tourist gaze embraced the Aegean tradition, the Greek landscape and the ancient ruins as equal collocutors, initiating at the same time Greece itself into modernity. This paper traces the encounters between foreign travellers and the divergent manifestations of the country’s cultural identity in the pages of printed articles, books, travel accounts, photographic material and films. Following these documentations, the paper argues that tourism mobility gave rise to an alternative, southern modernism, whose emergence and development deviates significantly from mainstream narratives propounded by the continental historiography of modernity. Vice versa, the modern mobility networks of the South promoted the development of urban infrastructure and welfare facilities in Greece, as well as the establishment of early tourism policies, thus articulating the new national narrative of interwar Greece, based equally on classical heritage, regional culture and modern progress. The present paper is part of the research program Voyage to Greece: Mobility and modern architecture in the interwar period, where E. Athanassiou, V. Dima, V.; Karali, K. contribute as post-doctoral researchers, with P. Tournikiotis, Professor NTUA as scientific supervisor. The research is co-financed by the Greek State and the European Union.

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Mixter, David W. "Community Resilience and Urban Planning during the Ninth-Century Maya Collapse: A Case Study from Actuncan, Belize." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30, no. 2 (November 4, 2019): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095977431900057x.

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To remain in place in the immediate aftermath of the ninth-century Maya collapse, Maya groups employed various resilient strategies. In the absence of divine rulers, groups needed to renegotiate their forms of political authority and to reconsider the legitimizing role of religious institutions. This kind of negotiation happened first at the local level, where individual communities developed varied political and ideological solutions. At the community of Actuncan, located in the lower Mopan River valley of Belize, reorganization took place within the remains of a monumental urban centre built 1000 years before by the site's early rulers. I report on the changing configuration and use of Actuncan's urban landscape during the process of reorganization. These modifications included the construction of a new centre for political gatherings, the dismantling of old administrative buildings constructed by holy lords and the reuse of the site's oldest ritual space. These developments split the city into distinct civic and ritual zones, paralleling the adoption of a new shared rule divorced from cosmological underpinnings. This case study provides an example of how broader societal resilience relies on adaptation at the local level.

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Licheli, Vakhtang. "Urban Development in Central Transcaucasia in Anatolian Context: New Data." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 17, no. 1 (2011): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092907711x575377.

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Abstract The settlement and necropolis of Grakliani Hill are located in Central Transcaucasia, Georgia. Excavations of the settlement on the eastern slope and the necropolis on the south-western part of the hill demonstrated that the site had been occupied between the Chalcolithic and the Late Hellenistic periods. The most interesting remains of buildings belong to 2nd and 1st millennium BC. Several sanctuaries of this period were excavated. A monumental altar was discovered in the eastern part of the settlement. The altar was located in the north-western corner of a building. On its eastern side there was an ash pit with a platform along the northern wall. The platform was used for placing offerings, including a South Mesopotamian seal. An architectural complex of the following period (450-350 B.C) was discovered in the western part of the lower terrace. It consisted of three main rooms and three store-rooms. Burials of various periods were discovered in the western part of the hill’s southern slope. The earliest one is a pit-burial dating to the Early Bronze Age, the latest one belongs to the 2nd century BC. After analyses of the finds several directions of cultural and commercial links were identified: Colchis, Persia, Phoenicia, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Asia Minor.

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Hardcastle, John. "Four Photographs in an English Course Book: A Study in the Visual Archaeology of Urban Schooling." Changing English 15, no. 1 (February 28, 2008): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13586840701825220.

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Sandes, Caroline A. "Remembering Beirut: Lessons for Archaeology and (Post-) Conflict Urban Redevelopment in Aleppo." Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 2 (December 31, 2017): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/exnovo.v2i0.387.

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The reconstruction of central Beirut after the Lebanese civil war by Solidere is not gen-erally considered a success. It has resulted in a soulless, expensive and exclusive area aimed at tourists and wealthy overseas business people who have generally failed to ma-terialise; local people tend to go elsewhere, except when protesting (Ilyés 2015). Despite the fact that Beirut was known to be an ancient city with occupation stretching back to prehistoric times, the initial post-war plans were for a modern city centre built on a tabu-la rasa. Little thought was given to any cultural heritage. Subsequent protest at this planned destruction ensured changes to the original redevelopment plans to incorporate historic building conservation and some archaeological investigation but it was far from ideal, and often became tangled in the ongoing politico-religious conflicts (Sandes 2010). Aleppo is another such city; occupation can be traced back to the 10th century BCE, and its old city has World Heritage status. The ongoing Syrian war has caused dreadful de-struction of the city and its peoples, but in the rebuilding how important will this cultur-al heritage be considered? This paper examines the role of the built heritage, particularly archaeology, in the (post-) conflict urban reconstruction process and with reference to Beirut, examines what ar-chaeology has the potential to offer to the rebuilding and rehabilitation of Aleppo and its communities.

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Bohatyrets, Valentyna, and Liubov Melnychuk. "Chernivtsi’s Squares and Monuments in the Context of Distinctive Buko- vinian Identity, Cultural Heritages and Urban Historical Memory." Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica 24, no. 1 (October 15, 2020): 45–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/auash.2020.24.1.3.

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Since the twentieth century, the interdisciplinary field of ‘memory studies’ has become especially topical and drawn upon a variety of theoretical perspectives, while offering a plethora of empirical case studies exploring the politics of memory and urban space, cultural heritage and cultural identity that mould a space’s distinctiveness. This study draws on a comparative analysis to theoretically prove and develop a multifaceted memory of Chernivtsi’s significantly transformed and enriched urban landscape through an interdisciplinary approach involving various methods and instruments for handling the essential societal resources of history, memory and identity. The city of Chernivtsi and the region of Bukovina, historically part of Central Eastern Europe and geo-strategically the heart of Europe, has recently strengthened its voice in becoming culturally and economically bound to the European Union. As a well-preserved city ruled, at different times, by the Habsburg Empire (1900-1918), Romania (1918-1939) and the USSR (1940/41-1991), Chernivtsi (Czernowitz, Cernăuţi, Chernovtsy) serves as a case study for exploring the human fingerprints of every epoch. The city’s architectural diversity offers testimony as to how Chernivtsi’s urban society preserved its unique landscape of identity, embodied in a patchwork of ethnic, linguistic and confessional affiliations, while integrating representational claims and moderating its space. This study analyses the policies and practices of these three epochs in Chernivtsi’s history, in terms of how the city attempted to promote, develop and preserve its cultural heritage, while preserving the collective memory and shaping supranational identity.

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Quintana Samayoa, Oscar Antonio. "Ciudades mayas en el norte de Petén, Guatemala: cuatro conjuntos palaciegos." Estudios de Cultura Maya 58 (June 27, 2021): 85–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.ecm.2021.58.23863.

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Special features in the urban structure of the Central Maya Lowlands are the palace complexes. They function as a symbolic scheme that represents the center of the city and the power of its rulers. In other contributions, the author has studied the urban composition of various Maya cities in Northern Petén. On this occasion, the study of two elements is deepened: first, the palace complexes, and second, the plaza that precedes them. We compare these elements in four cities with similar characteristics of chronology and cultural region: the Central Acropolis of Tikal, and the palace complexes of Nakum, San Clemente and La Blanca. In the analysis of these relationships we consider, in addition to the concept of the initial study, other methodological aspects that help us to identify and typify a building pattern for the palace complexes in Northern Petén, Guatemala.

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Moise, Cristian, Iulia Dana Negula, Cristina Elena Mihalache, Andi Mihai Lazar, Andreea Luminita Dedulescu, Gabriel Tiberiu Rustoiu, Ioan Constantin Inel, and Alexandru Badea. "Remote Sensing for Cultural Heritage Assessment and Monitoring: The Case Study of Alba Iulia." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031406.

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In recent times, satellite-based remote sensing has a growing role in archaeology and inherently in the cultural heritage management process. This paper demonstrates the potential and usefulness of satellite imagery for the documentation, mapping, monitoring, and in-depth analysis of cultural heritage and the archaeological sites located in urban landscapes. The study focuses on the assessment and monitoring of Alba Iulia, which is one of the Romanian cities with the richest historical past. Multitemporal analysis was performed to identify the land use/land cover changes that might contribute to an increased cultural heritage vulnerability to natural disasters. A special emphasis was dedicated to the assessment of the built-up area growth and consequently of the urbanization trend over a large time interval (30 years). Next, the urbanization and urban area expansion impact was further analyzed by concentrating on the urban heat island within Alba Iulia city and Alba Iulia Fortress (located in the center of the city). As temperature change represents a key element of climate change, the temperature trend within the same temporal framework and its impact on cultural heritage were determined. In the end, with regard to the cultural heritage condition assessment, the research was complemented with an assessment of the urban ground and individual building stability, using persistent scatterer interferometry. The results contribute to the detailed depiction of the cultural heritage site in such a manner that the site is monitored over an extensive timeframe, its current state of conservation is accurately determined, and the future trends can be identified. In conclusion, the present study offers reliable results regarding the main factors that might endanger the cultural heritage site as a basis for future preservation measures.

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Barghi, Rabeeh, Zuraini Zakaria, Mastura Jaafar, and Aswati Hamzah. "Students’ awareness and attitudes toward archaeological conservation: Bujang Valley." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 7, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-09-2015-0034.

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Purpose Like other components of cultural heritage, the preservation of archaeological sites is important because they constitute a unique and irreplaceable legacy, something that has been received from the ancestors and that should be passed on to future generations. The purpose of this paper is to explore how well secondary school students in Bujang Valley, Malaysia, understand the concept and value of archaeology and to what extent they are interested in archaeology. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey was administered to 110 students, aged 14 and 15 years, from secondary schools in the Bujang Valley area. Findings The results showed that most of the students were interested in archaeology and had a moderately accurate understanding of what archaeology entailed. Their main information sources included museum visits and participating in local archaeological projects. Participants demonstrated a sense of archaeological responsibility in objecting to the illegal trafficking of artefacts. Practical implications Moreover, these findings have significant implications for heritage and education authorities in the Bujang Valley in terms of planning for educational programmes to raising the awareness of local communities. Originality/value These findings expand upon the knowledge of students’ attitudes towards archaeology.

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Ellis Topsey, Cynthia, Anabel Ford, and Sherman Horn III. "Different Ways of Knowing and a Different Ways of Being: On a Path to Reawakening Legacy of the Maya Forest." Heritage 3, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 493–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3020029.

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Archaeological projects are in a special position to create unique partnerships, with shared goals and intentions, to development Maya anthropological archaeology. This narrative presents an education outreach project in archaeology invigorated with local collaboration. When priorities of active archaeological projects formally include resident community participation, new horizons and accomplishments are achieved. Local and international interests in heritage and cultural traditions create the platform for interactive relationships and identification of common ground. Together, our experience recognizes four educational pillars that revolve around ancient Maya heritage and the fundamental Maya forest garden. Centered on the protected area of the El Pilar Archaeological Reserve for Maya Flora and Fauna, El Pilar and forest gardens are celebrated at the urban Cayo Welcome Center, practiced at the active outfield Chak Ha Col forest garden, and taught at the rural Känan K’aax School Garden. As our experience demonstrates, community partnerships require specific elements of acknowledgment including a valued tangible heritage, a formal information outlet, an education link, and an honored cultural tradition. Together, these provide fertile ground for cultivating collaborations in the Maya region and across the world.

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Redfern, Rebecca. "A Bioarchaeological Investigation of Cultural Change in Dorset, England (Mid-to-Late Fourth Century B.C. to the End of the Fourth Century A.D." Britannia 39 (November 2008): 161–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/006811308785916917.

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ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the results of the first regional and bioarchaeological analysis of health in late Iron Age and Roman Britain. This tested the hypothesis that cultural and environmental changes in Dorset would result in changes to demography, stature, dental health and infectious disease. The study observed change to all health variables, supporting environmental and archaeological evidence for the introduction of urban centres, changes in living conditions, greater population movement, and development of the agricultural economy. Importantly, the study demonstrated that these responses did not reflect changes observed in other areas of Britain or Gaul.

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Korandei, F. S., I. V. Abramov, V. M. Kostomarov, M. S. Cherepanov, and A. V. Sheludkov. "Provocative landscapes: a study of everyday cultural landscapes at the outskirts of agglomerations." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3(54) (August 27, 2021): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-54-3-21.

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The paper describes research principles and preliminary results of collaborative interdisciplinary research project aimed at the study of everyday cultural landscapes on the periphery of the Yekaterinburg and Tyumen urban agglomerations. The research design of the project implies a paradigm shift from expert reading of the landscapes to communicative learning of the environment, from the perception of the territories in question as resource reservoirs to their exploration as a domain of affordances providing opportunities for endogenous eco-nomic development. In 2020, an expedition worked in the villages of Tobolsk Zabolotye, in the cities of Irbit and Polevskoy of Sverdlovsk Oblast, and in the village of Belozerskoye of Kurgan Oblast. The cases and places deemed perspective in view of the application of the research method were characterized. This paper mainly pro-vides an overview of the methodological principles that underpin our ongoing study, which should be considered only as an outline of the preliminary results of the first year of field work. The main source of the theoretical inspi-ration for the project design was the idea of affordances, coined by the American psychologist James J. Gibson, who studied the problems of perception. The main methodological objective of the project is to apply the theory of affordances to the field study of strategies for everyday landscape choice. In the 2020 field season, the design of the project, envisaging comparative perspective and increased mobility of researchers, was significantly influ-enced by the method of traveling interview. While working in Tobolsk Zabolotye, we followed everyday patterns of mobility, conducting interviews along the way, discussing with the respondents the hierarchy of places and territo-ries, criteria for identifying vernacular regions, capacity of communication channels, modes of the mobility and its limitations. Concurrently, we were gaining the experience of non-discursive, embodied in materiality and corpore-ality, movement and recording local narratives of identity.

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Summers, Geoffrey D. "The Median Empire reconsidered: a view from Kerkenes Dağ." Anatolian Studies 50 (December 2000): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643014.

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SummaryThe city on the Kerkenes Dağ in central Anatolia is the largest pre-Hellenistic urban centre on the plateau (figs 1–2). It has plausibly been identified with a city of the Medes, called Pteria by Herodotus (1.76). If the identification is accepted, the city represents an expansion and imposition of Iranian power over the northern part of the central plateau. Kerkenes might thus provide evidence concerning the first sustained cultural, political and military contact between an Iranian imperial regime and Anatolian powers. Unique circumstances and developing technologies are providing an opportunity to map the city in great detail. The data base will enable analyses of the urban dynamics of an ancient city that, by combining Iranian, Anatolian and east Greek elements in centralised urban planning, were perhaps catalytic in the formation and development of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Martínez Osorio, Gilberto Emiro. "The role of the selling of rain water in the formulation of the “problem of shortage of water” in Sincelejo. first half of the twentieth century: an urban cultural history through newspaper archives." Memorias, no. 34 (August 15, 2018): 151–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/memor.34.8957.

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Clayton, Sarah C. "Gender and Mortuary Ritual at Ancient Teotihuacan, Mexico: a Study of Intrasocietal Diversity." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2011): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774311000023.

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Archaeologists increasingly recognize a need to revise the scales at which we investigate identities such as gender, class and faction in ancient complex societies. In this article I present research on the expression of gender roles and ideologies in the performance of mortuary ritual in four distinctive residential areas of Classic Teotihuacan, including the urban compounds of La Ventilla 3, Tlajinga 33 and Tlailotlacan 6 and the hinterland settlement of Axotlan. Results indicate that gender was constructed and experienced differently across Teotihuacan society. This research demonstrates that multiscalar, comparative approaches to social identity make possible a fuller understanding of the significance of social heterogeneity in structuring early states.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban cultural archaeology'

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