Dissertations / Theses: 'Urban Drainage'

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Nie, Linmei. "Flooding Analysis of Urban Drainage Systems." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-308.

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- Description of the problems

Throughout history floods have been one of the most severe natural catastrophes, which brought about loss of lives and huge economic losses in addition to the influence on community activities and adverse effects on the environment. We have witnessed enormous flood events almost all over the world, even in the early years of 21st century. The cruel lesson learnt is that we have not coped well with floods.

Studying the risk of flooding is the goal of this thesis. The focus is given to flooding of urban drainage systems. Urban climate, human activities and land use vary quickly and greatly with time. These variations modify the features of both urban hydrology and hydraulics, and change the distribution of water. It may lead to dual adverse effects in one region: the severe water shortage in one period and the increasing risk of flooding in another period. Therefore, finding appropriate solutions for these problems has been being a great challenge for the whole world.

- Aims of this study

This study aims to contribute ideal approaches and models to understand deeply urban flooding problems, i.e. to find the causes of flooding, to analyze their propagations and on this basis to evaluate the risk of flooding, and finally to search for solutions for flood mitigation.

- Study contents and methodologies

Distinguishing the potential hazards of urban flooding, delineating the changes of urban lands, developing models to simulate flooding and examining different measures to mitigate the risk of flooding constitute the main contents of this study. It is carried out by both qualitative analysis and quantitative simulations in a stepwise manner. Regarding the stochastic characteristics of flooding, a risk analysis initiates the study, which aims to formulate flooding scenarios in general urban environment through procedures of system definition, hazard identification, causal analysis, frequency analysis, consequence estimation and mitigation. A Norwegian case study illustrates the whole process.

Following the risk analysis, GIS technology is introduced to delineate the variation of topography. GIS hydrological modeling is applied to delineate the basic hydrological elements from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The accuracy of grid DEM and the influence of buildings are studied.

Two urban flooding models, the "basin" model and the dual drainage model, are developed on the basis of the MOUSE program (DHI, 2000). The three models, i.e. the MOUSE model, the “basin” model and the dual drainage model, are examined through two case studies, and the flow capacities of the existing sewers in these two case studies are then checked. Following the flooding simulation, the effectiveness of four flooding mitigation measures is tested.

- Main results

Sixty-eight (68) potential flooding hazards are identified by risk analysis in Chapter three. In combination with Trondheim case study, the frequencies of several flooding scenarios are studied, and it is indicated that the flooding of urban drainage systems happens more frequently than river flooding. When it happens, urban flooding disturbs very much the activities in flooding areas. Therefore management attentions should be paid to urban flooding in addition to large river flooding.

GIS is used as a bridge between digital data and numerical flooding simulation. Two important hydrological elements, watersheds and surface stream networks, are derived from grid DEM in Chapter four. The preliminary flood risk zones are delineated in combination with two case studies. They provide useful information for flood management.

The three flooding models are calibrated through two case studies: Trondheim- Fredlybekken catchment in Norway and Beijing-Baiwanzhuang (BWZ) catchment in China. Flooding checking of the existing sewer systems in these two case studies indicates that the current flow capacities of sewers are less than the designed capacities. Consequently, flood mitigation measures are examined in the following Chapter six. The study indicates that the combination of structural and non-structural flood mitigation measures are regarded as the comprehensive solution for flood control.

- Restrictions of the developed models

The developed flood models are restricted to summer and autumn flooding situations. In other words, the snowmelt routine is not included in the hydrological model applied. However, if a hydrological model that is able to simulate snowmelt could be connected to the developed models, then the hydraulic analysis would be carried out similarly.

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Bäckström, Magnus. "Grassed swales for urban storm drainage /." Luleå, 2002. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2002/06/index.html.

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Roberts, Alexandra Helen. "Sediments in urban stormwater drainage systems." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1985. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13634/.

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Suspended sediment, transported in urban stormwater sewers, is examined in order to determine its source, size, mineralogy, form and surface texture characteristics. The transport history is studied in relation to the hydrological parameters of rainfall and discharge in one catchment. The catchment is situated in North West London where field sampling was carried out over the period from March 1980 to December 1981. A Coulter Counter is used for particle size determinations; methods of sampling and the choice of dispersant and electrolyte are discussed. Particle surface texture analysis employs Scanning Electron Microscopy and preparation methods are discussed. Elemental composition is examined by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Particle textures are described and quantified using a detailed surface area method and the Fuzzy Technique is employed in the analysis of a large number of particles. Sediment sources in the catchment include roads, buildings, open spaces and airborne material. Sediment is washed off land surfaces during rainfall and transported along the storm sewer to the outfall. Suspended sediment sampled at the outfall is commonly in the size range 1 to 40 mm and predominantly consists of quartz particles from roads tone erosion which have undergone considerable alteration by abrasion, silica precipitation and solution during drain transport. Storms and their sediment load fall into four groups : I. Intense rainfall of short duration generates moderately high total rainfall and discharge. Sediment comprises fresh-faced, angular, particles rapidly entrained from the land surface and of unimodal size distribution. II. Long periods of rainfall of moderate intensity create high rainfall totals and moderately high discharge. Drain deposited aggregates and surface particles are transported first; silica precipitates develop later, leading to aggregation as the discharge falls: size distributions are bimodal. III. Moderate rainfall and discharge transport sediment of similar characteristics to Group II but of moderated form. IV. Low rainfall and discharge for short period transports severly altered drain sediment of bimodal size distributions. Progressive sediment alteration along the storm sewer was simulated in a flume.

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Bäckström, Magnus. "Grassed swales for urban storm drainage." Doctoral thesis, Luleå, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25702.

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This thesis investigates the environmental, economic and functional aspects of using grassed swales for the conveyance and treatment of stormwater. A grassed swale is a shallow, grass-lined channel. The environmental aspects relate to the transport and retention of stormwater pollutants in grassed swales and the utilisation of natural resources for the construction and operation of different stormwater transport systems (e.g. grassed swales). The economic aspects considered are the costs needed to construct and operate stormwater transport systems. The investigated functional aspects of grassed swales relate to conveyance and infiltration. Two full-scale studies were performed: 1) a study of sediment removal in a 70-m long grassed swale (Gammelstad, Luleå) and 2) a study of the transport and retention of suspended solids and heavy metals in a 110-m roadside grassed swale (Södra Hamnleden, Luleå). Particle trapping and flow conditions in different grassed swales were analysed using a standardised runoff event simulation procedure where water and road sediment were mixed in a 1-m3 tank and then pumped into a swale. The utilisation of resources of a pipe system and a swale system was analysed. It was suggested that the use of physical resources (in terms of exergy) could be one indicator on environmental sustainability and that a cost analysis would measure how society (human beings) valued these resources. Grassed swales with fully developed turfs and mild bottom slopes (<7%) provide high flow resistance. Grassed swales require lower amounts of natural resources, in terms of exergy, than a comparable stormwater pipe system. A grassed swale is more cost-efficient than a pipe system in areas with low land prices and good topsoil. The variations in pollutant removal efficiency of a grassed swale could be explained by the variations in influent pollutant concentrations. In general, grassed swales may be regarded as facilities that even out the peaks in pollutant loads without being capable of producing consistent high removal rates. Low to moderate removal efficiencies could be expected for heavy metals, especially metals in solution (i.e. the dissolved phase). Pollutant load reductions in grassed swales may be considerable over an extended time period with several successive rain events. This thesis shows that there are exponential relationships between grassed swale sediment removal potential and mean hydraulic detention time. Furthermore, surface loading or specific swale area (i.e. the ratio between swale area and contributing impervious drainage area) might be used as design parameters when constructing grassed swales for pollution control.
Godkänd; 2002; 20061113 (haneit)

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Schäfer, Benjamin. "Achieving Sustainable Urban Drainage through Multifunctionality." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-257778.

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Berggren, Karolina. "Urban drainage and climate change : impact assessment." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Arkitektur och vatten, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25792.

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According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007), the global mean temperature has increased by 0,7 °C during the last 100 years and, as a consequence, the hydrological cycle has intensified with, for example, more intense rainfall events. As urban drainage systems have been developed over a long period of time and design criteria are based upon climatic characteristics, these changes will affect the systems and the city accordingly.The overall objective of this thesis is to increase the knowledge about urban drainage in a changing climate. In more detail, the objective is to investigate how climate change may affect urban drainage systems, and also to suggest methods for these investigations.The thesis consists of four papers. The first paper concentrates on the Delta change method for adaptation of rainfall data from climate models for urban hydrology use. The second paper is an impact assessment with urban drainage model simulation of a study area in the south of Sweden. The third paper is also an impact study, from a cause and effect approach, where the whole urban water is included. Finally, the fourth paper contains a strategy and suggestions about tools to use for assessing impacts on urban drainage systems due to climate change. The suggested tools are urban drainage model simulations, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and risk analysis methods.The Delta change approach is feasible for handling the differences in spatial and temporal resolution between climate model data and the needs for urban drainage model simulations, as the method is relatively simple and the temporal resolution of observed rainfall series is preserved. In the study area with separated storm water system, the model simulations show that the number of surface floods as well as the geographical distribution of the floods increases in the future time periods (2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100). Future precipitation will also increase both the flooding frequency and the duration of floods; therefore, the need to handle future situations in urban drainage systems and to have a well-planned strategy to cope with future conditions is evident. The overall impacts on urban drainage systems due to increased precipitation may, for example, be an increased number of basement floods, surface floods, problems with property and road drainage, and also increased amount of infiltration into pipes and combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The knowledge gained from this thesis, and the strategy suggested, can be used as a starting point for impact studies on urban drainage systems. Since most impacts concern several different disciplines and a multifunctional understanding, the studies should also be performed in cooperation with parties concerned.
Godkänd; 2007; 20071010 (karober)

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Al-Azerji, Sherien Fadhel Weshah. "Climate change impacts on urban drainage systems." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.730842.

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Oyelola, O. O. "The use of compost and recycled aggregates in the treatment of runoff pollutants in vegetated sustainable drainage devices such as swale." Thesis, Coventry University, 2013. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/082ceb3a-f311-4f8e-829f-5120b168724a/1.

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Urbanisation, a process associated with industrialisation and development has been characterised by unsustainable impacts such as increased impervious surfaces, increased air pollution, increased use of natural resources, increased volume of surface run-off, decreased quality of surface run-off, and depletion of biodiversity and habitats. The effects of these impacts on the environment include climate change, flooding, erosion, pollution of water bodies, and destruction of aquatic life and biodiversity. Studies have shown that sustainable designs such as Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) would help mitigate some of these effects sustainably. SuDS are natural drainage systems that simulate the natural drainage of a site/catchment and work in harmony to achieve increase in ground infiltration and treatment of runoff; and reduction in flow rates and volume of surface runoff, thereby improving storm water quality, reducing erosion, recharging groundwater, improving biodiversity and ultimately improving sustainability. However, sustainability of SuDS devices are questionable because their component parts involve the use of natural resources i.e. topsoil and gravel. The overall aim of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of the application of recycled/waste materials in performing at least as well as topsoil and gravel in vegetative SuDS, thereby improving water quality and overall sustainability. The materials applied were compost and recycled aggregates. In assessing their efficacy in vegetative SuDS, the risk these materials could pose to water quality was not overlooked but was considered in establishing an ideal model for the treatment of pollutants in vegetative SuDS. Results of this research showed that overall compost and recycled aggregates were able to perform at least as well as gravel and topsoil in vegetative SuDS in terms of characterisation, biofilm and vegetative development, and remediation of runoff pollutants thereby improving the sustainability of vegetative SuDS. Compared to gravel and topsoil, characterisation of compost and recycled aggregates was shown to be less expensive, less time consuming (except for recycled aggregates) and more sustainable, in terms of conserving natural resources. It was deduced that compost would be able to biodegrade organic pollutants in vegetative SuDS in varying conditions, compared to topsoil, thereby improving water quality. Vegetative growth in profiles containing compost were more prolific than those with topsoil alone, indicating that vegetative SuDS containing compost would attenuate stormwater and remediate pollutants by phytoremediation, better than topsoil. Results showed that compost and recycled aggregates performed as well as gravel and topsoil in remediating pollutants, with >98% of pollutants being retained mostly within the growth media, confirming that most pollutants are treated within the growth media of vegetative SuDS devices. This research was able to establish that SuDS components can be as unsustainable as components of conventional drainage systems in terms of their social, economic and environmental impacts; and that recycled materials could perform just as well as conventional materials, whilst improving their sustainability. This research further established that compost and recycled aggregates can be used in vegetative SuDS, such as swales, as literature has shown that the use of compost and recycled aggregates in vegetative SuDS has been limited to compost blankets and socks and substrates for green roofs. Suggestions for other waste materials that can be used instead topsoil and gravel in vegetative SuDS were also made. Results from this research were applied in the development of a swale model for the treatment of pollutants in vegetative SuDS.

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Mantle, James Duncan Guy. "On-site reduction and attenuation of urban stormwater runoff." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358899.

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Eckart, Jochen. "Flexible Urban Drainage Systems in New Land-Use Areas." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4033.

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Urban drainage systems are influenced by several future drivers that affect the performance as well as the costs of the systems. The uncertainties associated with future drivers and their impact creates difficulties in designing urban drainage systems sustainably. A review of the different future drivers for urban drainage systems illustrates that no sufficient future predictions for the long operational life spans of the systems are possible. This dissertation contends that to deal with future uncertainties, flexibility in urban drainage systems is necessary. At present, profound insights about defining, measuring, and generating flexible urban drainage systems do not exist. This research systematically approaches these issues. First, a clear definition of flexibility and an approach for the measurement and optimization of flexibility is operationalized. Based on the generic definitions of flexibility used in other disciplines, a definition tailored for urban drainage systems is generated. As such, flexibility in sustainable urban drainage systems is defined as `the ability of urban drainage systems to use their active capacity to act and respond to relevant alterations during operation in a performance-efficient, timely, and cost-effective way'. Next, a method for measuring flexibility is provided based on the developed definition of flexibility including the metrics, 'range of change', 'life-cycle performance' and 'effort of change'. These metrics are integrated into a framework for the measurement of flexibility based on a comparison of performance and effort in different alternative solution with respect to different future states. In addition the metrics are the core components for optimizing flexible design of urban drainage system. The measurement method is successfully applied in two case studies in Tuttle Hill, UK and Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg, Germany. Using the developed definition and method for the measurement of flexibility, this dissertation illustrates that a transfer of the general theoretical background of flexibility to the field of urban drainage is possible. It is currently unclear how the flexible design of urban drainage systems can be executed. Based on a review, this research identifies nine potential principles of flexible design, described by the indicators of modularity, platform design, flexible elements, cost efficiency, decentralized design, real time control, low degree of specialization, scalability, and a combination of these principles. A case study of Hamburg-Boberg is then presented to analyze which of these principles of flexible design can be verified. For each alternative solution in the sample, the indicators for the different potential principles of flexible design as well as the flexibility provided by the design are calculated. Testing is done to determine if there is a significant correlation between the potential principles of flexible design and the measured flexibility using a chi-square-test and F-test. Two principles are verified with a high degree of confidence, 'platform design' and `flexible elements'. The `platform design' principle provides high flexibility, in which urban drainage system elements with high change costs are designed robustly with huge tolerance margins, whereas elements with low change costs are designed with flexibility options. The 'flexible elements' principle aims to include as many component elements as possible, which provides high individual flexibility in the design of the urban drainage system. These design principles and associated static indicators enable a quick screening of huge number alternative solutions and provide guidance for the development and optimization of flexible urban drainage system. Within the framework for optimization of flexibility, the design principles can help identify the most promising alternative solutions for the design of urban drainage systems. The optimization framework includes the following steps: identification of the required flexibility, generation of alternative solutions for the design of urban drainage systems, screening of the most promising alternative solutions, detailed measurement of flexibility provided by the alternative solutions; and selection of optimal solution. Hence out of a sample of different design approaches, the solutions with the highest flexibility could be identified. The successful application of flexible design in three case studies illustrates that the concept provides a suitable strategy for dealing with the challenges associated with future uncertainties. For urban drainage systems, flexible design guarantees high levels of performance in uncertain future states while reducing the effort required to adapt the system to changing future conditions. This study contends that flexibility allows for profound decision making for urban drainage design despite future uncertainties.

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Griffith, Richard. "Weather radar and strategic urban drainage in real time." Thesis, University of Salford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262621.

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Abou, Rjeily Yves. "Management and sustainability of urban drainage systems within smart cities." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10085/document.

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Ce travail présente le Contrôle en Temps Réel (CTR) des Réseaux d’Assainissement (RA) dans le cadre des villes intelligentes. Le CTR nécessite de comprendre le fonctionnement du RA et d'effectuer des simulations sur des évènements mesurés, prévus et synthétiques. Par conséquent, un système de Surveillance en Temps Réel (STR) a été installé sur le site expérimental, et combinée à un modèle de simulation. Une méthode d'auto-calage des modèles hydrauliques et un système de prévision des conditions aux limites, ont été développés. Visant à protéger les citoyens et d'atténuer les conséquences des inondations, le CTR est composé d'un système de prévision des inondations suivi d'une gestion dynamique. Le concept et les méthodes proposés ont été appliqués sur le campus de l'Université de Lille 1, au sein du projet SunRise. STR a été trouvé très utile pour comprendre le fonctionnement du RA et pour le calage du modèle de simulation. L'Algorithme Génétique suivi par Pattern Search ont formé une procédure d'auto-calage efficace. NARX Neural Network a été développé et validé pour la prévision des conditions aux limites. Une fois l’opération du RA est analysée, le CTR a été développé. NARX Neural Network a été trouvé capable de prévoir les inondations. Une gestion dynamique pour augmenter la capacité de rétention du réservoir, a été étudiée sur la base du calcul de la variation temporaire de l’ouverture d’une vanne, et les résultats ont été satisfaisants en utilisant l'Algorithme Génétique et l’Algorithme des Abeilles, comme méthodes d'optimisation. Une gestion qualitative a également été examinée et testée pour vérifier son potentiel dans la réduction des volumes d'inondation
This work presents the Real Time Control (RTC) of Urban Drainage Systems (UDS) within smart cities. RTC requires to understand the UDS operation and to perform simulations on measured, forecasted and synthetic events. Therefore, a Real Time Monitoring system (RTM) was implemented on the experimental site, and combined to a simulation model. A model auto-calibration process and hydraulic boundary conditions forecast system were developed, in order to simulate the hydrologic-hydraulic response. Aiming to protect the citizens and mitigate flooding consequences, the RTC was composed of a flooding forecast system followed by a dynamic management strategy. The proposed concept and methodologies were applied and evaluated on the Lille 1 University Campus, within the SunRise project. RTM was found very helpful in understanding the system operation and calibrating the simulation model. Genetic Algorithm followed by Pattern Search formed an effective auto-calibration procedure for the simulation model. NARX Neural Network was developed and validated for forecasting hydraulic boundary conditions. Once understanding the UDS operations, the RTC was developed. NARX Neural Network was found capable to forecast flooding events. A dynamic management for increasing a tank retention capacity, was studied based on calculating a Valve State Schedule, and results were satisfying by using Genetic Algorithm and a modified form of Artificial Bee Colony, as optimization methods. A qualitative management was also proposed and tested for verifying its potential in reducing flooding volumes

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Rujner, Hendrik. "Green Urban Drainage Infrastructure : Hydrology and Modelling of Grass Swales." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Arkitektur och vatten, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67325.

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The management of urban runoff has evolved along with the advancement of understanding of runoff environmental impacts. Besides the impacts on water quality in the receiving waters, the impacts on the urban hydrologic regime include reduced infiltration by the sealing of pervious land, reduced evapotranspiration by removal of vegetation, and the resulting increase of stormwater runoff peaks and volumes causing flooding, and ultimately degradation of receiving waters. In such considerations, urban stormwater management benefits from the implementation of Green Infrastructure which includes decentralized vegetative controls that capture and infiltrates rain where it falls and thus reduces and improves stormwater runoff. An example of small scale elements of Green Infrastructure are traditional grass swales. Through shallow depressions with mild side slopes grass swales collect and infiltrate stormwater from parking lots and roads, while runoff flows are attenuated and further conveyed depending on the hydraulic loading. Grass swales usually operate reliably and their maintenance needs are well understood. Their hydrological performance is, beside their dimensions and the contributing area, determined mainly by hydraulic and soil-related hydrological parameters that change with the intensity of the storm. Yet, because swales discharge to downstream drainage elements, either to the conventional sewer system or to other stormwater management facilities, the knowledge of the underlying inter-related processes and influential factors that govern the hydraulic and hydrological performance of grass swales is required. Against this background, this thesis is devoted to such questions as (i) what are the differences in the hydraulic and hydrological performance of the studied swales, (ii) how do soil characteristics, including the antecedent soil moisture, influence the swale water balance for various hydraulic loadings; and (iii) how can the related hydrological processes be simulated in high-resolution and reliably predicted using a grid-based, distributed model. For this purpose, full-scale studies were performed in three 30-m grass swale sections in Luleå, Northern Sweden, by collecting hydraulic and hydrological data based on routine storm events mimicking block-rainfall storm events of 2 months and 3 years recurrence. The resulting runoff and soil moisture data were used to calculate the swale water balance, to derive event hydrographs and to obtain calibration and validation data for model simulations. The experimental results showed that the relative swale flow volume reduction decreased with an increasing soil moisture and indicated the transition in dominating swale functions: at low initial SWC, runoff was highly attenuated (up to 74%), but for high SWC, the conveyance function dominated (with attenuation as low as 17%). Runoff flow peaks were reduced, proportionally to the volume reductions. Swale outflow hydrograph lag times varied between 5 to 15 minutes and decreased with increasing soil moisture. The swale wetness affected runoff formation, attenuation and subsequent outlet discharge and, for the short-duration events tested, only the top soil layer contributed to these findings. In the three swales tested, soils, initial soil water content, saturated hydraulic conductivity and topography varied spatially significantly. Double-ring infiltrometer measurements resulted in values of 1.78, 4.04 and 9.41 cm/hr (n=9) in the three swales tested and deviated from estimates from averages of spatially integrated infiltration rates. However, with regard to spatial variability, only the topography, described as irregularities in the swale bottom slopes affected the swale runoff dissipation and conveyance in the early phase of the events. Together with estimates of the water stored in the top soil layer, 4-32% of runoff volumes from the mimicked 2-month storm were temporarily stored. The distributed model Mike SHE was found capable of simulating swale drainage processes, when properly calibrated. Close agreement (NSE>0.8) was found not only for the measured and simulated swale outlet hydrographs, but also for the changes of the soil moisture in the top soil layer, which shows rapid increase up to the saturated soil water content, but minor or no progression in depths of 0.2 m. The model output was little sensitive to the initial soil water content, especially for low inflow which resulted in larger residuals in simulated runoff peak flows and volumes. As in field measurements, spatial variability of the initial soil water content had no effect on the swale outflow, but the accuracy of the topographical representation. The thesis findings include several implications regarding effects of the assessed parameters in the application of the model for swale flow simulation and eventually the design of grass swales.
Urban dagvattenhantering har utvecklats parallellt med en ökad förståelse för dagvattnets allmänna miljöpåverkan. Utöver ytvattenkvalitén i recipientvatten påverkas även den hydrologiska regimen genom reducerad infiltrationsförmåga i mark orsakad av allt tätare ytskikt samt reducerad evapotranspiration orsakad av minskad vegetationsutbredning. Detta ger både förhöjda toppflöden och avrinningsvolymer, vilket kan resultera i översvämning och slutligen en försämrad ytvattenkvalité i recipienterna. Dagens urbana dagvattensystem förändras mot en högre grad av grön infrastruktur som en central systemkomponent. Decentraliserad omhändertagning av dagvatten såsom svackdiken utjämnar och för bort dagvattensflöden, samtidigt som de fungerar tillförlitligt och deras underhållsåtgärder är välkända. Uppbyggda med små svackor och låglutande slänter samlar svackdiken in och infiltrerar dagvatten från parkeringsytor och vägar. Dessa svackdikens hydrologiska funktion bestäms av en rad faktorer, utöver teknisk dimensionering och avrinningsområdets storlek och hydrologi, även av hydraulik och jordartsrelaterad hydrologi som förändras beroende på respektive nederbördstillfälles intensitet och varaktighet. Eftersom svackdikens utflöde passerar nedströms liggande dagvattentekniker/anordningar, antingen konventionella ledningssystem eller andra teknologier, krävs full förståelse och kunskap om de faktorer som styr svackdikens hydraulik och hydrologi. Mot denna bakgrund fokuserar avhandlingen på frågorna (i) vilka skillnader finns med avseende på hydraulisk och hydrologisk prestanda för de studerade svackdiken, (ii) i vilken mån påverkar markartsförhållanden, inklusive ingående markfuktighet, svackdikens vattenbalans vid varierande hydraulisk belastning; samt (iii) hur och i vilken mån kan ovanstående simuleras högupplöst och förutsägbart, via den rutnätsbaserade distribuerade modellen Mike SHE. Därför har fullskaliga studier bedrivits i två 30 m långa svackdiken i Luleå kommuns södra stadsområde, där hydrauliska och hydrologiska data insamlats baserat på standardiserade nederbördsförlopp, återskapande blockregn med 2 månaders och 3 års återkomsttid. Data för avrinning och markfukthalter användes för att beräkna svackdikenas vattenbalans, nederbördförloppens hydrografer samt erhålla kalibrering- och valideringsdata för modellsimuleringar. Resultaten från experimenten visade att den volymetriska flödesreduktionen minskade relativt sett med ökande markfukthalt, indikerande en övergång för svackdikets dominerande funktionalitet: vid låga initiala SWC var avrinningen tydligt dämpad (upp till 74%), medan för höga SWC innebar att transportfunktionen dominerade (med dämpningsgrad ner mot 17%). Avrinnande momentana toppflöden reducerades proportionellt mot volymreduktionen. Laggtiden för svackdikets utflödeshydrograf varierade mellan 5 och 15 minuter och reducerades med ökande markfukthalt. Fuktförhållandena i svackdiket påverkade avrinningsförloppet, flödesdämpning och efterföljande utsläpp, och enbart svackdikets översta markskikt berördes under de kortvariga bevattningscyklerna. I de tre testade svackdikena varierade jordart, initial markfukthalt, mättad hydraulisk konduktivitet och topografi signifikant. Mätningar med dubbelrings infiltrometrar gav följande resultat, 1.78, 4.04 samt 9.41 cm/h (n=9), vilket avvek från medelvärdesbaserat estimat från spatialt integrerade infiltrationshastigheter. Med avseende på spatial variabilitet påverkade endast svackdikenas topografi, i form av ojämnheter i och nära dikesbotten, avrinningsförloppen och bortledning under den inledande fasen av regnhändelsen. Sammantaget med uppskattningar av den lagrat vatten i marklagrets toppskikt, bedöms 4-32% av svackdikets ytavrinning från ett simulerade nederbördtillfälle med 2 månaders återkomststid kunna lagras tillfälligt. Mike SHE befanns kapabel att med god noggrannhet kunna reproducera naturbundna dräneringsförlopp och flöden i svackdiken, förutsatt tillbörlig kalibrering. God överensstämmelse (NSE>0.8) framkom inte bara mellan uppmätta och simulerade utgående hydrografer, utan också beträffande ändring av markfukthalt i ytligt marklager med snabb höjning av fukthalt upp emot full vattenmättnad. Däremot framkom endast mindre (eller total frånvaro av) överensstämmelse vad gäller markdjup av 0.2 m. Modellens output uppvisade låg känslighet för ursprunglig markfukthalt, speciellt gällande lågt flöde vilket resulterade i större residualer för simulerade toppflöden och avrinningsvolymer. För fältförsöken framkom att den initiala markfukthaltens spatiala variabilitet inte påverkade utflödet från svackdiket – i motsats till noggrannheten i dikets topografiska representation. Denna uppsats belyser samband och följdverkningar beträffande påverkan från undersökta parametrar på en modell för flödes- och vattenföring i ett svackdike och framledes framtida design av svackdiken.

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14

Olofsson, Mats. "Climate change and urban drainage : future precipitation and hydraulic impact." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2007. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2007/20/.

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15

Yuan, J. "Hydrological modelling with weather radar data in urban drainage systems." Thesis, University of Salford, 1994. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2085/.

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The management of large scale strategic urban combined drainage systems is becoming increasingly dependent upon weather radar systems which can provide quantitative precipitation information to improve the overall efficiency of a system's operational performance. Thus, there has been an increasing requirement for a more detailed knowledge of the radar rainfall data accuracy and the development of a mathematical rainfall-runoff model that can be used to analyse and control a system in real-time. Within this context, several important factors including signal attenuation, temporal and spatial data resolutions and rainfall quantisation schemes that determine the accuracy of radar rainfall estimates were examined in this thesis. In order to facilitate real-time flow simulation and forecast, a Conceptually Parametrised Transfer Function (CPTF) model has been developed based on Dynamic Linear Reservoir theory. The model is structurally simple and operationally reliable. It can be easily identified and robustly updated following a pulse response-to-CPTF procedure in which Genetic Algorithms play a key role. Using the model, the accuracy of areal rainfall estimates obtained by the Hameldon Hill radar has been assessed, firstly by comparing the radar rainfall estimates with `ground truth', and then by comparing the simulated hydrographs with the actual flow observations. Finally, a case study was conducted using radar rainfall data to highlight the potential benefit of real-time control for the strategic urban drainage system in the Fylde Coast. The major achievements documented in this thesis are: 1) A rule for determination of an appropriate input data resolution for hydrological models; 2) A general probability density function for describing the sampled radar rainfall intensities; 3) An efficient quantising law (ß-Law) and an associated adaptive rainfall quantisation scheme; 4) Three general conceptual pulse-response functions developed based on Dynamic Linear Reservoir theory; 5) CPTF model; and 6) A case study on the potential benefit of real-time control in the Fylde urban drainage system.

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16

Abes, Brahim. "Real-time control of urban drainage systems using weather radar." Thesis, University of Salford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262685.

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17

Bertram, Douglas George. "Developing an integrated urban drainage model and proxy-model methodologies." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6405/.

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Surface water flooding due to the inadequacy of local drainage is a significant UK concern (DEFRA, 2005; POST, 2007). Urban flood modelling and mapping are typified by characteristic terrain difficulties (Charteris et al., 2001). These difficulties include topographic complexity (road crests and gutters; raised house pads); infrastructure (including houses, fences, garden beds, etc); and, complex underground pipe networks (Charteris et al., 2001; Mark et al., 2004a & b; Hunter et al., 2008; Neelz & Pender, 2007; Syme 2008). Designed to mitigate surface waters, drainage systems play a central role and include key features such as sewer pipes, kerbside gutter channels, gully pots and drains. These systems are often highly complex and spatially varied, simultaneously representing alternate flood pathways, hydraulic sinks and, potentially, additional flood sources (DEFRA, 2005). Accurate flood mapping (DEFRA, 2012) requires data rich modelling and, potentially, dynamic linking of models to form an integrated representation of urban surface and subsurface systems (DEFRA, 2005). Predicted data serves to estimate potential physical impacts, assessing likely damage to buildings and urban infrastructure (Kelman & Spence, 2004); or enhancing mapping further with peak velocities to provide detailed assessment of hazards to people (DEFRA, 2006; 2012). However such Integrated Urban Drainage (IUD; Gill, 2008) approaches are resource expensive (time and data requirements). Research into approaches offering more efficient representations is considered essential and timely. Therefore, the possible inclusion of proxy-model approaches offers an alternate tool for rapid hazard appraisal. Using a UK case-study approach, this Thesis addresses IUD modelling deficiencies through two specific aims: (i) examining IUD model development and impact on hazard prediction and, (ii) investigation of more resource-efficient proxy model approaches to the fully Integrated Urban Drainage model. Using TUFLOW hydrodynamic software (WBM, 2008), an IUD model of a dense UK urban area (2 sq km) is developed and examined. Firstly through small-scale IUD modelling showing improved IUD model performance with kerbside drainage and flow capture systems, particularly when based on depth-inflow criteria and, secondly, through enhanced infrastructure representation. Outputs are examined for both fluvial and pluvial source floods of the statutory 1% AEP event (HMSO, 2009). Data indicates significant IUD impact in terms of extent reductions of 56% (fluvial) and 30% (pluvial), and consequently mean peak depth reductions of 33% (fluvial) and 20% (pluvial) flood events. Velocity impacts are shown to be near negligible, recording less than 1% variation for each flood event. Examination of IUD proxy-model approaches identified inappropriate use for fluvial flood event modelling. Pluvial event surface water modelling identified approaches based on a uniformly applied adjustment of the 5% AEP Design Flood Frequency event (BS, 2008) showed most (95%) agreement to the full pluvial IUD model. This Thesis’ outcomes have supported current flood risk modelling and appraisal practice by Capita Symonds and WBM Pty Ltd (TUFLOW authors). Notable recent projects include Hereford, England (2010), Gold Coast City, Australia (2012) and Christchurch, New Zealand (2014).

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18

Lago, César Ambrogi Ferreira do. "Climate changes impacts on subtropical urban drainage with low impact developments." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-19062018-163056/.

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Low impact developments (LID) have been used to mitigate the effects of urbanization on the hydrological cycle. However, there is a lack of studies on LID performance in subtropical climates and under potential impacts of climate change scenarios. This dissertation evaluated the impacts of two climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) on urban drainage with pollutants and their effect on LID practice efficiency located in a subtropical climate, with Cfa classification according to Köppen and Geiger. First, the inlet quantity and quality parameters were calibrated. The buildup/washoff model was evaluated, comparing load calibration and concentration of pollutants: chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), phosphate (PO4) (NH3), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn). Pollutant washing was studied in the area of the bioretention catchment using historical rainfall data between 2013 and 2017, analyzing the influence of the buildup/washoff parameters of each pollutant in the input mass. Afterwards, Eta5x5km (INPE) climate change scenarios were disaggregated to 5-minute intervals by the modified Bartlett-Lewis method. The disaggregated series was used to estimate the impacts of climate change on urban drainage into the bioretention. Therefore, a simple model, developed specifically for the study bioretention cell, was used to estimate the qualitative-quantitative efficiencies of each period of the climate change scenarios. According to the data acquired from INPE, climate change will result in a fall in the volume of rainfall in São Carlos, resulting in lower volumes of surface runoff. The impacts on pollutant washing, however, vary according to the buildup/washoff parameters, explained by a sensitivity analysis. Climate change does not affect the bioretention quantitative efficiency very much: 81.7% from 1980 to 1999 to 81.4% and 81.3% from 2080 to 2099 for CPR scenarios 4.5 and 8.5. The pollutant removal efficiencies, as well as the washing, depend on buildup/washoff characteristics. One of the main consequences of climate change is a drop in the runoff quality. However, even with quantitative efficiency being maintained, bioretention is capable of mitigating this increase in the concentration of pollutants in urban drainage. Thus, the LID will help preserve the quality of downstream rivers, whose volumes will already have diminished by the decrease in rainfall volume.
Técnicas compensatórias de drenagem (TC) vêm sido utilizadas para mitigar efeitos da urbanização no ciclo hidrológico. Entretanto faltam estudos sobre a performance destas TCs em clima subtropical e sob potenciais impactos de cenários de mudanças climáticas. Esta dissertação avaliou os impactos de dois cenários de mudanças climáticas (RCP 4.5 e 8.5) sobre o escoamento superficial urbano com poluentes e sua afetação na eficiência da TC localizada em clima subtropical, classificação Cfa segundo Köppen e Geiger. Primeiro se calibrou os parâmetros de quantidade e qualidade do escoamento superficial na entrada da biorretenção. O modelo buildup/washoff foi avaliado, comparando-se calibração da carga e concentração de poluentes: demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), carbono orgânico total (TOC), fosfato (PO4), nitrato (NO3), nitrito (NO2) amônia (NH3), ferro (Fe), cadmio (Cd) e zinco (Zn). Então se estudou a lavagem de poluentes na área de contribuição da biorretenção com histórico de precipitação entre 2013 e 2017 e analisando a influência dos parâmetros buildup/washoff de cada poluente na entrada de massa. Em seguida, cenários de mudanças climáticas Eta-5x5km (INPE) foram desagregados em intervalos de 5 minutos, pelo método de Bartlett-Lewis modificado. A série desagregada foi utilizada para se estimar os impactos das mudanças climáticas na drenagem urbana, a incidir na biorretenção. Então um modelo simples desenvolvido especificamente para a biorretenção em estudo foi usado para se estimar as eficiências quali-quantitativas de cada período dos cenários de mudanças climáticas. Os dados adquiridos do Inpe mostram que as mudanças climáticas resultarão em uma queda no volume de chuvas em São Carlos, resultando em menores volumes de escoamento superficial. Os impactos na lavagem de poluentes, entretanto, variam de acordo com os parâmetros buildup/washoff, explicados por uma análise de sensibilidade. As mudanças climáticas pouco afetam a eficiência quantitativa da biorretenção, 81.7% no período 1980-1999 para 81.4% e 81.3% no período 2080-2099 para cenários RCP 4.5 e 8.5. Já as eficiências de remoção de poluentes, assim como a lavagem destes, dependem das características buildup/washoff de lavagem. Uma das principais consequências observadas das mudanças climáticas é uma queda na qualidade do escoamento. Porém, mesmo com eficiência quantitativa sendo mantida, a biorretenção é capaz de amenizar essa o aumento na concentração de poluentes na drenagem urbana. Assim, a técnica ajudará a preservar a qualidade dos rios à jusante, que já terão seus volumes diminuídos pela queda no volume de chuva.

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19

Lueck, Curtis Calvin. "Rational drainage design for the desert Southwest." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184819.

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Drainage systems for the desert Southwest are currently designed without much consideration for the climatological or surficial conditions of the region. The "100 year" flood has become the design standard throughout the United States due to misunderstandings about requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program. The effect of larger floods is virtually ignored, seasonal variations of rainfall patterns and intensities are neglected, and hydrologic data collection is extremely limited in watersheds of the urbanizing Southwest. The laws of nature are obscured by the rules of man during the planning and design of desert drainageways. Procedures for extrapolating runoff records and estimating the magnitude of the 100-year flood, including the LP III probability density function, the NOAA Atlas, and HEC-1, have been widely adopted in the arid regions as part of local drainage regulations. Plans are normally not approved unless the basis of design complies with the regulations. Assumptions inherent in the methods are questionable and data to verify the assumptions are limited. Drainage design can be improved by using available field data and a simple method--based on the Rational Method--is developed. Benefit-cost analysis is a valuable tool for establishing project alternatives, project size, and cost/benefit allocation. An equitability index is defined for evaluating fairness, and it is combined with the benefit-cost ratio for refining and selecting project design. Estimates of flood peaks can be improved by considering channel abstractions as "negative base flow"; by recognizing the presence of the n-value paradox; by extending flood records through paleohydrologic study; by monitoring rainfall, runoff, and the effectiveness of design strategies in urban catchments; and by using more suitable rainfall estimates. Drainage design can be made more rational by also considering sediment transport; by including nonstructural design alternatives; and by evaluating a range of flood magnitudes, not just the 100-year flood. A conceptual drainage ordinance not based on the NFIP is presented.

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20

Macdonald, Kirsteen C. B. "The effectiveness of certain sustainable urban drainage systems in controlling flooding and pollution from urban runoff." Thesis, Abertay University, 2003. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/b6fdd917-aff9-42a2-9b14-089989b57dd2.

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The research presented in this thesis addressed the performance of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) at three sites in Scotland - a porous paved car park and two swales. It is the first research to provide results for such systems in the UK and also the first direct comparison between SUDS and traditional systems in situ. The aim of developing guidance on effectiveness and synthesising design recommendations has been achieved with the integration of hydrological and water quality studies together with modeling. Monitoring data and information were analysed on both a site-by-site basis and as a comparison between sites. Hydrological and water quality data were collected at each site. Key hydraulic parameters examined include percentage runoff, initial runoff loss, peak flow reduction and lag time. The term Benefit Factor has been introduced as a volumetric measure used to summarise the hydraulic benefit gained by installing SUDS, as no comparable terminology has yet been used elsewhere. The water quality parameters include physical/ chemical, hydrocarbons and metals. All three sites had low levels of pollution with little scope for water quality improvement, however the changes in water quality did indicate the different processes occurring within the systems. Computer models were built for the porous paving installation and one of the swales, further to understand the processes of source control and to analyse the systems. Hydraulic capacity exceedence criteria were investigated using design storms, and finally the models were used to evaluate improvements to design detailing. The results of this research have shown that, despite being under-designed according to current guidance, all three sites performed very favourably. The performance of porous paving and swales can be similar depending on design and detailing. A number of design recommendations are made as a result of observations and sensitivity analysis, and these should be considered in conjunction with current guidance.

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21

Wang, Fukang. "Real time instruction generator for the Bolton urban drainage control system." Thesis, University of Salford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245021.

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22

Lee, Seungsoo. "Study on Development of Integrated Urban Inundation Model Incorporating Drainage Systems." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180480.

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23

Hellberg, Madeleine. "Planning and implementing sustainable urban drainage systems in the built environment." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Arkitektur och vatten, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-82068.

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Our planet stands before many great challenges, where climate change and urbanization are two of the major challenges. One of the challenges due to climate change is the increased amount of precipitation and of extreme rainfall, which creates a higher amount of stormwater within the urban areas and an increased risk of urban flooding. Urbanization and an increasing global population put pressure on the environment as more land is exploited and existing urban areas are further developed and densified. Urban areas are already under high pressure to handle the risks of climate change, therefore is climate change adaptation prominent to create more resilient and sustainable urban areas, where stormwater management is one of the challenges that need to be tackled. The aim of this study is to answers one main research question and three sub research question about enablers, barriers, and key factors regarding planning, designing, and implementing sustainable urban drainage systems in the built environment. The used methods are literature study research and multiple case study research. Five case study areas where studied to gather knowledge about areas that have implemented sustainable urban drainage systems. Lessons learned for each of the case study areas where gathered and connected to the literature and used to answer the research questions. The gathered knowledge from the literature and case studies where used to compile recommendations of how a sustainable urban drainage system could be planned and implemented at a pilot study area, which is Välsviken in Karlstad, Sweden. To be able to achieve a sustainable and resilient urban drainage system, that can handle the challenges of climate change and urbanization, it is important that the stormwater planning process is changing. It is crucial to implement facilities and systems that are sustainable, multifunctional, and flexible. The planning process needs to use planning and costing approaches that include flood mitigation and co-benefits, in the long-term and short-term simultaneously. Implementation of sustainable urban drainage systems also needs to be enabled in new areas or being retrofitted into already exploited areas. This could make it possible to create urban areas that are able to tackle the challenges of climate change and urbanization, and create multifunctional, sustainable, and flood mitigated urban areas.
Vår planet står inför många stora utmaningar, där klimatförändringar och urbanisering är två av dessa. En av utmaningarna med avseende på klimatförändringarna är den ökade mängden av nederbörd och extrema regntillfällen, vilka bidrar till större mängder dagvatten i urbana områden och en ökad risk för översvämningar. Urbaniseringen och det ökande antalet invånare globalt sätter press på miljön eftersom mer landyta exploateras och nuvarande urbana områden fortsätter att bebyggas och förtätas. De urbana områdena har redan stora utmaningar med att hantera riskerna med klimatförändringarna. Klimatanpassning är därför viktigt för att skapa mer resilienta och hållbara urbana områden, där dagvattenhanteringen är en av utmaningarna som behöver hanteras. Målet med denna studie är att besvara en övergripande forskningsfråga och tre underliggande forskningsfrågor om möjliggörare, barriärer och nyckelfaktorer gällande planering, design och implementering av hållbara urbana dagvattensystem i den bebyggda miljön. Metoderna som användes var litteraturstudie och multipel fallstudie. Arbetet började med litteraturstudien och sedan genomfördes en fallstudie där fem områden som implementerat hållbara urbana dagvattensystem undersöktes. Lärdomar från varje område sammanställdes och kopplades samman med den andra litteraturen för att besvara forskningsfrågorna. Utifrån litteraturen och fallstudierna sammanställdes rekommendationer för hur ett hållbart urbant dagvattensystem kan planeras och implementeras inom ett utvalt studieområde, vilket är Välsviken i Karlstad, Sverige. För att åstadkomma ett hållbart och resilient urbant dagvattensystem, som kan hantera utmaningarna gällande klimatförändringar och urbanisering, är det viktigt att planeringsprocessen för dagvatten ändras. Det är viktigt att implementera anläggningar och system som är hållbara, multifunktionella och flexibla. Planeringsprocessen behöver använda planerings- och kostandsmetoder som inkluderar översvämningsanpassning och sidofördelar, både långsiktigt och kortsiktigt samtidigt. Man behöver också möjliggöra implementering av hållbara urbana dagvattensystem i nya områden eller anpassa områden som redan är bebyggda. Detta kan bidra till att skapa urbana områden som kan hantera klimatförändringarnas och urbaniseringens utmaningar, och skapa multifunktionella, hållbara och översvämningssäkrade områden.

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24

Marais, Mark John. "The measurement and reduction of urban litter entering stormwater drainage systems." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6052.

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25

Rocha, Cáren Izabel Oliveira. "Plano diretor de drenagem urbana em cidades planejadas: premissa de zoneamento baseado no risco de contaminação da água subterrânea." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-26122014-170119/.

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Analisando o potencial risco de contaminação das águas devido à falta de planejamento e de gestão integrada dos recursos hídricos, o trabalho desenvolvido, intitulado PLANO DIRETOR DE DRENAGEM URBANA EM CIDADES PLANEJADAS: Premissa de Zoneamento Baseado no Risco de Contaminação da Água Subterrânea, propõe que os Planos Diretores Municipais sejam elaborados visando à preservação quali-quantitativa não somente das águas superficiais, mas também das subterrâneas. Para isso, a pesquisa sugere técnicas de zoneamento urbano e adoção de alternativas de Drenagem BMPs (Best Management Practices) baseadas no risco de contaminação das águas subterrâneas, apresentadas como premissa na elaboração de Planos Diretores de Drenagem Urbana para cidades planejadas. Assim, o zoneamento de áreas urbanas foi analisado de forma a minimizar a contaminação de aquíferos, tanto pelo uso direto, quanto pela poluição difusa provocada pela precipitação. Servindo, de tal modo, como premissa na determinação das alternativas estruturais e não-estruturais a serem adotadas, principalmente quanto à adoção de dispositivos de drenagem com infiltração no solo. A análise integrada do mapa de vulnerabilidade existente (CPRM, 2001) com o Mapa de Fontes Potenciais de Contaminação, desenvolvido a partir do zoneamento urbano vigente, subsidiou a elaboração do Mapa de Zoneamento Baseados no Risco à Contaminação de Águas Subterrâneas. Este, por sua vez, deu base à elaboração do Mapa de Restrição às Soluções de Drenagem com Infiltração no Solo, que analisado juntamente com os critérios de escolha das medidas de controle na fonte definidos por São Paulo (2012c), deu origem ao Mapa de Implantação de Técnicas de Controle na Fonte. Neste estudo, a cidade de Palmas, capital do estado do Tocantins, é adotada como estudo de caso. A cidade surgiu em uma época em que o conceito de sustentabilidade estava em foco, contudo ela parece seguir os mesmos processos de desenvolvimento dos grandes centros urbanos, onde a urbanização não prevê impactos ambientais negativos e o adequado, portanto, pretende-se indicar soluções de drenagem adequadas para a cidade em desenvolvimento.
Analyzing the potential risk of water contamination due to the lack of planning and integrated management of water resources, the ongoing study, URBAN DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN FOR PLANNED CITIES: Zoning Premise Based on Risk of Groundwater Contamination, suggests that the Municipal Master Plans are proposed to be developed aiming to preserve the quality and the amount not only of surface waters but also groundwater. The study intends to approach techniques of urban zoning based on the risk of groundwater contamination as a premise in the development of urban Drainage Master Plans for planned cities. Thus, this study analyzes zoning techniques and the adoption of alternative drainage BMPs (Best Management Practices) based on the risk of groundwater contamination as a premise in the development of Urban Drainage Master Plans for planned cities. For this, the zoning of urban areas is analyzed in order to minimize the contamination of aquifers, by direct use and by diffuse pollution. Serving as a premise in the determination of structural and nonstructural alternatives to be taken, especially regarding the adoption of drainage devices with soil infiltration. The integrated analysis of the maps gave rise to the Map of Implementation of BMPs. The Brazil capital\'s newest came at a time when the concept of sustainability was in focus, nevertheless it seems to follow the same processes of development of major urban centers. Being a city in full development and urbanization of areas contained in its master plan, it is intended to contribute to the elaboration of master plans of the city.

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Simpson, Murray R. "Sustainable drainage of sports pitches." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/20339.

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The drainage behaviour of sports pitches is not well understood nor has performance been measured in the past. Within planning authorities there is a perceived contribution of pitch water discharge to local flood risk; whereby all the rainfall surface runoff is rapidly channelled through the drainage system to the pitch outfall. However, empirical evidence from industry suggested that this may not be a realistic assumption from observations of low drainage volumes yielded from pitch drainage systems. Furthermore, discharge constraints imposed have in many cases resulted in grossly over-designed off-line drainage attenuation systems for new sports developments through lack of understanding. In contrast, sports pitches indeed have the potential to enhance the attenuation performance of the subsoils and provide localised effective management of surface water runoff, and a significant storage volume if designed appropriately The findings in this thesis confirm that pitch bases demonstrate the key functions that are in fact reflected in the design requirements of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS). This PhD research project was conducted to investigate and document the performance of common pitch construction and drainage systems to better characterise the key drainage mechanisms that occur and control the flow of surface rain water through the pitch to the discharge outfall. The project developed a triangulated approach to the investigations, comprising: field measurements of climate and discharge behaviour at a range of artificial and natural turf pitches in England; laboratory physical model testing of pitch component hydraulics; and predictive mathematical modelling of how a pitch system may be expected to perform hydraulically based on key material and system drainage principles. The field monitoring systems were developed as part of the research, as was bespoke laboratory physical simulation of a pitch construction. It was found that very variable yields (% out versus % in) of water were detected from the monitored field sites. The values varied across a range of < 1 to 88%, with the natural turf providing higher yields in general. The antecedent weather patterns did not show a clear relationship with yield as might have been expected. However, it was not always possible to retrieve detailed information on the subsoil conditions or hydraulic capability reducing the conclusiveness of the discharge flow measurements. The scaled laboratory testing of pitch materials established the importance and magnitude of barriers to percolation of surface water through the layers of the pitch constructions, in particular artificial pitch profiles. It was found that a significant proportion of the total rainfall head was required to instigate percolation of surface water through the carpet and into the pitch i.e. breakthrough head. In addition, several constituent pitch materials exhibited water retention characteristics that reduced that rate of free percolation of surface water through the pitch profile. The net impact is to reduce the net available head of water to further drive flow through the layers to the pipe network drainage system. A conceptual hydraulic model, developed from the literature, was further developed into a simple numerical model. The model was informed by parameters determined from the laboratory measurements and key groundwater drainage flow theory to attempt to replicate a pitch drainage system. It was envisaged that the models would be validated by the field data, although this proved challenging as a result of the field data variability and the multivariate nature of the influences on flows measured. A key finding of the modelling was further establishing the likely head of water generated at the interfaces between the bottom of the granular sub-base and the pipe collection drainage system beneath. This resulted in limited pipe infiltration and low total flows to the outfall, further corroborating the project field results and the anecdotal observations from practitioners. The combined unique data sets provide a refined model for sports pitch drainage to both reinforce understanding and inform practical design and operation.

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Fulcher, G. A. "The role of gully pots in determining urban stormwater quality." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233986.

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Memon, Fayyaz Ali. "Simulating the influence of roadside gully pots on runoff quality." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343723.

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Lin, Kwo-Huei. "Real-time control of large combined sewer systems using weather radar." Thesis, University of Salford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360380.

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Schofield, Paul Anthony. "Urban stormwater quality improvement through the use of permeable pavements : the performance and potential of an experimental structure." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386275.

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Tota-Maharaj, Kiran. "Geothermal paving systems for urban runoff treatment and renewable energy efficiency." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4909.

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Water and energy are two of the most precious and essential resources which are inseparably connected; vital for the survival and well-being of humanity. Sustainable water resources and energy management emphasizes the requirement for a holistic approach in meeting the needs of the present and future generations. In order to indentify the needs and obstacles relating to water reuse and renewable energy initiatives, Hanson Formpave in partnership with The University of Edinburgh implement a five-year pilot project between May 2005 and June 2010. The research project addressed the use of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) such as permeable pavements systems (PPS) and integration of renewable energy tools such as geothermal heat pumps (GHPs). The research uses the novel and timely urban drainage system and focuses on water quality assessment when incorporated with GHPs. Twelve-tanked laboratory scaled experimental PPS were evaluated at The King’s Building campus (The University of Edinburgh, Scotland) using different compositions. Variations in designs included the presence of geotextiles layers and geothermal heating/cooling applications. The experimental rigs were examined for a two year period (March 2008 to April 2010). Two types of urban stormwater were used in the analysis; (i) gully pot liquor and (ii) gully pot liquor spiked with Canis lupus familiaris (dog) faeces. This urban wastewater represented the extreme worstcase scenario from a storm event, which can occur on a permeable pavement parking lot. The pavement systems operated in batch-flow to mimic weekly storm events and reduce pumping costs. Six PPS were located indoor in a controlled environment and six corresponding PPS were placed outdoors to allow for a direct comparison of controlled and uncontrolled environmental conditions. The outdoor rig simulated natural weather conditions whilst the indoor rig operated under controlled environmental conditions such as regulated temperature, humidity and light. The project assessed the performance of these pavement rigs with the integration of ground-source heating and cooling, standalone PPS and the abilities for water quality treatment from a physical, chemical and microbiological perspective. The performance efficiency of the GHP was measured by the energy efficiency ration (EER) for steady state cooling efficiency and the coefficient of performance (COP) for the heating cycle efficiency. Findings from the combined PPS and GHP system and standalone systems were able to significantly lower levels for all physiochemical and microbial water quality parameters in the range of (70-99.99%) respectively. Outflow concentrations for all pavement systems met the European Commission Environment Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC). The presence of geotextiles resulted in a significant reduction of contaminants when compared to PPS systems without (p <0.05). Photocatalytic disinfection with titanium dioxide (TIO2) was applied to the effluent from PPS for further treatment and polishing of the stormwater. After the photocatalytic disinfection, the water met the requirements for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) water recycling guidelines and the World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines for potable water consumption with regards to microbial contamination. An Energy and temperature balance was developed for two PPS using a 4th order Runge-Kutta numerical method to model the heat fluxes and energy balance within the pavement system. Machine learning techniques such as artificial neural networks (backpropagatioin feed forward neural networks) and self-organising maps (SOM) were applied and successfully predicted the effluent concentrations of nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and microbial pollutants. The overall outcome of this research is a significant contribution to the development of a new generable of sustainable and eco-friendly pavements. The research project proves scientifically that PPS is one of the most appropriate systems for GHP installation and does not affect its efficiency for water pollutant removal.

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Napolitano, Lisa. "Analysis and implementation of high resolution precipitation data in urban drainage modelling." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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Urban SIS is a project that develops, demonstrates and puts into production a method to downscale climate and impact indicators to urban scale, realizing a set of Essential Climate Variables over three area of Europe, including Bologna; in particular the precipitation was estimated for 5 non-consecutives years at a spatial resolution of 1x1 km2 and a temporal resolution of 15 min. The database of the area of Bologna contains an amount of data in the order of 10 millions that was managed in this study with RStudio. An analysis of the high resolution precipitation data over the most critical flood prone area of Bologna was performed, selecting a set of critical rainfall events. In the selection were considered the intensities, the cumulated depth and an index of spatial rainfall variability, taken from a firstly in-depth research in the literature regarding the use and the application of high resolution precipitation data in urban drainage modelling. Thanks to HERA, that gently provided the model of the entire urban drainage network of Bologna and the license for the utilization of InfoWorks software, the high resolution precipitation data were implemented into the drainage system. A series of indicators were calculated, in order to quantify the critical surcharge and flooded states of the network. Using the Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves of the area of Bologna, two types of synthetic events were elaborated: one constant over the area and another one with a pyramidal structure, representing the effects of a pour down rainfall event. The comparison between the synthetic events and the selected ones from Urban SIS assesses the direct correlation between the evaluation of the intensity at 1 hour and the indicators of the critical states in the network; the index of spatial rainfall variability has proved to be irrelevant in most of the cases. This study has to be considered valid for the urban drainage system of the area of Bologna.

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Schlüter, Wolfram. "Behaviour and effectiveness of in-ground sustainable urban drainage systems in Scotland." Thesis, Abertay University, 2005. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/14fd21f3-79a9-4bf7-a082-dd5aecbff0a3.

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Infiltration trenches and filter drains are the most common types o f sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) in Scotland. Despite their extensive use there has been only limited examination of their performance, with the general expectation that failure through lack of maintenance and poor detailing design would necessitate reconstruction within a limited time period. This research worked towards enhanced detailing and improved operation and maintenance of in-ground SUDS. It focused on information gained from on-site monitoring of three filter drain and three infiltration trench systems and combined the outcomes with information gathered from some 40 assessments of in-situ systems in Eastern Scotland. Performance results were produced using a newly developed scoring system, named the Schliiter Score, and results showed good performance at only 19% of systems; 19% were rated as poor and a high failure rate of 23% was discovered. Similar results were produce from a conventional environmental risk assessment identifying more than 30% of systems which require immediate mitigation measures to reduce their environmental risk. These findings give an indication of the varied performance of systems in Scotland and also show the need for knowledge enhancement in the field of in-ground SUDS. A main outcome from this research is a list of recommendations which are applicable to design engineers, developers, and authorities and contribute to achieving optimum long-term performance in terms of outflow quality and flow attenuation. A total number of 43 sites were investigated, the majority being systems located in small-to-medium size housing developments. The average age o f the sites was 4 years, the oldest and youngest being 10 and 1 years, respectively. Almost 75% o f all systems discharge to natural watercourses, disconnecting a significant amount of impermeable area from combined sewer systems. Catchment areas varied from 392m² to 200,000m², typically consisting of road and roof surfaces. High-level by-passes are used to ensure hydraulic performance and these were found at more than 50% of all systems. Maintenance programmes were generally not in place but this study showed that regular maintenance is vital for the longevity of in-ground SUDS. A significant number o f systems require major upgrading before they may be considered satisfactory and a maintenance appraisal is provided for each system. Hydraulic results from on-site monitoring showed good-to-satisfactory performance with flow volume reduction of 34-80% and peak flow reduction of 47-86%. The system’s design, treatment volume and soil permeability were found to be the main influence on the hydraulic performance. Simulation of flows significantly contributed to the conclusions drawn and hydraulic simulation was carried out for each o f the monitored systems. It was found that existing models did not represent in-ground filter systems adequately and an improved model was developed based on the finite-volume-method and Darcy’s law. This model, which uses the acronym FVD, was developed in collaboration with HR Wallingford Ltd and enables flow- simulation through gravel-filled SUDS. The FVD model was validated using on-site monitored data and an excellent agreement with observed data was achieved. Wallingford Software have proposed to include the FVD model in their next release o f Info works Version 6.5.

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Vonck, Kevin J. "Towards more sustainable urban surface drainage a comparative case study of impervious cover policies in Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 247 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1833647401&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Oliveira, Diamantino Figueiredo Rodrigues de. "O risco de inundação urbana nas frentes de água de deltas e estuários em cenários de alterações climáticas. A frente ribeirinha de Lisboa." Master's thesis, ISA, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6118.

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Mestrado em Arquitectura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The present climate changes constitute one of the main threats to delta and estuary cities. The rise of the mean sea level and the increase of the intensity and frequency of the precipitation extremes are presently raising the flood risk of these territories, jeopardizing their maintenance and future development. The present work focuses on how these climate change processes can raise the risk of the urban drainage flooding events at the cities waterfronts. The relevance of the problem is reinforced by the present incapacity of the urban drainage systems to follow the needed adaptation, forcing the delta and estuary cities to rethink the management of their storm water outflow. Under this view, the main drainage adaptation strategies and measures are analysed, namely in urban planning and design, and on the benefits of the integration of natural processes. To contextualize the addressed problem, the possible drainage flood impacts over the Lisbon riverfront are analysed. The influence of the climate change processes over the current drainage system and the flood risk of this area are shown, demonstrating the need for integration of the drainage problem in the future urban planning.

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Trejo-Gaytan, Julieta. "Treatment of urban runoff at Lake Tahoe : low intensity chemical dosing /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Mendes, Frederico Coli. "Diretrizes ao planejamento urbano da bacia do córrego Suçuapara (Palmas-TO) com base em sua resposta hidrológico-hidráulica à diferentes cenários de ocupação." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/1057.

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O crescimento populacional das últimas décadas, cada vez mais concentrado no ambiente urbano, tem pressionado as cidades a aliar a absorção desse contingente à proteção e convívio com seus recursos naturais. A cidade de Palmas não se furta a esse cenário, embora tenha a característica peculiar de possuir planos diretores urbanísticos desde a sua concepção. Nesse sentido, este estudo buscou oferecer diretrizes para o planejamento urbano municipal, com base na resposta hidrológico-hidráulica a diferentes cenários de uso e ocupação do solo da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Suçuapara. Esta bacia localiza-se na região central da cidade, com alto potencial de impermeabilização, e começa a apresentar eventos de transbordamento em uma de suas estruturas hidráulicas. A resposta da bacia aos cenários modelados fora analisada com o auxílio de um modelo construído no software SWMM. Além disso, avaliou-se a utilização de valas, trincheiras e poços de infiltração. Os resultados apontaram que os transbordamentos da estrutura hidráulica advêm da insuficiência de sua capacidade frente à inserção de novas redes de drenagem a montante, embora a sua expansão não comprometa os trechos à jusante. Os demais trechos da rede de drenagem, incluindo o curso d’água principal, são plenamente capazes de escoar as vazões, mesmo nos cenários com maior impermeabilidade da bacia. Também fora observado que, ainda com a utilização de todo o potencial construtivo da bacia, mantendo-se a atual taxa de habitantes/m², os valores de densidades atingidos são aquém dos preconizados pelos planos urbanísticos municipais. Para a potencialização de sua ocupação, sem grandes impactos ao sistema de drenagem da bacia, fora recomendado o possível aumento do potencial construtivo concedido pela Outorga Onerosa do Diretor de Construir, a concepção de uma Operação Urbana Consorciada para a implantação completa do Parque Linear dos Povos Indígenas, adjacente ao Córrego Suçuapara, e a possível alteração de uso do solo de algumas áreas verdes das quadras.
The population growth of the last decades, increasingly concentrated in the urban environment, has pressed the cities to combine the absorption of this contingent to living together and protect its natural resources. The city of Palmas does not escape this scenario, although it has the peculiar characteristic of owning urbanistic master plans from its conception. In this sense, this study sought to offer guidelines for municipal urban planning, based on the hydrological-hydraulic response to different scenarios of land use and occupation of the Córrego Suçuapra catchment. This catchment is located in the central region of the city, with high potential for increasing its impervious area, and begins to show events of overflow in one of its hydraulic structures. The response of the catchment to the modeled scenarios was analyzed with the aid of a SWMM software model. In addition, the use of swales, infiltration trenches and infiltration wells was evaluated. The results indicated that the overflow of the hydraulic structure comes from the insufficiency of its capacity in front of the insertion of new drainage networks upstream, although its expansion does not compromise the downstream sections. The other stretches of the drainage network, including the main river, are fully capable of convey the discharge, even in the scenarios with greater impervious areas on the catchment. It was also observed that, even with the use of all the constructive potential of the catchment, maintaining the current inhabitants/m² rate, the densities reached are lower than those recommended by the municipal urban plans. In order to enhance its occupation without major impacts to the drainage system of the catchment, it was recommended the possible increase in the constructive potential granted by the Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir, the design of an Operação Urbana Consorciada for the complete implementation of the Parque Linear dos Povos Indígenas, adjacent to the Córrego Suçuapara catchment, and the possible alteration of the land use of some green areas of the blocks.

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Lamb, Gisele Santoro. "Desenvolvimento e análise do desempenho de elementos de drenagem fabricados em concreto permeável." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/114985.

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Os diversos e indesejáveis problemas associados à ocorrência de inundações e de picos rápidos de cheia são comuns nos centros urbanos brasileiros, sendo agravados em decorrência da crescente impermeabilização das superfícies alavancada pelo crescimento das cidades. Uma das alternativas para reduzir esses problemas consiste no uso de pavimentações drenantes, que possibilitem a infiltração e colaborem com o retardo do escoamento das águas pluviais. Dentre as opções disponíveis, vem atraindo atenção, nos últimos anos, o denominado concreto permeável, material fabricado com uma composição granulométrica selecionada (sem agregado miúdo e com partículas de dimensões similares), de forma a gerar uma estrutura de grandes poros conectados, que permite uma rápida percolação de fluidos pelo seu interior, em grandes quantidades. Levando em consideração os diferentes desafios associados à drenagem urbana, as pesquisas no LEME voltaram-se para a investigação de uma nova possibilidade de utilização do concreto permeável, como material componente dos próprios elementos dos sistemas urbanos de drenagem pluvial. Sabe-se que um dos principais problemas de funcionamento desses sistemas consiste na obstaculização de suas entradas por materiais diversos em conjunto com a diminuição da área de passagem de água nas galerias pelo acúmulo de material nas mesmas, gerando entupimento parcial ou total. Nesses casos, o uso de concreto permeável pode viabilizar a passagem de elevados fluxos, ao mesmo tempo em que constitui uma barreira à passagem de detritos e um filtro natural das águas, potencialmente evitando o ingresso de materiais, lixo e partículas sólidas no interior das galerias do sistema de drenagem. Buscando contribuir para a avaliação da ideia, o presente trabalho foi concebido tendo como foco o estudo da utilização do concreto permeável para fabricação de elementos tipo placa, em substituição às grelhas utilizadas atualmente. Para orientar tecnicamente o estudo, tomou-se como referência o Caderno de Encargos do Departamento de Esgotos Pluviais (DEP) da cidade de Porto Alegre, que estabelece as características dessas grelhas. Após um estudo preliminar para ajuste do traço e caracterização básica do concreto permeável, foram moldados seis protótipos de placas com um traço 1:4 (cimento:areia), com dimensões similares às grelhas do DEP, confeccionadas em concreto permeável. As placas foram testadas quanto à capacidade de flexão e à permeabilidade (sendo esses últimos efetuados em corpos de prova extraídos das placas). Para fins de comparação, foi ensaiada, também, uma grelha real fabricada e disponibilizada pelo DEP. Adicionalmente, foram criados, no LEME, dispositivos especiais para simular os efeitos de chuva e de passagem de água, carreando material em suspensão, para avaliar o desempenho em termos de colmatação desses elementos. Os resultados dos ensaios de resistência mecânica e de permeabilidade indicaram que os novos elementos apresentam desempenho superior às grelhas convencionais, indicando que os estudos na direção da produção de elementos drenantes em concreto permeável são promissores e devem ser continuados. Os resultados do teste de colmatação indicam, no entanto, que procedimentos de manutenção e limpeza podem ser necessários se material pulverulento bloquear os poros do concreto permeável.
Many undesirable problems associated with the occurrence of floods and rapid flood peaks are common in Brazilian urban centers and are intensified due to the increase of waterproofing of surfaces caused by the growth of cities. An alternative to mitigate these problems is the use of draining pavements that allow infiltration and collaborate with the delay of storm water runoff. Among the available options, pervious concrete has been attracting attention in recent years. This is a special concrete made with selected particle size distribution (without coarse aggregate and particles of similar dimensions) to generate a structure containing large connected pores, which would allow a fast and large percolation of fluids trough the material. Taking into account the different challenges associated with urban drainage, the research group at LEME has been investigating a new possibility for the use of pervious concrete as a constituent material of urban stormwater drainage systems. It is well known that the major problem that affects this kind of systems is the obstruction of the openings by different materials, in addition to the decrease of water flow in the galleries because of the accumulation of material inside them, causing partial or total loss of flow capacity. The use of pervious concrete can enable the passage of high flow rates, while constituting a barrier to the passage of debris and a natural water filter, preventing the entry of potentially granular material and solid waste particles inside the galleries of the drainage system. Seeking to contribute to the evaluation of this idea, the present work was designed focusing on the study of the use of pervious concrete for the manufacture of plate elements, which could be used to replace the grilles that are currently in use in sewers. In order to guide the study, the requirements of the Rain Sewage Department (Departamento de Esgotos Pluviais - DEP) from Porto Alegre were taken as a reference. After a preliminary study made to adjust and characterize the mix of pervious concrete to be used, six plates prototypes were fabricated using a 1:4 (cement:sand) proportion, with similar dimensions to the DEP grilles. These were then tested to check flexural capacity and permeability (of specimens cored from the plates). Also, using special devices created at LEME, the effects of rain and the passage of water carrying fine material in suspension were simulated, and the performance in terms of clogging of these elements was roughly assessed. For comparison, a conventional grille currently made by DEP was also tested. The results from the mechanical strength and permeability tests indicated that the pervious plates had superior performance when compared to the conventional grilles, indicating that studies toward the production of drainage elements in pervious concrete are promising and should be continued. The results from the clogging test however indicate that cleaning strategies may be necessary on the long run if fine material accumulates in the pores of the pervious concrete.

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Camacho, Gema Liliana. "GIS-based tool for assessing hydraulic performance of drainage infrastructure system in El Paso." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Moraes, Luiz Robertos Santos. "Health impact of drainage and sewerage in poor urban areas in Salvador, Brazil." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1996. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4650161/.

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The lack of environmental sanitation measures is a worldwide problem, especially in developing countries, and greatly facilitates the spread of disease. This thesis aims to contribute towards a better understanding of the effect on diarrhoea, nutritional status and intestinal nematode infections of drainage and sewerage in an impoverished urban environment. After an extensive literature review of some relevant aspects of the health impact of environmental sanitation, field research was designed and conducted in nine poor urban areas of the city of Salvador (pop. approximately 2.3 million), capital of Bahia State, in northeast Brazil. The study was targeted to a sample of children under 15 years old living in the poor urban areas of the city at the time of the field work (August 1989-November 1990). An extensive questionnaire was applied to collect information on each child and on the conditions of the family and the household, three stool examinations of the children 5-14 years old were performed (to measure nematode infection and reinfection), diarrhoea was monitored fortnightly, in children under 5 years old for one year, and anthropometric measurements taken every two months. The results showed that among children in neighbourhoods with unimproved community sanitation the incidence of diarrhoea was consistently higher and the nutritional status, expressed by the mean height-for-age z-score, was significantly lower throughout the study period as compared to those with improved sanitation. Regarding intestinal nematode infections, as the level of community sanitation improves, the following trends were noted: prevalence and intensity of infection and reinfection declined, risk factors for infection became more numerous and more significant, clustering of cases by house hold became more significant, predisposition of individuals to reinfection and to heavy infection became more marked, and infections with different species were increasingly aggregated in the same individuals. These results suggest that sewerage and drainage can have a significant effect on diarrhoea, nutritional status and intestinal nematode infections and that the evidence of the health impact was strongest for intestinal nematode infections. The interpretation of these epidemiological findings in the light of the Brazilian health, urban and social policies contributes to a comprehensive framework for the control of nematode infections, diarrhoea and malnutrition in poor urban areas of Salvador and elsewhere.

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Powell, Anthony Edward. "An analysis of the impact of climate change on urban drainage design storms." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1460870.

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Robertson, Abby Jane. "Quantifying stormwater pollutants and the efficacy of sustainable drainage systems on the R300 highway, Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25514.

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Stormwater provides a direct link between urban infrastructure and the urbanised natural environment. In particular, highway drainage presents a high risk of pollution when compared to other urban land use areas (Ellis et al., 2012); introducing heavy metals, suspended solids and hydrocarbons to urban waterways. This research investigated runoff from the R300 highway, located in the greater Cape Town area. The City of Cape Town Management of Urban Stormwater Impacts Policy requires the treatment and attenuation of stormwater from developments within the city, and proposes Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) as a means to achieve this (CSRM, 2009b). SuDS are structural and process controls that attenuate surface drainage, improve runoff water quality, provide amenity and deliver ecosystem services. This study characterized the R300 runoff through a sampling program and modelling exercise in order to provide an indication of the ability of SuDS to manage highway runoff in South Africa. Sediment and runoff samples were collected from the road surface and an undeveloped parcel of land adjacent to the highway. The sampling results showed that heavy metals, suspended solids and phosphorus are present in significantly greater concentrations in road runoff compared to rainwater from the same area. The concentration of aluminium, copper, lead, zinc and phosphorus exceed the Department of Water and Sanitation's water quality guidelines for aquatic ecosystems in excess of 1000%. The concentration of heavy metals, phosphorus and fats, oils and greases was significantly greater in road sediment compared to sediment from the surrounding area. Barring copper, all contaminant concentrations in the road surface sediment are less than the maximum concentration required to protect ecosystem health. The R300 rainfall-runoff response was modelled in PCSWMM to evaluate the performance of SuDS such as infiltration trenches, bioretention areas and swales for managing highway runoff in terms of quantity and quality. The modelling exercise showed SuDS to be a viable means to attain the City of Cape Town's stormwater objectives, provided that SuDS are implemented in treatment trains along the entire road length.

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Swan, Andrew D. "A decision-support system for the design of retrofit sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS)." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3635/.

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Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) is a generic term that refers to various measures aimed at minimising surface runoff (and consequent flooding and pollution problems) from urban catchments. SUDS technologies include local infiltration, storage and storm-water re-use devices. Although there is considerable international evidence of the successful incorporation of SUDS technologies in new developments, there is very little indication of the extent to which they represent a viable rehabilitation option for retrofit applications to problem urban catchments in the UK. It is believed that uncertainties about the design, hydraulic performance and cost of retrofit SUDS schemes, as well as some regulatory issues, have prevented UK engineers from exploiting the full potential of this approach. This thesis presents two case studies in which retrofit SUDS have been evaluated against 'conventional' (i. e. in-sewer) drainage rehabilitation schemes. The case studies relate to the City of Leeds in Northern England, UK. In both cases it was found that SUDS technologies were viable, both in terms of hydraulic performance criteria (number and volume of CSO spills or flooding events) and in terms of comparative construction costs. Novel procedures were developed for evaluating hydraulic performance and SUDS scheme costings. The identification of the most cost-effective from all feasible SUDS technologies for a given location is not straightforward. This thesis, therefore, proposes a design methodology for retrofit SUDS. The methodology comprises a decision making model (flow chart) that indicates whether SUDS-based approaches are likely to be viable, and cost-effective for a particular application. The flow charts make reference to SUDS design criteria (such as land-take, slope and infiltration capacity) and regulatory constraints (such as Building Regulations and local groundwater protection policies). Fundamental to the flow charts arc hierarchies that characterise urban surface type, the treatment train concept, the disposal mechanism, and cost.

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Leandro, Jorge. "Advanced modelling of flooding in urban areas : integrated 1D/1D and 1D/2D models." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/41949.

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The research presented in this Thesis aims at defining the strengths and weaknesses of an Improved 1D/1D model when compared with a more accurate 1D/2D model. Although both coupled-models (sewer/surface) solve the St.\ Venant equations in both layers, the latter uses a higher approximation (2D two-dimensional) on the surface layer. Consequently, the 1D/1D model is computationally more efficient when compared to the 1D/2D model, however there is some compromise with the overall accuracy. The hypothesis is that "The inundation extent of urban flooding can be reproduced by 1D/1D models in good agreement with the 1D/2D models if the results are kept within certain limits of resolution and under certain conditions". The Thesis starts by investigating ways of improving an existing 1D/1D model to rival the more accurate 1D/2D model. Parts of the 1D/1D model code are changed and new algorithms and routines implemented. An innovative GIS tool translates the 1D output-results into 2D flood-inundation-maps enabling a thorough comparison between the two models. The methodology assures the set-up of two equivalent models, which includes a novel algorithm for calibrating the 1D/1D model vs.\ the 1D/2D model results. Developments are tested in two distinctly different case studies of areas prone to flooding. The conclusion is that the 1D/1D model is able to simulate flooding in good agreement with the 1D/2D model; however, it is found that features such as topography, density of the urbanised areas and rainfall distribution may affect the agreement between both models. The work presented herein is a step forward in understanding the modelling capabilities of the analysed coupled-models, and to some extent may be extrapolated to other models. Research is growing in urban flooding and this work may well prove to be a strong foundation basis for future research.

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Salvan, Leslie. "Connaissances et modélisations pour la gestion du pluvial en zone urbaine : application à la ville de Nice." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4124/document.

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Les contours théoriques en hydrologie, hydraulique et les outils de calcul correspondants sont largement développés et utilisés dans le monde. Cependant en parallèle, des problématiques importantes surviennent pendant les crises sans pouvoir être résolues et des solutions développées peinent à être implémentées. En plus, le changement climatique ne va pas faciliter les choses. Pour noircir le tableau, les moyens économiques locaux en France ne vont pas augmenter pour aider les communes à s’attaquer au problème. L’objectif de cette thèse est de conduire une investigation des moyens à disposition pour améliorer notre connaissance locale des concepts en lien avec le pluvial pour permettre une modélisation efficiente. La méthodologie proposée est composée de trois étapes évolutives incluant : 1. Une analyse approfondie des données topographiques locales ; 2. L’évaluation des interactions entre les écoulements de surface et le souterrain ; 3.Une approche intégrée permettant de modéliser les inondations générées par la pluie en zone urbanisée. Les résultats de l’étape 1 montrent que la donnée topographique est essentielle pour la définition des chemins d’écoulement et impactent significativement les résultats de modélisation hydrauliques. Ceci conduit à l’étape 2 lors de laquelle on observe que les débordements provenant du réseau souterrain contribuent à l’inondation mais seulement en partie. Les volumes d’inondations générés par le ruissellement de surface devraient être inclus dans les modèles d’inondation. L’étape 3 présente une configuration possible de modèle intégré permettant de mieux représenter les processus réels en jeu
Theoretical background about hydrology, hydraulics and computational tools and methods are widely developed and worldwide used. In the same time however, important issues during flood crisis are not solved and practical solutions take time to be implemented. On top of that, ongoing climatic change will not make things easier and intense events will increase in frequency. To worsen the picture, local economic means in France will not increase to help municipalities and local communities to tackle the issue. The objective of this thesis is to investigate on the available ways to improve our local knowledge of stormwater related concepts to allow an efficient modelling. The proposed methodology consists in a three-step-approach including: 1. A thorough analysis of local topography data; 2. The assessment of sewer-surface interactions; 3. An integrated approach to model pluvial flood in urban areas. The results of Step 1 show that topography data is essential in flow path definition and significantly impacts hydraulic modelling results. This leads to Step 2 where it is seen that sewer overflow is one aspect of urban flood issues but represents only part of flood sources. Overland flow generated by runoff should be included in flood models. Then Step 3 presents that integrated urban pluvial modelling is possible with existing tools and can represent the real processes better. This proposed modelling approach should not be disconnected from the reality of stormwater management practical aspects and current constraints. It is shown how complementary actions can be taken to enrich local knowledge and memory thus allowing a more efficient and wiser modelling process

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Landa, Mendez Naia. "ADAPTATION TO URBAN FLOODS BY PLANNING AND DESIGN : GUIDELINES FOR AN ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT TO URBAN FLOODS AND STORM WATER USE TAKING AS A CASE STUDY THE CITY OF BILBAO." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147008.

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The aim of this study is to propose a set of adaptive strategies and design solutions to manage floods and storm water in cities from the perspective of an architect and urban planner, based on empirical evidence and the level of effectiveness of the suggested measures. The study takes as an example the city of Bilbao due to its high risk of suffering fluvial and pluvial flooding exacerbated by tidal variations and see level rise projections. Based on the application of adaptation strategies grounded on the use of green solutions and innovative design, scientific literature and ongoing initiatives an projects in cities have been reviewed to prepare a complete state-of-the-art of measures and experiences to minimize the risk of flooding and provide co-benefits to Climate Change such as fresh water storage, biodiversity, water treatment, quality public spaces, etc. The applicability of this inventory of solutions is analyzed in detail for the case study of Bilbao, taking into account the current situation with regard: a) plans, b) stakeholders involved, c) needs and d) opportunities, and in order to give a respond to the lack of concreteness of many of the existing proposals against adaptation to Climate Change and flooding. The result are four different projects in hotspot areas of the city that put into practice the previously gathered measures organized in drainage systems (from the source to the downstream control). Recommendations are suggested for plans (General Master Plan) and policies to accompany the physical solutions and to set a complete basis for its operative use by public institutions (Bilbao City Council) or even professional practitioners (architects, urban designers, landscape architects, engineers). In sum, the paper seeks to propose alternatives to the traditional defensive approach of flooding prevention by implementing measures that provide other benefits for cities against Climate Change.

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Johnson, Thomas C. "Implicit numerical schemes for transcritical shallow water flow." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365090.

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Feitosa, Francisco FÃbio de Sousa. "AvaliaÃÃo do uso de trincheiras de infiltraÃÃo para atenuaÃÃo de picos de cheia utilizando o SWMM." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15235.

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O crescimento dos centros urbanos e o processo de urbanizaÃÃo das Ãltimas dÃcadas em todo mundo tÃm causados diversos impactos no meio ambiente, principalmente no ciclo hidrolÃgico, trazendo consigo um aumento na quantidade e magnitude de cheias urbanas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar o processo de urbanizaÃÃo de uma Ãrea do municÃpio de Crato-CE, analisando o escoamento superficial gerado e propondo uma soluÃÃo para sua diminuiÃÃo atravÃs do emprego de trincheiras de infiltraÃÃo, implantadas no passeio pÃblico, recebendo apenas as Ãguas provenientes dos telhados dos lotes. Utilizou-se para as simulaÃÃes o programa computacional Storm Water Management Model â SWMM, com parÃmetros retirados da literatura. Foram estudados dois cenÃrios, o primeiro simulou toda a Ãrea em estudo, urbanizada na sua situaÃÃo limite. No segundo cenÃrio, foram incluÃdas as trincheiras no modelo anterior e analisados os resultados. As simulaÃÃes realizadas demonstraram que o local, apÃs total urbanizaÃÃo, poderÃ ter problemas com o escoamento superficial e que a soluÃÃo proposta atravÃs do uso de trincheiras de infiltraÃÃo se demonstra eficiente na diminuiÃÃo dos picos de vazÃo, se mostrando na maioria dos casos capaz de reduzir em pelo menos 70% do escoamento gerado pelos lotes. Analisando a Ãrea como um todo, nÃo foram observados retardos de picos devido a influÃncia do escoamento gerado pelas ruas, ocorrendo em todos os casos apÃs 12 minutos de precipitaÃÃo. Destaca-se, por fim, que atravÃs do uso das prÃticas de drenagem Low Impact Development (LID) os benefÃcios vÃo muito alÃm de tratar os problemas das cheias na regiÃo de instalaÃÃo, podendo tambÃm diminuÃ-las em outras Ãreas a jusante e favorecer o incremento das reservas de recursos hÃdricos subterrÃneos local.
The growth of urban centers and the process of urbanization in recent decades worldwide have caused many impacts on the environment, especially the water cycle, bringing with it an increase in the number and magnitude of urban flooding. This study aimed to assess the process of urbanization of an area of Crato-CE municipality, analyzing the generated runoff and proposing a solution for its reduction through the use of infiltration trenches, deployed on the promenade, getting only water from the roofs of the lots. Was used for the simulations the computer program Storm Water Management Model - SWMM with parameters taken from the literature. Two scenarios were studied, the first simulated the entire study area, urbanized in its extreme situation. In the second scenario, the trenches were included in the previous model and analyzed the results. Simulations have shown that the place by total urbanization can cause problems with the runoff and the proposed solution by using infiltration trenches is demonstrated effective in reducing peak flows, showing in most cases able to reduce at least 70% of the flow generated by batches. Analyzing the area as a whole we are not observed delays of peaks due to the influence of the flow generated by the streets, occurring in all cases after 12 minutes by precipitation. Stands out, finally, that through the use of drainage practices Low Impact Development (LID) the benefits go far beyond addressing the problems of flooding in the installation area, and may also reduce them in other areas downstream and favor the increase in water site underground resources reserves.

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Ribeiro, Alessandro Mendes. "BMP\'s em drenagem urbana - aplicabilidade em cidades brasileiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-24042015-115321/.

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A ocupação desordenada e o grande percentual de superfície impermeabilizada em áreas urbanas, agravando os eventos extremos, é um dos problemas mais discutidos no meio técnico nacional e internacional. O conceito utilizado para projeto de drenagem urbana convencional, desta forma, tornou-se um tanto obsoleto nos dias de hoje, pois além dos problemas relativos aos picos elevados das tormentas, culminando em enchentes, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos, há que se observar os aspectos de qualidade das águas pluviais. Neste sentido, começou-se a desenvolver na década de 1980 o conceito dos chamados BMP, do inglês, Best Management Practices, que consiste em técnicas que visam não somente o abatimento dos picos de eventos extremos como também a melhoria na qualidade da água precipitada com um enfoque mais ambiental. Procurou-se apresentar, ao longo do trabalho, o estágio de desenvolvimento dessas técnicas em vários países e a equalização das diversas terminologias utilizadas com o intuito de tornar estas ferramentas mais acessíveis ao meio técnico nacional, visando auxiliar no processo de mudança cultural brasileira. Analisou-se também a aplicabilidade dessas técnicas em um projeto real de drenagem urbana desenvolvido para a Prefeitura de São Paulo, na região do Butantã Zona Oeste, verificando-se a possibilidade de redução do sistema convencional ou sua eliminação com base nas informações técnicas elencadas.
Unregulated occupation and the growing proportion of non-porous, covered urban surface area as aggravating factors in the effects of extreme weather events is one of the most talked about problems in national (Brazilian) and international technical circles. This factor has rendered the conventional methods historically applied when planning urban stormwater drainage somewhat obsolete because, in addition to the flash floods caused by intense downpours and storms in large metropolitan centers, the quality of the stormwater itself is deteriorating. To combat these effects, the initial foundations of the BMP (Best Management Practices) were laid down in the 1980\'s to develop methods to not only diminish the effects of extreme events but also to improve the quality of the water deposited by focusing on environmentally friendly urban planning. In this study, an attempt has been made to illustrate the developmental stage of these methods in several countries and to standardized the different technical terms used so that such tools become more accessible to the relevant Brazilian technical field and thereby further the respective process of cultural change in Brazil. It has also been analyzed how these methods could be applied to an actual urban drainage plan developed for the São Paulo City Hall implemented in the Butantã district in the city\'s \'Western Zone\' by assessing the possibility of reducing the conventional system or even eliminating it, based on the technical information studied.

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Godoi, Alexandre Artioli de Camargo. "Desempenho de equipamentos de drenagem urbana da cidade de Franca." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18137/tde-18082006-131407/.

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A análise sobre o comportamento e o desempenho de elementos para drenar que compõem galerias pluviais pode contribuir para identificar informação, métodos e técnicas que orientem decisões sobre ações preventivas e corretivas para controle de processos de erosão e inundações, uma contribuição à orientação sobre diretrizes para melhoria da qualidade de vida. Esta dissertação de mestrado relata e discute resultados obtidos ao mostrar que a simulação de movimento de água em sarjetas, bocas de lobo e galerias pluviais pode contribuir para comparar as conseqüências de alteração de especificações e processos de projeto, escolha de equipamentos e controle de obras de drenagem. O conhecimento de índices de comportamento de características de fluxo de água pode contribuir para identificar conseqüências do funcionamento de equipamentos para drenar vias urbanas. O método adotado foi um processo de simulação decorrente de uma escolha de variáveis e índices de desempenho de equipamentos de drenagem, hipóteses e critérios para estimar características de movimento de água. Para estudo de caso foram usados dados obtidos na cidade de Franca, estado de São Paulo. O principal processo adotado foi o manuseio de resultados de estimativas sobre características de fluxo e vazões em obras existentes, produtos de observação sobre dados obtidos ao refazer projetos de redes de galerias pluviais em operação
The analysis on the behavior and the acting of elements to drain that composes pluvial galleries can contribute to identify information, methods and techniques that guide decisions about preventive and corrective actions for control of erosion processes and floods, a contribution to the orientation on guidelines for improvement of the life quality. This work tells and it discusses results obtained when showing that the simulation of movement of water in gutters and pluvial galleries can contribute to compare the consequences of alteration of specifications and project processes, choice of equipments and control of drainage works. The knowledge of indexes of behavior of characteristics of flow of water can contribute to identify consequences of the operation of equipments to drain urban roads. The adopted method was a simulation process due to a choice of variables and indexes of acting of drainage equipments, hypotheses and criteria to esteem characteristics of movement of water. For case study were used data obtained in the city of Franca, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The main work process was the handling of results of estimates on flow characteristics and flows of existent works, observed from new data obtained when redoing the projects of pluvial galleries in operation

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urban Drainage'

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