Journal articles: 'Urban ecology (Biology)'

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Gladkov, Evgeny Aleksandrovich, and Olga Gladkova. "New directions of biology and biotechnology in urban environmental sciences." Chemical Industry 75, no. 6 (2021): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind211230034g.

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Living organisms and biological methods are widely used in recycling urban waste and improving the quality of the urban environment. Urban biology is a branch of biology that studies organisms living in cities. We propose using the new term "urban biotechnology". Urban biotechnology is the use of biotechnological methods to protect the urban environment and in urban energy. Urban biotechnology in the future may be included in the curriculum of the Master's degree programs "Biotechnology", "Ecology " (profile "Applied Ecology"), "Chemistry" (profile " ?hemistry of the urban environment "), and Chemical Engineering (profile "Chemical and Biochemical Engineering "). We consider it important to train specialists in the fields of urban biology and urban biotechnology. We hope that urban biotechnology and urban biology will become independent disciplines in the future.

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Pool, Richard F., Gregory D. Turner, and S. Anne Böttger. "Ecology Content in Introductory Biology Courses." American Biology Teacher 75, no. 8 (October 1, 2013): 544–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2013.75.8.5.

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In recent years the need for ecological literacy and problem solving has increased, but there is no evidence that this need is reflected by increased ecology coverage at institutions of higher education (IHE) across the United States. Because introductory biology courses may serve to direct student interest toward particular biological categories such as ecology, time devoted to topics in these categories within introductory biology courses may be crucial for captivating student interest. In a 2009 survey, members of the National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) College and University Sections identified 20 topics they considered essential for inclusion in introductory biology courses. The NABT members, acknowledging the importance of ecological concepts, considered two ecological topics essential. The present study evaluated the actual coverage of ecology and other topic categories compared to recommendations and according to location. For this purpose, lecture and lab syllabi were collected from 26 rural, suburban, and urban IHEs from the Mid-Atlantic region. Course content was divided into eight categories, including ecology, and percentages of total lecture and lab time per category were calculated. This actual coverage was compared to the NABT recommendations. Actual coverage of ecology was not significantly different from coverage recommended by the NABT members, whereas cell/molecular/biochemistry and evolution were lower and genetics, development, and taxonomy were higher than recommended. Course content was also compared by location, with no significant effect of institutional location on ecology coverage. We conclude that although students taking introductory biology courses in Mid-Atlantic IHEs are likely to receive the NABT’s recommended coverage of ecology instruction regardless of institutional location, actual ecology coverage has not increased, regardless of the increased need for ecological literacy.

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Pickett, Steward T. A., Mary L. Cadenasso, Matthew E. Baker, Lawrence E. Band, Christopher G. Boone, Geoffrey L. Buckley, Peter M. Groffman, et al. "Theoretical Perspectives of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study: Conceptual Evolution in a Social–Ecological Research Project." BioScience 70, no. 4 (February 26, 2020): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz166.

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Abstract The Earth's population will become more than 80% urban during this century. This threshold is often regarded as sufficient justification for pursuing urban ecology. However, pursuit has primarily focused on building empirical richness, and urban ecology theory is rarely discussed. The Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) has been grounded in theory since its inception and its two decades of data collection have stimulated progress toward comprehensive urban theory. Emerging urban ecology theory integrates biology, physical sciences, social sciences, and urban design, probes interdisciplinary frontiers while being founded on textbook disciplinary theories, and accommodates surprising empirical results. Theoretical growth in urban ecology has relied on refined frameworks, increased disciplinary scope, and longevity of interdisciplinary interactions. We describe the theories used by BES initially, and trace ongoing theoretical development that increasingly reflects the hybrid biological–physical–social nature of the Baltimore ecosystem. The specific mix of theories used in Baltimore likely will require modification when applied to other urban areas, but the developmental process, and the key results, will continue to benefit other urban social–ecological research projects.

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Lundholm, Jeremy. "Ecology in the natural city: Testing and applying the Urban Cliff Hypothesis." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 424-426 (June 1, 2004): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426230.

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The author is an assistant professor of Biology and Environmental Studies at Saint Mary's University, in Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada. His main research interests are in urban ecology, rock outrcrop ecosystems and the maintenance of plant biodiversity.

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Gladkov, Evgeny Aleksandrovich, and Olga Gladkova. "Urban chemistry as a new discipline exploring chemical and chemico-biological aspects of urban environment." Chemical Industry 76, no. 4 (2022): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind221204020g.

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Urban sciences can be divided into three directions: Natural, Humanities and Engineering. Within the fields of urban natural and urban engineering (technical) sciences, chemical and chemico-biological research take an important place. We propose using the new term "urban chemistry" (i.e. chemistry of the urban environment) focusing on the chemical aspects of the atmosphere, water bodies, and soil of cities. Urban chemistry is interconnected with urban ecology, toxicology and urban biology, and among the biological disciplines, it is particularly related to urban botany. Urban chemistry can be seen as a separate direction of urban natural sciences, which will significantly contribute to sustainable development of cities.

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Dedov, Ivaylo, Dilian Georgiev, Ulrich E. Schneppat, and Fabia Knechtle Glogger. "New data on the rare snail Soosia diodonta (A. Ferussac, 1821) (Gastropoda: Helicodontidae) in Bulgaria." Historia naturalis bulgarica 42, no. 9 (June 29, 2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.48027/hnb.42.091.

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In the present article, we summarised all known information on the species Soosia diodonta (A. Ferussac, 1821) from Bulgaria. A new locality in urban environment, photos of live animals and the reproductive system of the species are given. New information on its ecology and biology is provided.

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Branoff, Benjamin L. "Quantifying the influence of urban land use on mangrove biology and ecology: A meta-analysis." Global Ecology and Biogeography 26, no. 11 (October 5, 2017): 1339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12638.

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Larson, Doug W., Uta Matthes, Peter E. Kelly, Jeremy Lundholm, and John A. Gerrath. "The Urban Cliff Hypothesis and its relevance to ekistics." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 424-426 (June 1, 2004): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426228.

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The Cliff Ecology Research Group (CERG), Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, has been in existence since 1985 when its members began working on the ecology of the Niagara Escarpment (fig. 1). In 1988 they discovered a stand of ancient trees growing on the cliffs and in 1989 they discovered that in fact the escarpment cliffs support the oldest and least disturbed forest ecosystem in Canada. Individual living trees older than 1,300 years are still present and the forest appears to be in steady state. CERG's work on the ancient trees led to the idea that cliffs serve as refuges for many species including ancient humans. That observation led to the development of the Urban Cliff Hypothesis that is described in this paper and was presented at the international symposion on " The Natural City, " Toronto, 23-25 June, 2004, sponsored by the University of Toronto's Division of the Environment, Institute for Environmental Studies, and the World Society for Ekistics, and also led to the recent book entitled The Urban Cliff Revolution.

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Angeoletto, Fabio. "Entrevista com Mark Fellowes: "We must learn to reduce our demands on the ecosphere, but I'm not sure that we're smart enough to do that" 26-29." Terr Plural 13, no. 3 (2019): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/terraplural.v.13i3.0002.

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Dr. Mark Fellowes studied Zoology at Imperial College London (1995) and moved to Imperial’s Silwood Park campus to complete a Ph.D. in Evolutionary Biology (1998), followed by a brief post-doctoral position at the NERC Centre for Population Biology. He joined the University of Reading as a lecturer in Zoology (2000). Dr. Fellowes’ group work on human-wildlife interactions (People and Wildlife Research Group), asking how the choices people make have unforeseen consequences for species. Current projects include work on red kites, urban greening, cats and conservation, leopard ecology and urban butterfly population dynamics, and how the presence of mutualists affects plant-herbivore-enemy interactions in an urban context. The work of Dr. Fellowes’ research group has featured widely in national and international print and broadcast media, won a silver medal at the Chelsea Flower Show, and he has published two science books aimed at the general public

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Schell, Christopher J. "Urban Evolutionary Ecology and the Potential Benefits of Implementing Genomics." Journal of Heredity 109, no. 2 (January 13, 2018): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esy001.

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Figueiredo, Rodolfo Antônio de, Aline Aparecida de Oliveira, Maria Alice Zacharias, Sandra Maria Barbosa, Flávia Fontes Pereira, Gisele Natacha Cazela, Joyce Pedroso Viana, and Reila Andreza de Camargo. "Reproductive ecology of the exotic tree Muntingia calabura L. (Muntingiaceae) in southeastern Brazil." Revista Árvore 32, no. 6 (December 2008): 993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622008000600004.

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The exotic tree Muntingia calabura L. (Muntingiaceae), a species native to Central America, is used as fish feed and fiber and cellulose production in Brazil. This study was carried out in urban areas and verified the reproductive biology of this plant species. Flower and fruit morphology, compatibility system, reproductive phenology, pollination and frugivore animals, and germination of disseminated seeds were recorded by standard field and laboratory procedures. This tree is self-compatible and autonomously self-pollinated, with its flowers being mainly visited by bees and its fruits consumed by birds and bats. Germination of its dispersed seeds is fast and occurs at a high rate. The results of this work suggest that M. calabura is very adaptable to cultivated areas,thus being an excellent choice for urban reforestation. However, its reproductive characteristics place this plant as an invasive species with significant potential in southeastern Brazil.

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Martins, Herbeson Ovidio de Jesus, Gilson Paiva Amorim Junior, William Oliveira Sabino, and Vinina Silva Ferreira. "Nesting Biology of the Solitary Ground-Nesting Bee Diadasina riparia (Apidae: Emphorini)." Sociobiology 68, no. 4 (November 24, 2021): e7123. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v68i4.7123.

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We described the nesting behavior and ecology of Diadasina riparia, from an urban dry forest fragment. The nests of D. riparia were shallow with circular entrance, closed by a mud plug, from which a straight vertical tunnel ending in one or more brood cells. Most females need one day for construction and provisioning the nest. The natural enemies were flies of Anthrax genus, the cleptoparasitic bees Leiopodus trochantericus, and Mutillidae wasp. The feature about the life history, nest architecture, materials used, pollen provisions behavior and associated organisms of this species allow the comparison with other emphorines species.

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Wolański, Napoleon, and Anna Siniarska. "Dzieje placówek ekologii człowieka w Polsce." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2003): 25–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2003.1.1.02.

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Poland is the country where a first scientific institution under the name of Human Ecology (HE) had been established. It took place in 1960 in the National Research Institute of Mother and Child. In 1969 this institution was moved to the Institute of Ecology of the Polish Academy of Sciences under the name of Laboratory of Human Ecology then changed into the Department of Human Ecology. In the middle of the 60s, the Laboratory of Human Ecology and Paleopathology was created in the Department of Mediterranean Archaeology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. In the 70s the Department of Hygiene and Human Ecology existed in the College of Physical Education in Katowice. HE is the main interest of the Department of Human Populational Ecology, Institute of Anthropology of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. Since 1999 the Division of Human Ecology within the Department of Biology and Human Ecology exists in the Academy of Physical Education in Wrocław. In 2000 the Department of HC in the Institute of Ecology of the Polish Academy of Sciences was canceled and then in 2001, the Unit of EC in the Faculty of Christian Philosophy of the Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University was created. Within this Unit, two Chairs were formed: Human Biology and Cultural Anthropology. The first one contains three Departments: 1. Auxology and Gerontology; 2. Genetics of Human Population and Demography; 3. Public Health and Nutrition. The second Chair has two Departments: 1. Ethnology and Anthropogeography; 2. Urban and Space Planning.

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Kaur, Amarpreet, Shalinder Kaur, Harminder Pal Singh, Avishek Datta, Bhagirath Singh Chauhan, Hayat Ullah, Ravinder Kumar Kohli, and Daizy Rani Batish. "Ecology, Biology, Environmental Impacts, and Management of an Agro-Environmental Weed Ageratum conyzoides." Plants 12, no. 12 (June 15, 2023): 2329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12122329.

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Ageratum conyzoides L. (Billy goat weed; Asteraceae) is an annual herbaceous plant of American origin with a pantropical distribution. The plant has unique biological attributes and a raft of miscellaneous chemical compounds that render it a pharmacologically important herb. Despite its high medicinal value, the constant spread of the weed is noticeable and alarming. In many countries, the weed has severely invaded the natural, urban, and agroecosystems, thus presenting management challenges to natural resource professionals and farmers. Its interference with agricultural crops, grassland forbs, forest ground flora, and its ability to replace native plant species are of serious concern. Therefore, it is pertinent to monitor its continuous spread, its entry into new geographic regions, the extent of its impact, and the associated evolutionary changes. While management strategies should be improvised to control its spread and reduce its adverse impacts, the possible utilization of this noxious weed for pharmacological and agronomic purposes should also be explored. The objective of this review is to provide a detailed account of the global distribution, biological activities, ecological and environmental impacts, and strategies for the management of the agro-environmental weed A. conyzoides.

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Scott, L. K., I. D. Hume, and C. R. Dickman. "Ecology and population biology of long-nosed bandicoots (Perameles nasuta) at North Head, Sydney Harbour National Park." Wildlife Research 26, no. 6 (1999): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98074.

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The population biology, habitat utilisation and diet of a small, isolated population of long-nosed bandicoots (Perameles nasuta) was studied over a 22-month period at North Head in Sydney Harbour National Park, New South Wales. Reproductive output in this urban environment was high, with a mean litter size of 2.3 and production of up to four litters per year. The peak of reproductive activity was in late spring and early summer, with a cessation of breeding in late autumn or early winter. The main causes of death were identified as road trauma (58% – probably an overestimate because of the ease of finding road deaths) and predation by cats and foxes (37% – probably an underestimate because of the difficulty of locating carcasses unless radio-collared). Bandicoots utilised all macrohabitats (open grassed areas, heath, forest, swamp and scrub), but extensively used open grassed areas for foraging. Males had larger home ranges (4.4 ± 0.8 ha) than females (1.7 ± 0.2 ha). The largest home ranges of males coincided with the peak of the breeding season (September–November). Throughout the year P. nasuta fed primarily on beetles, invertebrate larvae and ants, but also on other invertebrates and on plant and fungal material. Some vertebrate and human- derived material (birdseed, vegetable scraps, plastic, twine) was also eaten. Although remarkably adaptable in its reproductive and dietary strategies, this population of long-nosed bandicoots is likely to follow other urban bandicoot populations toward extinction unless there is active management to reduce the high rate of mortality from motor vehicles and introduced predators.

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Velez-Ruiz, Rita I., Victor H. Gonzalez, and Michael S. Engel. "Observations on the urban ecology of the Neotropical stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)." Journal of Melittology, no. 15 (July 29, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jom.v0i15.4528.

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Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) is a small, docile, cavity-nestingstingless bee that is widely distributed in the Neotropical region. This speciesis particularly abundant in disturbed environments, including humansettlements. Between August 2005 and March 2006, we located and followed duringeight months 59 nests of this species in Medellín, the second most populatedcity in Colombia. Herein, we document their foraging behavior, mortality, andincidence of predators and natural enemies. Also, to determine if higherambient temperature and light intensity in urban environments affect the dailyforaging activity of T. angustula, wecompared the daily foraging activity of bees from nests found in open areas in thecity and bees from nests from a nearby covered, forested area. Likewise, todetermine if urban nests of T. angustulaare largely undetected and undisturbed by people, we experimentally made themvisible by adding a ring color (white, red, or black) around the nest entrance tube.Our observations indicate that higher ambient temperature and light intensity inurban environments do not significantly affect the daily foraging activity of T. angustula. Nearly half of the markednests disappeared, thus suggesting that nests of T. angustula are often undetected by people in Medellín. We discussbriefly some features of the biology of T.angustula that might contribute to its success in urban environments.

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Zeng, Guanwen, Jianxi Gao, Louis Shekhtman, Shengmin Guo, Weifeng Lv, Jianjun Wu, Hao Liu, et al. "Multiple metastable network states in urban traffic." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 30 (July 13, 2020): 17528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907493117.

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While abrupt regime shifts between different metastable states have occurred in natural systems from many areas including ecology, biology, and climate, evidence for this phenomenon in transportation systems has been rarely observed so far. This limitation might be rooted in the fact that we lack methods to identify and analyze possible multiple states that could emerge at scales of the entire traffic network. Here, using percolation approaches, we observe such a metastable regime in traffic systems. In particular, we find multiple metastable network states, corresponding to varying levels of traffic performance, which recur over different days. Based on high-resolution global positioning system (GPS) datasets of urban traffic in the megacities of Beijing and Shanghai (each with over 50,000 road segments), we find evidence supporting the existence of tipping points separating three regimes: a global functional regime and a metastable hysteresis-like regime, followed by a global collapsed regime. We can determine the intrinsic critical points where the metastable hysteresis-like regime begins and ends and show that these critical points are very similar across different days. Our findings provide a better understanding of traffic resilience patterns and could be useful for designing early warning signals for traffic resilience management and, potentially, other complex systems.

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Martínez-Domínguez, Lilí, Fernando Nicolalde-Morejón, Francisco Vergara-Silva, and Dennis Wm Stevenson. "Pollination of cycads in an urban environment." Botany 98, no. 6 (June 2020): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0154.

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Research on urban systems has documented the contributions of cities as sites where insect pollinators undergo their life cycles, contributing to the reproduction of many groups of plants. However, reports of plants whose reproduction is assisted by specialist pollinators under conditions prevalent in cities are scarce. Cycads and insect pollinators are threatened mainly by loss and modification of their habitats. Here, we describe two cases in which cycad species from two genera distributed in Mexico (Ceratozamia tenuis (Dyer) D.W. Stev. & Vovides and Dioon edule Lindl.) reproduce and germinate successfully in urban areas, aided by insects, near their natural distribution areas. The plants examined were artificially planted in different gardens within the city of Xalapa-Enríquez. We found that specimens two genera of insect pollinators, Pharaxonotha sp. (Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) on C. tenuis, and Parallocorynus sp., (Belidae: Oxycoryninae) on D. edule, can survive in cycad pollen strobili, maintaining ecological interactions as they would occur in wild, conserved environments. In addition, we found beetles in ovulate strobili during the pollen receptivity phase, which suggests that they effectively reach ovulate strobili with pollen from pollen strobili. Characterization of this gymnosperm–beetle pollination system, which is unexpected in urban areas due the effects of human disturbance on insect communities, could promote new conservation biology research on flagship species in environments and landscapes shaped by anthropogenic impacts.

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Barahona-Segovia, Rodrigo M., Andrés Puiggros, Ricardo A. Varela-Varela, Vicente Valdés-Guzmán, Andrés Ramírez-Cuadros, and Laura Pañinao-Monsálvez. "Updated catalog of the Chilean wedge-shaped beetles (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) with the first records of Macrosiagon flavipennis (LeConte) in Chile." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 62 (August 2, 2022): e202262043. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.043.

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The biology and ecology of wedge-shaped beetles (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) are scarcely known in the Neotropical realm. Chilean species of this beetle family are currently represented by two genera: Macrosiagon Hentz, 1830 and Ripiphorus Bosc, 1791, and three species, only known from their type localities. Here, we present an updated catalog of Chilean Ripiphoridae, along with the new distributional and biology records. Also, Macrosiagon flavipennis LeConte, 1866 (Ripiphorinae: Macrosiagonini) has been reported for the first time in Chile. We discuss the reasons for the presence of M. flavipennis in urban areas, the state of knowledge of the endemic species presents in Chile in relation to their distribution and the opportunity to use opportunistic records to better understand their natural history.

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Tavares, André, and Diego Inglez de Souza. "Moving Seascapes: The Architecture and Biology of Fishing and Canning on the Portuguese Coast." BAc Boletín Académico. Revista de investigación y arquitectura contemporánea 11 (December 31, 2021): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/bac.2021.11.0.7413.

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When they fish, humans play an active part in the dynamics of marine ecosys-tems, and architecture is subsequently involved in the processing of their catch. Our goal is to develop the idea of Fishing Architecture as a useful concept for understanding the interconnected relationship between architecture and fish-ing. By analysing the architectural and ecological outcomes of fisheries and can-ning industry, we will try to assess the complex relationship between human ac-tivities and environmental transformations. How can we represent the intricate relationship between the sea and the coast? This text seeks to state this hypothe-sis and incorporate ecological information into the analysis of the development of the sardine canning industry in Matosinhos. Based on the knowledge of ma-rine ecology, we hope to find an original perspective from which to visualize and evaluate urban developments and their environmental impacts.

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Yessoufou, Kowiyou. "The Patterns of Intraspecific Variations in Mass of Nectar Sugar along a Phylogeny Distinguish Native from Non-Native Plants in Urban Greenspaces in Southern England." Plants 12, no. 18 (September 14, 2023): 3270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12183270.

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To serve human needs, non-native species are selected based on an array of functional traits, which generally confer competitive advantages to these species in their recipient environments. Identifying non-obvious functional traits that indirectly inform human selection of non-natives to introduce into urban greenspaces is not yet part of common discussions in invasion biology. We tested whether functional traits integrated within a phylogenetic framework, may reveal those subtle criteria underlying the introduction of non-native plants into urban greenspaces. We found no differences in terms of functional traits between natives and non-natives. We also found no evidence that functional traits predict nectar production, irrespective of how nectar production was measured. Finally, we found that the mean sugar concentration of nectar per flower is evolutionarily shared both within closely related non-native plants as well as within close native plants. However, phylogenetically close species share similar intraspecific variation in mass of nectar sugar per flower, but this is true only for non-native plants, thus revealing a non-obvious selection criteria of non-native plants for urban greenspaces. Our results indicate that the phylogenetic patterns of intraspecific variation in mass of nectar sugar per flower is the major criterion distinguishing non-natives from native plants in urban greenspaces in Southern England.

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Guiry, E., and M. Buckley. "Urban rats have less variable, higher protein diets." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1889 (October 17, 2018): 20181441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1441.

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Over the past 1000 years, rats ( Rattus spp.) have become one of the most successful and prolific pests in human society. Despite their cosmopolitan distribution across six continents and ubiquity throughout the world's cities, rat urban ecology remains poorly understood. We investigate the role of human foods in brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) diets in urban and rural areas over a 100 year period ( ca AD 1790–1890) in Toronto, Canada using stable carbon ( δ 13 C) and nitrogen ( δ 15 N) isotope analyses of archaeological remains. We found that rat diets from urban sites were of higher quality and were more homogeneous and stable over time. By contrast, in rural areas, they show a wide range of dietary niche specializations that directly overlap, and probably competed, with native omnivorous and herbivorous species. These results demonstrate a link between rodent diets and human population density, providing, to our knowledge, the first long-term dietary perspective on the relative value of different types of human settlements as rodent habitat. This study highlights the potential of using the historical and archaeological record to provide a retrospective on the urban ecology of commensal and synanthropic animals that could be useful for improving animal management and conservation strategies in urban areas.

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Pattishall, Abigail, and David Cundall. "Spatial Biology of Northern Watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) Living along an Urban Stream." Copeia 2008, no. 4 (December 18, 2008): 752–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ch-07-228.

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Maciel, Tatiane Tagliatti, Matheus Mickael Mota Soares, Diego Aguilar Fachin, and Bruno Corrêa Barbosa. "New records of two-winged flies (Diptera: Brachycera) in social wasp colonies (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from the Atlantic Forest biome in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil." REVISTA CHILENA DE ENTOMOLOGÍA 49, no. 3 (July 31, 2023): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35249/rche.43.3.23.08.

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Nine new associations between dipterans and social wasp colonies are reported, providing information for understanding the ecological relationships between species in addition to new geographic distributions. The records took place between 2016 and 2018, in urban and secondary forest fragments in the cities of Cataguases, Goianá, Juiz de Fora, Muriaé, and Viçosa, all inserted in the Atlantic Forest biome in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Understanding the ecological relationships between groups of insects provides subsidies for studies of ecology, biology, and behavior of the organisms involved in order to develop conservation strategies not only for the organisms but also for the areas where they occur.

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Maciel, Tatiane Tagliatti, Matheus Mickael Mota Soares, Diego Aguilar Fachin, and Bruno Corrêa Barbosa. "New records of two-winged flies (Diptera: Brachycera) in social wasp colonies (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from the Atlantic Forest biome in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil." REVISTA CHILENA DE ENTOMOLOGÍA 49, no. 3 (July 31, 2023): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35249/rche.49.3.23.08.

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Nine new associations between dipterans and social wasp colonies are reported, providing information for understanding the ecological relationships between species in addition to new geographic distributions. The records took place between 2016 and 2018, in urban and secondary forest fragments in the cities of Cataguases, Goianá, Juiz de Fora, Muriaé, and Viçosa, all inserted in the Atlantic Forest biome in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Understanding the ecological relationships between groups of insects provides subsidies for studies of ecology, biology, and behavior of the organisms involved in order to develop conservation strategies not only for the organisms but also for the areas where they occur.

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Garbaye, J., and J. L. Churin. "Effect of Ectomycorrhizal Inoculation at Planting on Growth and Foliage Quality of Tilia Tomentosa." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1996.004.

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By analogy with the techniques of controlled mycorrhization of forest plantations, an attempt was made to inoculate silver limes (Tilia tomentosa) with ectomycorrhizal fungi at planting on a street in Paris, France. In spite of poor colonization of the roots by the introduced symbionts (Laccaria laccata, Paxillus involutes and Cenococcum geophilum), tree growth was stimulated and yellowing of leaves in autumn was delayed. These results are discussed in terms of biology of the symbioses and practical benefit of this technique applied to ornamental trees in urban plantations.

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Paz, Joicelene Regina L., and Camila M. Pigozzo. "Biologia floral e polinização de Merremia dissecta var. edentada (Meisn.) O’Donell (Convolvulaceae) em um fragmento urbano de Mata Atlântica, Bahia." Lundiana: International Journal of Biodiversity 11, no. 1 (August 13, 2013): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2675-5327.2013.23834.

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Since they occur in disturbed habitats, weeds and invasive plant species should have interesting reproductive strategies and, therefore, studies of their reproductive biology are important for their management and control. Here, aspects of the floral biology and reproductive system of Merremia dissecta var. edentada are analyzed in an Atlantic Forest urban fragment in the Brazilian state of Bahia. Merremia dissecta var. edentada is an herbaceous vine with mellitophilous flowers, with continuous flowering and fructification. Its white flowers are ephemeral, presenting diurnal anthesis and offering pollen and nectar as floral resources. The species is self-compatible and was mainly visited by bees, with Trigona spp. being their potential pollinators. The species presents reproductive traits similar to plant species that commonly occur in disturbed habitats with altered faunas of flower visitors. Keywords: Apoidea, bees, ephemeral flowers, Trigona, vines.

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Appel, Arthur G. "IPM of Occasional Urban Invader Pest Species1." Journal of Entomological Science 38, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-38.2.151.

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Occasional invader species include a variety of arthropods such as amphipods, centipedes, insects, millipedes, pill and sowbugs, scorpions, and spiders as well as nonarthropod mollusks and worms. These species present unique challenges for development of effective IPM programs. Most occasional invaders are susceptible to desiccation and temperature extremes or are in a wandering or migration phase of their life cycle. Environmental factors such as weather and the condition of homes and home landscapes affect occasional invader infestations. Successful IPM programs have been developed for the garden millipede, Oxidus gracilis Koch, and the smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville). Both programs rely primarily on habitat modification based on pest biology. Results indicate that these occasional invaders can be managed without resorting to broadcast application of nonspecific insecticides.

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Husté, Aurélie, Jean Clobert, and Claude Miaud. "The movements and breeding site fidelity of the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) in an urban park near Paris (France) with management recommendations." Amphibia-Reptilia 27, no. 4 (2006): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853806778877130.

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Abstract The isolation of animal populations due to urban activities provides a useful framework for studying the consequences of landscape fragmentation. We studied a population of natterjack toads (Bufo calamita) in an urban park near Paris, France. In 2001 and 2002 we used radio-tracking to estimate the terrestrial movements of adults around their breeding sites. Twenty-four toads were equipped with internal transmitters in 2001 to record movements during and after the breeding period. In 2002, 19 males were released at 300 and 380 meters from their breeding ponds. Natterjack toad movements around and outside their breeding ponds were reduced compared to previous observations on this species. The only exchanges that were observed occurred between closely neighbouring breeding sites. During a translocation experiment in 2002, 58% of the displaced males returned to their site of capture and this happened mainly during the breeding period. The remaining 42% stayed close to the release site. There was no exchange of males between distant breeding sites. Natterjack toad conservation needs to take into account the high fidelity to a breeding site and the reduced breeding dispersal and homing ability of these animals. Conservation biology in urban landscapes constitutes a specific urban ecology with specific concepts such as 'population area'. Information from this study can assist land managers in establishing protected areas of high habitat quality around breeding ponds in urban areas, and managing parks for the protection of amphibian populations, particularly by facilitating exchanges between available areas.

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Eymann, J., D. W. Cooper, and C. A. Herbert. "Brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in metropolitan Sydney: population biology and response to Suprelorin contraceptive implants." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 1 (2013): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13019.

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The cohabitation of the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) with people in urban areas often causes conflict. Basic biological parameters are needed to evaluate potential new management options such as fertility control. This study investigated the biology of an urban brushtail possum population and the effects of Suprelorin contraceptive implants on individual females within that population. Trapping success remained constant over time, with 2.8 ± 0.2 individuals trapped per residential property. Recapture rates for males declined rapidly over time, with only 30% of males recaptured on the same property 12 months after initial capture (n = 30) and no males recaptured after 18 months (compared with female recapture rates of 58% after 18 months, n = 33). These data, combined with the preponderance of males observed within the lower age classes, suggests that male possum turnover is high within urban areas. This may be partially compensated for by the male-bias (1.8 : 1) observed in pouch young. Breeding was seasonal with the main peak of births in autumn, and a secondary smaller peak in spring. Suprelorin contraceptive treatment effectively inhibited reproduction in adult females for a minimum duration of 519 ± 7 (n = 5) and ≥700 ± 20 (n = 5) days after administration of one or two 4.7-mg implants, respectively, with no negative side-effects obvious. The concurrent collection of data on contraceptive efficacy and population-specific life-history parameters provides a unique opportunity to highlight the importance of understanding local population dynamics when evaluating the likely efficacy and implementation of fertility control programs to manage problem wildlife.

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Boukouvala, Maria C., Nickolas G. Kavallieratos, Anna Skourti, Xavier Pons, Carmen López Alonso, Matilde Eizaguirre, Enrique Benavent Fernandez, et al. "Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): Current Status of Biology, Ecology, and Management in Europe with Notes from North America." Insects 13, no. 9 (September 19, 2022): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090854.

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The European Spongy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is an abundant species found in oak woods in Central and Southern Europe, the Near East, and North Africa and is an important economic pest. It is a voracious eater and can completely defoliate entire trees; repeated severe defoliation can add to other stresses, such as weather extremes or human activities. Lymantria dispar is most destructive in its larval stage (caterpillars), stripping away foliage from a broad variety of trees (>500 species). Caterpillar infestation is an underestimated problem; medical literature reports that established populations of caterpillars may cause health problems to people and animals. Inflammatory reactions may occur in most individuals after exposure to setae, independent of previous exposure. Currently, chemical and mechanical methods, natural predators, and silvicultural practices are included for the control of this species. Various insecticides have been used for its control, often through aerial sprayings, which negatively affect biodiversity, frequently fail, and are inappropriate for urban/recreational areas. However, bioinsecticides based on various microorganisms (e.g., entomopathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi) as well as technologies such as mating disruption using sex pheromone traps have replaced insecticides for the management of L. dispar.

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Connell, K. A., U. Munro, and F. R. Torpy. "Daytime behaviour of the grey-headed flying fox Pteropus poliocephalus Temminck (Pteropodidae: Megachiroptera) at an autumn/winter roost." Australian Mammalogy 28, no. 1 (2006): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am06002.

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The grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus Temminck) is a threatened large fruit bat endemic to Australia. It roosts in large colonies in rainforest patches, mangroves, open forest, riparian woodland and, as native habitat is reduced, increasingly in vegetation within urban environments. The general biology, ecology and behaviour of this bat remain largely unknown, which makes it difficult to effectively monitor, protect and manage this species. The current study provides baseline information on the daytime behaviour of P. poliocephalus in an autumn/winter roost in urban Sydney, Australia, between April and August 2003. The most common daytime behaviours expressed by the flying foxes were sleeping (most common), grooming, mating/courtship, and wing spreading (least common). Behaviours differed significantly between times of day and seasons (autumn and winter). Active behaviours (i.e., grooming, mating/courtship, wing spreading) occurred mainly in the morning, while sleeping predominated in the afternoon. Mating/courtship and wing spreading were significantly higher in April (reproductive period) than in winter (non-reproductive period). Grooming was the only behaviour that showed no significant variation between sample periods. These results provide important baseline data for future comparative studies on the behaviours of flying foxes from urban and ?natural? camps, and the development of management strategies for this species.

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Trigg, Heather B., Susan A. Jacobucci, Stephen A. Mrozowski, and John M. Steinberg. "ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARASITES AS INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN URBANIZING LANDSCAPES: IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH AND SOCIAL STATUS." American Antiquity 82, no. 3 (May 15, 2017): 517–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2017.6.

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Using archaeological data of two human intestinal parasites from seventeenth- to early twentieth-century contexts, we explore the intersection of biological and cultural variables that shaped the ecology of cities in northeastern North America during the modern period. These parasites are useful because they require a developmental period in the soil, thus providing a link between human activities and changing environments. Prior to the last decades of the eighteenth century, Trichuris eggs dominate the archaeoparasitological assemblage. Around 1800, there is a shift to increasing proportions of Ascaris eggs, which appears to be largely complete by 1850—a period of increasing urbanization in the northeast United States. Both environmental and behavioral factors play a role in this shift and include the relationship between parasite biology and changing microenvironments, attempts to deal with waste, and use of urban spaces. During this period, poorer households would likely have been at greater risk of parasites because of the ways they used yard spaces, their delayed access to sanitary technology, and the changing nature of urban vegetation in densely occupied neighborhoods.

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Mestre, Nieves, Eduardo Roig, and Manuel Almestar. "Beyond Nature-Based Rhetorics: A Prospect on the Potentials of Redundancy in Ecology-Oriented Design." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 13293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313293.

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Nature-Based Solutions are defined as infrastructures or systems which are inspired by, supported by, or copied from nature. This biophilic leitmotif has rapidly permeated and been prescribed in many fields, particularly in urban and architectural design, stimulating an invasion of green rhetorics not necessarily founded on genuine ecological performing. In this context, this article explores current gaps in the epistemology and rhetorics of NBS, expanding the field with alternative narratives such as cycle-based design and micro-scalar or process-oriented approaches. The concept of redundancy is here presented as a non-observable, still nature-based principle, already applied in disparate scientific fields such as information theory, cybernetics, or evolutionary biology, and introduced in design fields from a theoretical perspective. Novel applicability of the term will be articulated from design perspectives through various case studies, using a multi-scalar scope and concluding in a tentative taxonomy. Redundancy entails a shift from grammar-based to syntax-based design logics. Morphological redundancy is presented as an upgrade of NBS rhetorics, delivering a more advanced understanding of the hidden choreographies of nature.

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Appel, Arthur G., and Michael K. Rust. "A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SMOKYBROWN COCKROACH (DICTYOPTERA: BLATTIDAE), AN URBAN AND SUBURBAN PEST." Journal of Entomological Science 22, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-22.2.175.

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A categorized bibliography of the smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville) is presented. Categories include systematics and distribution, biology, physiology, chemical and cultural control, biological control agents, behavior, and mention only.

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Beaujean, Simon, Amal Najihah Muhamad Nor, Tim Brewer, Juan Gallego Zamorano, Alex Cristina Dumitriu, Jim Harris, and Ron Corstanje. "A multistep approach to improving connectivity and co-use of spatial ecological networks in cities." Landscape Ecology 36, no. 7 (January 12, 2021): 2077–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01159-6.

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Abstract Context Ecological networks are systems of interconnected components that support biodiversity, ecological processes and ecosystem services. Such structures play a crucial role for nature conservation and people well-being in anthropogenic landscapes. Assessing connectivity by using efficient models and metrics is a sine qua non condition to preserve and improve appropriately these ecological networks. Objectives This study aims to present a novel methodological approach to assess and model connectivity for species conservation (Bufo calamita; the natterjack toad) and human recreation in the city. Methods The study used a combination least cost and circuit models to identify priority corridors in the City of Liège, Belgium. Green areas, habitats and relevant movement parameters were derived based on existing studies around (i) the occurrence, ecology and biology of the natterjack toad and (ii) human behavioural studies on urban pedestrians. Combining the two models allowed the assessment of connectivity for both species via two different metrics visualised using priority corridors on maps. Results The connectivity assessments identified lack of connectivity as the potential route to extinction of natterjack toads at one of the source sites. Conclusions This study provides examples of how combining least cost and circuit models can contribute to the improvement of urban ecological networks and demonstrates the usefulness of such models for nature conservation and urban planning.

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Kowalska, Justyna. "Coloured light pollution in the urban environment." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i4.927.

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The article deals with issues related to colored lighting occurring in urban space. On the example of the Colosseum Amphitheatre 3D model, applications of colorful illumination were shown and the rationale for using color in individual cases was discussed. The aim of the article is to draw attention to proper planning and modernization of lighting to limit the negative interference of light in the ecosystem. Full Text: PDF ReferencesP. R. Boyce, "The benefits of light at night", Building and Environment, 151, 356-367 (2019) CrossRef Y. Hu,T. Zhang ,J. Chen, D. Ma ,C. Cheng, " Hybrid Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Low Color-Temperature and High Efficiency for Physiologically- Friendly Night Illumination", Israel Journal of Chemistry, 54, 979-985 (2014) CrossRef W. Jernarczyk, "Dwa oblicza światła", Kosmos, 64, 625-632 (2015) DirectLink J.D.Bullough, M.S Mies, "The blue-light hazard:A review", Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society,29, 6-14 (2013) CrossRef M. Rivas., P.T. Santidrian, J. U. Dieguez, A. Marco, " Leatherback hatchling sea-finding in response to artificial lighting:Interaction between wavelenght and moonlight", Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 463, 143-149 (2015) CrossRef S. Marcinkowska, E. Tęgowska, "Oddziaływanie światła o różnym spectrum na bezkręgowce zmierzchu I pełnego dnia", Kosmos, 64, 589-597 (2015) DirectLink P. Jakubowski, "Wpływ rozkładu widmowego mocy promienistej ulicznych opraw oświetleniowych typu LED na zanieczyszczenie światłem otoczenia", Kosmos, 64, 643-653 (2015) DirectLink K. Skarżyński, "Iluminacja obiektów architektonicznych a zanieczyszczenie środowiska światłem", Kosmos, 64, 553-562 (2015) DirectLink P. Tabaka, I. Fryc, "Zależność poziomu zanieczyszczenia otoczenia światłem od kształtu krzywej użytkowanej oprawy oświetleniowej", Kosmos, 64, 669-677 (2015) DirectLink W.Żagan, K.Skarżyński, "Analysis of light pollution from floodlighting: Is there a different approach to floodlighting?", Light and Engineering, 25, 75-82 (2017) DirectLink J.Kowalska, "Zanieczyszczenie światłem barwnym obrazu miast", Polish Journal for Sustainable Development, 21, 69-76 (2017) CrossRef C.Gardner, "The use and misuse of coloured lighting in the urban enviroment", Optics&Laser Technology, 38, 366-376 (2006) CrossRef

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Werner, Courtney S., and Charles L. Nunn. "Effect of urban habitat use on parasitism in mammals: a meta-analysis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1927 (May 13, 2020): 20200397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0397.

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Rates of urbanization are increasing globally, with consequences for the dynamics of parasites and their wildlife hosts. A small subset of mammal species have the dietary and behavioural flexibility to survive in urban settings. The changes that characterize urban ecology—including landscape transformation, modified diets and shifts in community composition—can either increase or decrease susceptibility and exposure to parasites. We used a meta-analytic approach to systematically assess differences in endoparasitism between mammals in urban and non-urban habitats. Parasite prevalence estimates in matched urban and non-urban mammal populations from 33 species were compiled from 46 published studies, and an overall effect of urban habitation on parasitism was derived after controlling for study and parasite genus. Parasite life cycle type and host order were investigated as moderators of the effect sizes. We found that parasites with complex life cycles were less prevalent in urban carnivore and primate populations than in non-urban populations. However, we found no difference in urban and non-urban prevalence for parasites in rodent and marsupial hosts, or differences in prevalence for parasites with simple life cycles in any host taxa. Our findings therefore suggest the disruption of some parasite transmission cycles in the urban ecological community.

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Gehrt, Stanley D., Evan C. Wilson, Justin L. Brown, and Chris Anchor. "Population Ecology of Free-Roaming Cats and Interference Competition by Coyotes in Urban Parks." PLoS ONE 8, no. 9 (September 13, 2013): e75718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075718.

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Weissbrod, Lior, Dan Malkinson, Thomas Cucchi, Yuval Gadot, Israel Finkelstein, and Guy Bar-Oz. "Ancient Urban Ecology Reconstructed from Archaeozoological Remains of Small Mammals in the Near East." PLoS ONE 9, no. 3 (March 12, 2014): e91795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091795.

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Dvořáková, Anna, Anita Klímová, Johana Alaverdyan, and Jiří Černý. "Postindustrial Landscapes Are Neglected Localities That May Play an Important Role in the Urban Ecology of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases—A Pilot Study." Pathogens 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2023): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12050648.

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Background: Numerous recent studies have shown that ticks and tick-borne pathogens pose a considerable threat in urban areas, such as parks, playgrounds, zoos, cemeteries, etc. Abandoned postindustrial localities, and other types of vague terrain, are other examples of urban wilderness areas that have been absolutely neglected in respect to ticks and tick-borne pathogens thus far, even though they provide ideal biotopes for ticks. Methods: The abundance of ticks and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes were compared between a city park and an adjacent abandoned construction waste disposal site in Prague, Czechia from June to October 2021. Results: The results showed that ticks and borrelia spirochetes are present at the city park as well as at the abandoned construction waste disposal site, although in lower numbers. Discussion: According to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the presence of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in an urban postindustrial landscape. More detailed studies are needed to uncover the role of these localities in the ecology of ticks and ecoepidemiology of tick-borne diseases in urban areas.

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Memmott, Jane. "Food webs: a ladder for picking strawberries or a practical tool for practical problems?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1524 (June 27, 2009): 1693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0255.

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While food webs have provided a rich vein of research material over the last 50 years, they have largely been the subject matter of the pure ecologist working in natural habitats. While there are some notable exceptions to this trend, there are, as I explain in this paper, many applied questions that could be answered using a food web approach. The paper is divided into two halves. The first half provides a brief review of six areas where food webs have begun to be used as an applied tool: restoration ecology, alien species, biological control, conservation ecology, habitat management and global warming. The second half outlines five areas in which a food web approach could prove very rewarding: urban ecology, agroecology, habitat fragmentation, cross-habitat food webs and ecosystem services.

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Close, Dugald C., Giuseppe Messina, Siegfried L. Krauss, Deanna P. Rokich, Jennifer Stritzke, and Kingsley W. Dixon. "Conservation biology of the rare species Conospermum undulatum and Macarthuria keigheryi in an urban bushland remnant." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 6 (2006): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05205.

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We evaluated the utility of a focussed, short-duration research program for investigation of two rare species that occur within an urban bushland remnant, with application for improving conservation management and translocation outcomes. Conospermum undulatum Lindl. is listed as Threatened and Macarthuria keigheryi Lepschi is listed as Vulnerable under the (Australian) Federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The C. undulatum population lacked evidence of juvenile plants, indicating either lack of a suitable germination cue or failure of seedling establishment. The M. keigheryi population was browsed heavily by feral rabbits where exposed and thrived when sheltered within unpalatable vegetation from rabbits. Seeds of M. keigheryi were rapidly removed in an ant cafeteria-style experiment, although seeds of the related Macarthuria australis and an ‘outgroup’ species, Gompholobium tomentosum, were removed at equally high rates. Seed viability was high in M. keigheryi, but variable in C. undulatum. Germination rates, in untreated fresh seed, were 11% for C. undulatum and 0% for M. keigheryi and increased to 27 and 3%, respectively, when treated with gibberellic acid. Maximum strike rates for cuttings of 33 and ~75% were obtained for C. undulatum and M. keigheryi, respectively. Cutting-grown plants of M. keigheryi flowered and seeded profusely in the nursery within 7 months, providing a highly effective seed-orchard resource for research and conservation seed banking. Genetic fingerprinting (AFLP) indicated that the C. undulatum population at Perth Airport was not genetically distinct from nearby C. undulatum populations, despite its relatively high variability in leaf morphology. All C. undulatum populations contained moderate to high levels of genetic variation, with the percentage of AFLP markers polymorphic ranging from 48.6 to 64.9%, and heterozygosity from 0.167 to 0.202. Overall, the knowledge gained from this program of short duration will enable informed management and will underpin successful population enhancement through future translocations.

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Yorkina, Nadiia, Olexander Zhukov, and Olena Chromysheva. "Potential Possibilities of Soil Mesofauna Usage for Biodiagnostics of Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals." Ekológia (Bratislava) 38, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2019-0001.

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AbstractThe study of potential possibilities of mesofauna as bioindicator of soil contamination by heavy metals is one of the most important areas of urban ecology and soil biology. The work presents the results of ecotoxicological and bioindicative assessment of the environment and the biota of the Melitopol urbosystem of Ukraine. The dynamics of chemical properties of soils in different functional zones of the city is analysed. The complex indices of pollution of environmental components are determined. A bioindicative assessment of the ecological condition of the territory of the urbosystem on the indicators of vitality of the soil mesofauna is carried out. For the first time, regional species-bioindicators for the territory of the city of Melitopol were determined. The ecomorphic structure of soil mesofauna of various functional zones of the city was revealed.

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Teyssier, Aimeric, Erik Matthysen, Noraine Salleh Hudin, Liesbeth de Neve, Joël White, and Luc Lens. "Diet contributes to urban-induced alterations in gut microbiota: experimental evidence from a wild passerine." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1920 (February 5, 2020): 20192182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2182.

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Urban sprawl increasingly affects the ecology of natural populations, including host–microbiota interactions, with observed differences in the gut microbiota between urban and rural hosts. While different mechanisms could explain this pattern, dietary uptake constitutes a likely candidate. To assess the contribution of diet in explaining urban–rural variation in gut microbiota, we performed an aviary experiment in which urban and rural house sparrows were fed with mimics of urban or rural diets. Before the experiment, rural sparrows hosted more diverse gut communities, with a higher relative abundance of Enterococcaceae and Staphylococcaceae and lower abundance of genes involved in xenobiotic degradation and lipid metabolism than their urban counterparts. The experimental diets significantly altered gut microbiota α- and β-diversity and taxonomic composition, with the strongest shifts occurring in individuals exposed to contrasting diets. Overall, diet-induced shifts resembled initial differences between free-ranging urban and rural hosts. Furthermore, rural diet had a positive impact on urban host body mass but only in hosts with the highest initial gut diversity. Overall, our results indicate that diet constitutes an important factor contributing to differences in gut microbiota along the urbanization gradient and provide new insights on possible fitness consequences of a reduced gut diversity in urban settings.

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Barraud, S., J. Gibert, T. Winiarski, and J. L. Bertrand Krajewski. "Implementation of a monitoring system to measure impact of stormwater runoff infiltration." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 3 (February 1, 2002): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0080.

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Stormwater infiltration is a drainage mode, which is more and more used in urban areas in France. Given the characteristics of urban surfaces, and especially the loads of various pollutants contained in stormwater, it is important to assess the impact of stormwater infiltration systems on soil and groundwater by carrying out field experiments. The main difficulty is due to the complexity of the system observed and the need of multidisciplinary approaches. Another difficulty is that measurements are carried out in situ, in an uncontrolled environment submitted to quantitatively and qualitatively highly variable interferences. Very long term monitoring is needed to get representative results. In order to contribute to solve these problems, the OTHU project has recently been launched in Lyon (France). One of its key action concerns a long-term (10 years) experiment on an infiltration basin specifically rehabilitated for measurements and operational drainage issues. This paper presents the experimental site, the objectives of the project and the way the monitoring process has been built according to the various disciplines involved (biology, ecology, hydrology, chemistry and soil sciences) and to the will of assessing all the uncertainties in the measurement process.

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Bormpoudakis, Dimitrios, Joseph Tzanopoulos, and Evangelia Apostolopoulou. "The rise and fall of biodiversity offsetting in the Lodge Hill large-scale housing development, South East England." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 3 (November 5, 2019): 706–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619884890.

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In this paper, we aim to shed light on the geographies that led both to the selection of Lodge Hill for the construction of a large-scale housing development and to the subsequent attempt to use biodiversity offsetting to compensate for its environmental impacts. We draw on extensive fieldwork from 2012 to 2016, and diverge from previous studies on offsetting by focusing less on issues related to metrics and governance and shifting our analytic attention to the economic and urban geographies surrounding the Lodge Hill case. We argue that this approach can offer not only an empirically grounded account of why offsetting is being selected to address the impacts of specific urban development projects, but also an in-depth understanding of the factors that determine offsetting’s actual implementation on the ground. Viewing the Lodge Hill case through the frame of urbanization allows us to better grasp the how, why and when particular alliances of actors contest and/or support the implementation of biodiversity offsetting. Our analytical lens also helps exposing the fragility of neoliberal natures and the roles inter-capitalist competition and species biology and ecology can play on the success or failure of neoliberal policies.

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Brom, Peta, Les G. Underhill, and Kevin Winter. "A review of the opportunities to support pollinator populations in South African cities." PeerJ 10 (March 11, 2022): e12788. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12788.

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Globally insects are declining, but some guilds of pollinators are finding refuge in urban landscapes. The body of knowledge on urban pollinators is relatively mature, which means it is now possible to begin to make generalization. Unfortunately, studies do not represent climatic regions evenly and there is a gap in research from the African continent. This study aimed to address some of the gaps on urban pollination knowledge in South Africa and to identify opportunities to improve urban habitats for pollinators. We reviewed the international literature on urban pollinators and the South African literature on pollinators with a landscape ecology focus, drawing on literature with an emphasis on agricultural and ecosystem services. The findings show that some taxa (e.g. large-bodied, cavity nesting bees) will exploit urban environments increasing in abundance with urban intensity. Moderately sensitive taxa (such as small-bodied, ground-nesting bees) take advantage of urban environments only if local habitats are supportive of their needs for resource provision and habitat connectivity. The South African urban poor rely on pollination services for subsistence agriculture and the reproduction of wild-foraged medicines and food. Potential interventions to improve habitat quality include strategic mowing practices, conversion of turf-grass to floral rich habitats, scientific confirmation of lists of highly attractive flowers, and inclusion of small-scale flower patches throughout the urban matrix. Further research is needed to fill the Africa gap for both specialized and generalized pollinators (Diptera, Halictids, Lepidoptera and Hopliini) in urban areas where ornamental and indigenous flowering plants are valued.

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Jung, Kirsten, and Caragh Grace Threlfall. "Trait-dependent tolerance of bats to urbanization: a global meta-analysis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1885 (August 22, 2018): 20181222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1222.

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Urbanization is a severe threat to global biodiversity, often leading to taxonomic and functional homogenization. However, current urban ecology research has focused mostly on urban birds and plants, limiting our ability to make generalizations about the drivers of urban biodiversity globally. To address this gap, we conducted a global meta-analysis of 87 studies, including 180 bat species (Chiroptera) from urban areas in Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America. We aimed to (i) understand the importance of functional traits and phylogeny in driving changes in urban bat assemblages, and (ii) assess the capacity of traits for predicting which types of species are most sensitive to urbanization. Our results indicate that species-specific functional traits explain differences in the intensity of urban habitat use. Urban tolerance mainly occurred within the open and edge space foraging and trawling species as well as in bats with flexible roosting strategies. In addition, across bioregions and independent of phylogeny, urban tolerance correlated with higher aspect ratio, a trait enabling fast flight but less agile manoeuvres during aerial food acquisition. Predictive success varied between bioregions, between 43 and 83%. Our analysis demonstrates that the local extinction of bat species in urban areas is non-random, trait-based and predictable, allowing urban landscape managers to tailor local conservation actions to particular types of species.

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Pagani-Núñez, Emilio, Chao He, Biao Li, Ming Li, Ruchuan He, Aiwu Jiang, and Eben Goodale. "The breeding ecology of the barn swallow Hirundo rustica gutturalis in South China." Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, no. 3 (May 2016): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000201.

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Abstract:Some animal species are found in many environments and over wide distributions and may have adaptations to live in such different areas. The barn swallow Hirundo rustica is an example of a species that is able to thrive over a large geographic range and in many different environments. However, little is known of the breeding biology of this species in southern China. Here, we studied 18 breeding pairs of barn swallow H. r. gutturalis in Nanning, Guangxi, between April and July 2015. We studied its breeding fitness and parental investment. We found that tropical barn swallows bred from early April to early July and had from two to five fledglings per brood. We also recorded a strong seasonal decrease of breeding success and nestling condition that has also been found in temperate regions. Nevertheless, nestlings showed relatively long wings and low body masses, which may have enabled three sets of parents to raise three broods per breeding season, more than in other Chinese populations. Generally, barn swallows breeding in the tropics showed a similar ecology to their conspecifics from temperate regions, probably due to the species’ niche specificity in urban settings. Morphological differences detected in this study require further research based on larger sample sizes and on more detailed data from different climatic regions of Asia.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban ecology (Biology)'

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