Dissertations / Theses: 'Urban economics'

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Conte, Maddalena. "Essays in economic geography and urban economics." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAX090.

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Cette thèse étudie les décisions de localisation des entreprises et des travailleurs, ainsi que la manière dont celles-ci interagissent avec les caractéristiques locales des marchés du travail. Le premier chapitre se concentre sur les entreprises et s’intéresse à un nouveau mécanisme qui les incite à s’implanter dans les villes les plus denses : le rôle de la volatilité de la demande et de son interaction avec la productivité des entreprises. Ce processus tient à des conditions d’embauche plus fluides qui attirent les entreprises productives pouvant plus rapidement réduire ou augmenter leurs effectifs dans les villes les plus densément peuplées. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse aux choix de localisation des travailleurs et à la manière dont les coûts de mobilité, en particulier les frictions informationnelles, affectent les migrations régionales. Cela permet de mettre en lumière les mécanismes à l’origine du biais migratoire lié aux compétences, à savoir la régularité empirique selon laquelle les travailleurs hautement qualifiés sont significativement plus mobiles que les travailleurs peu qualifiés. Le troisième chapitre porte sur l’interaction des politiques de logement abordable avec les incitations à participer au marché du travail
This thesis studies spatial location decisions of firms and workers, and how these interact with local labor market characteristics. The first chapter focuses on firms and explores a novel mechanism that incentivizes firms to locate in denser cities: the role of volatile demand and its interaction with firm productivity. This channel arises since faster hiring conditions in thicker labor markets attract productive firms that can more swiftly downsize or expand in denser cities. The second chapter explores the location decisions of workers and how regional migration is affected by mobility costs, in particular information frictions. This helps shed light on the mechanisms driving skill-biased migration, namely the empirical regularity that high-skilled workers are substantially more mobile than low-skilled workers. The third chapter studies the interaction of affordable housing policies with incentives for labor market participation. A quasi-natural experimental setting enables to analyze a large public housing privatization event in the city of Copenhagen directed towards low-income households, and to compare the impact of subsidized home purchase versus subsidized rental on long-run labor market outcomes

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Sánchez, Vidal María. "Essays on Urban Economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/387318.

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Cities present high levels of worker and business productivity thanks to their agglomeration economies, which are usually capitalised in higher wages. Cities are, moreover, the perfect environment for consumption, thanks to their large supply of amenities. However, the density of cities is at the same time responsible for rising congestion costs and higher housing prices. Thus, and in line with the urban economics literature, the equilibrium city size depends on the trade-off between the benefits accrued from these agglomeration forces and the costs associated with larger cities. This thesis contributes to this literature by providing three interesting findings about the economics of city formation and city evolution. First, this thesis inspects one of the mechanisms driving the existence of different cities of different sizes. Using data from US cities, it studies the evolution of city growth throughout the twentieth century. More specifically, the analysis focuses on the role played by the new-born cities created during the decades between 1900 and 2000. The first finding is that there are differences in city growth rates according to the age of the city. In general, when a city is born it presents a very high growth rate but, as the decades pass, it matures and its growth rate stabilises or even declines. Second, the results suggest that most of the growth differential across cities is driven by their first decade of existence, which is generally in line with the parametric results. This thesis also estimates the real net local employment responses to large manufacturing plant closures as a result of their international relocations. Specifically, it estimates the employment effects of the closure of 45 large manufacturing plants in Spain, which relocated to (mainly) developing countries between 2001 and 2006. Each municipality experiencing a closure is matched to a small set of comparable municipalities in terms of employment level and industry mix in the year 2000. It is found that treatments and controls do not differ in their 1990-2000 (pre-treatment) employment trends either, thereby lending credence to the identification assumption underpinning the differences-in-differences estimates used in this chapter. The results show that when a plant closes, for each job directly lost in the plant closure, only between 0.3 and 0.6 jobs are actually lost in the local economy, with the adjustment being concentrated in local incumbent firms in the industry having suffered the closure. Finally, this thesis studies the effects of big-box store openings, usually located in out-of-town sites, on grocery stores, which are typically identified as city centre consumption amenities. Using an RDD analysis and focusing on the food sector, this chapter makes use of a regulation aimed at restricting the entry of big-box stores as the source of exogenous variation. The results indicate that, after a big-box opens, the affected municipality gradually loses grocery stores, typically from the city centre, showing evidence of downtown hollowing out. In fact, four years after the opening, between 20% and 30% of pre-existing grocery stores have closed down. Moreover, when evaluating the heterogeneity of these effects, the results seem to show that there are no significant short-run differences between big-box store openings in the city centre and those out-of-town. This indicates that, at least in the short-run, both downtown and suburb big-boxes act as direct competitors of grocery stores. An additional heterogeneity analysis is also performed by splitting the results between conventional and discount big-box stores, where the former are chains selling well-known brands whereas the latter typically sell their own brands at lower prices. In this case, all the effect on grocery stores can be attributed to conventional stores, showing evidence that these shops, which sell the same kind of products as grocery stores but in a one-stop shop, may match consumer preferences better and may also be more convenient for them.
Las ciudades presentan elevados niveles de productividad gracias a la existencia de economías de aglomeración, las cuales suelen capitalizarse en sueldos más altos. Además, las ciudades son el lugar perfecto para el consumo, gracias a su variada oferta de productos. Sin embargo, la densidad de las ciudades es también la responsable de aumentar los niveles de congestión y los precios de la vivienda. Por eso, de acuerdo con la literatura centrada en la economía urbana, el tamaño de equilibrio de las ciudades depende de una lucha entre dos fuerzas distintas: los beneficios que generan las economías de aglomeración y los costes asociados al gran tamaño de las ciudades. Esta tesis contribuye a la literatura aportando tres resultados interesantes sobre la formación y la evolución de las ciudades. En primer lugar, inspecciona uno de los mecanismos que genera la existencia de diferentes ciudades de diferentes tamaños mediante el uso de datos para Estados Unidos durante el siglo XX. En concreto, el análisis se focaliza en el estudio de las ciudades que nacieron entre el 1900 y el 2000, demostrando que existen diferencias en las tasas de crecimiento de las ciudades dependiendo de la edad de las mismas. En general, cuando una ciudad nace, presenta un crecimiento muy elevado pero a menudo que las décadas pasan, su crecimiento se estabiliza o incluso decrece. Además, este mismo estudio demuestra que dichas diferencias en el crecimiento vienen determinadas por la primera década de su existencia. El segundo análisis empírico de la tesis se centra en estimar los efectos netos del cierre de grandes plantas manufactureras (como resultado de relocalizaciones internacionales) en el empleo local. Más concretamente, el estudio estima los efectos en el empleo local de 45 cierres de grandes plantas manufactureras en España que entre 2001 y 2006 se relocalizaron en países en vías de desarrollo. Para realizar el análisis, cada municipio que sufre un cierre es emparejado con un grupo de municipios comparables en términos de niveles de empleo y composición industrial. Los resultados muestran que, cuando una planta cierra sus puertas, por cada trabajo que se pierde, la economía local solo pierde entre 0,3 y 0,6 puestos de trabajo, dándose este ajuste en las empresas del sector que se encontraban en el municipio anteriormente al cierre de la gran planta. Por último, el tercer estudio empírico de la presente tesis analiza los efectos de la apertura de grandes superficies comerciales, principalmente localizadas en las afueras de las ciudades, en las pequeñas tiendas de alimentación. Este estudio utiliza una regulación comercial que restringe la entrada de grandes superficies comerciales en España como la fuente de variación exógena. Los resultados indican que cuatro años después de la apertura de la gran superficie comercial, entre el 20 y el 30% de las tiendas de alimentación pre-existentes cierran sus puertas. Además, los resultados también indican que no existen diferencias en los efectos provocados por las grandes superficies localizadas en los centros urbanos respecto a las que se sitúan en las afueras. El último resultado de este estudio se centra en demostrar cómo las superficies de descuento no tienen ningún efecto sobre los pequeños comercios de alimentación, siendo las superficies convencionales las que provocan la pérdida de pequeños comercios mencionada anteriormente.

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González, Pampillón Nicolás. "Essays on Urban Economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663272.

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This thesis contributes with empirical evidence on policies that attempt to reduce spatial inequalities and also studying the drivers of residential segregation. Specifically, the second chapter assesses the impact on neighborhood population dynamics of a major urban renewal policy implemented in Catalonia (Spain) between 2004 and 2010. The results suggest that the urban renewal projects had little (if any) effects on population dynamics, suggesting that substantial investment in deprived neighborhoods is insufficient to attract natives and/or high income households. Interestingly, the sole exception were the interventions made in Barcelona’s historic districts, where the policy seems to have augmented ongoing processes of urban revival into its most deprived neighborhoods furthering processes of gentrification. The third chapter provides a new empirical test of one-sided tipping models in the population composition of neighborhoods using an infrequent set of events in Spain. In the immigration boom period, 2001-2009, neighborhoods with high minority shares in 2001 received larger inflows of immigrants and experienced outflows in native population. In the immigration freeze period, 2010-2015, the neighborhoods that received large immigrant influxes in the 2001-2009 period kept loosing native population, despite the fact that these neighborhoods were actually experiencing slight losses of immigrant population. Results are consistent with tipping behavior. The fourth chapter studies the external effects of tax benefits given to residential developers in Uruguay on both house prices and crime records. Clear evidence of spillovers is found: house prices increase by around 12% in the period 2014-2016 in a 400-meter wide band in the subsidized border area. Using a continuous but endogenous treatment measure, IV estimates show an elasticity of .035 with respect to housing prices. An examination of crime records shows that the property crime rate seems to decrease at the border, but there is no evidence of a decrease in the non-property crime rate.

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Resseger, Matthew George. "Essays in Urban Economics." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11697.

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In this set of essays, I grapple with issues related to the core questions of urban economics. Why are people so heavily clustered in urban areas? Why do some cities grow while others decline? What explains where people live within urban areas? My first essay focuses on understanding patterns of racial segregation within metro areas. One factor that has long been hypothesized to contribute to this divide, but has proven difficult to test empirically, is that local zoning regulations have an exclusionary impact on minority residents in some neighborhoods. I focus on variation in block-level racial composition within narrow bands around zone borders within jurisdictions. My results imply a large role for local zoning regulation, particularly the permitting of dense multi-family structures, in explaining disparate racial location patterns. The second essay returns to core issues of agglomeration and the role of cities. The fact that wages tend to be higher in cities, and that this premium grows with density, has been seen as strong evidence for urban agglomeration forces enhancing productivity. In modern data this density premium seems only to exist in areas with above average levels of human capital. Agglomeration models emphasizing learning and knowledge spillovers between workers in close proximity seem most compatible with the data. Finally, I investigate the impact of local governance structure on urban growth over the last 40 years. Some economists have touted the virtues of competition between fragmented local governments in efficient provision of local public goods, while regionalists have pointed to the need to coordinate planning and infrastructure across jurisdictions, and warned of the impacts of fractionalization on segregation and sprawl. While cities with regionalized governments have grown more rapidly, a small set of strong historical correlates with local government density can account for this. Impacts on segregation are more robust.
Economics

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Blind, Ina. "Essays on Urban Economics." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260898.

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This thesis consists of four self-contained essays. Essay 1 (with Olof Åslund and Matz Dahlberg): In this essay we investigate the impact of commuter train access on individual labor market outcomes. Our study considers the exogenous introduction of a commuter train linking locations in the northern part of Uppsala County (Sweden) to the regional employment center, considerably decreasing commuting times by public transit to the center for those living close to the pre-existing railroad. Using difference-in-differences matching techniques on comprehensive individual panel data spanning over a decade, our intention-to-treat estimates show that the reform had mainly no impact on the earnings and employment development among the affected individuals. Essay 2: In this essay I look into the role of public transit for residential sorting by studying how the introduction of a commuter train linking locations in the northern part of Uppsala County (Sweden) to the regional employment center affected migration patterns in the areas served. Using a difference-in-difference(-in-difference) approach and comprehensive individual level data, I find that the commuter train had a positive effect on overall in-migration to the areas served and no effect on the average out-migration rate from these areas. With regards to sorting based on labor market status, I find no evidence of sorting based on employment status but some evidence that the train introduction increased the probability of moving out of the areas served for individuals with high labor incomes relative to the probability for individuals with lower income. Considering sorting along other lines than labor market status, the analysis suggests that people born in non-western countries came to be particularly attracted towards the areas served by the commuter train as compared to other similar areas. Essay 3: In this essay I look into the relation between housing mix and social mix in metropolitan Stockholm (Sweden) over the period 1990-2008. Using entropy measures, I find that although the distribution of tenure types over metropolitan Stockholm became somewhat more even over the studied period, people living in different tenure types still to a large extent tended to live in different parts of the city in 2008. The degree of residential segregation was much lower between different population groups. I further find that the mix of family types, and over time also of birth region groups and income groups, was rather different between different tenure types in the same municipality. The mix of different groups however tended to be similar within different tenure types in the same neighborhood. While the entropy measures provide a purely descriptive picture, the findings thus suggest that tenure type mix could be more useful for creating social mix at the municipal level than for creating social mix at the neighborhood level. Essay 4 (with Matz Dahlberg): The last decade’s immigration to western European countries has resulted in a culturally and religiously more diverse population in these countries. This diversification manifests itself in several ways, where one is through new features in the cityscape. Using a quasi-experimental approach, essay 4 examines how one such new feature, public calls to prayer, affects neighborhood dynamics (house prices and migration). The quasi-experiment is based on an unexpected political process that lead way to the first public call to prayer from a mosque in Sweden combined with rich (daily) information on housing sales. While our results indicate that the public calls to prayer increased house prices closer to the mosque, we find no evidence that the public calls to prayer served as a driver of residential segregation between natives and people born abroad around the mosque in question (no significant effects on migration behavior). Our findings are consistent with a story where some people have a willingness to pay for the possibility to more fully exert their religion which puts an upward pressure on housing in the vicinity of a mosque with public calls to prayer.

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Arvanitidis, Paschalis A. "Property market and urban economic development : an institutional economics approach." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288280.

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This thesis examines the relationship between the property market and urban economic development. The impetus for the research lies in the rapid process of urban economic change and the failure of economic approaches to explore adequately the important role of the property market in that process. The study draws on institutional economics to advance the argument that the property market as an institution is a mediator through which economic potential can be realised and served. Due to major philosophical and theoretical deficiencies in the area, focus is placed on the establishment of an appropriate philosophical framework, the development of a new theory, and the specification of a research design for empirical investigation of the issues. The thesis's foremost contribution therefore lies in the formation of a holistic research programme to conceptualise the property market as an institution and to explore its role within the urban economy. Critical realist principles provide the basis for the development of the philosophical position of the study. These are combined with institutionalist insights to construct a three-layer ontological framework discussing the nature of urban socioeconomy. The thesis then lays down a rich theory of urban economic organisation, placing explicit emphasis on the institutional mechanisms, processes and dynamics through which the built environment is provided. The interrelation between property market process and the wider institutional environment is explored, particularly in terms of efficiency in providing appropriate market institutions and property outcomes that support urban economic potential. From this discussion the institutionalist concept of 'property market purpose efficiency' is developed. Building upon the conceptual framework, the thesis explicitly addresses the requirements for concrete analysis. It, first, lays down a generic analytical approach specifying appropriate research methods and techniques for investigation, and, second, sets up a research design providing an operational frame in which developed theory is translated into empirical practice. This research design provides a blueprint for empirical case studies. Finally, a case study of Madrid is employed to empirically explore the research design.

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Rolheiser, Lyndsey (Lyndsey Anne). "Three essays on urban economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111373.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Urban Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 140-145).
The three chapters contained in this dissertation represent a body of work concerned with ubiquitous municipal issues that affect the economic health, vibrancy, and stability of municipalities. These issues are generated through the interaction between agents within the municipality and the built environment of the municipality. The first chapter investigates the role of postwar housing characteristics in neighborhood decline. Extant literature hypothesizes that postwar vintage specific housing characteristics are contributing more to observations of decline than general housing age as the postwar home is no longer aligned with current consumer demand. I address this hypothesis by empirically separating aging and postwar vintage effects at the neighborhood level. Findings indicate previous empirical results linking postwar housing to decline confounded the age and vintage effect. Once separated, the postwar vintage effect is not a significant source of neighborhood decline as housing age is the driving factor. In the second chapter, I explore the relationship between development patterns and municipal expenditures. Measures that capture the multidimensional aspects of land use patterns exist within the planning and landscape ecology literature but have not been applied to the 'Cost of Sprawl' discourse until now. Using a unique GIS data set covering all of Massachusetts, I construct measures of separation, continuity, centrality, integration, and concentration of residential and commercial land uses within municipalities. Findings suggest some aspects of land use patterns championed by Smart Growth and New Urbanism advocates produce lower levels of municipal expenditures per capita as compared to more sprawling development patterns. The final chapter focuses on the issue of property tax incidence. With increasing reliance upon commercial property tax revenue, it is important that municipalities fully understand the implications of such reliance especially when it comes to attracting and retaining local business. Existing literature on commercial property tax is limited and only a small handful of studies focus on the issue of commercial property tax incidence. I contribute to this slim literature by asking one question in particular: who does the commercial property tax burden fall upon? Based on data from 96 Massachusetts municipalities over 26 years, I find nearly 100% of the burden is passed through to the renter.
by Lyndsey A. Rolheiser.
1. Postwar Housing and Neighborhood Decline -- 2. Inefficient Land Use Patterns & Municipal Expenditures -- 3. Commercial Property Tax Incidence: Evidence from the Rental Market.
Ph. D. in Urban Economics

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D'Acosta, Lopez F. "Urban policy and national development in Mexico." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370861.

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Dominguez, Moreno Jorge Andres. "Three empirical essays on urban economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399784.

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La ciudad es el resultado de la confluencia entre firmas y trabajadores e, implícitamente, una relación entre las capacidades productivas de las firmas y la productividad de las áreas en donde están localizadas. Además, la localización residencial de los trabajadores representa las ventajas y desventajas en el mercado laboral debido a que deben asumir los costos de desplazamiento. Bogotá y Cali, las ciudades que son objeto de estudio en esta tesis doctoral, son usadas para abordar tres temas cruciales que afectan a las ciudades en los países en desarrollo: el desempleo, la informalidad y el crimen. Bogotá, como la mayoría de las grandes ciudades en América Latina, ha experimentado problemas debido al descontrolado crecimiento urbano y la segregación espacial desde 1950. Este crecimiento descontrolado ha resultado en una expansión urbana que ha incrementado la distancia entre las viviendas de los trabajadores y las áreas donde se generan oportunidades de empleo. En el Capítulo 1 estimamos el efecto del acceso al empleo en la probabilidad de ser empleado. Para esto usamos microdatos de encuestas de hogares e información de localización de empleos a nivel de Census Tract. Estimamos ecuaciones de probabilidad de empleo para analizar la desconexión entre los trabajadores y las oportunidades de empleo controlando por características de los trabajadores. Además, usamos la metodología de variables instrumentales para abordar el problema de la endogeneidad. El principal resultado es que el acceso al empleo tiene un efecto positivo y significativo en la probabilidad de que el trabajador se encuentre empleado. La evidencia empírica con respecto a temas de aglomeración y localización espacial tiene que ver con empresas formales. La literatura ha mencionado marginalmente lo que sucede con las firmas informales. En el Capítulo 2 estimamos el efecto de la aglomeración espacial en el porcentaje de firmas informales a nivel de barrio. Las firmas informales son aquellas que producen bienes y servicios legales, pero que no cumplen con la regulación oficial. Este tema es relevante porque, al igual que en otros países en desarrollo, el sector informal en Colombia emplea más del 50% de la mano de obra. En este estudio encontramos que un incremento de una desviación estándar en los niveles de aglomeración espacial el porcentaje de firmas informales se reduce en 16%. Estos resultados son consistentes con la idea de que las firmas informales se benefician menos de las economías de aglomeración debido a que las restricciones legales bloquean su relación con firmas formales. Latinoamérica domina la lista de las ciudades más violentas del mundo. La literatura señala que las altas tasas de crimen representan una pérdida significativa de bienestar. Además, las tasas de crimen no se distribuyen de manera homogénea en el área urbana. En respuesta a los riesgos que impone el crimen, las personas tienen dos opciones: votar por políticas contra el crimen o moverse a otros barrios. En 2015, la ciudad con más homicidios fue Caracas (Venezuela) con 120 por cada 100,000 personas y la ciudad de Cali (Colombia) registró 65. Sabemos que el crimen tiene un efecto en el mercado de la vivienda, por lo tanto, el objetivo del Capítulo 3 es estimar la relación entre los precios de las viviendas y las tasas de homicidio en Cali. Encontramos que un incremento de 10% en las tasas de homicidio están relacionadas con una disminución entre el 2% y el 2.5% en los precios de las viviendas.
A city is a confluence between firms and workers and, implicitly, a relationship between the productive capacities of firms and the productivity of the areas in which they are located. Moreover, the residence location of workers represents advantageous or disadvantageous opportunities in the labour market because they have to assume commuting costs. Bogotá and Cali, the urban areas that we shall study in this thesis, are used to raise the crucial concerns of cities in developing countries. In the three empirical studies that make up this thesis, the central character is the city, but the main subjects are unemployment, informality and crime. Bogotá, like the majority of large Latin American cities, has experienced urban problems due to the uncontrolled growth of peripheral neighbourhoods and the socio-spatial segregation process that began in the 1950s. The rapid uncontrolled urbanization of the city has resulted in severe urban sprawl and this phenomenon has increased the distance between workers and job opportunities. In Chapter 1 we estimate the effect of job accessibility on the probability of being employed. Data used at individual level come from household surveys, while information about job location at census tract level comes from the Urban Planning Office. We estimate employment probability equations to analyse the disconnection between workers and job opportunities including controls at individual level. Moreover, the paper focuses on the treatment of the location endogeneity problem using instrumental variables. The main result is that job accessibility has a significant positive effect on the probability of being employed. Most of the empirical findings on spatial agglomeration and localization concern firms in the formal sector, and the literature say little about the effect of agglomeration on the localization of informal firms. In Chapter 2 we estimate the effect of agglomeration on the local share of informal firms that produce legal goods but do not comply with official regulations. This issue is relevant because, like other developing countries, the informal sector in Colombia employs more than 50% of the workforce. Our results demonstrate that one standard deviation increase in agglomeration reduces the local share of informal firms by 16%. Our results are consistent with the idea that informal firms benefit less from agglomeration because of legal restrictions that block the relationship with formal firms. The literature points out that high crime rates represent a significant welfare loss, reducing expected lifespan and increasing uncertainty about the future. However, crime rates are not homogeneously distributed within an urban area. This characteristic has a strong association with neighbourhood quality. In response to crime risk, residents generally have two options: they can vote for anti-crime policies or vote with their feet. In Chapter 3 we analyse this subject. Indeed, Latin America dominates the list of the world’s most violent cities. In 2015, Cali (Colombia) registered 65 homicides per 100,000 people in a ranking headed by Caracas (Venezuela) with 120. The literature points out that the local response to crime will be observed in the housing market. The objective of the analysis is to estimate the relationship between housing prices and homicide rates in Cali. We found that a 10% increase in the homicide rate is related with a decrease of between 2% and 2.5% in housing prices.

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Ni, Juan, and 倪娟. "Essays on international and urban economics." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44549155.

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Sanchis-Guarner, Rosa. "Essays on urban and spatial economics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/455/.

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This thesis is composed of four chapters. The first one investigates the impact of immigration on housing markets. The rest study the effects of transport policy on economic outcomes. Chapter 1 provides causal estimates of the effects of an increase of foreign-born population on house prices. I use data for the Spanish provinces between 2001 and 2010. In order to infer causality I construct an instrument based on past location patterns by immigrant nationality. I find positive effects of the increase in the share of foreign-born population on both rental and purchase prices. The estimated elasticities are 0.6% for rental prices and 2% for purchase prices. I also investigate the relationship between immigration and native location (native displacement) and I find that immigrants attract natives to the same regions they locate. When I re-estimate the effects using solely the variation on population growth which is due to exogenous location of foreign-born, I find that estimates are around 30-40% smaller than if we ignored the relationship between immigration and native location decisions. Chapters 2 to 4 investigate the effects of road improvements on aggregate and individual economic outcomes, using data for Great Britain during the period 1998-2008. Chapter 2 develops the methodology to estimate the economic impacts of transport improvements. We summarise the existing evidence and the theoretical channels through which transport policy can impact firm, worker and aggregate economic outcomes. To capture the effect of road improvements, we construct a measure of accessibility to employment through the road network. For this purpose, we collect novel data on 31 major road improvement projects and combine this information with the trunk road network in Great Britain in 2008. This information is used to calculate optimal travel times between locations at each point in time, which are used in the computation of the accessibility measures. The last two chapters discuss the empirical results, for ward and firm outcomes (chapter 3) and for individual labour market outcomes (chapter 4). I find positive effects of accessibility on ward employment and number of plants, a limited effect on plant employment and no effect on productivity. Accessibility from workplace has substantial impacts on individual wages and total hours worked, while accessibility from home only seems to have an effect on reducing the travel time to work.

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Lin, Yatang. "Essays on environmental and urban economics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3560/.

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The thesis consists of three independent chapters on environmental and urban economics. A central theme explored in this thesis is what determines the distribution of economic activities across space. My exploration in this direction begins with the roles of industrial pollution and transportation infrastructure in shaping the spatial distribution of skills, and extends to evaluate the spatial allocation efficiency of renewable energy projects. The first chapter,“The Long Shadow of Industrial Pollution: Environmental Amenities and the Distribution of Skills”, investigates the role of industrial pollution in determining the competitiveness of post-industrial cities, with a focus on their ability to attract skilled workers and shift to a modern service economy. I assemble a rich database at a fine spatial resolution, which allows me to track pollution from the 1970s to the present and to examine its impacts on a whole range of outcomes related to productivity and amenity, including house prices, employment, wages, and crime. I find that census tracts downwind of highly polluted 1970s industrial sites are associated with lower housing prices and a smaller share of skilled employment three decades later, a pattern which became evermore prominent between 1980 and 2000. These findings indicate that pollution in the 1970s affected the ability of parts of cities to attract skills, which in turn drove the process of agglomeration based on modern services. To quantify the contribution of different mechanisms, I build and estimate a multi-sector spatial equilibrium framework that introduces heterogeneity in local productivity and workers’ valuation of local amenities across sectors and allows the initial sorting to be magnified by production and residential externalities. Structural estimation suggests that historical pollution is associated with lower current productivity and amenity; the magnitudes are higher for productivity, more skilled sectors and central tracts. I then use the framework to evaluate the impact of counterfactual pollution cuts in different parts of cities on nationwide welfare and cross-city skill distribution. The second chapter, “Travel Costs and Urban Specialization: Evidence from China’s High Speed Railway” examines how improvements in passenger transportation affect the spatial distribution of skills, exploiting the expansion of high speed railway (HSR) project in China. This natural experiment is unique because as a passenger-dedicated transportation device that aims at improving the speed and convenience of intercity travel, HSR mostly affects urban specialization through encouraging more frequent intercity trips and face-to-face interactions. I find that an HSR connection increases city-wide passenger flows by 10% and employment by 7%. To further deal with the issues of endogenous railway placement and simultaneous public investments accompanying HSR connections, I examine the impact of a city’s market access changes purely driven by the HSR connection of other cities. The estimates suggest that HSR-induced expansion in market access increases urban employment with an elasticity between 2 and 2.5. The differential impacts of HSR on employment across sectors suggest that industries benefiting more from enhanced market access are the ones intensive in nonroutine cognitive skills, such as finance, IT and business services. These findings highlight the role of improved passenger travel infrastructure in promoting the delivery of services, facilitating labour sourcing and knowledge exchange across cities, and ultimately shifting the specialization pattern of connected cities towards skilled and communication intensive sectors. In the last chapter, “Where does the Wind Blow? Green Preferences and Spatial Misallocation in the Renewable Energy Sector” , I focus on the spatial allocation efficiency of renewable energy projects. How efficiently are renewable energy projects distributed across the US? Are “greener” investors worse at picking sites? Using extensive information on wind resources, transmission, electricity prices and other restrictions that are relevant to the siting choices of wind farms, I calculate the predicted profitability of wind power projects for all possible locations across the contiguous US, use this distribution of this profitability as a counterfactual for profit-maximizing wind power investments and compare it to the actual placement of wind farms. The average predicted profit of wind projects would have risen by 47.1% had the 1770 current projects in the continental US been moved to the best 1770 sites. I also show that 80% and 42% respectively of this observed deviation can be accounted for by within-state and within-county distortions. I provide further evidence that a large proportion of the observed within-state spatial misallocation is related to green investors’ tendency of invest locally and sub-optimally. Wind farms in more environmentally-friendly counties are more likely to be financed by local and non-profit investors, are closer to cities, are much less responsive to local fundamentals and have worse performance ex-post. The implementation of state policies such as Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) and price-based subsidies are related to better within-state locational choices through attracting more for-profit investments to the “brown" counties, while lump-sum subsidies have the opposite or no effects. My findings have salient implications for environmental and energy policy. Policy makers should take account of the non-monetary incentives of renewable investors when determining the allocative efficiency of policies.

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Picarelli, Nathalie. "Essays in urban & development economics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3689/.

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This thesis consists of four independent chapters on urban and development economics. Chapter 1 looks at the issue of distance and labour outcomes in urban areas of a developing country. It studies the effect of a housing relocation program on the labour supply and living conditions of low-income households across major cities in South Africa. For this, I use four waves of panel microdata collected between 2008 and 2014, and I exploit the arbitrary eligibility rules of the policy with a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to obtain causal estimates. In the short-term of two to four years following relocation, I find that the labour supply of recipient households decreases by one standard deviation, driven mostly by a decrease in female hours. I find evidence of a large increase in distance (km) to economic opportunities. This is likely to be an important factor behind the decline, directly or indirectly through within-family shifts in livelihood strategies. Evidence is limited regarding improvements in housing and neighbourhood quality. Chapter 2 examines how neighbourhoods where children grow up can play a significant part in shaping their opportunities later in life. It provides unique evidence in a developing country context by using the random allocation of households to ethnically segregated residential areas during apartheid in South Africa. The main observations come from a panel of young adults aged 14 to 22 at baseline and residing in the city of Cape Town. It covers 5 periods of their life between 2002 to 2009. I focus on black children in families living in former black-only residential areas. I find compelling evidence of neighbourhood effects on labour and educational outcomes in adulthood across deprived neighbourhoods. The differences are more marked for young women, suggesting a stronger hold of social norms and institutions for young men. Location, both in terms of access to jobs and access to higher quality public amenities (schools), social networks and the underlying human capital composition of the neighbourhood are positively correlated to having better socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. Chapter 3 moves beyond socioeconomic outcomes, to study the relationship between extreme weather events and disease in developing cities. As climate change is making extreme weather events more frequent around the world, urban residents in developing countries have become more vulnerable to health shocks due to poor sanitation and infrastructure. The chapter empirically measures the relationship between weather and health shocks in the urban context of sub-Saharan Africa. Using unique high-frequency datasets of weekly cholera cases and accumulated precipitation for wards in Dar es Salaam, we find robust evidence that extreme rainfall has a significant positive impact on weekly cholera incidence. The effect is larger in wards that are more prone to flooding, have higher shares of informal housing and unpaved roads. We identify limited spatial spillovers. Time-dynamic effects suggest cumulated rainfall increases cholera occurrence immediately and with a lag of up to 5 weeks. Chapter 4 addresses questions related to the local impact of economic policies in developing countries. Specifically, I provide evidence on the local effect of a popular trade policy: export processing zones. The chapter examines the impact of their establishment on the levels of per capita expenditure across Nicaraguan municipalities for the period 1993 to 2009. Using the time and cross-section variation of park openings in a difference-in-differences framework, I find that on average consumption levels increased by 10% to 12% in treated municipalities. Yet, average effects mask significant disparities across the expenditure distribution. The results suggest that the policy benefited the upper-tail the most: expenditure levels increased by up to 25% at the 90th percentile. At the opposite end of the distribution, only the bottom decile registered a positive increase in expenditure levels of close to 10% across the period.

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Chong, Shi Kai. "A computational approach to urban economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122318.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computation for Design and Optimization Program, 2018
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 89-92).
Cities are home to more than half of the world population today and urbanization is one of this century's biggest drivers of global economic growth. The dynamics of the urban environment is thus an important question to investigate. In this thesis, techniques from statistical modeling, machine learning, data mining and econometrics are utilized to study digital traces of people's everyday lives. In particular, we investigated how people influence the economic growth of cities, as well as how the urban environment affect the decisions made by people. Focusing on the role of cities as centers of consumption, we found that a gravity model based on the availability of a large and diverse pool of amenities accurately explained human flows observed from credit card records. Investigation of the consumption patterns of individuals in Istanbul, Beijing and various metropolitan areas in the United States revealed a positive relationship between the diversity of urban amenities consumed and the city's economic growth. Taking the perspective of cities as hubs for information exchange, we modeled the interactions between individuals in the cities of Beijing and Istanbul using records of their home and work locations and demonstrated how cities which facilitate the mixing of diverse human capital are crucial to the flow of new ideas across communities and their productivity. This contributes to the body of evidence which supports the notion that efficient information exchange is the key factor that drives innovation. To investigate how urban environments shape people's decisions, we study the social influence city dwellers have on each other and showed how face-to-face interaction and information exchange across different residential communities can shape their behavior and increase the similarity of their financial habits and political views in Istanbul.
by Shi Kai Chong.
S.M.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computation for Design and Optimization Program

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De, Vivo Nicola. "Essays on Urban and Environmental Economics." Thesis, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 2016. http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/218/1/DeVivo_phdthesis.pdf.

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Urban and Environmental Economics are two branch of Economics that are more and more tightly interconnected and always should be. Trying to study how population is distributed across cities is a key point for several issues, either from a theoretical point of view or from a policy implementation point of view. Among the policies possibly affected by population distribution, policies dealing with climate change are one of the most affected, as people keep attributing a growing importance to the quality of their life, to the protection to natural risks and, then, policy makers have to care about how people are spread across cities. Viceversa, an effective climate policy should try to improve people’s life quality and to leave at least unaltered the population distribution, as it can cause, for example, job losses due to company relocation, which can alter in a substantial way the way in which population distributes in cities. In this thesis work, we aim to provide the international scientific community with new insights on some of the most relevant topics in these two branches: What is the actual distribution of population in cities of a country and what were the processes leading to it? Using different demographics variables or introducing some demographic characteristics (as age structure) could lead us to different results and give us different insights on the way in which people distribute across cities in a country? Could the greenhouse gas emissions behavior of a company be affected by the way in which the company is given the rights to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide? These are the main topics concerning the three chapters of which this thesis is constituted.

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MORENO, MALDONADO Ana. "Essays on family and urban economics." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/68157.

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Defence date: 10 September 2020 (Online)
Examining Board: Prof. Árpád Ábrahám (EUI and University of Bristol, Supervisor); Prof. Juan J. Dolado (University Carlos III Madrid); Prof. Lídia Farré (University of Barcelona); Prof. Nezih Guner (CEMFI)
This dissertation analyses how the geographical sorting of individuals and households affects labour markets as well as gender and spatial inequality. In the ﬁrst chapter, I show that labour force participation increases with city size for all demographic groups except for women with children, for whom it decreases, a phenomenon that I label Big City Child Penalty (BCCP). Both by means of empirical evidence and a quantitative spatial model of households, I show that the BCCP can be explained by commuting times, wages, and childcare price differentials between small and big cities as well as for unobserved heterogeneity in preferences for a stay-home parent. The second chapter of this dissertation highlights the role of delayed childbearing as an important driver of gentrification. While downtowns provide shorter commuting times and more consumption amenities, limited housing space and schools’ worse quality reduce the value of this location choice when children are born. We exploit exogenous variation in the cost of postponing childbearing to obtain causal estimates of the impact of delayed maternity on gentrification. We find that enhanced access to assisted reproductive technologies in the state increases income downtown by 5.4% relative to the suburbs. The third chapter studies the relationship between trade and migration. Coinciding with a period of increasing trade integration, the educational composition of migrants within the European Union changed towards high-skilled workers. We build a two-country, two-sector general equilibrium model in which countries only differ in the productivity of high-tech workers. While price equalization, induced by trade integration, equalizes the real wages of non-educated workers, differences in the real wages of educated workers remain, since the latter are more productive in the most advanced country. As a consequence, factor mobility is needed to exhaust differences in real wages, leading to high-skilled emigration towards the most advanced country.
1. Mums and the City: Female Labour Supply and City Size -- 2. Delayed Birth and Gentriﬁcation -- 3. Free Trade and Labour Mobility

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Santos, Eliane Teixeira dos. "Impactos econômicos de desastres naturais em megacidades: o caso dos alagamentos em São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-17022014-143009/.

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A cidade de São Paulo, que abriga 11 milhões de habitantes, sofre constantemente os efeitos dos alagamentos provocados pelas precipitações intensas. Esses alagamentos ocorrem todo verão, em diversas partes da cidade. Além das perdas e inconvenientes sofridos pelos residentes, os alagamentos produzem prejuízos que ultrapassam as fronteiras da cidade, afetando a renda e o produto da região metropolitana, de outras partes do estado e do país. O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar os impactos econômicos dos alagamentos na cidade de São Paulo por meio do uso de um modelo espacial de Equilíbrio Geral Computável, integrado a informações georreferenciadas relacionadas à localização dos pontos de alagamento e às firmas dentro dos raios de influência. Estima-se que os alagamentos contribuem para a redução do crescimento da cidade e do bem estar de seus residentes, além de prejudicar a competitividade local nos mercados doméstico e internacional. Foi identificada uma taxa de dano intra-cidade de 2,1, e uma taxa de impacto total de 4,9 para a economia brasileira.
The city of São Paulo, home to 11 million people, suffers constantly the effects of flooding caused by extreme precipitation. Localized floods occur every summer in various parts of the city. Besides the losses and inconvenience felt by the residents, floods produce damages that cross the city boundaries, affecting income and output in the metropolitan area as well as in other parts of the state and the country. The objective of this study is to evaluate the economic impacts of floods in the city of São Paulo through the use of a spatial Computable General Equilibrium model integrated to GIS information related to the location of points of floods and the firms within their influence. It is estimated that floods contributed to reduce city growth and residents welfare, as well as to hamper local competitiveness in both domestic and international markets. An intra-city total impact-damage ratio of 2.1 and an economy-wide total impact-damage ratio of 4.9 were found.

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18

Waldon, Tracy Charles. "Urban Producer Theory." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3590578.

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Urban producer theory introduces a production function which incorporates congestion in production with inputs possessing a quality component that influences productivity. These features yield cost-minimizing behavior in which firms respond to higher space rent by increasing the quality of the inputs used in production. This behavior generates demand-side sorting of high quality inputs into high rent areas. The prediction of sorting based on input quality is tested on attorneys employed in the Cleveland CBSA. Evidence of the sorting into high rent areas of attorneys based upon the national ranking of the law school attended is found. A 1% increase in rent leads to a 1.26% to 2.89% increase in the number of the highest quality attorneys employed in high rent districts. Ability sorting poses a significant risk in biasing the measurement of agglomeration economies based on wages.

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Fu, Shihe. "Essays on urban agglomeration economies." Thesis, Boston College, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/349.

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Thesis advisor: Richard Arnott
Thesis advisor: Marvin Kraus
Thesis advisor: Stephen Ross
This dissertation comprises three self-contained essays on urban agglomeration economies. The first essay studies the optimal population agglomeration in a city in dynamic contexts. The second essay tests the local labor market agglomeration economies in the Boston metropolitan area, focusing on the effects of social interactions at workplaces on individual earnings. The third essay tests the effects of social interactions at residential locations on housing values
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2005
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics

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20

Manfor, Lamine. "Determinants of earnings in the Libyan urban labour market." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287244.

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21

Timothy, Darren Paul. "Urban labor markets and commuting." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11270.

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22

Kreindler, Gabriel E. (Gabriel Emanuel). "Essays on the economics of urban transportation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117808.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2018.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged student-submitted from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 147-154).
This thesis includes three papers exploring urban traffic congestion and the interplay between urban commuting and economic activity in developing countries. The first paper studies the impact of peak-hour road congestion pricing on commuter welfare, using a field experiment and GPS-based data collection in Bangalore, India. Commuters value time spent commuting highly and are moderately flexible to change departure time. However, welfare gains from optimal congestion pricing are predicted to be low, due primarily to a small road traffic externality. The second paper studies the impact of a high occupancy vehicle (HOV) policy in Jakarta, Indonesia, on road traffic congestion measured using data from Google Maps. The lifting of the "3-in-1" policy led to large increases in traffic congestion throughout the city. The third paper uses cell phone transaction data in Colombo, Sri Lanka and Dhaka, Bangladesh, to construct and validate detailed urban commuting flows, and to then infer urban locations with high labor productivity.
by Gabriel E. Kreindler.
Ph. D.

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23

Lewis, Mark Johnson 1975. "Three essays on labor and urban economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17625.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis consists of three unrelated essays in the fields of labor and urban economics. The first essay exploits the creation of a formal college system in Quebec in the late 1960's as a quasi-experiment to estimate the value of community college. Focusing on the effect of the policy on English-speaking Quebecois, the creation of the CEGEPs (Colleges of General and Vocational Education) is shown to increase schooling by about a third of a year for both men and women, without diverting students from university. Despite increasing educational attainment, estimates of the impact of CEGEP on wages are negative. Analysis suggests the negative estimates can be understood as a combination of lost labor market experience, a decrease in the return to university, and an insignificant return to CEGEP. The results are robust to the inclusion of controls and across years of data. Possible interpretations of the results are discussed. The second essay, co-authored with William Wheaton, examinesthe relationship between labor market agglomeration and wages. Using the 5% public use micro sample of the 1990 U.S. census, we find that observationally equivalent workers in the manufacturing sector earn higher wages when they are in urban labor markets that have a larger share of national or metropolitan employment in their same occupation and industry groups. Quantitatively, the effect is large, with an elasticity (measured at the means) of between 1.2 and 3.6 for these effects. We interpret the willingness of firms to pay more for equivalent workers in dense markets as evidence of an agglomeration economy in urban labor. The third chapter estimates the effect of employment dispersion on average commute times in American cities. Using a sample of over two hundred cities, I find that residents of cities where employment is more geographically disperse have lower average commute times than residents of cities where employment is more centralized. The results are robust to theinclusion of city fixed effects. An instrumental variables strategy is employed to try to account for potential simultaneity between changes in employment dispersion and changes in commute times.
by Mark Johnson Lewis.
Ph.D.

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24

Deng, Nanxin. "Three Essays on Regional and Urban Economics." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563314229242396.

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25

Popov, Anton, David G. 1980 Atkin, and Keith Chen. "Essays in industrial organization and urban economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129003.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, September, 2020
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF of thesis. "Chapter 3, written with professors David Atkin and Keith Chen"--Page 4.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 169-173).
First two chapters of this thesis study the wholesale and retail tier of the beer supermarket sales. In the first chapter, I am interested in consolidation of distributors in the beer industry and its interaction with the uniform pricing by retailers. I build a theoretical model which illustrates how distributor consolidation in a set of counties may affect retail prices in all counties, depending on how strong the incentive of retail chains to price uniformly is. I test the predictions of the model using Nielsen scanner price data. I study two events of distributor consolidation in Ohio in 2009-2011, which followed upstream MillerCoors joint venture in 2008. In one of the events, distributor consolidation has no price effects. In another, bigger event, prices of consolidated brands (Miller, Coors, Heineken and Modelo) in treated counties increase by 0.46% relative to the control ABI brands. I find no evidence of prices in other counties being affected.
The findings are consistent with some cases of my theoretical model. The implications of this study are that modeling distribution tier and uniform pricing by retailers may be important for horizontal merger practitioners, both for retrospective analysis and for forecasting. Chapter 2 is devoted to the reasons for uniform pricing. I estimate the model, introduced in the first chapter, where supermarket chains have an incentive to set a uniform price for a given product across different locations. The model includes a product-specific baseline price which a supermarket chain sets, and a penalty for deviation from this baseline price. A single store will not deviate from the baseline price, if the marginal profits from doing so are smaller than the penalty parameter. My estimates suggest that the penalty for a dollar change from a benchmark price in a given week is around $12 to $16. Uniform pricing leads to suboptimal choice of prices relative to a problem with no penalty.
There is substantial price re-optimization, which, however, does not affect profits much, due to changes in prices having a small first-order effect around the optimum. Supermarket chains only lose 0.4% of profits from pricing uniformly. Effects on consumers are highly heterogeneous across locations and weeks, with change in consumer surplus varying from -0.55$ to 1.92$ per consumer per week. I show that change in consumer surplus due to uniform prices is positively correlated with income, with higher income zip codes benefiting more from uniform pricing. This effect, although economically meaningful in aggregate, is not large for an average consumer. Chapter 3, written with professors David Atkin and Keith Chen, adds to the literature studying knowledge spillovers in modern cities. The returns to face-to-face interactions are of central importance to understanding the determinants of agglomeration.
However, the existing literature studying patterns of geographic proximity in patent citations or industrial co-location has struggled to disentangle the benefits of face-to-face interactions from other spatial knowledge spillovers. In this paper we attempt to more directly measure face-to face interactions using highly granular worker geolocation data in Silicon Valley. To understand the degree to which knowledge flows result from their interactions, we study the relationship between cross-firm worker meetings and cross-citations between their firms. To navigate endogeneity concerns due to firms organizing meetings with firms they wish to learn from, we focus on serendipitous meetings--measured by the interactions of workers in neighboring firms in very different industries--that play a central role in the urban theories of Jane Jacobs.
The subset of these chance meetings occurring during work-hours also serve as costs shifters to meeting face-to-face rather than remotely, allowing us to separately identify the returns to planned meetings. Our results suggest substantial knowledge spillovers from face-to-face interactions, including increases in citations resulting from serendipitous meetings that are a third as large as the elasticity with respect to physical distance.
by Anton Popov.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics

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26

Modica, Marco. "Essays in regional and complex urban economics." Thesis, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 2013. http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/105/1/Modica_phdthesis.pdf.

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Cities are entities that are not “simple” but “complexly organized”. Theories about geographical structure of cities, land use patterns and cities evolution that explain how cities become spatially ordered are expanding to take in consideration this complexity. The conceptual foundation for the existence of central place hierarchies (i.e. the study of agglomeration economies in cities and trasportation and logistic costs) is now completed by the definition of emergent patterns that are not directly linked to the element of their economic processes but included in their “physic mechanisms” (i.e. the study of complex systems). This dissertation explores some of these aspects by performing empirical applications in the fields of regional and complex urban economics. The dissertation contributes to the long standing debate on the city size distribution. From the empirical standpoint, traditional studies on the distribution of cities typically rely a regularity known as Zipf’s Law. We first investigate some typical shortcomings related to the choiche of the right truncation point to discriminate between upper tail and body of the distribution (chapter 2). Secondly, we invesigate specific conditions leading to a weak form of Gibrat’s law in connection with the different typologies of rank-size distribution (Zipf’s law), by adopting parametric and non-parametric approaches (chapter 3) and, finally, we use both the laws in studying agglomeration forces whithin the European Union (chapter 4).

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Liao, Qun. "Household consumption in urban China during transition : model and evidence." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264884.

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Barbosa, Rafael da Silva 1984. "Infraestrutura urbana da região metropolitana da grande Vitória : o caso da serra." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285925.

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Orientador: Claudio Schuller Maciel
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Atualmente o território capixaba, mais precisamente a Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória sofre grandes transformações no âmbito econômico e urbano. O primeiro ativado pelo setor externo de commodities e o segundo como resultado, de certa forma, da pujança econômica da região; engendrando no espaço consideráveis mudanças que por sua vez trazem novas e antigas questões. Uma delas refere-se à infraestrutura, uma variável de suma importância para o desenvolvimento seja econômico ou social de qualquer território. Pois, a quantidade e qualidade de infraestrutura acessível no espaço qualificam e condicionam o processo de desenvolvimento. Desse modo, as análises que versam sobre a infraestrutura envolvem diversas dimensões e setores, dentre as quais se destacam a produtiva e urbana. Diante disso, que o esforço do trabalho consiste em investigar a distribuição da infraestrutura urbana "básica" à luz do desenvolvimento econômico e social do território serrano, salientando a atuação do capital da construção civil na região. Assim sendo, a pergunta que norteia o estudo é: como uma região que produz riqueza a distribui em forma de bens coletivos? Com isto, proporciona-se uma leitura da desigualdade sócioespacial para a cidade da Serra numa concepção de serviços e equipamentos urbanos "básicos", como esgoto, pavimentação, transporte público, coleta de lixo e iluminação publica
Abstract: Currently the capixaba territory, specifically the Metropolitan Region of Vitória, undergoes major transformations in the economic and urban. The first activated by the external sector of commodities and the second result, in a sense, the boom in the region, generating considerable changes in space which in turn bring new and old questions. One refers to the infrastructure, a variable of paramount importance for the economic or social development of any territory. Because the quantity and quality of infrastructure available in space qualifies and requirement the development process. Thus, the analysis that deal with the infrastructure involve sectors and many dimensions, among which stand out, the production and urban. Front of this, the work aims to investigate the distribution of "basic" urban infrastructure under the light of economic and social development of serrano territory, stressing the role of capital construction in the region. Therefore the question that guides the study is: how a region that produces wealth distribute it in the form of collective goods? With this, it gives a reading of sociospatial inequality for the Serra's town in a conception of services and "basic" urban equipments as sewer, sidewalks, public transportation, garbage collection and street lighting
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

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Santana, Deanna J. "Replicating an economic development corporation : recreating new economics for women (NEW) in Oakland, California." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70259.

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30

Kim, Dongwook. "The determinants of urban housing prices in 1982-1990." Connect to resource, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1265984382.

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Ramos, Frederico Roman. "Três ensaios sobre a estrutura espacial urbana em cidades do Brasil contemporâneo: economia urbana e geoinformação na construção de novos olhares." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11551.

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This thesis presents new methodological possibilities within the field of urbanism through the application of techniques derived from the Geoinformation Science within the urban economics theories framework. The work is organized in three essays. Each of them presents and analyses one relevant question of the urban economics theories for the specific context of the Brazilian contemporary cities. The objective of the first essay is to investigate the relation between the processes of urban sprawl and spatial segregation in the city of São Paulo. Establishing the discussion in the theories of urban economics, the essay is based on the assumption that both processes result from the operation of housing market, including its inherent failures that drives the distribution of the population groups according to the different social characteristics. The work focuses on the central issue of the continuous occupation of the fringes of the city and the consequences for the spatial urban structure. The second essay is dedicated to the investigation of the distribution of employment subcenters in the city of São Paulo and their relation with the land rent gradients. In the third essay, we are again interested in the process of urban sprawl, but here we introduce a dynamic perspective having the Amazonian fast growing medium size cities as examples. The objective is to investigate the impact of the expectations for the future enhancement of land values among the landholders and the impact in conversion for different land use in the urban fringes. Using remote sensing data, we compare the uses and land covers previously to the urban conversion identifying a scale of urban land use potential. The thesis is based on the assumption that is possible to establish mathematical-computational representation of the spatial urban structure with the use of geographical information systems, and aims to contribute to the constitution of digital territories as quantitative expressions of environmental and social concepts that define the urban structure. Through these representations, this thesis aims to contribute to the insertion of the territorial dimension on the political and economic decision making processes that continuously interfere in our cities and in the life conditions that they propitiate.
Esta tese apresenta novas possibilidades metodológicas no campo do urbanismo através da aplicação de técnicas derivadas da ciência da geoinformação a luz das teorias de economia urbana. O trabalho está organizado em torno de três ensaios. Cada ensaio se dedica a apresentação e análise de uma questão específica identificada como relevante dentro das teorias da economia urbana no contexto de cidades brasileiras. O primeiro ensaio tem como objetivo investigar as relações que possam existir entre os processos de expansão urbana e a segregação socioespacial na cidade de São Paulo. Situando a discussão dentro de uma perspectiva de economia urbana, o ensaio parte do pressuposto de que ambos os processos estão relacionados às forças de mercado habitacional, incluindo suas falhas inerentes, que acabam por definir a distribuição dos grupos populacionais de acordo com suas características socioeconômicas. O estudo se debruça sobre uma questão central ao debate urbanístico atual que é a ocupação contínua das áreas de fronteira urbana e na forma como este processo impacta a estrutura urbana. O segundo capítulo traz o ensaio onde tratamos de analisar as questões relativas à distribuição dos empregos na cidade de São Paulo e suas consequências para os modelos de economia urbana baseados em gradientes de renda e valor da terra. O terceiro capítulo traz o ensaio no qual retomamos a discussão sobre os processos de expansão urbana, porém situando a discussão a partir de uma perspectiva dinâmica em cidades médias em rápido crescimento demográfico. Neste contexto, há o reconhecimento de que a composição dos preços da terra nas áreas limítrofes da mancha urbana sofre uma forte influência de expectativas de retornos levando a uma sobrevalorização do preço gerada por processos de retenção de terras. Em uma análise aplicada às cidades amazônicas de Marabá e Santarém, buscamos caracterizar em uma perspectiva comparativa os processos de conversão da terra em usos urbanos nas últimas três décadas. Incorporando a informação sobre os usos do solo anteriores a conversão para uso urbano, criamos uma escala de potencial de conversão relativo a cada uso. Partindo do pressuposto de que é possível estabelecer representações matemático-computacionais da estrutura urbana em sistemas de informação geográfica, o trabalho espera contribuir para a constituição dos territórios digitais como expressões quantitativas de conceitos sobre os diferentes processos ambientais e socioeconômicos que acabam por definir o ambiente urbano. Através destas representações, buscar inserir o território no centro das decisões políticas e econômicas que seguem continuamente conformando essas cidades e as condições objetivas de vida que elas propiciam.

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Irwin, Nicholas Broc. "Essays on Environmental Regulation and Urban Redevelopment." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1480514900311229.

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Ofori, Benjamin O. "The Urban Street Commons Problem: Spatial Regulation in the Urban Informal Economy." Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1180940316.

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Kudo, Yuya. "Essays on rural-to-urban migration and urban industrial performance in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9be76708-90ef-4974-9864-b2bd5f9813cf.

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This thesis consists of three independent but thematically related papers exploring the income determination process in African labour markets from spatial and sectoral perspectives. Using long-run household panel data from rural Tanzania, chapter 2 investigates the extent to which education can explain migrants' income and consumption gains. We expect that the higher return to schooling at the destination primarily drives migrants' gains, suggesting that those who cannot afford the cost of schooling cannot reap the benefits of migration. We find that education indeed plays the role, but that it does not appear to be a major factor in limiting the internal migration as a source of raising income and consumption. Exploiting data drawn from urban household panel surveys in Ghana and Tanzania, chapter 3 investigates how rural-to-urban migrants' earnings compare with those of natives in urban labour markets. The chapter attempts to identify the growth of migrants' earnings at the destination (assimilation), making a distinction between wage and self-employed migrants. We find that wage-dependent migrants would achieve higher lifetime earnings if they entered a self-employed sector from their arrival, conditional on individuals' attributes and the varying returns to those attributes across urban residents. The evidence points towards the importance of capital constraints in a decision to start a business. Using firm-level data of manufacturing and retailing from the Enterprise Surveys conducted in seven Sub-Saharan African countries, chapter 4 attempts to improve our understanding of enterprise performance in urban Africa by investigating three aspects of firms' productive structure: technology, total factor productivity (TFP), and firm size. We find that the technology is similar between sectors, that retailing firms are smaller and less capital intensive but not, on average, ones with lower TFP, and that TFP differences are primarily within sectors. All these findings might point towards the importance of factor prices in characterising the industrial structure in urban Africa.

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Mengistae, Taye. "Ethiopia's urban economy : empirical essays on enterprise development and the labour market." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285537.

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Wu, Zhongmin. "Regional unemployment, rural-to-urban migration and the economic reforms of China." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390677.

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CARAZZA, Luís Eduardo Barbosa. "Three essays on urban economics: evidences from Brazil." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18669.

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FACEPE
The present study examines the impact of three public policies in Brazil. The first essay examines the juvenile curfew in the interior of São Paulo and our estimates shows that this policy was responsible for the reduction of approximately 17.5% in the theft rate when compared to cities that did not adopt the curfew. The second article estimates the effect of the Dona Lindu Park in the price of real estate in the city of Recife, Pernambuco. The results indicate an increase in the value of approximately 7.7% of properties located up to 600 meters from the park and for properties located at 600 and 1000 meters from the park there is was negative impact on the real estate price of approximately 11.9%. In the third essay we studied the impact of the expansion of the Federal Network of Professional and Technological Education on Human Capital and migration variables and, according to our analysis; there was a positive impact of 2.59% on the proportion of short-term immigrants.
O presente estudo analisa o impacto de três políticas públicas no Brasil. O primeiro ensaio examina o toque de recolher para crianças e adolescentes no interior de São Paulo e mostra que esta política foi responsável pela redução de aproximadamente 17,5% na taxa de furtos, quando comparado a cidades que não adotaram o toque de recolher. O Segundo artigo estima o efeito do parque Dona Lindu no preço dos imóveis na cidade de Recife, Pernambuco. Os resultados encontrados indicam um aumento no valor dos imóveis localizados até 600 metros do parque de aproximadamente 7,7% e para imóveis localizados a 600 e 1000 metros do parque há um impacto negativo no preço dos imóveis de aproximadamente 11,9%. No terceiro ensaio estudou-se o impacto da expansão da Rede Federal de Educação Profissional e Tecnológica em variáveis de Capital Humano e migração e, segundo nossa análise, houve um impacto positivo de 2,59% na proporção de imigrantes de curto prazo.

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Jiang, Yi. "Two empirical essays in environmental and urban economics." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8506.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Manson, Steven James. "Essays in real estate finance and urban economics /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7455.

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Lévêque, Christophe. "Four essays in urban economics and political economy." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU10007.

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Cette thèse contribue à l’étude des interactions entre individus au sein des villes. Plus concrètement, mes recherches se concentrent sur trois thèmes principaux – (1) la ségrégation résidentielle, (2) la politique locale, (3) et le comportement des agents immobiliers – qui sont étudiés au travers de quatre études empiriques. La littérature sur la ségrégation résidentielle analyse dans quelle mesure plusieurs groupes de population sont capables d’interagir au sein d’un espace. Malgré les nombreuses études sur ce sujet, les conséquences de l’industrialisation sur la diversité ou l’isolation intergroupes (religieux ou ethniques), restent peu connus. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse est co-écrit avec le professeur Saleh. Nous documentons les conséquences de deux vagues d’industrialisation sur la ségrégation résidentielle entre Musulmans et non-Musulmans dans la ville du Caire au XIXème siècle. L’ouverture et la fermeture de grandes manufactures d’Etat nous permet d’observer l'évolution de l’isolation intergroupe dans les quartiers les plus impactés par ces vagues d’industrialisation. Nous mettons ainsi en parallèle l’arrivée de travailleurs non-qualifiés (majoritairement Musulmans) dans ces quartiers avec l’évolution de l’isolation intergroupe mesurée au niveau local. Dans ce premier projet, nous montrons que des politiques instaurées au niveau des villes impactent la capacité qu’ont les individus d’interagir. A l’inverse, les relations entre individus peuvent impacter la politique et les prises de décisions au niveau local. Dans le second chapitre de cette thèse, je montre que les réseaux familiaux jouent également un rôle important dans ces élections dans les villes de plus de 3500 habitants. Plus de 40% des listes lors des élections municipales comptent plusieurs individus de la même famille. Par ailleurs, les électeurs semblent réagir à ces “réseaux familiaux”. En effet, les listes composées de plusieurs individus de la même famille obtiennent moins de voix que les listes dont aucun individu ne semble concourir avec un autre membre de sa famille. Je discute ensuite quelques mécanismes qui pourraient expliquer ce résultat et je montre qu’il ne se réduit pas au fait que seules les têtes de listes inefficaces utilisent leurs réseaux familiaux. Il est possible que les électeurs sanctionnent le risque de népotisme. Dans un autre chapitre (chapitre 3), j’étudie les émissions de permis de construire au sein des villes et montre que les individus qui ont soutenus la majorité municipale durant les élections de 2008 obtiennent plus de permis de construire pour de nouveaux logements que ceux ayant soutenus d’autres listes. Je discute des mécanismes pouvant générer ce résultat. Les incitations des politiciens locaux semblent cruciales, notamment celles liées à la compétition politique. La différence d’obtention de permis de construire est par exemple plus importante dans les villes avec une faible compétition politique. Le dernier chapitre de cette thèse étudie le comportement des agents immobiliers. Des études précédentes (Levitt et Syverson (2008) notamment), illustrent le problème d’agence entre agents immobiliers et vendeurs. Les premiers souhaitent vendre plus rapidement (et donc peut-être moins cher) que les derniers. En conséquent, les agents pourraient souhaiter biaiser leurs estimations de la valeur des biens afin de convaincre les vendeurs de diminuer leurs prix. Dans un travail mené conjointement avec le professeur Cherbonnier, nous montrons qu’une augmentation de la concurrence peut partiellement résoudre ce problème. Les agents estiment les biens immobiliers à des valeurs supérieurs lorsqu’ils sont en concurrence, ce qui se traduit par des prix de mises en vente et des prix de vente plus élevés. A l’inverse, plus de coordination entre agents immobiliers impacte négativement les prix
The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the study of interactions among individuals within cities. It contains four empirical case studies which reflect a focus on three main themes. Namely, (1) residential segregation, (2) local politics and (3) the behavior of real estate agents. The literature on residential segregation investigates the extent to which different population groups living in the same area are able to interact with each other. Within this branch of studies, the impact of industrialization and labor market shocks on the diversity of neighborhoods and inter-group segregation remains an open question. It is the key question of the first chapter of this thesis, which is co-authored with professor Saleh. We document the consequences of two early industrialization waves on the residential segregation between Muslims and non-Muslims in nineteenth century Cairo. These early industrialization waves led to the opening and closure of large state firms. We relate changes in inter-group isolation to the massive arrival of unskilled workers who were predominantly Muslims in the proximity of these state firms. Through this first project, we show that policies enacted within cities affect the ability of individuals to interact. Conversely, relationships among individuals have an impact on local politics. For instance, Vignon (2014) recalls that in small villages, rivalries between persons and families play an important role during French municipal elections. In the second chapter, I show that family networks play an important role during these elections, even in large cities. It appears that more than 40% of lists competing during municipal elections in cities with more than 3,500 inhabitants are composed by several individuals from the same family. Moreover, voters seem to react when several members of the same family are registered on the same lists: these lists obtain fewer votes than lists which do not rely on family networks. I discuss several mechanisms which can explain this finding and I show that it does not reduce to a selection issue whereby only inefficient list leaders rely on family networks. On the contrary, it is possible that voters sanction risks of nepotism. In another chapter (chapter 3), I study whether the emission of building permits is biased in favor of individuals who supported the mayor during the municipal elections of 2008. I find that political supporters of municipal majorities (and their families) obtain more building permits than political supporters of other lists. I discuss whether this result is related to sorting of individuals among lists of candidates and how it is related to incentives of local politicians. I find that the difference in the obtaining of building permits is exacerbated in cities with a low level of political competition. Finally, the last chapter of this thesis focuses on the behavior of real estate agents. Previous investigations (such as, for instance, Levitt and Syverson, 2008) detect an agency problem between real-estate agents and sellers. The former group prefers to sell housings faster (and cheaper) than the latter one. As a consequence, agents might be tempted to minimize housing values when they give advices to sellers. In a joint work with professor Cherbonnier, we show that competition may partly solve this agency problem and that, on the contrary, ability to coordinate leads real-estate agents to minimize housing values, which translate into lower listing and selling prices

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Zanetta, Mar?ia Cecilia. "Essays in contingent valuation of urban services /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487842372896167.

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Lima, Junior Francisco do O' de 1976. "Estrutura produtiva e rede urbana no Estado do Ceará durante o período de 1980-2010." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286403.

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Orientador: Fernando Cezar de Macedo Mota
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: A presente tese tem como objetivo estudar a evolução e conformação da rede urbana do estado do Ceará a partir dos determinantes impostos pelas transformações econômicas brasileiras e sua inserção na conjuntura do sistema capitalista mundial no período de 1980 a 2010. Buscou-se demonstrar as mudanças deste complexo urbano como resultado das adaptações impostas pelas renovações da lógica de acumulação, que se apropria de maneira seletiva e desigual dos espaços. Utilizou-se como recurso metodológico a análise histórico-estrutural evidenciando como se formaram historicamente as estruturas que caracterizam o desenvolvimento regional-urbano do Ceará, expresso na formação de seu complexo urbano e na sua transformação ao longo do tempo. Assim, justifica-se que apesar da periodização acima definida, recorreu-se a períodos históricos prévios captando a dinâmica deste processo de formação de estruturas. Observou-se que, sobre uma organização urbana herdada das determinações do complexo extensivo pecuária-algodão e marcada por forte primazia da capital, começa a passar por mudanças capitaneadas pelos vetores do planejamento desenvolvimentista a partir dos anos 1950, que se consolidam na década de 1970 com a implantação do III Polo Industrial do Nordeste, em Fortaleza. Predominantemente circunscritas à capital, estas mudanças renovam a concentração. Com a reestruturação econômica promovida pelo ajuste neoliberal, este complexo urbano passou por processos de "spatial fix" consubstanciados na evolução de modernização econômica vivenciados após meados dos anos 1980 em sintonia com o macro contexto conjuntural. Com sensíveis alterações na condução da política econômica, ora em diante concebida nos marcos do paradigma neoliberal de regulação, os instrumentos de atração de investimentos mobilizados pelo tripé agronegócio-indústria-turismo ditou os rumos dos ajustes operacionalizando transformações na rede urbana. A modernização agrícola seletiva pautada na fruticultura irrigada, a indústria incentivada concentrada na RMF e em alguns centros intermediários com predomínio de ramos tradicionais (calçados, têxtil e alimentos) e o setor terciário induzido pela retomada do consumo urbano e pelas atividades do turismo em alguns espaços caracterizaram o panorama implicado pela reestruturação. Como resultado, imprimiu-se novas conformações na rede, com emergência da metropolização, de alguns poucos centros intermediários e de um amplo conjunto de pequenas cidades em conexão com o rural, consistindo em arranjos urbanos catalizadores do processo de apropriação desigual e seletivo do espaço
Abstract: This work aims to study the evolution and shaping of the urban network of Ceará State from determining tax by Brazilian economic transformations and their insertion in the context of the world capitalist system in the period 1980-2010. We attempted to demonstrate the changes of this urban complex because of the adjustments imposed by the logic of accumulation renovations, which appropriates selective and uneven spaces. Was used as a methodological resource to historical-structural analysis showing as historically formed the structures that characterize the urban - regional development of Ceará, expressed in the formation of its urban complex and its transformation over time. Thus, it is justified despite the periodization defined above, we used the previous historical periods capturing the dynamics of the structure formation process. It was observed that on an urban organization inherited from the determinations of extensive livestock - cotton complex and marked by strong primacy of capital begins to undergo changes championed by the vectors of development planning from the 1950¿s , which are consolidated in the 1970s with the implementation of the Third Industrial Hub of the Northeast , in Fortaleza . Predominantly confined to the capital, these changes renew concentration. With economic restructuring promoted by neoliberal adjustment, this urban complex has undergone a "spatial fix" embodied in the evolution process of economic modernization experienced after the mid-1980s in line with the cyclical macro context. Sensitive to changes in economic policy , henceforth conceived within the framework of the neo-liberal paradigm of regulation, the instruments for attracting investment mobilized by agribusiness - industry -tourism tripod dictated the direction of adjustments operationalizing transformations in the urban network. Selective agricultural modernization guided the irrigated fruit growing, encouraged concentrated in RMF and in some centers with intermediate prevalence of traditional branches (shoes, textiles and food) and the tertiary sector induced resumption of urban consumption and the activities of the tourism industry in some areas characterized the outlook implied by the restructuring. As a result, printed up new shapes in the network, with the emergence of the metropolis, a few intermediate centers and a large number of small towns in connection with the rural, urban catalysts consisting of arrays of unequal and selective appropriation of the process
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente
Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

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43

G/Egziabher, Axumite. "Urban agriculture, cooperative organisation and the position of the urban poor in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283172.

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44

Scazufca, Pedro Silva. "Determinantes das exportações industriais: evidência empírica dos municípios paulistas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-12122008-145950/.

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O objetivo deste estudo é compreender se certas características espaciais influenciam o desempenho exportador das firmas. A análise é feita com dados de dezenove setores exportadores dos municípios do Estado de São Paulo, que compõem a maior Aglomeração Industrial Exportadora do país. Os resultados obtidos, com o Modelo de Determinantes das Exportações, confirmam a hipótese que fatores espaciais são relevantes para as exportações das firmas. Indo ao encontro de uma das previsões do Modelo de Krugman-Livas, a especialização econômica aparece como uma dos principais determinantes das vendas para outros países. Os efeitos das economias de aglomeração foram significantes para a maioria dos setores estudados. Tais resultados evidenciaram que as economias de urbanização, que já foram apontadas em diversos estudos como importantes para o crescimento das cidades, parecem também ser relevantes para as firmas que exportam. Notou-se ainda que transbordamentos espaciais dos diversos setores levam a efeitos representativos para as exportações. Além disso, a acessibilidade a mercados afeta os setores de maneira diferenciada.
The aim of this study is to understand if spatial aspects influence firms export performance. The analysis is made with data from nineteen exporting sectors of the state of São Paulo, which constitute the largest industrial export agglomeration of the country. The results obtained through the Export Determinants Model confirm the hypothesis that spatial aspects are relevant for firms exports. As it appears in Krugman-Livas Model, economic specialization seems to be a major determinant of sales to other countries. Agglomeration economies effects were significant for almost all sectors, showing that urbanization economies, which have already been identified in various studies as important for the growth of cities, also seem to be relevant to firms which export. It was also observed that spillover effects into the sectors are representative for exports. Furthermore, access to markets affects sectors in a different way.

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Gökçen, Tankut Serim Erkal. "Influence of urban geometry on public investment cost of urban technical infrastructure:a case study of sewer system in Aydın, Turkey/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezlerengelli/doktora/sehirplanlama/T000359.pdf.

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Thesis (Doctoral)--İzmir Institute Of Technology, İzmir, 2005.
Keywords:Infrastructure, city form, sustainable development, sewerage systems, geographical information systems. Includes bibliographical references (leaves. 164-174).

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Chen, Ying. "Essays on urban and environmental economics in developing countries." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3817/.

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My thesis is comprised of essays that study urban and environmental economic topics in developing countries. Three of the four essays study causal drivers behind the phenomenal urbanization and local economic growth in China. Its rapid growth in the recent decades provides an illustrative case for understanding how the spatial distribution of economic activities is affected by policies regulating factors of production. The fourth essay extends to another developing country, Tanzania, where the challenges posed by climate change faced by populations agglomerating in fast growing urban centers are substantial. This thesis strives to contribute to current research with my understanding of the contexts, utilization of new yet publicly available data, and novel methodology. The fist chapter, Political favoritism in China's capital markets and its effect on city sizes, examines political favoritism of cities and the effect of that favoritism on city sizes. To study favoritism we focus on capital markets, where defining favoritism is more clear-cut and not confounded with issues of city scale economies. Efficiency in capital markets requires equalized marginal returns to capital across cities, regardless of size. We estimate the city-by-city variation in the prices of capital across cities in China from 1998 to 2007. It shows how the prices facing the highest order political units and overall cross-city price dispersion change with changes in national policy and leadership. Next, the effect of capital market favoritism on city growth after the national relaxation of migration restrictions in the early 2000's is investigated. We develop a simple model to show that those cities facing a lower price of capital respond with larger population increases over the next decade, with the change labor mobility. The elasticity of the city growth rate with respect to the price of capital is estimated to be - 0.07 in the OLS approach and -0.12 in the IV approach. The second chapter, Early Chinese development zones: fist-mover advantage and persistency, studies the heterogeneous effects of China's special economic zone program by their level of government support and timing of designation. Using a difference-in-differences (DID) approach, I observe that the early national development zones in China have substantially greater and persistent success in attracting FDI compared to national zones established later, or those at the provincial level. Early national zones persistently attract higher levels of FDI inflows, attract more internal migration and are of significantly larger city sizes. To investigate whether the persistent success of early national zones is driven by their first-mover advantage or their unobservable high growth potential, I use their stronger ties to overseas Chinese investors in past waves of political instability as instrumental variable. The IV estimates are comparable to DID, suggesting the success of early national zones relative to newer and provincial zones can be attributed to their first-mover advantage. This conclusion also suggest that the large positive impacts found in China in the existing literature of evaluating place-based policies can potentially be driven by a small group of first-movers. In the third chapter, Air pollution, regulations, and labor mobility in China, I study the local economic impacts of pollution regulation in China at the time when migration costs fall. On the one hand, environmental regulations impose costs on firms, which tend to reduce local employment. On the other hand, lower pollution levels are an appealing amenity that attracts human capital to the region, possibly providing a boost to economic activity. The overall net effect of these two opposing forces is ambiguous. To investigate this, I study how local economies in China between 2000 and 2010 are affected by two significant reforms in environmental regulations and internal migration. Following the environmental reform, Chinese prefectures face new national air quality standards whose enforcement intensity can be proxied by their existing air quality at the time of the policy introduction. Meanwhile, the migration reform reduces migration costs and allows workers to relocate based on their preferences for air quality across prefectures. To formalize how air quality regulation affects local employment and city sizes by skill types following the two reforms, I first develop a spatial equilibrium model to guide the empirical analysis. To address the non-random spatial distribution of local air quality, I construct a novel instrumental variable of power plant suitability to capture a prefecture's likelihood to pollute heavily. Thermal power plants are major contributors to China's emissions, while electricity distribution and pricing are centralized. Therefore, locations with comparable economic characteristics may differ substantially in their air pollution levels simply because that some host thermal power plants and some do not. The estimation results show that air pollution regulations have an overall adverse impact on local manufacturing employment, with modest reallocation from heavy to non-polluting industries locally. There is little reallocation across space of low-skilled workers, whose employment prospects are more vulnerable under pollution regulation. However, the population of high-skilled workers in heavily polluted prefectures declines, showing their strong preference for air quality as migration costs fall. The last chapter, Cholera in times of floods: weather shocks and health in Dares Salaam, takes a slightly different perspective on urban and environmental issues in developing countries. We examine the challenges faced by urban population in Tanzania as the result of growing urban density and increasing extreme weather occurrences. Urban residents in developing countries have become more vulnerable to health shocks due to poor sanitation and infrastructure. This paper is the first to empirically measure the relationship between weather and health shocks in the urban context of a developing country. Using unique high-frequency datasets of weekly cholera cases and accumulated precipitation for wards in Dar es Salaam, we find robust evidence that extreme rainfall has a significant positive impact on weekly cholera incidences. The effect is larger in wards that are more prone to flooding, have higher shares of informal housing and unpaved roads. We identify limited spatial spillovers. Time-dynamic effects suggest cumulated rainfall increases cholera occurrence immediately and with a lag of up to 5 weeks.

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47

Lee, Nai Jia. "Panel data analyses of urban economics and housing markets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55133.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-100).
The thesis looks three pertinent issues in Housing Market and Urban Economics literature with panel data- home sales and house price relationship, efficiency of housing market and commercial property taxation. For the first part, I examine the strong positive correlation that exists between the volume of housing sales and housing prices. I develop a simple model of these flows which suggests they generate a negative price-to-sales relationship. This runs contrary to a different literature on liquidity constraints and loss aversion. Our results from both are strong and robust. Higher sales "Granger cause" higher prices, but higher prices "Granger cause" both lower sales and a growing inventory of units-for-sale. These relationships together provide a more complete picture of the housing market - suggesting the strong positive correlation in the data results from frequent shifts in the negative price-to-sales schedule. For the second part, I tested the hypothesis whether the housing market is efficient and whether "bargains" can be found in the market or not. According to the User cost model, house price appreciation is positively correlated to price. Nevertheless, such correlation between price and appreciation can be caused by productivity differences, behavioral reasons or high transaction costs. Using 4 unique sets of panel data at zip code level, I am able to test the efficiency hypothesis without worrying about productivity reasons and transaction costs. In addition, I tested the efficiency hypothesis by removing influences caused by changes in buyers' preferences over time. The results show that appreciation and house price is positively correlated in San Diego, Boston and Phoenix.
(cont.) However, appreciation and house price is negatively correlated in Chicago. For the last part, I examine an unusual phenomenon in Massachusetts, where some municipals impose a high property tax on commercial properties and low tax on residential properties. Unlike past studies, we treat the tax on firms as an entrance fee or compensation for the negative externalities the firms generate. This approach fits our context better because we are dealing with municipals- most of the individuals don't work where they live, and the firms are unlikely to provide them employment or other benefits. I develop a simple model to capture the firms' location decision and residents' demand for services and aversion to firms. The model suggests that rich neighborhoods tend to impose high commercial and residential property tax, as they try to reduce their reliance on firms for services. In addition, the municipals will impose a high commercial property tax rate if the number of firms in municipal is large. I assembled a panel data base covering 351 municipals over a period from 1975-2007. The empirical results strongly support the model, suggesting rich municipals rely less on firms.
by Nai Jia Lee.
Ph.D.

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48

Kim, Yul. "Urban dynamics and the role of public policy : an analysis of urban hardship and fiscal institutions." Connect to resource, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1264688900.

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49

Hou, Yongzhou. "Urban Housing Markets in China." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11423.

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This thesis focuses on problems of prices and risks in the housing markets of urban China. What drives the dynamics of housing prices across regions is not only of great interest for academic researchers but also of first importance for policy makers. It is also interesting to pay attention to the issue of housing bubbles at a city level and risk allocations from an institutional view. To address the issues, the thesis applies both qualitative and econometric approaches in analyzing the urban housing markets of China. The first paper reviews articles mainly published in Chinese core journals. The existing studies are mainly concerned with such six topics as institutions, policy, land, finance, price and market. The first three topics involve the public housing allocation system reform, such fiscal and monetary tools as tax and interest rate, and the land reserve system. The housing finance treats such subjects of mortgages, bubbles and financial systems, while housing prices explore factors such as land prices, construction cost and exogenous forces like income. Finally, the housing market addresses housing circles and the relationship between housing demand and supply. In paper 2, the housing price dynamics is investigated at a national level and across regions by using the panel data with 30 provinces over 7 years (2001-2007). The empirical results suggest that the estimates for the fundamentals of income, user cost, housing stock and employment are robust at a national level, implying that there exists a stationary equilibrium relation in the long run between the housing price and the fundamentals above. The speed of price adjustment varies considerably across regions in the East, Midland and West. Then the housing markets in Beijing and Shanghai are examined in Paper 3 to quantify possible existence of a bubble in the two metropolitan areas. This article uses an integrated strategy involved with such fundamentals as interest rates, rent, income and GDP. The results show that Beijing might have been on the way of forming a housing price bubble between 2005 and 2008, and that there possibly existed a bubble in Shanghai from 2003 to 2004. By comparing the risk allocation in China with that in Sweden, Paper 4 explores the difference of actual risks taken by various actors. The banks and governments appear to take more risks in China, especially as the Chinese developers have a weaker financial situation than in Sweden. Households have more choices to reduce the risk by purchasing various kinds of insurance products and also by binding the interest rate.

QC 20100720

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50

Sridhar, Kala Seetharam. "Urban economic development in America : evidence from enterprise zones /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488186329500549.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urban economics'

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