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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban El Salvador'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Ryan, Kirsten Ortega. "“Urban Killing Fields:” International Humanitarian Law, Gang Violence, and Armed Conflict on the Streets of El Salvador." International and Comparative Law Review 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 97–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2020-0005.

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SummaryEl Salvador is currently one of the most violent countries in the world with rates of violent death second only to Syria. With gangs running rampant and state security forces unchecked, the streets have become “urban killing fields”1 while the rest of the world has turned a blind eye to the atrocities. It is time for the international community to refocus on El Salvador and work towards a solution to this dire humanitarian crisis. To that end, it is imperative that the gang violence in El Salvador should be understood by the global community as an internal “armed conflict” under international humanitarian law. By recognizing the violence in El Salvador as an “armed conflict,” international attention to resolving this human rights tragedy will increase, and Salvadoran gang leaders and government forces can be prosecuted internationally for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

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Britto, Lays, Raissa da Matta, and Márcia Mello. "O PROCESSO DE TRANSFORMAÇÃO URBANA DE SALVADOR-BA." RDE - Revista de Desenvolvimento Econômico 1, no. 39 (April 2017): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21452/rde.v2i37.4680.

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Este artigo teve como objetivo levantar uma discussão a respeito das transformações urbanas ocorridas na cidade de Salvador. Desde seus dias de glória, enquanto primeira capital do Império no séc. XVI, à mudança da capital para o Rio de Janeiro em meados

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3

Son, N. T., C. F. Chen, and C. R. Chen. "Urban expansion and its impacts on local temperature in San Salvador, El Salvador." Urban Climate 32 (June 2020): 100617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100617.

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4

Durkin, Michael E., and John Hopkins. "The San Salvador Earthquake of October 10, 1986—Architecture and Urban Planning." Earthquake Spectra 3, no. 3 (August 1987): 609–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585448.

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Major damage from the October 10 earthquake was concentrated in and around the capital city of San Salvador. Losses exceeded $900 million, or 25% of El Salvador's 1986 gross domestic product. Poor soil conditions, ineffective land use controls, and inadequate building practices combined with the severe shaking intensity to produce widespread damage to both engineered and nonengineered structures. Residential, institutional, and commercial buildings sustained heavy damage. Nonstructural damage and damage to building contents contributed to economic and operational loss. Government officials are making a deliberate attempt to incorporate new knowledge in reconstruction planning. However, recovery and reconstruction will be a slow process due to the current state of the economy.

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Colón, Ingrid, Marlon James, Mahjabin Chowdhury, Amy Rector-Aranda, and Miguel Burgess Monroy. "In Search of Confianza: A Qualitative Analysis of Salvadoran Parents’ Experiences in U.S. Urban Schools." International Journal of Multicultural Education 22, no. 1 (April 11, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v22i1.1708.

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This qualitative study of six recently arrived parents from El Salvador who have been in the U.S. for no longer than a year explores their experiences in U.S. schools and offers recommendations for actualizing an ethos of humanitarianism in schools. In particular, the study addresses the perspectives of recently arrived Salvadoran parents about their children’s education and how can schools effectively collaborate with parents to support the emotional, social, cultural, and educational needs of their children. The study drew on testimonios to learn about Salvadoran parents’ perspectives about their children’s education to improve the services their children need in schools.

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Cioè-Peña, EC, JC Granados, LL Wrightsmith, AL Henriquez-Vigil, and RT Moresky. "Development and implementation of a hospital-based trauma response system in an urban hospital in San Salvador, El Salvador." Trauma 19, no. 2 (October 28, 2016): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460408616672491.

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Background In El Salvador, over 32% of all deaths are due to trauma. However, El Salvador lacks any established standardized trauma response system to treat the most critical of Salvadoran patients. In an effort to improve trauma response in El Salvador, we assessed the impact of a trauma-specific skills training, which could improve trauma care in a setting where no formal trauma training exists. Methods We used a pre- and post-interventional design study to measure the critical actions performed during a trauma event, as well as the case-fatality rate, emergency ward-to-operating room time, and utilization of ultrasound. The intervention was a primary trauma care course taught to all study participants. Results Eighteen providers were observed over a six-month period and 194 patient encounters (48 pre- and 146 post-intervention) were recorded. There was no significant difference in observed critical actions during major trauma between the pre-intervention and post-intervention periods. There was a significant improvement in ultrasound usage post-intervention (9.5% to 21.4%; p = 0.04). Conclusion The lack of behavior change observed following a two-day trauma training underscores the gap between physician knowledge and applied behavior change. This is a limited single center study, but further examination is necessary to determine the role of two-day training courses in the larger context of behavior change within a health system that has no formal post-graduate training in or defined algorithmic trauma care.

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Lima, Ximena Galvez. "Inked or Not: Maras and Their Participation in El Salvador’s Recent Armed Conflict." Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 10, no. 2 (November 23, 2019): 265–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18781527-01002002.

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El Salvador remains one of the most violent countries in the world undergoing a murder epidemic. The blatant rise in social violence is driven mainly by gangs of the Northern Triangle countries (Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador), which frequently clash with governmental security forces. The situation legally blurred the lines between the law enforcement and armed conflict regimes. An insufficient amount of time has been dedicated to identifying the applicable international legal framework to El Salvador’s extreme gang violence and its repression. Consequently, the country’s categorization of violence has not been addressed. For this purpose, a contextual background narration of the politics of violence in the country followed by a detailed analysis of the constituent elements of El Salvador’s urban violence were examined. The assessment of facts and their juxtaposition to international jurisprudential criteria and doctrinal contributions on conflict classification suggest the situation reached international humanitarian law’s armed conflict brink.

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Oliveira, Liana Silvia de Viveiros, Aparecida Netto Teixeira, Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lobão, and Camila Martins de Abreu Farias. "CONSELHOS EM “QUARENTENA”? Participação e controle social na política urbana na pandemia da Covid-19." Revista de Políticas Públicas 25, no. 1 (July 11, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v25n1p83-103.

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A pandemia da Covid-19 desnudou a face cruel da política urbana no Brasil, revelada na incapacidade histórica de enfrentar os graves problemas estruturais das cidades. Com uma robusta base jurídica e institucional, essa política pública incorporou instâncias de participação e controle social nos três níveisdo governo, atualmente em processo de desmonte na esfera federal. Num contexto de crise política e sanitária, este artigo, com base em pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, revisita o histórico de constituição e atuação do Conselho Estadual das Cidades da Bahia e do Conselho Municipal de Salvador e avalia a atenção dada à pandemia. Os resultados evidenciam as contradições e fragilidades na atuação e a ausência de compreensão, nos âmbitos dos conselhos e dos governos, do potencial dessas instâncias e do indispensável acionamento da política urbana no enfrentamento da pandemia.“QUARANTINED” COUNCILS? Participation and social control in urban politics during the Covid-19 pandemicAbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic uncovered a cruel face of urban politics in Brazil, revealed in the historical inability to face the serious structural problems of the cities. Within a sturdy legal and institutional basis, this public policy has incorporated instances of participation and social control at the three government spheres, currently in the process of dismantling at the federal sphere. In a context of political and health crisis, this article revisits the history of the constitution and action of the State Council for the Cities of Bahia and the Municipal Council of Salvador and assesses the support provided to the pandemic, based on documentary and bibliographic research. The results show contradiction and weaknesses in the performance of councils and government scopes, lack of understanding of the potentiality of these instances and the indispensable acting of urban policies when facing the pandemic.Keywords: Covid-19. Pandemic. Councils. Urban Politics. Salvador. Bahia

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Vasconcelos, Pedro. "THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AS A STRUCTURING AGENT FOR THE CITY OF SALVADOR IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD." Revista Geografares 1, no. 31 (December 8, 2020): 30–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7147/geo.v1i31.31791.

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Salvador was the capital of the Portuguese America from 1549 until 1763. It was also the second city of the Portuguese Empire up to the 19th century. The Catholic Church together with the State was the main agents that structured the city of Salvador during the whole colonial period. The Secular Church related to the State through the Padroado was responsible for the implementation and maintenance of the Cathedral, churches and parishes; the religious orders with their convents were important structural elements of the urban space while the laic orders owned churches and many urban properties and corresponded to the structuring of a slave society.

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Gómez Dávila, Javier, and Rafael De Aguiar Arantes. "El imaginario urbano del miedo en Latinoamérica: evidencias de estudios en Salvador de Bahía, Brasil, y Monterrey, México." Revista Temas Sociológicos, no. 19 (September 14, 2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07194145.19.262.

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ResumenEs innegable la importancia y la fuerza que el estudio de los imaginarios urbanosha cobrado en los últimos años en las disciplinas espaciales, incluyendola sociología urbana. Este trabajo analiza el origen, los significados y lasconsecuencias de uno de los imaginarios urbanos más latentes y poderososen las ciudades latinoamericanas: el imaginario del miedo, el cual, con sumezcla de violencia real y percepción subjetiva de la sociedad, se ha convertidoen la forma de habitar de la ciudad contemporánea latinoamericana, volviéndolaun espacio de miedo e inseguridad, situación potencializada por elmercado inmobiliario y los medios de comunicación. Este trabajo toma comocasos de estudio las ciudades de Salvador de Bahía, en Brasil, y Monterrey, enMéxico, para analizar las manifestaciones sociales y urbanísticas de este imaginario,encontrando que el imaginario del miedo no es solamente un miedoa la violencia e inseguridad, sino también a mezclarse con el otro, una negaciónde la heterogeneidad, la diversidad y la sociabilidad que siempre hancaracterizado a las ciudades, provocando así manifestaciones de aislamientoy segregación arquitectónicas, que hacen cada vez más difícil alcanzar unconcepto de sustentabilidad urbana real.Palabras clave: imaginarios sociales, miedo, segregación, América Latina. The Latin-American urban imaginary of fear:evidence from studies in Salvador, Brazil, andMonterrey, MexicoAbstractThe importance and strength that the study of urban imaginary has gainedin recent years in space disciplines is undeniable, including urban sociology.This paper analyzes the origin, meaning and consequences of one ofthe most latent and powerful urban imaginary in Latin American cities:the imagination of fear, which, with a mix of real violence and subjectiveperception of society, has become the way of living of Latin American contemporarycity, as a place of fear and insecurity, a situation potentiated bythe housing market and the media. This work takes cities of Salvador deBahia in Brazil and Monterrey, Mexico, as case studies to analyze social andurban manifestations of this imaginary, finding that the imaginary of fear isnot just about violence and insecurity but also about relating with others,a denial of heterogeneity, diversity and sociability that have always characterizedthe cities, causing manifestations of insulation and architecturalsegregation. This makes that reaching a concept of real urban sustainabilityis increasingly difficult.Keywords: social imaginary, fear, segregation, Latin America.O imaginário urbano do medo na América Latina:evidências de estudos em Salvador de Bahía,Brasil e Monterrey, MéxicoResumoÉ inegável a importância e força que o estudo dos imaginários urbanos temganhado nos últimos anos nas disciplinas espaciais, incluindo a sociologiaurbana. Este trabalho analisa a origem, os significados e as consequências deum dos imaginários urbanos mais latentes e poderosos nas cidades latino--americanas: o imaginário do medo, o qual se mistura de violência real e apercepção subjetiva da sociedade, tornou-se forma de viver a cidade contemporânealatino-americana, volvendo-se num espaço de medo e insegurança,situação potenciada pelo mercado imobiliário e da mídia. Este trabalho temcomo estudos de caso as cidades de Salvador de Bahia, no Brasil, e Monterrey,no México, para analisar manifestações sociais e urbanas deste imaginário,encontrando que o imaginário do medo não é apenas um medo deviolência e insegurança, mas também, se misturar com outro, uma negaçãoda heterogeneidade, a diversidade e sociabilidade que sempre tem caracterizadoas cidades, causando manifestações de isolamento e segregação daarquitetura, o que torna cada vez mais difícil de lograr um conceito de sustentabilidadeurbano real.Palavras – chave: imaginários sociais, medo, segregação, América Latina.

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11

Gómez Dávila, Javier, and Rafael De Aguiar Arantes. "El imaginario urbano del miedo en Latinoamérica: evidencias de estudios en Salvador de Bahía, Brasil, y Monterrey, México." Revista Temas Sociológicos, no. 19 (September 14, 2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07196458.19.262.

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ResumenEs innegable la importancia y la fuerza que el estudio de los imaginarios urbanosha cobrado en los últimos años en las disciplinas espaciales, incluyendola sociología urbana. Este trabajo analiza el origen, los significados y lasconsecuencias de uno de los imaginarios urbanos más latentes y poderososen las ciudades latinoamericanas: el imaginario del miedo, el cual, con sumezcla de violencia real y percepción subjetiva de la sociedad, se ha convertidoen la forma de habitar de la ciudad contemporánea latinoamericana, volviéndolaun espacio de miedo e inseguridad, situación potencializada por elmercado inmobiliario y los medios de comunicación. Este trabajo toma comocasos de estudio las ciudades de Salvador de Bahía, en Brasil, y Monterrey, enMéxico, para analizar las manifestaciones sociales y urbanísticas de este imaginario,encontrando que el imaginario del miedo no es solamente un miedoa la violencia e inseguridad, sino también a mezclarse con el otro, una negaciónde la heterogeneidad, la diversidad y la sociabilidad que siempre hancaracterizado a las ciudades, provocando así manifestaciones de aislamientoy segregación arquitectónicas, que hacen cada vez más difícil alcanzar unconcepto de sustentabilidad urbana real.Palabras clave: imaginarios sociales, miedo, segregación, América Latina. The Latin-American urban imaginary of fear:evidence from studies in Salvador, Brazil, andMonterrey, MexicoAbstractThe importance and strength that the study of urban imaginary has gainedin recent years in space disciplines is undeniable, including urban sociology.This paper analyzes the origin, meaning and consequences of one ofthe most latent and powerful urban imaginary in Latin American cities:the imagination of fear, which, with a mix of real violence and subjectiveperception of society, has become the way of living of Latin American contemporarycity, as a place of fear and insecurity, a situation potentiated bythe housing market and the media. This work takes cities of Salvador deBahia in Brazil and Monterrey, Mexico, as case studies to analyze social andurban manifestations of this imaginary, finding that the imaginary of fear isnot just about violence and insecurity but also about relating with others,a denial of heterogeneity, diversity and sociability that have always characterizedthe cities, causing manifestations of insulation and architecturalsegregation. This makes that reaching a concept of real urban sustainabilityis increasingly difficult.Keywords: social imaginary, fear, segregation, Latin America.O imaginário urbano do medo na América Latina:evidências de estudos em Salvador de Bahía,Brasil e Monterrey, MéxicoResumoÉ inegável a importância e força que o estudo dos imaginários urbanos temganhado nos últimos anos nas disciplinas espaciais, incluindo a sociologiaurbana. Este trabalho analisa a origem, os significados e as consequências deum dos imaginários urbanos mais latentes e poderosos nas cidades latino--americanas: o imaginário do medo, o qual se mistura de violência real e apercepção subjetiva da sociedade, tornou-se forma de viver a cidade contemporânealatino-americana, volvendo-se num espaço de medo e insegurança,situação potenciada pelo mercado imobiliário e da mídia. Este trabalho temcomo estudos de caso as cidades de Salvador de Bahia, no Brasil, e Monterrey,no México, para analisar manifestações sociais e urbanas deste imaginário,encontrando que o imaginário do medo não é apenas um medo deviolência e insegurança, mas também, se misturar com outro, uma negaçãoda heterogeneidade, a diversidade e sociabilidade que sempre tem caracterizadoas cidades, causando manifestações de isolamento e segregação daarquitetura, o que torna cada vez mais difícil de lograr um conceito de sustentabilidadeurbano real.Palavras – chave: imaginários sociais, medo, segregação, América Latina.

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Nishida, Mieko. "Manumission and Ethnicity in Urban Slavery: Salvador, Brazil, 1808-1888." Hispanic American Historical Review 73, no. 3 (August 1993): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2517695.

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Nishida, Mieko. "Manumission and Ethnicity in Urban Slavery: Salvador, Brazil, 1808–1888." Hispanic American Historical Review 73, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 361–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-73.3.361.

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14

Wamsler, Christine. "Integrating Risk Reduction, Urban Planning and Housing: Lessons From El Salvador." Open House International 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2006-b0009.

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Increasingly, attention has been given to the need to mainstream risk reduction in development work in order to reduce the vulnerability of the urban poor. Using El Salvador as a case study, the paper analyses the mainstreaming process in the developmental disciplines of urban planning and housing. The overall aim is to identify how the existing separation between risk reduction, urban planning and housing can be overcome and integration achieved. Since Hurricane Mitch in 1998, and especially after the 2001 earthquakes, not only relief and development organisations, but also social housing organisations have initiated a shift to include risk reduction in their fields of action in order to address the underlying causes of urban vulnerability. The factors that triggered the process were: 1) the negative experiences of organisations with non-integral projects, 2) the organisations' increased emphasis on working with municipal development, 3) political changes at national level, and more importantly, 4) the introduction and promotion of the concept of risk reduction by international and regional aid organisations. However, required additional knowledge and institutional capacities were mainly built up independently and internally by each organisation, and not through the creation of co-operative partnerships, thus duplicating efforts and increasing ineffective competition. Whilst positive experience has been gained through the implementation of more integral projects, the creation of adequate operational, organisational, institutional and legal frameworks is still in its initial stage. Unfortunately, four years after the 2001 earthquakes, emergency relief funding for post-disaster risk reduction is coming to an end without the allocation of resources for following up and consolidating the initial process. Based on the findings, an integral model is proposed which shows how mainstreaming risk reduction in urban planning and housing could be dealt with in such a way that it becomes more integrated, inclusive and sustainable within a developmental context.

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Gollnick, Brian. "Silent Idylls, Double Lives: Sex and the City in Salvador Novo's La estatua de sal." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 21, no. 1 (2005): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2005.21.1.231.

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Salvador Novo's autobiography, La estatua de sal, documents the author's life in the 1920s and details with surprising openness his experiences in the homosexual subculture of Mexico City. This article analyzes how La estatua de sal also suggests that urban life contributed to Novo's process of identity formation in complex ways that draw together his sexual awakening with other aspects of modern culture. La autobiografíía de Salvador Novo, La estatua de sal, documenta la vida del autor durante los añños veinte y detalla con sorprendente franqueza sus experiencias en la subcultura homosexual de la Ciudad de Mééxico. Este artíículo analiza cóómo La estatua de sal tambiéén sugiere que la vida urbana contribuyóó al proceso identitario de Novo de una manera compleja en que su abertura sexual se articula con otros aspectos de la modernidad cultural.

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Springer, Andrew E., Shreela Sharma, Alba Margarita de Guardado, Francisco Vázquez Nava, and Steven H. Kelder. "Perceived Parental Monitoring and Health Risk Behavior among Public Secondary School Students in El Salvador." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 1810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.284.

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Although parental monitoring has received considerable attention in studies of U.S. adolescents, few published studies have examined how parents' knowledge of their children's whereabouts may influence health risk behaviors in adolescents living in Latin America. We investigated the association between perceived parental monitoring and substance use, fighting, and sexual behaviors in rural and urban Salvadoran adolescents (n = 982). After adjusting for several sociodemographic covariates, multilevel regression analyses indicated that students reporting low parental monitoring were between 2 to 3.5 times more likely to report risk behaviors examined. The promotion of specific parenting practices such as parental monitoring may hold promise for reducing adolescent risk behaviors in El Salvador.

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Dyrness, Andrea, and Enrique Sepúlveda, III. "Education and the Production of Diasporic Citizens in El Salvador." Harvard Educational Review 85, no. 1 (March 18, 2015): 108–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.85.1.r6j5064448621r73.

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In this article, Dyrness and Sepúlveda argue that in El Salvador, young people are participants in a diasporic social imaginary that connects them with Salvadorans and other Latinos in the United States—before they have ever left the country. The authors explore how this transnational relationship manifests in two school communities in San Salvador: a private school long recognized as a gateway to the elite and a public school serving one of the most violent and impoverished urban marginalized communities in San Salvador. Focusing on two different contexts of socialization—“homeboy” expressive culture and school-based English instruction—they argue that both groups of students were experiencing contradictory forces of cultural socialization that are characteristic of the diaspora.

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de López, Elizabeth Murcia, and Luis Castillo. "El Salvador: a case of urban renovation and rehabilitation of mesones." Environment and Urbanization 9, no. 2 (October 1997): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624789700900206.

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De Aguiar Arantes, Rafael. "O(S) ESPAÇO(S) PÚBLICO(S) NUMA CIDADE DESIGUAL E SEGREGADA." Caderno CRH 34 (June 25, 2021): 021010. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/ccrh.v34i0.27018.

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<p>Este artigo analisa os usos do(s) espaço(s) público(s) na vida urbana contemporânea, discutindo sua relevância e sua capacidade de expressar diversidade e engendrar intersubjetividades. Para isso, busca-se discutir a validade das teses que indicam a existência de um processo de diluição/restrição dos espaços públicos, analisando sua dinâmica na cidade do Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, e considerando as transformações urbanas recentes, através de revisão da literatura, coleta de dados secundários e realização de entrevistas com diversos citadinos. O artigo conclui que as transformações contemporâneas vêm favorecendo o avanço de formas de privatização e autossegregação, restringindo os usos dos espaços públicos. Porém, não se pode falar da morte desses espaços em Salvador, uma vez que seus usos sobrevivem, ainda que sejam premidos por seu caráter heterogêneo, desigual, segregado e fragmentado, situação ensejada por processos de privatização e mercantilização, violência e medo,<br />além de diferentes formas de disputas, distinções e competições.</p><p><strong>THE PUBLIC SPACE(S) IN AN UNEQUAL AND SEGREGATED CITY</strong><br /><br />This article analyzes the uses of the public spaces in the contemporary urban life, discussing their relevance and ability to express diversity and produce intersubjectivities. For that, it discusses the validity of the thesis indicating the existence of a dilution/restriction process of public spaces. Through literary review, secondary data collection, and interviews with city residents, this work sought to analyze the dynamics of public spaces in Salvador before the recent urban transformations in the city. The findings indicate that the contemporary ransformations favored privatization and selfsegregation, restricting the use of public spaces. However, one cannot speak of the “death” of public spaces in Salvador, for their uses survives – although pressed by several factors such as their heterogeneity and inequality, their segregated and fragmented character, and by privatization and commodification processes, violence and fear, forms of disputes, distinctions and competitions.</p><p>Keywords: Public space. Urban Sociability. Privatization. Segregation. Salvador.</p><p><strong>LE(S) SPACE(S) PUBLIC(S) DANS UNE VILLE INÉGALE ET SÉGRÉGÉE</strong><br /><br />Cet article analyse l’utilisation des espaces publics dans la vie urbaine contemporaine, en discutant sa pertinence actuelle et sa capacité d’exprimer la<br />diversité et créer d’intersubjectivités. Cela implique discuter la validité des thèses qui indiquent l’existence d’un processus de dilution/restriction des espaces publics, en analysant sa dynamique dans la ville de Salvador, et en considérant les récentes transformations urbaines, par l’examen de la littérature, la collecte des données secondaires et des entretiens avec plusieurs habitants. On conclut que les transformations contemporaines ont favorisé l’avancée des formes de privatisation et d’auto-ségrégation, restreignant les usages des<br />espaces publics. Cependant, ces espaces publics à Salvador ne sont pas mort ; leurs usages survivent, même s’ils sont pressé par leur caractère hétérogène,<br />inégal, ségrégé et fragmenté, situation causée par les processus de privatisation et de marchandisation, la violence et la peur, en plus de différentes formes de disputes, distinctions et compétitions.</p><p>Mots-clés: Espace public. Sociabilité urbaine. Privatisation. Ségrégation. Salvador.</p>

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Martinez, Edin. "El Salvador: Post Earthquake Housing Reconstruction Programme." Open House International 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2005-b0007.

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FUNDASAL's housing reconstruction programme demonstrates how successful community development can result from rebuilding after a devastating earthquake. Appropriate earthquake resistant housing designs have been developed and training is provided in construction and maintenance techniques, as well as business and community leadership skills. To date, 6,472 houses have been completed with households providing the labour. Secure title has been provided where necessary and 1,400 small businesses have been established, many led by women. The local municipalities have been actively involved throughout and welcome the increasing citizen participation that has resulted from the programme.

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Curós, Joan, and Xavier Ferrer. "REFORMA DEL CASTILLO Y CAPILLA DE SANT SALVADOR DE PUIG - ALDER." AUS, no. 12 (2012): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4206/aus.2012.n12-06.

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Amaral Jr., Rubem. "Salvador e Olinda nos emblemas urbanos do Thesaurus Philo-Politicus de Daniel Meisner e Eberhard Kieser." IMAGO. Revista de Emblemática y Cultura Visual, no. 9 (January 31, 2018): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/imago.9.10362.

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ABSTRACT: This article examines the emblems dedicated to Salvador (Bahia) and Olinda (Pernambuco) by Daniel Meisner and Eberhard Kieser in their singular book of urban emblems Thesaurus Philo-Politicus. Das ist: Politisches Schatzkästlein, first published in Frankfort on the Main between 1623 and 1631. Those Brazilian cities, together with Cuzco in Peru, were the only ones in America among the 830 plates included in the work. I describe the respective inserted emblematic picturae, with transcriptions and translations of the German and Latin inscriptiones, subscriptiones and explicit, and I attempt to interpret them and identify the sources of the views. KEYWORDS: Daniel Meisner; Eberhard Kieser; Urban Emblems; Thesaurus Philo-Politicus; Politisches Schatzkästlein; Salvador; Olinda. RESUMEN: Este artículo pone en evidencia los emblemas dedicados a Salvador (Bahia) y Olinda (Pernambuco) por Daniel Meisner y Eberhard Kieser en su singular libro de emblemas urbanos Thesaurus Philo-Politicus. Das ist: Politisches Schatzkästlein, publicado por primera vez en Francfort del Meno entre 1623 y 1631. Esas ciudades brasileñas, juntamente con el Cuzco, en Perú, fueron las únicas de América entre las 830 estampas incluídas en la obra. Se hace una descripción de las respectivas picturae emblemáticas inseridas, con las transcripciones y traducciones de las inscriptiones, subscriptiones y explicit en alemán y latín, juntamente con intentos de su interpretación y la indicación de las fuentes de las vistas. PALABRAS CLAVES: Daniel Meisner; Eberhard Kieser; emblemas urbanos; Thesaurus Philo-Politicus; Politisches Schatzkästlein; Salvador; Olinda.

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Melo, Maria Clotildes N. de, José A. A. C. Taddei, Daniel R. Diniz-Santos, Camilo Vieira, Nadya B. Carneiro, Rita Franca Melo, and Luciana R. Silva. "Incidence of diarrhea in children living in urban slums in Salvador, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 12, no. 1 (February 2008): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-86702008000100019.

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Funkhouser, Edward. "Mobility and Labor Market Segmentation: The Urban Labor Market in El Salvador." Economic Development and Cultural Change 46, no. 1 (October 1997): 123–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/452324.

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Marques, Eduardo. "Urban Poverty, Segregation and Social Networks in São Paulo and Salvador, Brazil." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 39, no. 6 (November 2015): 1067–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12300.

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Échevin, Damien, and Luis Tejerina. "Shocks and Coping Strategies in the Urban Squatter Settlements of San Salvador." Poverty & Public Policy 5, no. 2 (June 2013): 180–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pop4.27.

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Kajdacsi, Brittney, Federico Costa, Chaz Hyseni, Fleur Porter, Julia Brown, Gorete Rodrigues, Helena Farias, et al. "Urban population genetics of slum-dwelling rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Salvador, Brazil." Molecular Ecology 22, no. 20 (September 30, 2013): 5056–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12455.

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LINDO-FUENTES, HÉCTOR. "Educational Television in El Salvador and Modernisation Theory." Journal of Latin American Studies 41, no. 4 (November 2009): 757–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x09990587.

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AbstractThis article investigates the introduction of educational television in El Salvador in the late 1960s, an Alliance for Progress project, in light of the preoccupations of the Cold War, the application of modernisation theory, the growing influence of a development community grounded in the social sciences and the Salvadorean elite's particular obsession with communism. The top-down approach used by the military regime to introduce a flurry of changes in the education system was facilitated by the extensive resources provided by international aid agencies and the US government. However, the reforms alienated Salvadorean teachers and fuelled teachers' strikes that are still remembered as pivotal moments in the urban mass movements of the 1970s which preceded the civil war of the 1980s.

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Góes-Neto, Luiz Armando de Araújo, Adalberto Lucio Portela-Neto, and Fabiana Regina Nonato. "Licófitas e samambaias do Parque Metropolitano de Pituaçu, Município de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil." SITIENTIBUS série Ciências Biológicas 12, no. 2 (December 19, 2012): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/scb91.

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This work presents the survey of lycophytes and ferns from the Parque Metropolitano de Pituaçu, Salvador, Bahia State. The 36 registered species belong to 22 genera and 14 families. The most representative families were Pteridaceae, with 11 species in five genera (Acrostichum, Adiantum, Pityrogramma, Pteris and Vittaria), and Thelypteridaceae, with six species in two genera (Macrothelypteris and Thelypteris). The genera with higher number of species were Adiantum (6) and Thelypteris (5). The majority of the species was herbaceous and terrestrial. This is the first study addressing exclusively lycophytes and ferns in a urban forest remnant in Salvador City.

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Hume, Mo, and Polly Wilding. "Beyond agency and passivity: Situating a gendered articulation of urban violence in Brazil and El Salvador." Urban Studies 57, no. 2 (March 28, 2019): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019829391.

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This paper argues for a situated politics of women’s agency in enduring intimate partner violence (IPV) in contexts of extreme urban violence. We contend that interrogating agency as dynamic and lived facilitates an acknowledgement of the multi-scalar entanglements of violence across urban spaces. Recognising the complexities in human agency holds the potential for a radical gendered urban politics to emerge whereby people are neither simplistically victims nor pawns of violent processes, but located within dynamic ‘webs of social relations’ (Cumbers A, Helms G and Swanson K (2010) Class, agency and resistance in the old industrial city. Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography 42(1): 54). Drawing on feminist theory, our conceptualisation of agency serves as a lens through which we can examine the dynamic and gendered nature of urban violence as rooted in multiple social relations (McNay L (2010) Feminism and post-identity politics: The problem of agency. Constellations 17(4): 512–525). The paper draws on research in the urban peripheries of Rio de Janiero and San Salvador.

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Santos, Aline Moraes, and Anderson Gomes De Oliveira. "A importância da mobilidade urbana: implantação da primeira linha do Brt em Salvador / The importance of urban mobility: implementation of the first line of Brt in Salvador." Brazilian Applied Science Review 5, no. 4 (August 19, 2021): 1951–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34115/basrv5n4-017.

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O artigo apresenta e propõe a discussão sobre a importância do Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) e como essa modalidade de transporte aumenta as chances do sistema em promover transferência modal além de operar de forma a dar suporte à melhoria da mobilidade urbana e da qualidade de vida em áreas muito adensadas. Inicialmente, é apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica acerca do tema. Em seguida, apresentam-se as características da construção na cidade de Salvador. Abordando conceitos de mobilidade urbana, o tópico seguinte apresenta um conjunto de medidas que visam tornar o sistema de transporte público mais eficiente.

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Marques, Eduardo. "The Spatial Dimensions Of Personal Networks Among Poor Urban São Paulo and Salvador." SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, no. 105 (December 2014): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sur2014-105007.

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de López, Elizabeth Murcia, and Luis Castillo. "El Salvador: a case of urban renovation and rehabilitation of mesones." Environment and Urbanization 9, no. 2 (October 1, 1997): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1630/095624797101287705.

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Jenkins, Paul, Alex Abiko, Alexandre Apsan Frediani, and Odair Moraes. "Urban upgrading interventions and engaging residents in fuzzy management: Case studies from Novos Alagados, Salvador, Brazil." Habitat International 34, no. 1 (January 2010): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.07.005.

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González, Román Rodríguez. "Theories, models and urban realities. From New York to Kathmandu." Dela, no. 21 (December 1, 2004): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.21.69-81.

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At the beginning of the 21st century, there are various social theories that speak of global changes in the history of human civilization. Urban models have been through obvious changes throughout the last century according to the important transformation that are pro-posed by previous general theories. Nevertheless global diversity contradicts the generaliza-tion of these theories and models. From our own simple observations and reflections we arrive at conclusions that distance themselves from the prevailing theory of our civilized world. New York, Delhi, Salvador de Bahia, Bruges, Paris, Cartagena de Indias or Kath-mandu still have more internal differences than similarities.

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Saes, Alexandre Macchione. "Modernizing Electric Utilities in Brazil: National vs. Foreign Capital, 1889–1930." Business History Review 87, no. 2 (2013): 229–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680513000445.

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Signs of improvement in the early twentieth-century Brazilian economy enabled a process of urban renewal. One of the most visible features of Brazilian urban modernization was street and house lighting, as well as electricity for tramways and industry. Conflicts between the Canadian company Light and the Brazilian firm CBEE over the supply of urban electricity to Brazil's main economic centers—Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Salvador—mirror the contradictions in the country's capitalist formation during the first decades of the twentieth century. From an emerging market view, and through political debates, this article addresses the development of electric utilities in major Brazilian cities.

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Antunes, Fernanda Pedro, Maria da Conceição Nascimento Costa, Jairnilson Silva Paim, Álvaro Cruz, Ligia Maria Vieira da Silva, and Mauricio Barreto. "Social determinants of intra-urban differentials of admissions by respiratory diseases in Salvador (BA), Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 17, suppl 2 (2014): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201400060003.

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INTRODUCTION: Respiratory diseases (RD) represent a significant cause of hospitalization in Brazil, occupying the first position in the rank by group of diseases. OBJECTIVE: To identify social determinants (SD) of intra-urban differentials of hospitalizations by RD and their main types (asthma and pneumonia) a study of spatial aggregation was carried out in Salvador (BA), between 2001 and 2007, taking Information Zones (IZ) as unit of analysis. METHODS: Data on hospitalizations were provided by the Health Department of Bahia State. Socioeconomic indicators were obtained from the Demographic Census carried out in 2000, and the number of health centers was acquired from the National Register of Health Services. RESULTS: Multiple linear regression analysis indicated association between spatial variation of the rates of hospitalization due to RD and income (β = 0.54, p < 0.001) and rate of health facilities per 10,000 inhabitants (β = 2.91, p < 0.001). Crowding was not associated. CONCLUSION: The identification of variation in SD in hospitalizations by RD in the IZ of Salvador will help in the decision-making process by public managers in defining goals and effective measures to reduce inequities in health.

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Hohmann, René Peter, and Thomas Schaef. "Reconstruction and Risk Reduction: A Project Example from El Salvador." Open House International 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2006-b0020.

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In January 2001, large parts of El Salvador were devastated by two earthquakes that occurred in quick succession. More than 1,200 people lost their lives. Some 150,000 houses were destroyed, and 47,000 jobs were lost as factories and workshops were annihilated.

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Stein, Alfredo. "The 'tugurios' of San Salvador: a place to live, work and struggle." Environment and Urbanization 1, no. 2 (October 1989): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624788900100202.

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Coelho, Pedro Andrade, and Vanessa Brasil Campos Rodríguez. "For a landscape policy in urban municipal planning – The paradigm of Salvador-BA, Brazil." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 7, no. 11 (2020): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.711.39.

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Moraes, L. R. S., Jacira Azevedo Cancio, Sandy Cairncross, and Sharon Huttly. "Impact of drainage and sewerage on diarrhoea in poor urban areas in Salvador, Brazil." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97, no. 2 (March 2003): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(03)90104-0.

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Costa, Federico, Jonathan L. Richardson, Kirstin Dion, Carol Mariani, Arsinoe C. Pertile, Mary K. Burak, James E. Childs, Albert I. Ko, and Adalgisa Caccone. "Multiple Paternity in the Norway Rat,Rattus norvegicus, from Urban Slums in Salvador, Brazil." Journal of Heredity 107, no. 2 (January 4, 2016): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esv098.

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Combs, Matthew, Kaylee A. Byers, Bruno M. Ghersi, Michael J. Blum, Adalgisa Caccone, Federico Costa, Chelsea G. Himsworth, Jonathan L. Richardson, and Jason Munshi-South. "Urban rat races: spatial population genomics of brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) compared across multiple cities." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1880 (June 6, 2018): 20180245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0245.

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Urbanization often substantially influences animal movement and gene flow. However, few studies to date have examined gene flow of the same species across multiple cities. In this study, we examine brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) to test hypotheses about the repeatability of neutral evolution across four cities: Salvador, Brazil; New Orleans, USA; Vancouver, Canada; and New York City, USA. At least 150 rats were sampled from each city and genotyped for a minimum of 15 000 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms. Levels of genome-wide diversity were similar across cities, but varied across neighbourhoods within cities. All four populations exhibited high spatial autocorrelation at the shortest distance classes (less than 500 m) owing to limited dispersal. Coancestry and evolutionary clustering analyses identified genetic discontinuities within each city that coincided with a resource desert in New York City, major waterways in New Orleans, and roads in Salvador and Vancouver. Such replicated studies are crucial to assessing the generality of predictions from urban evolution, and have practical applications for pest management and public health. Future studies should include a range of global cities in different biomes, incorporate multiple species, and examine the impact of specific characteristics of the built environment and human socioeconomics on gene flow.

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Azevedo, Tânia Cristina, and André Alves Portella. "Programa de certificação sustentável do município de Salvador: análise dos critérios e benefícios do "IPTU verde" em sua perspectiva ecológica / Sustainable certification program of the city of Salvador: analysis of the green IPTU criteria and benefits on its ecological perspective." Revista de Direito da Cidade 12, no. 3 (December 9, 2020): 64–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rdc.2020.46762.

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ResumoO objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os critérios e benefícios do Programa de Certificação Sustentável denominado “IPTU VERDE”. Como estratégia de condução da pesquisa, recorreu-se ao estudo de caso, suportado por pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e análise de conteúdo. Os resultados da investigação apontaram que o modelo aplicado no munícipio de Salvador foi inspirado no padrão internacional de certificação denominado Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED™). Conclui-se que embora seja uma iniciativa válida para os padrões brasileiros de benefícios tributários, em Salvador há limitações para o contribuinte ter acesso ao mesmo, pois tende a priorizar segmentos específicos ou determinadas categorias de negócios.Palavras-chave: Certificação sustentável. Extrafiscalidade. Incentivo fiscal verde. Política urbana.Tributação ecológica. AbstractThe objective of this research was to analyze the conditions and benefits of the Sustainable Certification Program called GREEN IPTU. As a strategy for conducting the research, we used the case study, supported by bibliographic research, documentary research and content analysis Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED™). The results of the investigation showed that the model applied in the municipality of Salvador was inspired by the international certification standard called.Keywords: sustainable certification. Extrafiscality. Green tax incentive. Urban policy. Ecological taxation

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KRAAY, HENDRIK. "Between Brazil and Bahia: Celebrating Dois de Julho in Nineteenth-Century Salvador." Journal of Latin American Studies 31, no. 2 (May 1999): 255–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x99005283.

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Commemorating the expulsion of Portuguese troops from Salvador, Bahia, on 2 July 1823, the Dois de Julho festival represented Bahian society collectively and marked differences of national origin, class, and race. It challenged the Brazilian state's official patriotism by articulating a regional identity, and through its commemoration of the independence-era popular mobilisation, presented a story of Brazil's origins that contradicted the official patriotism which celebrated Emperor Pedro I as Brazil's founder. Dois de Julho's popularity and durability, moreover, suggest a significant and socially-broad engagement with the imperial state, which cannot be considered a remote and alien entity to the urban population.

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Santos, Jânio Laurentino, and Angelo Serpa. "Spatial production of commerce and services in the urban peripheries: a case study in Salvador." GEOUSP: Espaço e Tempo (Online), no. 8 (December 18, 2000): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2179-0892.geousp.2000.123481.

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O artigo discute a produçào espacial do comercio e dos serviços nas periferias urbanas, a partir de estudos de caso em Salvador, Bahia. A formação de centralidades e o perfil dos consumidores representam enfoquesn específicos do presente trabalho, onde são discutidos também a acessibilidade dos núcleos e sua hierarquização. A teoria dos dois circuitos da economia urbana, de Milton Santos, é um referencial conceituai importante para a análise, que busca também introduzir novos conceitos/noções, relacionados com a formação de centralidades de comércio e de serviços nas periferias urbanas, com o "núcleos consolidados" versus "núcleos instáveis" e "espaços de relações artificiais" versus "espaços de relações solidificadas

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Nobre, Eduardo A. C. "Urban regeneration experiences in Brazil: Historical preservation, tourism development and gentrification in Salvador da Bahia." URBAN DESIGN International 7, no. 2 (June 2002): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.udi.9000066.

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Souza, T. G. D., F. D. R. Fonseca, V. D. O. Fernandes, and J. C. Pedrassoli. "EXPLORATORY SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF HOUSING PRICES OBTAINED FROM WEB SCRAPING TECHNIQUE." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2021 (June 30, 2021): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2021-135-2021.

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Abstract. The exploratory spatial analysis allows to describe patterns of spatial distribution, to identify clusters and outliers through specific techniques of spatial association and data model. The objective of the study is to verify the spatial autocorrelation between the mean prices of the housing obtained from web scraping technique in online platforms in the city of Salvador, on the coast of northeast Brazil. For this purpose, the Global Moran’s Index (which provides a general measure of association) and the Local Index of Spatial Association (LISA) were calculated. The results of Global Moran’s Index indicate positive autocorrelation between the mean prices of housing prices in the 163 districts of the municipally that are statistically significant, such as identification of clusters through LISA. Thus, the analysis allows to conclude the existence of a heterogeneous pattern in the distribution of these mean prices in the urban space of Salvador.

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Moreira de Calvalho, Inaiá María, and Gilberto Corso Pereira. "Dinámica de una metrópoli periférica en Brasil / Dynamics of a Peripheral Metropolis in Brazil." Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 25, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v25i2.1355.

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En este artículo se analiza la evolución reciente de la segregación socioespacial y la de la conformación urbana en la ciudad de Salvador, a la luz del debate sobre las transformaciones de las metrópolis dentro del capital globalizado. Si bien se reconoce que todas las grandes ciudades terminan siendo alcanzadas por la globalización, en el texto se resalta, sin embargo, que los efectos de ese proceso no son uniformes ni convergen en un modelo único de ciudad. Es necesario considerar la conformación histórica de cada una de ellas, sus instituciones, actores y decisiones políticas locales dentro de una dinámica definida por la continuidad/transformación, donde lo que ya existía condiciona la irrupción de lo nuevo, que en muchos casos ya había comenzado a delinearse en el pasado. Mediante la demostración de la conformación de una metrópoli extremadamente desigual y segregada y la medida en que las transformaciones han agravado tales alteraciones al paso de los últimos años, esta revisión del caso de Salvador se propone exponer algunas reflexiones para entender mejor los efectos del proceso de globalización sobre las grandes ciudades de América Latina. AbstractThis article analyzes the recent evolution of the socio-spatial segregation and urban configuration of the city of Salvador, in light of the debate on the transformations of metropolises within globalized capital. Although it is a well-known fact that large cities end up being absorbed by globalization, the text stresses the fact that the effects of this process are not uniform nor do they converge in a single model of a city. It is essential to consider the historical moment of each of them, their institutions, actors and local political decisions within a dynamic defined by continuity/transformation, in which what already existed conditions the emergence of what is new, which in many cases, had already begun to be shaped in the past. Through the demonstration of the configuration of an extremely unequal, segregated metropolis, and the extent to which the transformations have aggravated these alterations over the years, this review of the case of Salvador proposes offering some reflections to provide a better understanding of the effects of globalization on major Latin American cities.

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Melo, Tercio Da Silva, Marcelo Cesar Lima Peres, João Lucas Chavari, Antonio Domingos Brescovit, and Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie. "Ants (Formicidae) and Spiders (Araneae) listed from the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Brazil." Check List 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.2.355.

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We present an ant and spider species list from five localities of the Metropolitan Region of Salvador (MRS). The MRS is placed in an Atlantic Forest area classified as dense broadleaf forest, considered to be of high biological importance and priority for conservation. We determined 198 species of ants (8 of these are considered to be synanthropic and/or exotic), distributed across nine subfamilies. We determined 164 species of spiders (14 of them being synanthropic and/or exotic), distributed across thirty families. Therefore, this survey shows that the urban environment of the MRS still harbors a large number of native fauna species.

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