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1
Barrie, Christine. "Bird and insect diversity along an urban disturbance gradient." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121346.
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The diversity and community composition of birds and seven insect taxa: butterflies and skippers (Lepidoptera); Carabidae (Coleoptera); Dolichopodidae, Syrphidae, Sphaeroceridae, Chloropidae (Diptera); Apoidea (Hymenoptera) were studied in old field habitats surrounded by different intensities of urbanization in the Montreal region. A total of 386 breeding birds of 42 species as well as 2255 migrating birds of 31 species were surveyed. More than 7000 insect specimens of 264 species were identified. Results indicate that, in terms of studied taxa, old field biodiversity remains fairly constant despite different surrounding land use. The exceptions were that butterfly and skipper species richness and number of Syrphidae specimens collected were both higher in suburban than periurban sites, and breeding birds were more abundant in rural areas compared to suburban ones. Breeding bird communities in suburban areas were most similar to one another. Despite these findings, the overarching pattern was that the diversity and community composition of birds and insects did not differ between old fields in suburban, periurban, or rural areas. Chloropidae was the only taxon influenced by surrounding land use, particularly by amounts of residential, industrial/commercial/transportation areas, and green space. Because of the differences in responses, none of the taxa were reliable bioindicators of diversity patterns in all the other taxa, however, some significant correlations between individual taxa were established.Cette étude visait à comprendre la diversité et la composition des communautés d'oiseaux et d'insectes présentes dans des champs abandonnés par rapport à l'intensité d'urbanisation des terres adjacentes dans la région de Montréal. Les sept taxons d'insectes choisis étaient: les papillons et les hespéries (Lepidoptera); Carabidae (Coleoptera); Dolichopodidae, Syrphidae, Sphaeroceridae, Chloropidae (Diptera); Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Au total, 386 oiseaux nicheurs représentant 42 espèces, ainsi que 2255 oiseaux migrateurs représentant 31 espèces ont été répertoriés. Plus de 7000 spécimens d'insectes comprenant 264 espèces ont été identifiés. Les résultats indiquent que la diversité des champs abandonnés reste stable, malgré des différences dans l'urbanisation des terres adjacentes, du moins dans les groupes étudiés. Toutefois, il y avait quelques exceptions : la diversité des papillons et des hespéries ainsi que l'abondance des syrphes étaient plus élevées dans les sites suburbains comparé aux sites periurbains; de plus, les oiseaux nicheurs étaient plus abondants dans les sites ruraux que les sites suburbains. Les assemblages d'oiseaux nicheurs dans les sites suburbains démontraient le plus grand degré de similitude les uns par rapport aux autres. Malgré ces résultats, le patron global indique que la diversité et les assemblages d'oiseaux et d'insectes dans les champs abandonnés diffèrent peu malgré des alentours suburbains, périurbains ou ruraux. Chloropidae serait le seul taxon influencé par l'urbanisation des terrains adjacents, particulièrement par la quantité de terrains résidentiels et industriels et d'espaces verts. Étant donné ces variations, aucun des taxons choisis n'a pu être utile en tant qu'espèce indicatrice des patrons de diversité des autres taxons; cependant, quelques corrélations significatives ont été établies entre certains taxons.
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Salmeron, Eloisa. "Subsídios para o manejo da resistência de Blattella germanica (L., 1767) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) a inseticidas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-26072002-151005/.
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Bases para a implementação de um programa de manejo da resistência de Blattella germanica (L.) a inseticidas foram coletadas no presente trabalho. Técnicas de bioensaio de aplicação tópica e de contato tarsal foram comparadas inicialmente para a detecção da resistência a deltametrina e clorpirifós. O bioensaio de aplicação tópica possibilitou uma melhor discriminação entre a linhagem suscetível e as populações de campo de B. germanica testadas. Resultados do monitoramento da suscetibilidade de B. germanica a inseticidas evidenciaram a presença de variabilidade genética que confere resistência a deltametrina, clorpirifós e fipronil em populações coletadas em alguns estabelecimentos comerciais dos Estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. As razões de resistência encontradas para deltametrina e clorpirifós foram de aproximadamente 43 e 6 vezes, respectivamente. A resistência de B. germanica a deltametrina foi instável, ou seja, houve uma redução significativa na freqüência de resistência na ausência de pressão de seleção. Estudos de relações de resistência cruzada revelaram uma baixa intensidade de resistência cruzada (aproximadamente 2 vezes) entre fipronil e os inseticidas deltametrina e clorpirifós. E por último, a mistura de deltametrina e clorpirifós foi avaliada para o controle de linhagens de B. germanica resistentes a deltametrina. A mistura proporcionou um melhor controle da linhagem suscetível do que os produtos utilizados isoladamente. No entanto, a discriminação entre as linhagens suscetível e resistente a deltametrina foi evidente com a mistura nas doses recomendadas comercialmente, o que inviabilizaria o emprego desta estratégia no manejo da resistência de B. germanica a deltametrina.Bases for implementing a resistance management program of Blattella germanica (L.) to insecticides were collected in this study. Initially, we compared the topical and residual tarsal-contact bioassays for detecting resistance to deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos. The topical bioassay gave better discrimination between susceptible and field-collected populations of B. germanica. Results from a survey of the susceptibility of B. germanica to insecticides revealed the presence of genetic variability that confers resistance to deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and fipronil in field-collected populations of B. germanica from the States of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The resistance ratios to deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos were approximately 43 and 6-fold, respectively. The resistance of B. germanica to deltamethrin was unstable; that is, a significant reduction in the frequency of resistance was detected under absence of selection pressure. Studies on cross-resistance relationships showed a low intensity of cross-resistance (approximately 2-fold) between fipronil and the insecticides deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos. And finally, the viabilility of the use of deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos mixture was evaluated for controlling deltamethrin-resistant strains of B. germanica. The use of mixtures gave better control of the susceptible strain than the use of the products by itself. However, the discrimination between susceptible and resistant strains was clear with the use of mixtures at recommended rates, which impairs the use of this strategy for managing B. germanica resistance to deltamethrin.
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Gardner, David P. "Effects of abundance, diversity, and health of native pollinators in urban forest fragments." Thesis, University of Delaware, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1596851.
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Bees are essential for crop pollination services; however, the ecosystem services they provide by pollinating native plants are crucial for maintaining biodiversity in natural systems. This study analyzed bee community changes within, on the edge, and outside of forest fragments. Phenological variation over two seasons and modeling to predict bee abundance associated with forest characteristics was performed. Finally the genetic diversity of two species of Bombus was analyzed. Bowl traps and aerial sweep netting in and near forest patches were used to sample bee communities in northern Delaware between March and August, 2013 and 2014. Bee phenology stayed consistent between field seasons, but fewer bees were collected in 2014 compared to 2013. Abundance modeling (R: unmarked) predicted that bee abundance was negatively impacted primarily by agriculture surrounding the forest patch. Analyses using microsatellites revealed that B. impatiens lacked overt population genetic structure while B. bimaculatus showed two genetically distinct populations. Pesticide analysis revealed 17 pesticides observed on adult bees from seven urban and suburban forest patches. Further studies investigating natural bee fluctuations in response to multiple field seasons, floral diversity, and chronic pesticide exposure are crucial in order to assess native pollinator health.
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Zinser, Margaret Leah. "Culex quinquefasciatus host choices in residential, urban Tucson and at a constructed wetland." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292083.
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Blood fed Culex quinquefasciatus were collected from residential and wetland sites in Tucson, Arizona for three years using CDC gravid traps. An ELISA distinguishing human, bird, dog, cat, and rabbit blood meals was used. In residential areas, approximately 47% of all identified blood meals were from humans, with fewer blood meals from bird, dog, cat, and rabbit. At Sweetwater Wetland, humans were also the most common host, with 11 (41%) identified blood meals. Birds were the hosts of 19% blood meals. Ten (seven residential, three wetland) mosquitoes were identified to have blood from both bird and human hosts. Since the transmission of West Nile Virus to humans is dependent on mosquitoes feeding both on birds and humans, this finding is particularly relevant. These data only describe the feeding choices of the mosquitoes collected from a limited number of sites in Tucson, and therefore, may not reflect feeding preferences more generally.
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Burkman, Caitlin E. "The Influence of Habitat Management and Landscape on Spider Assemblages within Urban Greenspaces of Cleveland, Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374181840.
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Spring, MaLisa R. "Impacts of Urban Greenspace Management on Beneficial Insect Communities." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492682461719594.
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Freeman, Klaire E. "The Effects of Urban Land Use on Wasps (Hymenoptera: Apocrita)." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1363613906.
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Yadav, Priyanka. "Below ground biological control in urban landscapes and assessment of factors influencing its abundance." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1332516989.
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Hans, Krystal R. "Insect Signature Indicating Corpse Movement From Urban to Rural Areas of Northeast Ohio." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1295366688.
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Faul, Andre Karel. "Biodiversity enhancement in Cape Flats urban habitats." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2823.
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Thesis (MSc (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosc, 2005.Biodiversity is under enormous pressure from an increasing human population. Urbanisation, agriculture, and mining are just some of the factors responsible for the continuous degradation of the natural environment. Of these, urbanisation is one of the leading factors of diversity loss. To address this problem, it is necessary to understand the relationship between biodiversity and urban areas, as well as the relationship between society and biodiversity. This study focuses on these relationships and suggest ways in which urban biodiversity can be maximised without compromising on development. In order to create an urban environment that successfully supports maximised biodiversity, new methods and ideas must be developed to promote the protection of urban ecosystems. The Cape Floristic Region in South Africa is a good example of an area that requires immediate action in order to prevent enormous losses in biodiversity. Data have shown drastic decreases in natural vegetation cover in this area, and with its close to 9000 species, of which approximately 60% occurs nowhere else in the world. This state of affairs should be regarded as a serious crisis. This study consists of three main parts, the first being a literature review on the current relationships between the urban environment, society, and biodiversity. The second and third parts report on two empirical investigations on the campus of the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Stellenbosch in the City of Cape Town. The first of these investigates the possibility of using spirituality connected to nature as a promotional tool for conservation through rehabilitation or restoration of damaged urban vegetation habitats. For this purpose students’ and staff members’ opinions of the urban nature at the campus were tested. In the second investigation the options of restoring biodiversity to the campus was considered by exploring the best options available for rehabilitation while taking the current biodiversity status on and around the premises into account. This was carried out through three smaller projects that included the physical reintroduction of plant species, vegetation analysis, and bird identification and attraction. The response of employees and students at the Faculty of Health Sciences was found to be in favour of restoring vegetation and animal life to the campus. This is supported by a belief that their attitude towards their work would improve with improved natural surroundings. Initial rehabilitation attempts highlighted the complexity of rehabilitation practices by bringing forward challenges and problems experienced with the reintroduction of plant species. Despite these problems, increased plant diversity in experimental areas showed the possibility of successfully completing the project. Biodiversity analysis showed that methods of controlling vegetation used by the university are doing more harm than good, as it results in indigenous vegetation being displaced by exotic vegetation. This study introduces a number of questions regarding the relationship between urbanisation and biodiversity and to what extent the two should be linked. Hopefully it is a step in the direction towards marrying the urban and natural environment, and to create a sustainable urban environment where society no longer sees nature as something outside the city boundaries.
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Bada, Javier Gerardo Miguelena. "Ants in an Arid Urban Landscape: Biodiversity, Community Composition and Factors behind the Success of an Exotic Ant Species." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347164.
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Urbanization, the creation of cities and their growth, is a process with profound implications for the diversity and community composition of local ecosystems. Urban environments are made up of a diverse patchwork of natural, seminatural and modified habitats that might harbor different plant and animal communities. Frequently, they include invasive or exotic organisms. In arid environments in particular, irrigated spaces constitute a novel habitat that contrasts heavily with natural environments. In the present study, I considered the biodiversity and composition of the ant communities in contrasting environments within the urban area of Tucson, Arizona. First, I assessed the relationship between plant productivity, measured using satellite imagery, ant abundance and ant diversity in irrigated parks, urban desert remnants and natural desert habitat. I found no significant differences in ant diversity among these habitats, despite clear differences in abundance and productivity. Next I considered the differences in ant species composition among the assemblages in the same three habitats. I found that each habitat included a distinct ant community, although those from desert remnants and natural desert were functionally similar to each other. Irrigated parks showed a potential to act as refuges for ant species threatened by the effects of climate change, but they also included a greater abundance of ants considered pests. Finally, I considered some of the characteristics behind the success of the only widespread exotic ant species found in urban habitats in Tucson: the dark rover ant (Brachymyrmex patagonicus).These ants were found in large numbers in every park sampled. As a recently introduced species, little was known of their biology. Colonies of these ants displayed aggression among each other which makes it impossible for them to form large interconnected networks of nests. Although colonies occupied nearby nests in the laboratory, under field conditions, each colony inhabited a small territory.
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Burdine, Justin D. "Factors influencing bee communities and pollination services across an urban environment." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1554460864439054.
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Alumai, Alfred. "Urban Lawn Management: Addressing the Entomological, Agronomic, Economic, and Social Drivers." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1227822313.
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Prajzner, Scott P. "Effects of land use change on bee (Anthophila) community structure and function." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1480666062652755.
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Yang, Liu. "From Molecules to Ecosystems: How Do Mosquitoes Respond to Changing Environments?" The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500480231260621.
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Parker, Denisha M. "Drivers of Predatory Insect Distribution in Urban Greenspaces." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1619126809030714.
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Chiriboga, Christian Alejandro. "TREE HEALTH, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, AND SUSTAINABILITY OF URBAN FORESTS." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366342199.
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Riley, Christopher B. "Quantifying the Ecosystem Services and Functions of Forests across Diverse Urban Landscapes." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574414361328737.
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Tyrpak, Alex Marcus. "How ant communities are shaped by vacant land management strategies, landscape context, and a legacy of industrialization." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1594477507523544.
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Beckham, Jessica L. "The Influence of Urban Green Spaces on Declining Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849737/.
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Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) are adept pollinators of countless cultivated and wild flowering plants, but many species have experienced declines in recent decades. Though urban sprawl has been implicated as a driving force of such losses, urban green spaces hold the potential to serve as habitat islands for bumble bees. As human populations continue to grow and metropolitan areas become larger, the survival of many bumble bee species will hinge on the identification and implementation of appropriate conservation measures at regional and finer scales. North Texas is home to some the fastest-growing urban areas in the country, including Denton County, as well as at least two declining bumble bee species (B. pensylvanicus and B. fraternus). Using a combination of field , molevular DNA and GIS methods I evaluated the persistence of historic bumble bee species in Denton County, and investigated the genetic structure and connectivity of the populations in these spaces. Field sampling resulted in the discovery of both B. pensylvanicus and B. fraternus in Denton County's urban green spaces. While the relative abundance of B. fraternus in these spaces was significantly lower than historic levels gleaned from museum recors, that of B. pensylvanicus was significantly higher. Statistical analyses found that both bare ground and tree cover surrounding sample sites were negatively associated with numbers of bumble bee individuals and hives detected in these green spaces. Additionally, limited genetic structuring of bumble bee populations was detected, leading to the conclusion that extensive gene flow is occurring across populations in Denton County.
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Mach, Bernadette Maria. "BEE CONSERVATION IN URBAN LANDSCAPES: ASSESSING BEE ASSEMBLAGES, BEE–ATTRACTIVENESS, AND NUTRITRITIONAL VALUE OF WOODY LANDSCAPE PLANTS AND MITIGATING POTENTIAL BEE HAZARD FROM NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDES." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/entomology_etds/46.
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Public awareness of declining pollinator populations has increased interest in creating “bee–friendly” urban landscapes. I quantified bee visitation and assemblages of 72 species of flowering woody plants common in urban landscapes. I found strong plant species effects and variation in seasonal activity of particular bee taxa but no overall differences in bee visitation or genus diversity between native versus nonnative species or trees versus shrubs. Analysis of pollen from a subset of these plants revealed small but statistically significant differences in total and essential amino acids between native and nonnative species and trees and shrubs, although each group had species with high quality pollen.
Uptake and dissipation of soil–applied imidacloprid and dinotefuran was measured in nectar and leaves of two woody plant species, Ilex × attenuata and Clethra alnifolia to assess concentrations to which pollinators might be exposed in landscape settings. Three application timings were evaluated. Residues in nectar and tissue were analyzed by HPLC–MS/MS in two successive years. Residues in nectar following autumn or spring applications exceed concentrations shown to adversely affect individual and colony–level traits of bees. Summer application mitigated concentrations of imidacloprid (8–31 ng/g), but not dinotefuran (235–1191 ng/g), in nectar.
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Harris, Brittany M. "Pesticides and Pollination of Imperiled Plants of the Lower Florida Keys." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2548.
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Degraded pollinator habitat may have far-reaching consequences for recovery of imperiled flowering plant populations. Studies indicate that broad-spectrum insecticides used in mosquito abatement are detrimental to non-target invertebrates, including pollinators. A decline in efficient pollinators can reduce plant fitness by decreasing reproductive output and constraining genetic diversity, a challenge for rare plants.
In 2015, I monitored flower visitation and fruit set of three imperiled plant species throughout protected areas on three islands in The Lower Florida Keys. These islands consist of conservation land fragmented by intermittently dispersed residential neighborhoods that seasonally spray insecticides for mosquito control. Flowers open at treatment sites had decreased flower visitor activity following insecticide applications, but only species that require invertebrate agents for pollen transfer had significantly reduced fruit set. Implications of mosquito insecticides near conservation lands may pose immediate threats to invertebrate pollinators and flowering plants that require pollinators for reproduction, although long-term threats to genetic diversity are unknown for automatic self-pollinating species.
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Delgado, de la flor Yvan A. "Spider and Beetle Communities across Urban Greenspaces in Cleveland, Ohio: Distributions, Patterns, and Processes." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587656050129337.
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Sponsler, Douglas B. "Honey bee landscape ecology: foraging, toxic exposure, and apicultural outcomes." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1479825586271009.
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Ogawa, Guilherme Maerschner. "Artrópodes associados a ninhos de Columba livia Gmelin 1789 (Aves, Columbidae) coletados na área urbana de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2006. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/1932.
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Arthropods inhabit the most diverse environments, both natural and those constructed by humans. This study deals with the arthropods living in the nests of a bird that builds its nests in man-made buildings. The objective of the study was to assess how biotic and abiotic factors influence the composition of the arthropod fauna in nests of Columba livia Gmelin 1789. Fourteen nests of the urban pigeon C. livia were collected in nine districts of the built up area of the city of Manaus. Arthropods were extracted in a Berlese-Tulgren funnel for 12 days. A total of 10 328 arthropods representing 3 subphyla, 3 classes, 14 orders and 33 families were detected. Acari was the most abundant group with 7879 individuals. Mites of the genus Caloglyphus made up over 75 % of all arthropods collected. Most of the arthropods extracted are detrivorous and apterous. The diversity found in Manaus was lower than that reported for samples collected in the Palearctic Region, probably because C. livia is exotic in the Neotropical fauna. Of the total arthropods detected, 82.26 % can be considered as being of economic or public health interest, including the groups Lepisma, Psocoptera, Acari and Hymenoptera. The only variable tested which showed a strong influence on the composition of the nest fauna was the weight of the nest, other variables showing trends that were not statistically significant. The localization of the nest did not appear to have much influence, probably because most of the species encountered could have been transported by the bird.
Os artrópodes vivem nos mais diversos ambientes, tanto os naturais quanto os construídos pelo ser humano. Neste trabalho, foi feita uma pesquisa sobre artrópodes que vivem em ninhos de uma ave que nidifica em construções humanas. O objetivo do estudo é de contribuir ao conhecimento de como fatores bióticos e abióticos influenciam na composição da fauna de artrópodes em ninhos de Columba livia Gmelin 1789. Foram coletados 14 ninhos de Columba livia, conhecido como pombo urbano, em 9 bairros da área urbana de Manaus. Os ninhos foram triados em um extrator do tipo Berlese-Tulgren durante 12 dias. Estes ninhos apresentaram um total de 10.323 artrópodes divididos em 3 subfilos, 3 classes, 14 ordens e 33 famílias. Acari foi o grupo mais abundante com 7879 indivíduos, sendo que o gênero Caloglyphus soma mais de 75% do total de artrópodes coletados. A maioria dos artrópodes coletados é detritívora e áptera. Foi encontrada uma diversidade menor em Manaus quando comparada à encontrada por autores que trabalharam na região paleártica, provavelmente por C. livia ser uma espécie exótica na fauna neotropical. Do total de artrópodes coletados 82,26% podem ser considerados de interesse econômico ou de saúde pública, sendo estes dos grupos; Lepisma, Psocoptera, Acari e Hymenoptera. De todas as variáveis testadas apenas o peso do ninho mostrou forte influência na composição dos artrópodes, apesar disso os resultados dos testes mostram a tendência das outras variáveis. Parece não haver muita relevância quanto a localização do ninho, uma vez que a maioria dos artrópodes encontrados podem ser carregados pela ave.
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Soares, Thiago Ferreira. "Padrão temporal de atividade de dípteros necrófagos (Calliphoridae) em um fragmento urbano de mata atlântica em Pernambuco." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2014. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/11878.
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A Entomologia Forense (EF) é conceituada como a utilização de insetos e outros artrópodes na resolução de procedimentos judiciais, e seu principal objetivo é a estimativa do intervalo pós-morte (IPM). Calliphoridae são predominantemente diurnos e são os primeiros insetos a localizar o corpo. A atividade noturna e sua capacidade de realizar posturas em um recurso durante a noite é um ponto controverso na ciência. Este trabalho descreve o primeiro estudo sobre atividade noturna de insetos califorídeos no nordeste brasileiro, assim como descreve os padrões de atividade de voo diurno e suas implicações para a EF. Foram utilizadas iscas de frango para captura dos espécimes, e as coletas foram realizadas em um fragmento urbano de Mata Atlântica no bairro do Curado, Recife, PE. As coletas diurnas foram realizadas em intervalos a cada 3h iniciando às 05h30min e terminando às17h30min, sendo as coletas noturnas realizadas das 17h30min-05h30min. Onze espécies de Calliphoridae foram identificadas, além de nove de Fanniidae, seis de Muscidae e nove de Sarcophagidae. Em relação à Calliphoridae, foram 1.711 indivíduos coletados no 1º experimento (dia x noite), sendo Chrysomya megacephala (40,15%) a mais abundante, seguida por Chrysomya albiceps (18,29%), Mesembrinella bicolor (15,66%) e Hemilucilia semidiaphana (14,67%). Deste total coletado, apenas 66 indivíduos foram capturados no período noturno (3,86%) sendo três adultos de Hemilucilia segmentaria e 63 de Mesembrinella bicolor, contudo a oviposição noturna não foi observada. Com relação ao 2º experimento (atividade diurna de Calliphoridae), 3.159 espécimes foram capturados. As espécies mais abundantes nesta etapa foram Chrysomya megacephala (47,70%), Hemilucilia semidiaphana (20,42%), Chrysomya albiceps (18,96%) e Mesembrinella bicolor (9,02%). O primeiro horário de coleta (05h30min-08h30min) reuniu a maior quantidade de adultos com 34,16% do total, com uma diminuição do número de insetos com o passar do dia. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os diferentes períodos diurnos de coleta a partir da abundância das espécies. Analisando as espécies que apresentaram abundância superior a 100 indivíduos, C. megacephala, C. albiceps, H. semidiaphana e M. bicolor, diferença significativa foi encontrada entre o número de indivíduos de C. megacephala, e M. bicolor. Um padrão de atividade semelhante foi observado para C. megacephala, C. albiceps, H. semidiaphana com uma redução do número de espécimes ao longo do dia. Para M. bicolor esse padrão permaneceu até o intervalo de 11h30min-14h30min, enquanto que um aumento de sua abundância de cerca de 50% em relação aos horários intermediários foi notada para o período de 14h30min-17h30min. Os índices de Shannon, Pielou e Simpson, revelaram valores medianos, demonstrando um reflexo da maior abundância das espécies C. megacephala, C. albiceps, H. semidiaphana. Com relação ao sexo dos adultos coletados, 85,31% eram fêmeas e 14,69% machos, sendo a abundância das fêmeas sempre superior a dos machos. Apenas C. albiceps conseguiu colonizar as iscas expostas neste trabalho, com um total de 92 indivíduos emergidos, destes 86,9% foram oriundos do período entre 08h30min-11h30min e 13,1% de 11h30min-14h30min. Descreve-se o primeiro registro de Chrysomya rufifacies em Pernambuco e em área de Mata Atlântica. Calliphoridae confirma-se com hábito predominantemente diurno, não realizando posturas à noite.
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Leite, Jhoy Alves. "FAUNA FLEBOTOMÍNEA DE FRAGMENTOS DE MATA E PERIDOMICÍLIOS NA ÁREA URBANA DE NOVA ANDRADINA-MS E INFECÇÃO NATURAL POR Leishmania." Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, 2015. http://tede.ufgd.edu.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/433.
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The sand flies are widely distributed throughout the world. This insect group is of great interest in public health because their females are involved in the transmission of Leishmania, agents of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Forest fragments favor the maintenance of the life cycle of both, vector and agent, in nature. In Nova Andradina municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, some cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) have been notified. So the goal of this study was to identify the sand fly fauna and investigate the presence of species naturally infected by Leishmania of urban forest fragments and peridomiciles close to them in Nova Andradina. The insects were captured from November 2013 to January 2015, using CDC light traps distributed in three urban forest fragments. Parasitological examination was performed to investigate flagellates in sand fly guts and Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for identification of Leishmania spp. A total of 302 sand flies were captured (101 males and 201 females) of six genus and 11 species: Brumptomyia brumpti, Evandromyia cortelezzii, Evandromyia lenti, Evandromyia teratodes, Evandromyia termitophila, Nyssomyia neivai, Psathyromyia aragaoi, Psathyromyia bigeniculata, Psathyromyia campograndensis, Pintomyia christenseni and Sciopemyia sordellii. Only Ny. neivai is recognized as vector of cutaneous leishmanaisis agents in Southeast and South Brazilian regions, Paraguay and Argentina. Thus it may be linked to cases in Nova Andradina-MS. Br. brumpti was the most abundant and present in peridomiciles along with Ev. lenti, Ev. termitophila, Ny. neivai and Pi. christenseni. Although specimens were collected in nearly every month, their highest frequencies occurred during rainy periods, mainly for Br. brumpti, Sc. sordellii, Pi. christenseni and Ev. lenti. Of the 106 females dissected and placed in 55 pools, the presence Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis DNA was detected by PCR-RFLP in three species: Ev. lenti, Ev. teratodes and Sc. sordellii, as well as of Leishmania spp. in two females of Pi. christenseni and one of Sc. sordellii, resulting in a minimum infection rate of 5.66% for each taxon of Leishmania.
Os flebotomíneos, com ampla distribuição mundial, constituem um grupo de insetos de grande importância na saúde pública, cujas fêmeas estão envolvidas na transmissão de Leishmania, agentes das leishmanioses tegumentar e visceral. Esses insetos são encontrados com frequência em fragmentos de matas, onde habitats naturais favorecem a manutenção do ciclo de vida desses vetores na natureza. No município de Nova Andradina, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil tem sido notificados vários casos de leishmaniose tegumentar. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a fauna flebotomínea de fragmentos de mata e peridomicílios em área urbana e investigar a presença de espécies infectadas naturalmente por Leishmania. Os insetos foram coletados de novembro de 2013 a janeiro de 2015; utilizando-se armadilhas luminosas, tipo CDC distribuídas em três fragmentos de matas e peridomicílios adjacentes a estes, em área urbana de Nova Andradina. Foi realizado exame parasitológico para pesquisa de flagelados e análise molecular para identificação da espécie de Leishmania. Foram coletados 302 espécimes de flebotomíneos; 101 machos e 201 fêmeas. A fauna flebotomínea constituiu-se de seis gêneros e 11 espécies: Brumptomyia brumpti, Evandromyia cortelezzii, Evandromyia lenti, Evandromyia teratodes, Evandromyia termitophila, Nyssomyia neivai, Psathyromyia aragaoi, Psathyromyia bigeniculata, Psathyromyia campograndensis, Pintomyia christenseni e Sciopemyia sordellii. Dentre as espécies assinaladas, Ny. neivai é a única com importância na transmissão de agentes da leishmaniose tegumentar no Sudeste e Sul no Brasil, Paraguai e Argentina, e pode estar associada aos casos ocorridos em Nova Andradina-MS. Br. brumpti foi a espécie mais abundante e presente nos peridomicílios juntamente com Ev. lenti, Ev. termitophila, Ny. neivai e Pi. christenseni. Os espécimes foram coletados em quase todos os meses e verificou-se o aumento na abundância de indivíduos em períodos chuvosos e maior riqueza das espécies Br. brumpti, Sc. sordellii, Pi. christenseni e Ev. lenti em períodos com alta precipitação pluviométrica. Das 106 fêmeas dissecadas e acondicionadas em 55 pools, detectou-se a presença de DNA de Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis pela PCR seguida da análise de polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmentos de restrição, em um pool de cada uma das espécies: Ev. lenti, Ev. teratodes e Sc. sordellii, assim como de DNA de Leishmania spp., em dois pools de Pi. christenseni e um de Sc. sordellii; resultando, portanto, em uma taxa de infecção mínima de 5,66% para cada uma das leishmânias.
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Ortiz, Fabian Guillermo Gaviria. "Efeitos da paisagem urbana sobre a diversidade filogenética de hesperiidae (lepidoptera) em Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/48294.
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Orientadora : Prof. Dr. Olaf Hermann Hendrik MielkeCoorientador : Prof. Dr. Eduardo Carneiro do Santos
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Entomologia). Defesa: Curitiba, 22/06/2017
Inclui referências
Área de concentração : Entomologia
Resumo: A urbanização é um dos causadores de fragmentação dos ecossistemas, desencadeando um efeito negativo sobre a biodiversidade, reduzindo a área total de ambientes naturais e isolando-os entremeio a uma matriz de habitats diferente da original. Estes efeitos têm sido avaliados usando diferentes parâmetros da diversidade, mas são poucos os trabalhos que os consideram em uma perspectiva filogenética. Desta forma o objetivo principal do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da fragmentação sobre a diversidade filogenética das borboletas da família Hesperiidae, utilizando o mosaico urbano da cidade de Curitiba como modelo. Foram realizadas coletas com rede entomológica em oito fragmentos urbanos entre os meses de setembro de 2015 a abril de 2016 totalizando 56 horas/rede por fragmento. Um índice taxonômico e cinco índices filogenéticos foram estimados para fazer comparações de diversidade alfa e beta entre os fragmentos amostrados. Por último, as métricas de beta-diversidade foram ordenadas com MDS para então ser correlacionadas com variáveis da paisagem urbana em três escalas diferentes (buffers de 250, 500 e 750m). Coletou-se um total de 1449 indivíduos de 103 espécies, cuja cobertura amostral taxonômica e filogenética variou entre 83% e 93.8%. Embora tenham diferido na abundância, a riqueza de espécies não diferiu entre os fragmentos. Os demais índices, no entanto, não apresentaram uniformidade nos resultados obtidos. A maioria dos fragmentos apresentou uma estrutura filogenética aleatória, embora um agrupamento filogenético tenha sido significativo em três fragmentos (MPD) e a sobredispersão filogenética foi significativa em apenas um deles (MNTD). Três variáveis da paisagem se mostraram correlacionadas com a diversidade: área do fragmento, área pavimentada e conectividade, em geral quando representadas pelas escalas menores (250 e 500m) e por índices que representam a estrutura filogenética das assembleias. Estes fragmentos urbanos compreendem aproximadamente 46% das espécies de Hesperiidae registradas para o município, abrigando portanto, uma importante fração da fauna do município. Estes resultados sugerem que os fragmentos urbanos podem abrigar uma alta diversidade, embora as influências locais da paisagem afetem a estruturação filogenética de seus organismos. Fatores como o tamanho do fragmento, a conectividade e a urbanização estão correlacionados com características evolutivas presentes na diversidade de assembleias de Hesperiidae, modificando não apenas a presença ou ausência de espécies, mas de linhagens evolutivas como um todo. Compreender como os fatores evolutivos e ecológicos interagem para influenciar os padrões atuais de diversidade resulta de grande importância para dilucidar processos causados pela fragmentação urbana. Palavras-chaves: fragmentação urbana, filogenia, escalas da paisagem, hesperídios, urbanização.
Abstract: Urbanization is one of the major causes of ecosystem fragmentation, triggering a negative effect on biodiversity, leading to a reduction of the total area of natural environments and isolating them into a different habitat matrix respect to the original one. The effects of these modifications have been evaluated by different parameters of diversity, but the studies that make an approach on an phylogenetic perspective are few. Considering this, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of habitat fragmentation on the phylogenetic diversity of the butterflies of the family Hesperiidae, using as a model an urban mosaic of the city of Curitiba. Collections with entomological network were carried out in eight urban fragments between September 2015 and April 2016, with a total effort of 56 hours/network per fragment. For comparisons of alpha and beta diversity among the fragments sampled, was used taxonomic and phylogenetic indexes. Finally, the beta-diversity metrics were ordered with MDS and then correlated with urban landscape variables in three different scales (buffers of 250, 500 and 750m). A total of 1449 individuals were collected from 103 species, whose taxonomic and phylogenetic sample coverage ranged from 83% to 93.8%. Although they differed in abundance, the richness of species did not differ among the urban fragments. The other indexes did not show uniformity in the results obtained. Most of the fragments presented a random phylogenetic structure, although a phylogenetic clustering was significant in three fragments (MPD) and phylogenetic over dispersion was significant in only one (MNTD). Three variables of the landscape were correlated with diversity: fragment area, paved area and connectivity, generally when represented by the smaller scales (250 and 500m) and by indexes that represent the phylogenetic structure of the assemblages. These urban fragments comprise approximately 46% of the Hesperiidae species of the municipality, sheltering, therefore, an important fraction of the fauna of the municipality. These results suggest that urban fragments may possess a higher diversity, although local landscape influences affect the phylogenetic structuring of their organisms. Factors such as fragment size, connectivity, and urbanization are correlated with evolutionary features present in the diversity of Hesperiidae assemblages, modifying not only the presence or absence of species but also the evolutionary lineages as a whole. Understanding how an evolutionary and ecological factor interacts and their influence on current patterns of diversity is of great importance in elucidating processes that are products of urban fragmentation. Keywords: urban fragmentation, phylogeny, landscape scales, skipper, urbanization.
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Snuffer, Moira Calligan. "A Study of the Watershed Management in the Headwaters of the Hocking River: Environmental Communication in the City." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1597266102553851.
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Pechal, Jennifer. "Intraspecific Gene Flow and Vector Competence among Periplaneta americana Cockroaches (Blattodea: Blattidae) in Central Texas." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2008-08-36.
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One of the most overlooked areas in forensic entomology is urban, which applies
to insects and their arthropod relatives that have interactions with humans, their
associated structures, and companion animals. American cockroaches, Periplaneta
americana (L.), are common pests of urban environments. Analyzing spatial distribution
of P. americana populations in an artificial, outdoor environment provided insight of
gene flow among populations collected in central Texas. This information provides for a
better understanding of how and if populations were segregated, or if there was a single
unified population. Populations can be genetically differentiated through determining
variation of specific gene regions within populations. This study revealed a ubiquitous
distribution of cockroach populations, and their ability to indiscriminately inhabit areas
within an urban environment. Overall, cockroaches were identified from a large
interbreeding population with no discernable relationship between genetic variation of P.
americana and spatial distribution.
Identifying cockroach populations is relative to understanding the ability of
surrogate species indirectly affecting man by their ability to transfer disease-causing organisms including bacteria. This may have potentially deleterious health consequences
on animal and/or human populations. There are several pathogens associated with
cockroaches which are overlooked during diagnosis of sudden ailments with symptoms
being similar to food-borne illnesses, including abdominal cramping, diarrhea, nausea,
and fever. Analyzing spatial distributions of Escherichia coli and Campylobacter spp. in
relationship to collected cockroaches allowed for prevalence of bacteria species to be
identified among populations. The prevalence of bacteria isolated from total populations
collected indicated a high prevalence (92.3%) of bacteria carried by the exoskeleton of
P. americana. Gram-negative bacteria acquisition and dissemination of organisms such
as E. coli was prevalent on campus. Screening for E. coli 1057:H7 and Campylobacter
spp. resulted in no positive colony growth. The lack of Campylobacter spp. growth from
cuticular surfaces may have resulted from undesirable conditions required to sustain
colony growth. Data from this study corroborates the potential ability of cockroaches to
mechanically transmit pathogens.
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Teixeira, Mário Brum. "Using sewage sludge from Municipal and Industrial Solid Wastes to produce a Bacillus thuringiensis Biopesticide." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/1319.
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Dissertação de Mestrado - Biotecnologia em Controlo Biológico.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar que lamas têm capacidade para o desenvolvimento de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) com a intenção de produzir um biopesticida. Neste estudo, realizamos testes de crescimento bacteriano em lamas de estações de tratamento de águas residuais urbanas e industriais. A bactéria utilizada foi uma estirpe nativa de Bt isolada na ilha de São Miguel. Os totais de células viáveis, taxa de crescimento máximo, taxa de esporulação e entomotoxicidade contra a praga E. kuehniella foram usados como um método de comparação e selecção das lamas. A selecção da Bt nativa foi iniciada a partir do isolamento de 216 amostras de solo colhidas em diversas zonas e habitats, cobrindo em grande parte a ilha de São Miguel. A partir destas amostras foi possível identificar 248 isolados de Bt o que faz um índex de 0.23. A caracterização morfológica dos cristais revelou a predominância de cristais bipiramidais (activos contra lepidópteros) sobre as restantes morfologias: esférico, amorfo e associado ao esporo. Baseado em ensaios de toxicidade sobre o insecto E. kuehniella seleccionou-se o isolado S170a de Bt nativo de S. Miguel. A fim de aumentar o crescimento de Bt foram realizados pré- tratamentos alcalinos das lamas para redução de viscosidade deste modo elevando a disponibilidade de nutrientes. Apesar de todas as lamas terem apresentado capacidade nutricional para o desenvolvimento da bactéria verificou-se que as lamas provenientes de uma ETARI relacionada com o abate de animais apresentaram valores distintivos. Estas lamas produziram o maior número de células viáveis (4.76 x 108 CFU/ml), representando um aumento de 20% comparativamente com o meio semi-sintético comercial (TSB) no final de 84 horas decrescimento. Os Bt produzidos nestas lamas apresentaram uma entomotoxicidade com um dos mais baixos valores de LC50 (58.30 μg/ml). Tendo em conta estes factos aqui apresentados ficou provada a viabilidade de utilização de lamas de ETAR/I para a produção a custos reduzidos de um biopesticida eficiente no controlo biológico de pragas de lepidópteros.
ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to ascertain the sludge with capacity for the development of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) with the aim of producing a bio-pesticide. In this study, we carried out tests of bacterial growth in municipal and industrial waste-water treatment plant sludge. The used bacterium was a native strain of Bt isolated in São Miguel Island. The total viable cells, maximum specific growth rate, rate of sporulation, and entomotoxicity against the pest E. kuehniella were used as a method of comparison and selection of the sludge. The selection of native Bt started with the isolation of 216 soil samples, taken in different areas and habitats, covering the entire island of São Miguel. From these samples it was possible to isolate and identify 248 Bt corresponding to an index of 0.23. The morphological characterization of crystals revealed the predominance of bipyramidal shape (having activity against Lepidoptera) in respect to other shapes: spherical, amorphous and associated to spore. Toxicity assays against E. kuehniella larvae allowed the selection of the native isolate (S170a) that presented the lowest LC50 (9.2 μg/ml). To grow Bt, sludge was submitted to a pre-alkali treatment to reduce viscosity and to elevate nutrient availability. Despite all the sludge have presented nutritional capacity for the development of Bt it was seen that sludge from an ETARI related to the slaughter of animals showed the best values. This sludge presented the highest yield of viable cells (4.76 x 108 CFU/ml) that represents an increase of 20% compared with the semisynthetic medium (TSB) with 84 hours of fermentation. Furthermore, Bt produced in this sludge has one of the lowest toxicities (LC50 of 58.30 μg/ml). Our data clearly show that it is feasible the use of IDWWTP sludge to produce efficiently and at a low cost a bio-pesticide based in local Bt isolates to use in biological control of lepidopteran pests.