Journal articles: 'Urban farm'

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Liebman, M. B., O. J. Jonasson, and R. N. Wiese. "The urban stormwater farm." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.182.

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Currently more than 3 billion people live in urban areas. The urban population is predicted to increase by a further 3 billion by 2,050. Rising oil prices, unreliable rainfall and natural disasters have all contributed to a rise in global food prices. Food security is becoming an increasingly important issue for many nations. There is also a growing awareness of both ‘food miles’ and ‘virtual water’. Food miles and virtual water are concepts that describe the amount of embodied energy and water that is inherent in the food and other goods we consume. Growing urban agglomerations have been widely shown to consume vast quantities of energy and water whilst emitting harmful quantities of wastewater and stormwater runoff through the creation of massive impervious areas. In this paper it is proposed that there is an efficient way of simultaneously addressing the problems of food security, carbon emissions and stormwater pollution. Through a case study we demonstrate how it is possible to harvest and store stormwater from densely populated urban areas and use it to produce food at relatively low costs. This reduces food miles (carbon emissions) and virtual water consumption and serves to highlight the need for more sustainable land-use planning.

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Tyler, Neil. "The Urban Farm Concept." New Electronics 52, no. 12 (June 25, 2019): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0047-9624(22)61325-7.

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El-Osta, Hisham S. "The rural–urban income divide among farm households: the role of off-farm work and farm size." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 4 (March 12, 2020): 453–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-12-2018-0106.

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PurposeThe determinants of income of rural and urban farm households, with emphasis on the role of off-farm employment by farm household members and of farm size, are examined using data from the 2016 Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) and quantile regression procedure. The implemented quantile regression technique is extended to allow for the decomposition of the income gap between the two groups of farm households. Findings indicate, regardless of the location of the farm, a positive and significant impact of a previous year's participation in off-farm work by household members on the distribution of current household income. Having operated a larger-sized farm in the previous year is shown with a similar effect in the upper range of the income distribution for urban households and with a comparable impact but across the whole income distribution for rural farm households.Design/methodology/approachData from the 2016 ARMS are used in conjunction with quantile regression in order for decomposition of the income gap between the two groups of farm households.FindingsFindings show that urban farm households who in a previous year have participated in off-farm work and operated larger-sized farms tend to earn higher incomes. Results further indicate higher rates of return to education for “urban” farm households in comparison to “rural” farm households, particularly for those with a college education and beyond who are at the lower portion of the income distribution.Research limitations/implicationsTo the extent that the ARMS is an annual cross-sectional data, the temporal impacts of factors that potentially may influence the incomes of farm households in urban and rural areas cannot be measured.Practical implicationsFindings from this research indirectly support previous published research where higher earnings by urban US population were documented in comparison to rural population and where earnings tend to rise as a result of participation in off-farm work and in expanding the size of the farming operation; this is in addition to the procurement of higher education.Social implicationsThe results of a higher rate of return to education for “urban” farm households in comparison to “rural” farm households have important policy implications for policymakers.Originality/valueThis is the first paper in the agricultural economic literature that implements a method of assessing the rural–urban divide across all of the quantiles of income distribution.

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Arnold, Joshua Earl. "On-Farm Spatial Composition, Management Practices and Estimated Productivity of Urban Farms in the San Francisco Bay Area." Processes 10, no. 3 (March 13, 2022): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10030558.

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Urban areas are the fastest growing land type worldwide. By 2060, it is expected that approximately 70% of the human population will live in cities. With increased urban population growth, food sovereignty and security issues have gained more attention, resulting in a drastic increase in urban food production activities including, urban farming and gardening. The extent to which urban farms function, their social, ecological and economic composition, and their overall impact on local food security has become an often overlooked, but important topic. From 2014 to 2017, we partnered with 29 urban farms in the San Francisco Bay Area for a broad-scale survey of urban farm characteristics. Findings reported in this research focused on local (on-farm) characteristics, including management practices, on-farm spatial composition, and estimated productivity. We implemented open-ended surveys for farm managers to better understand management practices, measured on-farm elements, including yields, crop biodiversity, weed composition and abundance, and measured spatial characteristics such as area of production, non-crop area, and proportion of infrastructure to better understand how urban farms were spatially configured. We found trends regarding spatial composition, including a large proportion of farm area dedicated to infrastructure and underutilized potential production space. All farms surveyed had adopted a breadth of agroecological management practices, including cover cropping, crop rotations, intercropping, and a range of soil conservation practices. Measured farms are incredibly productive, with estimated seasonal yields of 7.14 kg/square meter. Estimated yields were comparable with actual yields as measured at two participating farms.

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Trafimov, Aleksandr, and Galina Nikonova. "PRODUCTION MODERNIZATION IN URBAN FARM CONDITIONS." Russian Electronic Scientific Journal 26, no. 4 (2017): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/2308-9644-26-4-6-20.

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Widyanitha, Dyah Ayu, Suhatmini Hardyastuti, and Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo. "KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA TANI PERKOTAAN DAN PERDESAAAN KABUPATEN GUNUNGKIDUL." Agro Ekonomi 26, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jae.18031.

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This research is conducted (1) to analyze share offarm householdfood expenditure/or the urban and rural,(2) to analyze the level of urban and rural energy farm household, (3) to analyze the level of household food securityurban and rural farm, (4) to analyze desirable dietary pattern of urban and rural farm household, (5) to understand influencingfactor of score food security farm household. The primary method for this research use descriptive analysis,sampling is done by using simple random method with 25 urban and 25 rural farm household in Gun ungkidu I. The data was analyzed by independent sample t-test and multiplier regression analysis by Ordinary Least Square (OLS).The results showed that (1) the share offarm household food expenditure in urban areas is lower than the share of food expenditure offarm households in rural areas, (2) the adequacy offarm household energy in rural areas is higherthan the farm households in urban area, (3) urban households food secure 20%, vulnerable food 40%, less food 12%, food insecurity 28%, yet rural household food secure 16%, vulnerable food 48%, less food 4%, food insecurity 32%,(4) food pattern expectations farm households in urban areas are not higher than the expectation of food patterns in rural areas, (5) factors that positively affect the food security of farm households are farm household income andlocation (urban and rural).

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Bukar, Francis Issahaku Malongza, Moses Naiim Fuseini, Mohammed Sulemana, William Aduah Yorose, and Mohammed Gadafi Ibrahim. "Poverty Reduction in Ghana: The Role of Farm and Non-Farm Enterprises." Cross-Currents: An International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences 4, no. 5 (October 27, 2018): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijhss.2018.v04i05.005.

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Ghana has experienced a general decline in the levels of poverty. Despite this drop, there are patches of poverty in both rural and urban with the rural setting being the worst affected. This situation emerged possibly because the kind of livelihood strategies adopted did not ensure a sustainable and complete reduction in the poverty levels across the entire country. On that account, this study examined how farm and non-farm livelihoods promote poverty reduction in Ghana. Data were from Ghana Statistical Service database. Analysis of data involved one-sample t-tests and independent sample t-tests. The study finds that, significant differences exist between rural and urban residents‟ income earnings from farm activities, non-farm enterprises and the upper poverty line. The study concludes that both farm and non-farm activities are crucial to ending poverty in Ghana. It is recommended that agriculture and non-farm enterprises be developed in both rural and urban settings respectively.

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Bertoni, Danilo, and Daniele Cavicchioli. "Farm succession, occupational choice and farm adaptation at the rural-urban interface: The case of Italian horticultural farms." Land Use Policy 57 (November 2016): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.07.002.

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Raju, Vinutha, S. Yashaswini, and K. Panimozhi. "Survey on Aqua Robotics Urban Farm System." International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 614–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v7i2.614622.

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Kilkenny, Maureen. "Rural/Urban Effects of Terminating Farm Subsidies." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75, no. 4 (November 1993): 968–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1243984.

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Nguyen, Phuoc-Hai, and Stanley Weiss. "1.4.1 Mixed-Occupancy Vertical Urban Farm Systems." INCOSE International Symposium 18, no. 1 (June 2008): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.2008.tb00796.x.

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Rajeev, Meenakshi, and Christoph Scherrer. "Smallholders’ Challenges: Realizing Peri-Urban Opportunities in Bengaluru." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 10160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810160.

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Urban expansion creates potential for increased incomes among previously rural smallholders from sources other than traditional agriculture. Harnessing this potential, however, requires investments into agricultural upgrading or non-farm activities. The article addresses the question concerning to what extent these investments are realised in the peri-urban space of Bengaluru. Its answers are based on a review of the literature and extensive field surveys in two differentially developed districts assessing the smallholders’ economic situation in 2019 and as a recall in 2009. Our findings are that only a few smallholders were able to realise the peri-urban opportunities. Household income increased in real terms only by a little, especially from farming. Instead of a traditional farm to non-farm production linkage, surpluses from the non-farm sector were seen to meet the working capital needs of the farm sector. While physical access to formal financial institutions has significantly improved, formal borrowing is dominated by small-sized loans from registered self-help groups or traditional priority sector loans. Only a few households took up non-farm activities as many others failed to obtain sufficient credit and lacked knowledge about remunerative non-farm projects. Overall, rising outlays for education and health services leave little resources for any productive investments.

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Newman, Lenore, Lisa Jordan Powell, Jennifer Nickel, Dylan Anderson, Lea Jovanovic, Eileen Mendez, Barbara Mitchell, and Kathryn Kelly-Freiberg. "Farm Stores in agriburbia: The roles of agricultural retail on the rural-urban fringe." Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 4, no. 1 (May 26, 2017): 4–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v4i1.211.

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This investigation highlights the role of on-farm stores on the rural/urban fringe near Vancouver, Canada. Operators achieve higher economic return by targeting populations interested in local food and in agritourism, including customers from towns in the fringe and from the larger nearby urban center. The farm stores catered to a rural idyll that reflects cultural conceptions of farm life. We suggest the multifunctional landscape of the farm store provides economic and cultural benefits, and should be considered as sustaining agriculture. The study revealed that farm store operators in particular share the rural idyll of urban consumers, though agritourism operators are more consciously including rural elements in their operations.

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Pratiwi, Pravitasari Anjar, and Mohammad Rondhi. "Distribusi Kepemilikan Lahan Pertanian Dan Pendapatan Usahatani Di Wilayah Perkotaan Kabupaten Jember." SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 15, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v15i1.25056.

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<em>Conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural becomes unavoidable, given the high demand for land use to promote economic development. Conversion of agricultural land mostly occurs in urban areas affecting the changing patterns and distribution of agricultural land tenure in urban areas. Higher rents for land in urban areas will trigger land conversion and lead to imbalances in agricultural land tenure. Changes in the distribution of agricultural land will affect farm income, because agricultural land is a valuable asset for farmers and affects their farm income. The purpose of this study was to determine the inequality of agricultural land tenure and farm income in urban areas of Jember. Using analytical method with gini index and descriptive method. Samples were determined by simple random sampling and 43 samples were obtained. The result of the research shows that: (1) land tenure index of agricultural land is 0.52 which means that farm ownership in Jember urban areas is unequal, (2) farm income with gini index 0.46 means that income of farming activity in urban area is uneven.</em>

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Tridakusumah, Ahmad Choibar, Iwan Setiawan, Adi Nugraha, Ganjar Kurnia, and Yayat Sukayat. "The relations between agricultural land conversion and urban farm workers livelihoods." E3S Web of Conferences 361 (2022): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236103011.

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The conversion of agricultural land for food in urban areas is a real threat to the region food security and availability. On the one hand, the livelihoods of farm workers are increasingly threatened, and it is easy to switch their livelihoods to other sectors. This study aims to examine the relationship between land conversion and farm laborers' household livelihood strategies to survive in urban areas. This study uses a mix methods approach to analyse relation between the macro data about land conversion rate data with the micro farm labor household livelihood strategy in West Java urban region. The results showed that the main livelihood for urban farm laborers could no longer be categorized, because of the fast and easy dynamics of transitioning from agricultural to non-agricultural livelihoods. This study also shows that the government's efforts are still not effective in suppressing the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses. The creation of new jobs based on urban agriculture is one solution that needs to be pursued to maintain food availability and the survival of urban farm workers.

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Yoshida, Shingo, and Hironori Yagi. "Long-Term Development of Urban Agriculture: Resilience and Sustainability of Farmers Facing the Covid-19 Pandemic in Japan." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 4316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084316.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has forced global food systems to face unprecedented uncertain shocks even in terms of human health. Urban agriculture is expected to be more resilient because of its short supply chain for urban people and diversified farming activities. However, the short-and long-term effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on urban farms remain unclear. This study aims to reveal the conditions for farm resilience to the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and the relationship between short-term farm resilience and long-term farm development using data from a survey of 74 farms located in Tokyo. The results are as follows. First, more than half of the sample farms increased their farm sales during this period. This resilience can be called the “persistence” approach. Second, short-term farm resilience and other sustainable farm activities contributed to improving farmers’ intentions for long-term farm development and farmland preservation. Third, the most important resilience attributes were the direct marketing, entrepreneurship, and social networks of farmers. We discussed the necessity of building farmers’ transformative capabilities for a more resilient urban farming system. These results imply that support to enhance the short-term resilience of urban farms is worth more than the short-term profit of the farms.

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Holt, Marilyn Irvin. "On the Farm Front with the Victory Farm Volunteers." Agricultural History 96, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2022): 164–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-9619828.

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Abstract During World War II, American agriculture grappled with labor shortages while being expected to produce more for the military and the home front. Historians have studied the use of labor sources such as migrant workers and the Women's Land Army during this time, but the Victory Farm Volunteers, a program of the federal US Crop Corps, have been largely overlooked, despite the numbers of urban youth who participated. This study examines the program as it was carried out in the states of the Great Plains, particularly its relationship to 4-H and its impact on farm production goals during the war and in the immediate postwar era.

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Inwood, Shoshanah M., and Jeff S. Sharp. "Farm persistence and adaptation at the rural–urban interface: Succession and farm adjustment." Journal of Rural Studies 28, no. 1 (January 2012): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.07.005.

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Morshed, AHMM, MA Farukh, and MA Sattar. "Heavy Metal Contamination in Farm and Urban Soil in Mymensingh." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 5, no. 2 (April 29, 2013): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14798.

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A study was carried out to determine the status of heavy metals in farm and urban soils from intensively growing areas of Mymensingh. Sixty three soil samples were collected from 11 upazillas of Mymensingh. From these samples total amount of heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Fe and Mn were tested. The soils were also analyzed for texture, pH and organic matter content. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Fe and Mn in farm soils were 19.64, 0.32, 39.80, 14.10, 1800.40, 135.66 ?g g-1, respectively and the mean concentrations of above metals in urban soils were 20.93, 0.37, 36.90, 28.85, 1810.08, 127.05 ?g g-1, respectively. The heavy metal concentrations in farm soils were within the limit allowed for maximum acceptable concentration for satisfactory crop production. Heavy metals in urban soils were also below the limit considered as contaminated soil. Most of the heavy metals in both farm and urban soils were negatively correlated with sand and positively correlated with silt. There was no significant correlation between heavy metal content and soil pH or organic matter in both farm and urban soils with very few exceptions. Most of the heavy metals did not show any significant correlation with each other expect Fe which showed significant correlation with Pb, Ni, Cr, Mn and Cd for both farm and urban soils.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14798 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 81-84 2012

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Anthony, Balu. "Growth of urban farm employment in Tamil Nadu." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2016-0254.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the structure of employment in the most urbanized state in India during the period 1983-2010. The paper also analyses the determinants of growth of farm employment in urban areas in the state of Tamil Nadu. Design/methodology/approach The paper compares trends in employment in Tamil Nadu with that of the country as a whole. In order to see whether there is evidence of Lewisian labor transfer, the study examines labor transfer between sectors and percentage distribution of workers in the rural and urban areas. Findings The paper finds that employment in the entire non-agricultural sector slowed down in 2009-2010 compared to 2004-05 in Tamil Nadu. The share of employment in primary sector in urban areas increased more sharply, experiencing slow economic transformation in the post-reform years. The analysis reveals that rapid rural-urban transformation could be one reason for more people in the primary sector in urban areas. Research limitations/implications Studying the employment structure at the district level, for which analyzing the district-level data collected and published by state’s Bureau of Economics and Statistics is required, would be helpful to discern a deeper influence of urbanization on structure of employment. Practical implications The results suggest that the issue needs further examination with analysis of the district-level data. Policy reforms should, therefore, be suitably oriented toward tapping the employment potential of both unorganized and organized segments in manufacturing, trade and services sectors. It is also necessary to ensure robust economic growth that creates decent jobs for all young educated people in the state. Originality/value The study explains the domination of farm employment in urban Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu is considered to be the most urbanized state in India. The reason for an increase in the share of primary sector employment in urban areas of Tamil Nadu is due to high urbanization in the post-reform periods.

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Staeheli, Lynn A., and Caroline R. Nagel. "FARM LABORERS AND THE “NEW URBAN POLITICS”: BRIDGING THE URBAN-RURAL DIVIDE." Urban Geography 18, no. 8 (November 1997): 667–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.18.8.667.

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KLESZCZ, Justyna. "URBAN FARM AS A SYSTEM OF PRODUCTIVE URBAN GREEN – CHALLENGES AND RISKS." Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment 11, no. 1 (2018): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/acee-2018-003.

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Cooney, Catherine M. "Urban and farm runoff still a national problem." Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 14 (July 2004): 266A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es040574u.

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Davidson, Joshua. "Breaking Through Concrete: Building an Urban Farm Revival." Gastronomica 13, no. 2 (2013): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2013.13.2.79a.

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Barrett, E., and R. Leeds. "Pop-up farm markets: innovation in urban agriculture." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1356 (December 2022): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2022.1356.7.

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Rogus, Stephanie, and Carolyn Dimitri. "Agriculture in urban and peri-urban areas in the United States: Highlights from the Census of Agriculture." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 1 (March 12, 2014): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170514000040.

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AbstractUrban agriculture, a current trend in many US cities, is purported to bring enhanced food security, reduction of food waste, community building, open green space in cities and higher property values. However, the literature lacks an understanding of whether urban farming has extended beyond a compelling concept into the practice of farming in the city and peri-urban areas. The exact definition of an urban farm is challenging, since many urban farms have a primary mission of supporting social goals rather than providing food. Use of the USDA definition of farm omits many self-identified urban farms, but the most consistent measure of agriculture is the Census of Agriculture. Using census data, this paper finds that urban farms are smaller than the typical farm, and while the amount of urban and peri-urban farmland declined between 2002 and 2007, the total number of farms increased. Growth in farmland is positively related to land values, suggesting that increases in urban farmland are more likely to take place in population dense, land scarce areas. Spatial analysis of urban and peri-urban farms in the Northeast finds fewer clusters of farms in areas with high land costs. In the most populous Northeastern cities, the farms are more likely to be located in the peri-urban area than in the urban core. Urban farms in the Northeast were more likely to produce vegetables, eggs and goats. Significant levels of vegetable farm clusters were detected surrounding Providence, Boston and Hartford Metropolitan Statistical Areas, which are regions that had no significant level of clustering of total farms. Future analysis, incorporating data from the 2012 census, should provide insight into whether local policy changes have resulted in growth in urban farms and farmland.

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Milestad, Rebecka, Annika Carlsson-Kanyama, and Christina Schaffer. "The Högdalen urban farm: a real case assessment of sustainability attributes." Food Security 12, no. 6 (May 21, 2020): 1461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01045-8.

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AbstractWhile urban indoor farming is a fairly new phenomenon, there is a growing interest from producers, authorities and consumers alike. However, many assumptions are made, and expectations held, about urban indoor farming from a sustainability, food production and food provisioning point of view. These assumptions and expectations need to be tested and assessed. This study assessed greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and a number of social aspects of a newly established indoor urban farm in Stockholm. The farm was the result of a project created by commercial, civil society and municipal actors with the aim to make use of unused urban space, create jobs and produce food. While lettuce grown on the indoor farm emitted more GHG than lettuce cultivated outdoors in Sweden, it was more climate friendly than imported lettuce in our comparison. Furthermore, the indoor farm created value for the actors involved and for the city district, albeit on a small scale. Many of the positive environmental and social features owed to the small scale of the indoor farm and the context in which it developed. Thus, when evaluating production systems like this one, we need to be cautious and refrain from extrapolating the results.

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Govindasamy, Ramu, Ferdaus Hossain, and Adesoji Adelaja. "Income of Farmers Who Use Direct Marketing." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 28, no. 1 (April 1999): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106828050000099x.

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Policy makers are looking for ways to preserve farmlands, especially near urban areas. Farmers are also trying to find ways to increase their farm income by incorporating non-traditional activities into their farm routine. This paper attempts to quantify the contributions of selected nontraditional activities towards farmers’ efforts to enhance their farm income. For farmers involved in direct marketing, a logit model is used to estimate the probability of attaining high income for each activity considered. The results indicate that activities such as agrotourism, direct retailing to consumers, selling of farm related value-added products, greenhouse operations and urban location of farm markets will increase the chance of attaining high income levels.

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Arnold, Joshua Earl. "Biological Control Services from Parasitic Hymenoptera in Urban Agriculture." Insects 13, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13050467.

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Urban agriculture is practiced in spatially fragmented landscapes with unique characteristics that can impact species occurrence in time and space. As a result, biological control services, an ecosystem service from naturally occurring arthropod natural enemies, can be negatively impacted. Many urban farms forgo pesticides and utilize agroecological pest-management strategies that rely on natural enemies to help regulate pest populations. Understanding how these enemies are affected by landscape composition and on-farm management practices is critical to understanding agroecological pest management in UA and furthering our understanding of landscape-mediated population dynamics. Over two growing seasons, we sampled brassica crops in urban agriculture sites occurring on a spectrum of surrounding landscape imperviousness, spatial composition, size, and management practices to better understand parasitic Hymenoptera abundance, richness, and parasitism rates on the common cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae). We found that on-farm agroecological pest-management practices such as mulch coverage, floral richness, and overall crop-plant richness impacted parasitic Hymenoptera abundance. Larger proportions of on-farm noncrop area increased parasitoid abundance on urban farms. Aphid parasitism increased in relation to on-farm management practices, including increased crop-plant richness. These findings add to a growing understanding of urban agroecosystem function and support the enemies hypothesis in urban agroecosystems.

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Harris, Deborah A., and Rachel Romero. "Race, Four Farms, and a City: Color Blindness and the Austin, TX, Urban Farm Debate." Humanity & Society 43, no. 3 (November 22, 2018): 227–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160597618814880.

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Austin, TX, was the site of a three-year debate between urban farmers and their supporters and local community activists about how to rewrite an outdated farm code. There was tremendous animosity between the two groups and, despite efforts at mediation, the two sides were unable to reach compromise. To understand more about how these two groups came into conflict, we interviewed 26 local stakeholders about their views and experiences during the farm code debate and found that issues of race and racial inequality were a key factor in the continuing mistrust. We found that farmers and their supporters attempted to frame the debate and its racial undertones by highlighting their racial–ethnic minority supporters, describing their businesses as reclaiming East Austin’s agricultural past, and arguing that the only issue that should matter in redrawing the farm ordinance should be how to best help farmers provide healthy food to the community. We argue that the farmers’ responses draw from a discourse of whiteness and color blindness that can be harmful to People of Color and link their views to larger critiques that the alternative food movement and individual alternative food projects can be exclusionary.

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Mitra, Arup, and Sabyasachi Tripathi. "Rural Non-farm Sector: Revisiting the Census Towns." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 12, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425321990324.

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The last decade (2001–2011) has witnessed a surge in the number of census towns (CTs) in India, which account for 30% of the country’s urban growth. Though several studies have tried to understand the spatial patterns and factors determining the emergence of these CTs, the all India level has been neglected. Due to an increase in non-farm activities, villages have been transformed into CTs. By considering 2,328 CTs at the all India level, this article investigates the relevant economic determinants of such transformation. To group similar CTs we use cluster analysis by considering several factors such as the size of the population of CTs, rural specific changes, climatic conditions, the growth dynamics of large cities which may spill over to rural hinterland, economic potential, the availability of infrastructures and job opportunities. The analysis suggests that the availability of infrastructure and the growth dynamics of the large cities are important for the emergence of these CTs, whereas rural poverty and unemployment rates do not seem to matter significantly. Finally, we suggest that for higher economic development, the rural to urban transformation is essential. For this purpose, the new CTs can offer an opportunity for increasing non-farm activities and the overall prospects for India. Hence, the policy directives will have to address the requirements of the CTs to emerge as centres of growth.

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DeLind, Laura B. "Where have all the houses (among other things) gone? Some critical reflections on urban agriculture." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 1 (January 22, 2014): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000525.

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AbstractUrbandale Farm (Lansing, MI) has much in common with other urban agricultural projects throughout the US and especially those in the rust-belt cities of the Midwest. It raises food for an economically challenged neighborhood. It offers opportunities for local participation, education and job creation, and it is supported by diverse public and private institutions. By all official accounts, Urbandale Farm is good at what it does. Its acreage, production, income and entrepreneurial activities are all increasing, and it has become a poster child for urban agriculture throughout the city. However, despite its good work (or possibly because of it), Urbandale Farm, and urban agriculture more generally, may unwittingly be helping to rationalize the displacement and continued social and political inequity of urban neighbors rather than reinforcing greater place-making, neighborhood empowerment and sustainability. Using Urbandale Farm as a case in point, this paper critically explores how urban agriculture is being used by some scholars, activists, governmental offices and agencies to transform fragile neighborhoods. It questions some of the movement's underlying assumptions as well as some of its actual benefits and beneficiaries. The paper also offers suggestions—for the purpose of initiating a more nuanced conversation—on how urban agriculture can be reconfigured philosophically and practically to shed its neoliberal tendencies and contribute to a more structurally based social and political transformation.

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Cimino, Orlando, Marco Vassallo, Roberto Henke, and Francesco Vanni. "Income Diversification Strategies of Italian Peri-Urban Farms: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach." Land 10, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080790.

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On-farm diversification in non-agricultural activities has been increasingly recognized as a rewarding farm strategy through which farmers produce on-farm non-agricultural goods and services. The main objective of this paper is to explore to what extent the condition of peri-urbanity affects farm income diversification in Italy by looking at the push and pull factors that allow peri-urban farmers to re-organize their business by developing diversification strategies that are tightly connected to the demand of goods and services coming from the urban society. A structural equation modeling (SEM) statistical technique has been applied to estimate direct and indirect causal relationships among the multiple variables involved. The SEM analytical approach allowed us to untie the complexity of the push and pull factors connections and to highlight the most significant ones. The strengths of the structural paths provide evidence on the key diversification strategies adopted by peri-urban farms.

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Adelaja, Adesoji O., Kevin Sullivan, Yohannes G. Hailu, and Ramu Govindasamy. "Chemical Use Reductions in Urban Fringe Agriculture." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 39, no. 3 (October 2010): 415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500007413.

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Using an augmented profit function framework designed to account for externalities related to chemical use in agriculture, this paper explains the chemical use choices of farmers in an urban fringe farming environment. It further estimates empirical logit models of reduced insecticide, fungicide, herbicide, and fertilizer usage. Results suggest that farmers who perceive their regulatory environment to be strict, who have experienced right-to-farm conflicts, and who have farms larger in size are more likely to reduce their chemical use over time, vis-à-vis other farmers. The results also suggest the importance of other farm structural and business climate factors in determining chemical use reduction choices.

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Shih, Naai-Jung, and Yi-Ting Qiu. "The Morphology of Evolved Urban Fabric around Farm Ponds." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030437.

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Resilience, water-based ecosystems, and regional urbanization are closely related. Ponds, as a part of water-based ecosystems, are subject to the indicators of urbanization. The farm ponds in Taoyuan, Taiwan, represent a sustainable fulfillment of irrigation demand and are a system that has been resilient to the topological change in plate elevation over time. The old system was developed in three stages and gradually replaced by canals and reservoirs, with lands abolished or demolished for other purposes. This study aimed to investigate the resilience of farm ponds based on a quantitative estimation of the morphologically evolved urban fabric. Based on five types of map resources, case studies were made on the ponds located near or away from the Green Line of the Taoyuan Rapid Transit System in order to explore their potential relationship with urbanization and the concept of transit-oriented development (TOD). The results show high dynamics of land-use changes while each one was surrounded by a specific urban fabric and contributed to the individual history, designated role, and major type of buildings developed. Quantitative estimation made from satellite images found the developing patterns of resilience in different convergence stages. Each of the four pond cases represents a different stage and application pattern to the integration of water and urban resilience and, in the meantime, maintains the old pond culture. The verification of the water surface area was compared between former 3D scans and satellite images.

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TAKADA, Tomokazu. "The Adoption of Urban Culture by a Farm Youth." Annual review of sociology 2003, no. 16 (2003): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5690/kantoh.2003.13.

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YOSHIDA, Shingo, and Hironori YAGI. "Determinants of Diversification and Farm Performance of Urban Farmers." JOURNAL OF RURAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION 36, Special_Issue (November 20, 2017): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2750/arp.36.271.

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Harada, Yoshiki, Thomas H. Whitlow, Jonathan Russell-Anelli, M. Todd Walter, Nina L. Bassuk, and Michael A. Rutzke. "The heavy metal budget of an urban rooftop farm." Science of The Total Environment 660 (April 2019): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.463.

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Barrington, Martin J., and Brian W. Ilbery. "Farm fragmentation: a case study from Coventry's urban fringe." Geoforum 18, no. 2 (January 1987): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(87)90009-1.

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Harada, Yoshiki, Thomas H. Whitlow, M. Todd Walter, Nina L. Bassuk, Jonathan Russell-Anelli, and Robert R. Schindelbeck. "Hydrology of the Brooklyn Grange, an urban rooftop farm." Urban Ecosystems 21, no. 4 (March 21, 2018): 673–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-018-0749-7.

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Dorr, Erica, Maximilien Koegler, Benoît Gabrielle, and Christine Aubry. "Life cycle assessment of a circular, urban mushroom farm." Journal of Cleaner Production 288 (March 2021): 125668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125668.

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Dimitri, Carolyn, Lydia Oberholtzer, and Andy Pressman. "Urban agriculture: connecting producers with consumers." British Food Journal 118, no. 3 (March 7, 2016): 603–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-06-2015-0200.

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Purpose – Urban farming is becoming more common in the USA, as food-based entrepreneurs seek to make money farming in the city. Yet many urban farms are concerned with other factors in addition to food production, and thus have incorporated social goals into their missions. The purpose of this paper is to identify the social missions of urban farms in the USA, their extent, and explores differences and similarities among farms with varying missions. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use primary data collected from a 2012 national survey of urban farmers in the USA. In total, 35 questions, covering the 2012 farm year, targeted production and marketing practices, risks and challenges, information and technical assistance needs, farm size and location, age of primary farmer, and farm characteristics. A multinomial logistic model was used to analyze the social missions of urban farms in the sample. Findings – The authors find that food production is an essential part of the mission for all urban farms. Some farms have social missions, as well, which the survey results indicate are related to food security, education, and community building. The authors find that all urban farms, regardless of their mission, are relatively small and face similar challenges in terms of providing the primary farmer with a living. Farms with explicit social missions, relative to those with a strict market orientation, donate a higher share of food from their farm and are less likely to own farmland. Urban farms located in with lower median income are more likely to have social goals related to building community or improving security food security. Originality/value – Urban agriculture is becoming more prevalent in many developed nations. At the same time, social entrepreneurship is gaining traction. Given the limited ability of urban farms in terms of food production, the social mission of urban farms arises as a possible explanation for the recent growth. This paper provides insight into a new phenomenon, and uses new data to provide insight into size, types of farms, and farmer well-being and address the social missions of urban farms in the USA.

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Drechsel, P., B. Keraita, P. Amoah, R. C. Abaidoo, L. Raschid-Sally, and A. Bahri. "Reducing health risks from wastewater use in urban and peri-urban sub-Saharan Africa: applying the 2006 WHO guidelines." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 9 (May 1, 2008): 1461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.245.

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Where rapid urbanization is outpacing urban capacities to provide sound sanitation and wastewater treatment, most water sources in city vicinity are heavily polluted. This is of great concern as many of the leafy vegetables eaten raw in the cities are produced in these areas. Following the new WHO guidelines, different non-treatment options at farm, market, and kitchen level were field tested for health risk reduction with special consideration to efficiency and adoption potential. As most households are used to vegetable washing (although ineffectively), an important entry point for risk reduction is the increased emphasis of the new guidelines on food preparation measures. A combination of safer irrigation practices (water fetching, on-farm treatment, and application), the allocation of farmland with better water sources, and improved vegetable washing in kitchens appear to be able to reduce the potential risk of infections significantly, although it might not be possible to reach the ideal threshold without some kind of wastewater treatment. The on-farm trials carried out in Ghana also explored the limitation of other risk reduction measures, such as drip irrigation, crop restrictions and cessation of irrigation under local circumstances considering possible incentives for behaviour change.

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Medenou, Esteban Henoc, Bossima Ivan Koura, and Luc Hippolyte Dossa. "Typology and sustainability assessment of rabbit farms in the urban and peri-urban areas of Southern Benin (West Africa)." World Rabbit Science 28, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2020.13368.

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<p>Analysis of production systems allows scientists to identify their weaknesses, particularly concerning production practices which require improvements at economic, social, and environmental levels. The present study aimed to characterise rabbit farms in the urban and peri-urban areas of South Benin and assess their sustainability using the DIAMOND method, a multicriteria sustainability assessment tool. Ninety-eight farmers were surveyed and individually interviewed. Categorical principal component and twostep cluster analyses were performed on information collected for a typology of farms. Sustainability scores were generated using the scoring scale of the DIAMOND tool. Five types of rabbit farms were identified as follows: modern extensive polyculture, traditional extensive monoculture, modern extensive monoculture, semi-intensive polyculture, and traditional extensive polyculture. Overall, all the rabbit farms had good scores for the economic sustainability pillar but were socially limited. They were all similar in their economic and environmental performances. In particular, semi-intensive farms were the most socially sustainable, whereas traditional farms (either in polyculture or monoculture) showed the lowest social performances. Furthermore, there were significant differences between farms for criteria relating to consumers’ demands and resource use. Semi-intensive farms responded best to consumers’ demands, whereas the traditional polyculture farm type was the most resource use efficient. Overall, in the urban and peri-urban areas of South Benin, the most sustainable rabbit farms were semi-intensive. Irrespective of farm type, positive coefficients of correlations were recorded among the three pillars of sustainability, being significant between the social and economic pillars on one hand, and between the social and environmental pillars on the other hand. These results suggest that efforts to improve farm social performance would also positively affect their economic and environmental performances and improve overall farm sustainability.</p>

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Schmutz, Ulrich, Moya Kneafsey, Carla Sarrouy Kay, Alexandra Doernberg, and Ingo Zasada. "Sustainability impact assessments of different urban short food supply chains: examples from London, UK." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 33, no. 6 (November 10, 2017): 518–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000564.

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AbstractGreater London has a vibrant food scene comprising of many different types of urban and peri-urban ‘short food supply chains’ (SFSCs). This paper reports on exploratory research, which used examples of SFSCs from London to build a more detailed understanding of different types of urban SFSC and their relative performance compared to each other. To do this, we undertook a participatory sustainability impact assessment (SIA) in which local food system stakeholders were asked to rank the perceived impacts of five different urban and peri-urban SFSCs compared with the current ‘mainstream’ food supply system (defined as supermarkets retailing mass-produced, standardized food products). The SFSCs ranked were: (1) urban gardening (self-supply), (2) urban gardening (commercial), (3) community supported agriculture (CSA), (4) direct sale (on-farm) and (5) direct sale (off-farm). Results from the SIA showed that CSAs were regarded as delivering the highest overall social, economic and environmental benefits, followed by urban gardening (commercial), urban gardening (self-supply) and direct sales (off-farm). The lowest overall rating was for the supply chain direct sales (on-farm). All five SFSCs were ranked highest on the social aspects of sustainability. Following the participatory SIA of perceived sustainability, we next developed a questionnaire in order to test the feasibility of measuring the specific (rather than ‘perceived’) impacts of an urban SFSC. We applied the test at a community-led local food market in South London, where we conducted face-to-face interviews with all market stallholders (18 respondents) and a random sample of consumers (51 respondents). Results from the community-led market were similar to those acquired at the SIA workshop, with greater agreement about the social benefits of the market, compared with economic and environmental impacts. The results also suggest that producers underestimated consumers’ willingness to share the risks that the producers face and we identify this as an important aspect for future research. The paper concludes with reflections on the strengths and weaknesses of the SIA methodology.

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Ofuoku, Albert. "Effect of rural-urban migrants’ remittances on arable crop production in Delta State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 60, no. 1 (2015): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1501049o.

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This study was conducted in Delta State, Nigeria, to investigate the effect of rural-urban remittances on arable crop production. Twenty percent (20%) of the registered arable crop farmers in Delta State were selected to arrive at 131 respondents for the study. Questionnaire and structured interview schedule were used to collect data from the respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics and contingency tables were used to treat the collected data. It was discovered that most (69.5%) of rural-urban migrants were in the 11-30 age bracket. The remittances from rural farm households were far higher than the remittances from rural-urban migrants. The little remittances from the rural-urban migrants were added to the funds of the rural farm household, farm labour and inputs. The remittances from rural-urban migrants did not make any meaningful contribution to arable crop production. It was recommended that governments should make the rural areas attractive to young school learners/graduates, embark on enlightenment programme to expose the youths to agriculture related self-employment opportunities in the rural areas; and create enabling environment for the youths to operate as self-employed individuals in the rural areas.

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Liu, Lingchen, Renji Sun, Yan Gu, and Kung Cheng Ho. "The Effect of China’s Health Insurance on the Labor Supply of Middle-aged and Elderly Farmers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 6689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186689.

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Social security primarily improves residents’ welfare and ensures labor market sustainability. This study presents a new view of the association between health insurance and labor supply by using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The results reveal that the health insurance system has a remarkable effect on labor supply. The health insurance coverage tends to encourage middle-aged and elderly farmers to increase their farm labor participation rate and working time, especially for their household agricultural labor participation rate and working time. However, it also reduces the non-farm labor participation rate and working time. Different types of health insurance have diverse effects on labor supply. The new cooperative medical insurance has a stronger pull-back effect. It encourages the middle-aged and elderly farmers to leave the urban non-farm sector and transfer to rural areas to engage in their household agricultural work. The urban employee medical insurance encourages farmers to reduce self-employed labor supply and increase employed work. The supplemental health insurance tends to reduce the labor supply of farm employed and non-farm labor supply, but improve the farm labor supply. Furthermore, urban resident medical insurance and government medical insurance encourage farmers to quit directly from the labor market. In conclusion, the health insurance system is facilitating change in the labor market. Policy-makers should pay full attention to such impacts while improving the health insurance system’s design and operation in China.

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Gudzune, Kimberly A., Claire Welsh, Elisa Lane, Zach Chissell, Elizabeth Anderson Steeves, and Joel Gittelsohn. "Increasing access to fresh produce by pairing urban farms with corner stores: a case study in a low-income urban setting." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 15 (February 4, 2015): 2770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015000051.

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AbstractObjectiveOur objective was to pilot collaborations between two urban farms with two corner stores to increase access to fresh produce in low-income neighbourhoods.DesignWe conducted a pre–post evaluation of two farm–store collaborations using quantitative distribution and sales data. Using semi-structured interviews, we qualitatively assessed feasibility of implementation and collaboration acceptability to farmers and storeowners.SettingLow-income urban neighbourhoods in Baltimore, MD, USA in 2012.SubjectsPair #1 included a 0·25 acre (0·1 ha) urban farm with a store serving local residents and was promoted by the neighbourhood association. Pair #2 included a 2 acre (0·8 ha) urban farm with a store serving bus commuters.ResultsProduce was delivered all nine intervention weeks in both pairs. Pair #1 produced a significant increase in the mean number of produce varieties carried in the store by 11·3 (P<0·01) and sold 86 % of all items delivered. Pair #2 resulted in a non-significant increase in the number of produce varieties carried by 2·2 (P=0·44) and sold 63 % of all items delivered.ConclusionsOur case study suggests that pairing urban farms with corner stores for produce distribution may be feasible and could be a new model to increase access to fruits and vegetables among low-income urban neighbourhoods. For future programmes to be successful, strong community backing may be vital to support produce sales.

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Florey, Francesca A., and Avery M. Guest. "Coming of Age Among U.S. Farm Boys in the Late 1800s: Occupational and Residential Choices." Journal of Family History 13, no. 2 (April 1988): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319908801300205.

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Data from the National Panel Study are used to investigate occupational choices and migration status among a sample of U.S. white farm boys in the late 1800s. Originally sampled when 5 to 14 years old in 1880, these boys are traced to the 1900 census when they were young adults. In general, the decision to leave farming was related to the urban-industrial “pull” of the surrounding environment and the degree of farm mechanization of the community. While migratory behavior correlates positively with occupational change, the major social correlates are somewhat different. Variations in migration are not strongly related to the urban-industrial and agricultural environments. Rather, variables measuring the probability of farm inheritance emerge as stronger predictors.

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McMurry. "The American Farm Pond." Buildings & Landscapes: Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum 27, no. 2 (2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/buildland.27.2.0039.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban farm'

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